PROCEDURESocial function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.Text organization: 1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction) 2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions) 3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)Language features :

Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..) Use of action verbs (turn, put) Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

RECOUNTSocial function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.Generic Structure of Recount:

1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features Recount:

Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she) Use of action verbs in past (went, studied) Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo) Use of adverbial phrases Use of adjectives

NARRATIVESocial function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem. Generic Structure Narrative:

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened) 2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems) 3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features Narrative:

Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple) Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago) Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village) Use of action verbs ( walked, slept) Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

DESCRIPTIONSocial Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing. Generic Structure descriptive:

1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described) 2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features descriptive:

Focus on specific participants Use of attributive and identifying processes Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups. Use of the Simple Present Tense

NEWS ITEMSocial function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Generic structure news item:

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form) 2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident) 3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the

event)

Language features news item:

Information on the use of head lines. Use of action verbs( hit, attack) Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed) Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004) Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

REPORT

Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class. Text organization report:

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)

2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features report:

Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer) Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg) Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun) Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen) Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITIONPengertian Analytical Exposition - Bila kita mempunyai perbedaan pendapat dengan lawan bicara, pasti kita akan berusaha untuk meyakinkan lawan bicara kita agar setuju dengan apa yang kita kemukakan. Nah, jika pendapat dan argumen tersebut kita tuangkan dalam teks, maka jadilah teks analytical exposition.Analytical Exposition itu sendiri merupakan teks exposition yang tidak disertai saran (hanya menyertakan pendapat dan argumen)

Penjelasan Analytical Exposition

Analytical Exposition adalah jenis teks yang termasuk keadalam jenis Argumentation Text dimana teks tersebut berisi tentang pemikiran terperinci penulis tentang sebuah penomena yang ada di sekitar. Fungsi sosial dari teks Analytical Exposition adalah untuk meyakinkan pembaca bahwa topik yang dihadirkan adalah topik yang penting untuk dibahas atau mendapat perhatian dengan cara pemberian argument-argument atau pendapat-pendapat yang mendukung main idea atau topik tersebut.

Generic Structure teks Analytical Exposition terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu:ThesisDalam bagian Thesis, penulis mengenalkan tentang topik atau main idea yang akan dibahas. Thesis selalu berada di paragraph pertama dalam teks Analytical Exposition.ArgumentDalam bagian ini penulis menghadirkan argumen-argumen atau pendapat-pendapat yang mendukung main idea penulis, biasanya dalam sebuah teks Analytical Exposition terdapat lebih dari dua argumen. Semakin banyak argumen yang ditampilkan semakin percaya pembaca bahwa topik yang dibahas oleh penulis adalah topik yang sangat penting atau membutuhkan perhatian.ReiterationBagian ini merupakan bagian penutup dari sebuah teks Analytical Exposition yang selalu terletak di akhir paragraph. Reiteration berisi penulisan kembali atau penempatan kembali

main idea yang terdapat di paragraph pertama. Reiteration juga biasa disebut dengan conclusion.Language features dari Analytical Exposition adalah:

Menggunakan simple present Mengunakan reltional process Menggunakan internal conjunction Menggunakan casual conjuction

Contoh teks Analytical ExpositionCars should be banned

Thesis : Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.Argument1 : Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribution to the most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchritis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.Argument2 : secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrains in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.Argument3 : Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.Reiteration : in conclusion, cars should be benned from the city for the reason listed.

Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.Generic Structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)

2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)

3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried. Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore. Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences

Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis

US financial crisis and its contagion to Europe and the rest of the world could also create new opportunity for Indonesia in term of foreign direc investment and the development of basic infrastructure.

As the US, financial crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Arab Emirate which have accumulated hundreds of billion of Dollars in their foreign reserve, are now reviewing their holding or investment vehicle. They are looking for more diversified investment outside the US and Europe.

Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia over the past few months, Indonesia which has largely Muslim population could become one of these oil-rich countries’ favorite place for foreign direct investment. That wil be true if the conditions, legal and market infrastructures are conducive for Islamic financial instruments.

The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment of laws on sharia banking and bonds. The long term nature of Islamic bonds could make them the most suitable investment instrument for Indonesia, as these bonds grant an investor a share in an asset along with the cash flows and risks commensurate with such ownership.

The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic growth in the rest of the world will serve to the government to accelerate the investment reform measures in order to grab the hidden opportunity in the global crisis. (Simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)

SPOOFSocial function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist. Generic structure spoof text:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features spoof:

Use of connectives (first, then, finally) Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago) Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

HORTATORY EXPOSITIONHortatory exposition? makanan apa lagi ya? :) Secara umum, hortatory exposition text adalah salah satu jenis persuasive writing. Apa tuh persuasive writing? itu tuh, makanan bule :) Bagi sobat yang sedang atau sudah mempelajari hortatory exposition text pasti sudah tahu kan? Bagi yang belum tahu, yuk kita belajar bareng...

Kita tinggalkan persuasive writing.. Mempelajari berbagai jenis text lagi... Belajar bahasa Inggris memang ribet ya? Tapi tidak apa-apa, toh nanti juga sobat mendapatkan manfaat yang sangat besar. Tidak percaya? Hmm.. coba deh belajar dulu dengan serius, nanti juga tahu sendiri manfaatnya...

Oke, langsung saja ini nih daftar isi pelajaran hortatory expositon text :

Pengertian Hortatory Exposition Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition Contoh Hortatory Exposition

PENGERTIAN HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

Disebutkan dalam Concise Oxford Dictionary, Hortatory termasuk kata sifat (adjective) bermakna "tending or aiming to exhort" ("cenderung atau bertujuan mendorong / mendesak orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu"). Sedangkan Exposition  bermakna "a comprehensive description and explanation of a theory" ("Penjelasan dan penjabaran sebuah teori secara komprehensif").

Jadi secara bahasa, jika disimpulkan, hortatory exposition adalah teks yang menjelaskan sebuah teori/masalah secara komprehensif dengan tujuan mendorong orang lain melakukan / tidak melakukan sesuatu.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Generic Structure, atau susunan umum hortatory exposition adalah sebagai berikut :

1.  Thesis / General Statement

Thesis / general statement berisi pernyataan pembuka mengenai topik pembahasan. Sebagai contoh kita akan membahas mengenai bahaya rokok, thesis statement yang bisa kita gunakan misalnya :

“Rokok dapat menyebabkan kanker, serangan jantung, dan impotensi”.

2.  Arguments

Arguments, ”Pendapat” berisi berbagai pembahasan lanjutan dari thesis statement secara detail. Akan lebih baik jika argument ini tidak hanya berisi pendapat pribadi penulis saja tapi juga bisa berisi pendapat para pakar. Mengacu pada contoh thesis statement tentang rokok di atas, kita bisa membuat arguments pendukung dengan lebih detail, misalnya :

Argument 1 : Saya mengira serangan jantung yang dialami direktur PT. LaptopButut, Pak “XXX”, disebabkan karena intensitas merokok lebih banyak dari pada minum air putih.(Terus kembangkan paragraf ini lebih dalam)

Argument 2 : Telah banyak dibuktikan bahwa rokok hampir menjadi sebab utama penyakit kanker. (Terus kembangkan paragraf ini)

Argument 3 : Impotensi seorang bos “XXX” di kota “XXX” disebutkan karena kebiasaanya merokok sebelum tidur. (terus kembangkan lagi paragraf ini)

3.  Recommendation.

Recommendation / suggestion berisi saran penulis tentang topik pembahasan. Jika membahas tentang bahaya rokok, sobat pasti tahu dong apa yang harus disarankan?

CONTOH HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Contoh hortatory expostion ini diambil dari buku bahasa Inggris Interlanguage yang membahas tentang "Masyarakat Indonesia harus menghargai perbedaan budaya demi Kesatuan Bangsa." Mari kita simak...

Indonesian People Should Value All the Different Culture to Promote Unity of the Nation

Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different religions and cultures from many provinces are now seen living side by side in many places. One of the biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to deal with a culturally diverse citizenry and then promote unity.

Therefore, Indonesians should appreciate differences among culture for the following reasons. Firstly, Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago and culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal, even if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to be tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to retain their heritage. Then, unity of the nation can be preserved.

Secondly, Indonesians must recognize that every culture has different customs and beliefs. Thus, people are forbidden to make judgments of comparative value, for it is measuring something unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the modern era, can allow for cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits both parties. The cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a better place and preserves the unity of the nation.

Lastly, raising nationalism is one way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense of fellow feeling between group members. This promotes cooperation and social cohesion within the group. The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social security and medical programs much more likely and stronger.

Cultural differences are sometime a sensitive matter for people. Indonesian people must teach younger generation about the importance of the cultural identity and nationalism to promote unity of the nation.

Untuk pembahasan lanjutan mengenai hortatory exposition, menyusul..

Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case. Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)

2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation) 3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

Emotive words: alarmed, worried Words that qualify statements: usual probably Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Analytical VS Hortatory ExpositionJanuary 10, 2009

Dear students…..

Bingung cara membedakan teks analytical exposition dan hortatory exposition? Don’t worry it’s so easy. Study the followings ya…

Sebelum kita mengetahui perbedaan teks analytical dan hortatory, mari kita mengenal persamaan dari kedua teks ini. Teks exposition dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu analytical exposition dan hortatory exposition. Exposition adalah jenis teks yang berisi tentang argumen-argumen tentang suatu topik. Dalam menulis teks ini, penulis perlu mencari sumber informasi agar argumen yang dikemukakan cukup kuat untuk mempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar.Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita bisa menemukan teks exposition dalam diskusi, pidato, iklan, surat, dsb. Contohnya, ada seorang teman yang merokok, kita bisa saja memberikan pendapat kita bahwa merokok itu tidak baik. So the thesis is “Smoking is not good for your health”. Kemudian kita akan memberikan alasan-alasan mengapa merokok itu tidak baik, so we tell the arguments that support our thesis. The social function of exposition is to persuade the reader or listener.

So the difference is…..Study the text organization of analytical exposition below.Ada 3 tahapan dalam teks analytical, yaitu:

1. Thesis, berisi tentang suatu pernyataan tentang permasalahan tertentu. Biasanya diawali dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, dll.

2. Arguments, berisi tentang alasan-alasan untuk medukung Thesis yang dikemukakan. Diawali dengan kata, atau f rase First, Second, Furthermore, In addition, The last, dll.

3. Reiteration, berisi tentang simpulan dari Thesis, dan Arguments yang dikemukakan. Kata-kata yang digunakan biasanya In my conclusion, Based on the arguments above, dll

Perbedaan Analytical Exposition dan Hortatory Exposition terletak di paragraf terakhir. Dalam penulisan Hortatory juga ada 3 bagian, yaitu:

1. Thesis, berisi tentang suatu pernyataan tentang permasalahan tertentu. Biasanya diawali dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, dll.

2. Arguments, berisi tentang alasan-alasan untuk medukung Thesis yang dikemukakan. Diawali dengan kata, atau f rase First, Second, Furthermore, In addition, The last, dll.

3. Recommendation, berisi tentang saran dari penulis atas Thesis dan Arguments yang dikemukakan. Biasanya ada kata-kata should, should not, ought to, ought not to, dll.

For example:

Text 1Smoking in restaurants

Smoking in restaurants is just not on. It must not be allowed because it is rude, harmful to others and dangerous for the smokers.Firstly, smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can turn them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by foul smelling smoke.Another reason smoking should not be allowed in restaurant is the harm it can do to others. Passive smoking that is breathing in smoke made by a smoker can lead to asthma attacks and even cancer.Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smokers. Cigarettes cause heart and lung disease and people should not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants.Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health risk to the smokers and should not be allowed in any restaurants.

Text 2Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course yes. Television can expose things you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism, etc.A study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or bedtime often causes bedtime disruption, stress, and short of sleep duration.Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.Considering some facts mentioned above, protect your children with the following tips:1. Limit television viewing to 1 – 2 hours each day2. Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms3. Review the rating of TV shows that your children watch4. Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening the show

Kedua teks di atas hampir sama, perbedaannya hanya ada di paragraf terakhir. Coba perhatikan paragraf terakhir pada teks 1 yang hanya berisi simpulan tidak ada saran. Memang ada kata “shouldn’t be allowed in the restaurants”, namun itu bukan saran melainkan

penguatan dari thesis. Perhatikan lagi thesisnya “It must be allowed because…” Bandingkan dengan paragraf terakhir pada teks kedua yang berisi saran melalui empat tips yang harus dilakukan to protect the children. Clear right?

EXPLANATION Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomenaGeneric structure explanation:

1. A general statement to position the reader 2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs 3. Closing

Language features explanation:

Focus on generic, non-human participants. Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive

voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

Explanation TextAgustus 1, 2009 titasandy Tinggalkan Komentar Go to comments

Explanation merupakan salah satu genre of text. Nah, disini ada beberapa contoh dan strukturnya. Silakan dibaca-baca..  

Social Function: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena.

Generic Structure

A general statement to position the reader

A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features

Focus on generic, non-human Participants

Use mainly of Material Processes and Relational Processes

Use mainly of Temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions

Contoh 1

The United States of America is where the Venus’s fly trap has its origins. The Venus’s fly trap is a unique plant. It belongs to a group of plants called ‘carnivorous plants’. These plants feed on insect. The Venus’s fly trap has a special mechanism by which it traps its prey. This is how it works.

At the end of each leaf – which grows from the base of a long, flowering stalk – there is a trap. The trap is made up of two lobes and is covered with short, reddish hairs which are sensitive. There are teeth like structures around the edge of the lobes.

The trap contains nectar which attracts insect. When an insect comes in contact with the nectar, the trap snaps shut. There are certain digestive juice inside the trap which digest the insect. It takes about ten days for a trapped insect to be digested. We can tell when this digestion is complete, for then the walls automatically open to wait for another victim.

There are two hundred species of carnivorous plants. Another kind of these well- known species is the pitcher plant. What differentiates this plant from the Venus’s fly trap is the shape; the mechanism to catch insects is the same in both plants.

The pitcher plants which cling to other plants by means of tendrils. At one end of the tendril, there is a pitcher –shaped vessel with an open lid. The mouth and the lid of the pitcher contain glands which produce nectar to attract insect. When an insect settles on the nectar, the lid of the pitcher shuts, trapping its victim. The digestive juices inside the pitcher then begin to work.

Contoh 2

The effects of acid soil

Soils with a pH of less than 7.0 are acid. The lower the pH, the more acid the soil. When soil pH falls below 5.5, plant growth is affected. Crop yields decrease, reducing productivity

Soils provide water and nutrients for plant growth and development. Essential plant nutrients include phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and sulfur. Plants require other elements such as molybdenum, in smaller quantities. Some elements eg aluminium and manganese, are toxic to plants.

Nutrients become available to plants when they are dissolved in water. Plants are able to take up phosphate, nitrate, potassium and sulfate ions in solution.

The solubility of nitients changes with pH. In acid soils (low pH), molybdenum becomes less soluble and aluminium becomes more soluble. Therefore, plant growth may be affected by either a deficiency of molybdenum or too much aluminium.

Both crop and pasture plants are affected by acid soils. there may be a range of symptoms. Crops and pastures may be poorly established resulting in patchy and uneven growth. Plant leaves may go yellow and die at the tips. The root system of the plant may be stunted. Crops may yield less.

Plants vary in their sensitivity to low pH. Canola and lucerne are very sensitive to acid soils so do not grow well. Lupins and triticale are tolerant to soils of low pH so they still perform well.

Land can become unproductive if acid soil is left untreated. Incorporating lime into the soil raises the pH. Therefore, liming soil can reverse the effects of acid soil on plants and return a paddock to productivity.

Pengertian dan Contoh Explanation Text Explanation text mempunyai pengertian teks yang mempunyai fungsi sosial untuk menjelaskan mengapa dan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi. Beberapa alasan terjadinya sesuatu dijabarkan dengan gamblang lalu dijelaskan pula proses terjadinya sesuatu tersebut. Explanation text mempunyai tiga bagian. Bagian pertama, menyampaikan fenomena atau kejadian [statement]. Kedua, menyampaikan penjelasan secara runtut [sequence explanation]. Ketiga, menyimpulkan apa yang sudah dijelaskan [conclusion]. Perhatikan contoh explanation text berikut ini secara seksama. Tulisan berwarna merah menunjukkan bagian-bagian teks (generic structure). Where does rain come from? [statement] Rain always comes from clouds. But where do clouds come from? How does all that water get into the sky? [explanation] Think about your bathroom. There is hot water in your bath. Steam goes up from the hot water. The steam makes small clouds in the bathroom. These warm clouds meet the cold walls and windows, and then we see small drops of water on the walls and windows. [explanation] The world is like your bathroom. The water in the oceans is warm when the sun shines on it. Some of this water goes up into the sky and makes clouds. The wind carries the clouds for hundreds of kilometers. Then the clouds meet cold air in the sky, and we see drops of water. The drops of water are rain. [conclusion] The rain falls and runs into rivers. Rivers run into oceans. And the water from oceans makes clouds and more rain. So water is always moving from oceans to clouds to rain to rivers to oceans. So the rain on your head was on other heads before! The water in your garden was in other gardens in other countries.

Read more at: http://www.sekolahoke.com/2011/10/pengertian-dan-contoh-explanation-text.htmlCopyright Sekolahoke.com - Belajar Bahasa Inggris Online di sekolahoke.com yuk! Klik aja http://www.sekolahoke.com/ Under Common Share Alike Atribution

DISCUSSION Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points) Generic structure discussion:

1. Opening statement presenting the issue 2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons) 3. Concluding recommendation

Language features discussion:

Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc. Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc. Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc. Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc. Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc. Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc. Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc. Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

REVIEW Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audienceGeneric structure review:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text) 2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can

consist of more than one. 3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot). 4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of

the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

Focus on specific participants Use of adjectives Use of long and complex clauses Use of metaphor Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include:

movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Wahidun Blog http://wahidsahidu.blogspot.com/2011/03/jenis-jenis-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html#ixzz1sZW6DJAL Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives