40
Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies University of Georgia

Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Jingju (Beijing Opera)and Kabuki

Dr. Siyuan Liu

Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies

University of Georgia

Page 2: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Part I 

Jingju(Beijing Opera)

Page 3: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

History

• Name: – Jingju, jingxi, Drama  of the Chinese capital 

• Origin: pihuang– Xipi and Erhuang– Local tune of Anhui and Hubei provinces

• 1790 Anhui troupes in Beijing for the Qianlong Emperor's birthday celebrations

• Dominated Beijing stage by early 19th century • Eventually usurped national popularity of Kunqu

Page 4: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Aim

• Four Skills (gong)– Song (chang)– Speech (nian)– Dance‐acting (zuo)

• includes pure dance, pantomime, and all the visible, physical results of "acting" in the Western sense

– Combat (da)• encompasses not only actual fighting with fists, knives, swords, and spears, but also acrobatics

– Displayed in the context of drama

Page 5: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Aim

• Xieyi vs. Xieshi– Xieyi: write (i.e., draw/paint) the meaning

– Xieshi: write realistically

• Chinese Painting– Not realistic

– Conveys essence and spirit of the concept

Page 6: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Aim: Qi Baishi

Page 7: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Aim: Qi Baishi

Page 8: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Aim

• Xieyi in Jingju– Transcends a resemblance to life 

– Externalizes the thoughts and feelings through the display of skills

– Elaborates upon their actions and interactions

– Conveys the very essence of life

Page 9: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Aim

• Pursuit of Beauty– Most basic aesthetic value

– Stage presence

– Emotional display

– Every performance skill• Should at all times appear effortless

• Signs of strain destroys effect of the essence of life

Page 10: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Synthesis

• All elements– Story, music, song, speech, dance‐acting, stage combat and acrobatics 

• Not simply presented in sequence

• Presence of multiple elements at a given moment 

• Engage eyes and the ears of the audience at all times

Page 11: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Stylization

• Raising and refining behaviors of daily life, with the aim of making them beautiful

• Roundness: most basic principle– Posture and movement

• various parts of the body in isolation

• the entire body in or through space

– No straight lines and angles

– Three‐dimensional network of circles, arcs, and curved lines

Page 12: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Stylization

• Roundness– In stasis

• an outstretched arm will be held in an extended curve unbroken at either the shoulder or elbow by angles

– In movement• Eye movement

• Pointing gesture

• S‐shape movement through space

Page 13: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Conventions

• Specific practices to which precise meanings have been ascribed by tradition

• Meanings immediately recognizable – Dance‐acting/pantomimic conventions

• Opening and closing doors and windows

• Mounting and descending stairs

• Tending fowl, sewing

• Movement over rough terrain 

• Darkness, heat, cold, rain, and wind

Page 14: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Conventions

• Require preknowledge for comprehension– More formal conventions that require familiarity from audience members

• Walking in a large circle to connote traveling a considerable distance

• straightening of costume and headdress parts upon entrance to signal the presence of an important character who is about to speak

Page 15: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Conventions

• Stage– Bare with a decorative rather than realistic backdrop, and a carpet covering the floor for the protection of acrobatic performers

– The only scenery used is one or more tables and one or more chairs. 

– More elaborate scenery and certain technological innovations in recent years

Page 16: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Conventions

• Stage– High degree of plasticity through the use of the table(s) and chair(s)

• a city wall

• a mountain

• a bed

• a throne

• or simply as a table and one or two chairs.

Page 17: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Conventions

• Stage– Stage properties 

• frequently signals the presence and use of large objects not visually present on the stage

• a whip signals the presence of a horse

• an oar that of a boat

• large blue banners swung in wide arcs close to the stage floor that of rushing water.

Page 18: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Aesthetic Principles: Conventions

• Aural conventions – Require that audience members learn beforehand their ascribed meanings

Page 19: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Sheng (standard male characters)

• Dan (female characters)

• Jing (painted‐face male characters)

• Chou (lit. "ugly" characters, who are usually male)

Page 20: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Sheng (standard male characters)– Older sheng (laosheng)

• Scholars• Statesmen• faithful retainers

– Deserving of respect– Simple makeup– All wear beard– although the vagaries of fortune as dictated by the plot may place them in

Page 21: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Sheng (standard male characters)– Martial sheng (wusheng)

• Warriors

• Bandits

• Make up like laosheng

• No beard

• Subcategory– Lang armor

– Short combat

Page 22: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Sheng (standard male characters)– Young sheng (xiaosheng)

• Under thirty

• Unmarried

• Paler colors

• Unbearded

• Civil and military

• Falsetto voice

Page 23: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Dan (female characters)– Older dan (laodan)

• Dignified 

• No makeup

• Long staff

• Song and speech

Page 24: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Dan (female characters)– “Blue cloth" dan (qingyi)

• Demure young women

• Middle‐aged women

• Singing

Page 25: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Dan (female characters)– “Flower" dan (huadan)

• Vivacious young women

• Low social class

• Dance‐acting

• speech

• Sometimes singing

Page 26: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Dan (female characters)– Martial dan (wudan)

• Women of high or low status

• Combat

• Dance‐acting

Page 27: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Jing (painted‐face male characters)– Aka "painted face" ("flower face")

– Men of great strength‐men with suprahumanphysical or mental powers

– Types• great‐painted‐face (dahualian)

• supporting jing (fujing)

• martial jing (wujing)

Page 28: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Role Types

• Chou ("ugly" characters, usually male)– Frequently portray humorous characters– May also play villains, young lovers, and other characters who are not necessarily humorous

• May improvise, ad lib, and talk directly to the audience • Serve as a direct link to the audience• Important supporting characters• Subcategories of 

– Civil chou (wenchou)– Martial chou (wuchou)– Choudan (older, ugly female)

Page 29: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Part II 

Kabuki

Page 30: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

History

• Okuni– Priestess of the Grand Shrine in Izumo– Around 1600 in Kyoto– Kitano Shrine and banks of Kamo River

• “Beggars of the riverbed”

– Rock entertainment of the 17th century– First Japanese plays of contemporary urban life– Imitated by prostitutes

• Shugonate banned women in 1629

Page 31: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

History

• Wakashū– Young boys doubling as catamites

– Early kabuki performers

– Original onnagata performers

Page 32: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata

• Form, pattern, model

• Voice, movement, costume, makeup, set

• Ukiyoe woodblock prints

Page 33: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata

• Two levels:– Broad, overall style of performance

– Specific performance techniques

Page 34: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata as Performance Style

• Danmari– Oldest historical style

– Five to ten minutes pantomime group entrance

– Outdoors and at night

– As part of a play 

– Or as an independent piece

– Attracts audience

Page 35: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata as Performance Style

• Aragoto– “Rough style”

– Projects power and masculine vigor

– Exaggerated elocution, movement, costumeing, makeup

– Edo (Tokyo acting style)

– Created by Ichikawa Danjūrō I (1660‐1704)

– Kumadori makeup: following the shadow• Bold lines of red, blue, black or gray

Page 36: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata as Performance Style

• Wagoto– “Soft style”– Created by Kyoto‐Osaka actors– Sakata Tōjūrō (1647‐1709)– Delicate to the point of effeminacy– Relatively realistic– Suited for dialogue drama– Comic style– Townsman lover

Page 37: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata as Performance Style

• Marubun– Puppet style

• Shosagoto– Dance style

– Most complicated performance style• Odori: from Okuni

• Mai: from nō

• Furi: pantamimic

Page 38: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata as Performance Techniques

• Mie– Originated from aragoto acting

– Group mie• Tenchijin—”heaven‐earth‐man”

• Tenchi—”Heave‐earth”

• Roppō– “Six directions”

– Swaggering exit

Page 39: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata as Performance Techniques

• Tachimawari– Stylized combat

• Entrance and Exit Kata– Executed on the hanamichi– Shichisan: seven‐three

• Strongest point on the hanamichi

• Other movement kata– Shōmen engi: full‐front acting– Benton Gōzo

Page 40: Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki (Beijing Opera... · Jingju (Beijing Opera) and Kabuki Dr. Siyuan Liu Dept. of Theatre and Film Studies. ... – Bare with a decorative rather than

Kata as Performance Techniques

• Costume and Makeup Kata– Henge: “transformation”

• Quick change of costume, makeup, or/and wig

– hikinuki: “pulling out” • Taking off out‐robe in onnagata dance by assistant 

– Kōken: “see behind”• Stage assistant