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Earthquakes.notebook 1 January 03, 2020 Feb 21:20 PM 8.1 What is an Earthquake? Key Questions What is a fault? What is the cause of earthquakes? Fact: Thousands of earthquakes happen everyday. Earthquakes can happen near or away from plate boundaries. The people on the Earth’s surface can only feel a few earthquakes. Roughly 75 100 strong earthquakes occur per year. Seismology study of earthquakes Seismologists a person that studies earthquakes and seismic waves Earthquakes vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy in the lithosphere caused by fault movement stress on rocks causes plates to push, pull or slide passeach other 80% occur along Pacific Plate occur mostly inEarthquake Zones Fault fractures in the Earth's crust where movement occurs fault scarp vertical movement offset/displaced horizontal movement fault creep slow gradual movement Seismic waves waves of energy that travels through the earth occur mostly at edges of tectonic plates Epicenter point on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquakes starting point Focus point inside the earth where the earthquake begins What causes an Earthquake? rapid release of energy due to the forces applied to the rocks Deformation change in shape of rocks due to stress which causes movement Elastic energy energy associated or stored stretching a rubber band Elastic Rebound sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape releasing the rubber band Aftershock weaker earthquake that occurs after a major earthquake Foreshock small earthquakes that occur before a major earthquake 1. Figure out how long the distance to the epicenter (in centimeters) is on your map. 2.Using your compass, draw a circle with a radius equal to the number you came up with in step 1. The center of the circle will be the location of your seismograph. The epicenter of the earthquake is somewhere on the edge of that circle. 3. Do the same thing for the distance to the epicenter that the other seismograms recorded. Where they cross is the location of the epicenter. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101videos/earthquake101?source=relatedvideo 3 min Feb 51:14 PM 8.2 Measuring Earthquakes Key Questions What are the two categories of seismic waves? How are seismic waves recorded? How is the size of an earthquake measured? How is an earthquake epicenter located? Two Types of Seismic Waves Body Waves and Surface Waves Body waves seismic waves that travel through the earth’s interior Two types of body waves P waves= primary waves, pressure waves, compressional wave rocks move back and forth compress and release travel the fastest solid, liquid, gas S waves= secondary waves, transverse waves, shear waves move like a snake = right angles to each other second fastest solid Surface waves or Lateral (L) waves move in a circular motion or side to side most destructive Comparison on next page Venn Diagram How do we record Seismic Waves? Seismograph records seismic waves Seismogram tracing of the motion of the earthquake by the seismograph Measuring Earthquakes Richter Magnitude Scale developed by Charles Richter in 1930s measured strength of earthquakes magnitude measured strength of earthquakes, how much energy was released Look at Table 1 on page 225. Compare the magnitudes and number of earthquakes. Modified Mercalli Scale intensity measure of the earthquake's effect Look at Figure 7 on page 226. Review Label A, B, C write characteristics about each Locating an Earthquake page 227 1. Figure out how long the distance to the epicenter (in centimeters) is on your map. 2. Using your compass, draw a circle with a radius equal to the number you came up with in step 1. The center of the circle will be the location of your seismograph. The epicenter of the earthquake is somewhere on the edge of that circle. 3. Do the same thing for the distance to the epicenter that the other seismograms recorded. Where they cross is the location of the epicenter. Jan 21:03 PM Jan 212:52 PM 8.4 Earth's layered Structure Key Questions What are Earth's layers based on chemical composition? What are Earth's layers based on physical properties? How did scientists determine Earth's structure and composition? The Earth is divided into 3 Main Layers 1. Crust outermost layer oxygen, aluminum, calcium 1% of the Earth’s mass thickness varies: 5100 km two types: oceanic denser continental Mohorovicic Discontinuity Moho separates the crust and the upper mantle. 2. Mantle largest layer 67% of Earth’s mass made of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron solid and liquid: plasticlike Lithosphere made up of the crust and upper mantle divided into tectonic plates Asthenosphere plasticlike layer below the lithosphere plates float soft solid rock that moves very slowly Mesosphere the lower part of the mantle to the outer core Gutenberg Discontinuity separates the mantle and the core 3. Core innermost part of the Earth 33% of the Earth’s mass Outer core liquid made of iron and nickel Lehmann Discontinuity separates the outer and inner core Inner Core solid: due to the pressure very dense iron and nickel scientists believe that the inner core rotates faster than the rest of the planet speed = lap the Earth's surface once every 400 years A. Mohorovicic Discontinuity 1. Continental Crust 2. Oceanic Crust B. Gutenberg Discontinuity 3. Asthenosphere 4. Mesosphere C. Lehmann Discontinuity 5. Outer Core 6. Inner Core Jan 21:02 PM Review

January 03, 2020 - Browerville Public Schools · 8.2 Measuring Earthquakes Key Questions What are the two categories of seismic waves? How are seismic waves recorded? How is the size

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Page 1: January 03, 2020 - Browerville Public Schools · 8.2 Measuring Earthquakes Key Questions What are the two categories of seismic waves? How are seismic waves recorded? How is the size

Earthquakes.notebook

1

January 03, 2020

Feb 2­1:20 PM

8.1 What is an Earthquake?     Key Questions

What is a fault?What is the cause of earthquakes?

Fact:Thousands of earthquakes happen everyday. Earthquakes can happen near or away from plate boundaries. The people on the Earth’s surface can only feel a few earthquakes. Roughly 75 ­100 strong earthquakes occur per year.

Seismologystudy of earthquakes

Seismologistsa person that studies earthquakes and seismic waves

Earthquakes vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy in the 

lithospherecaused by fault movementstress on rocks causes plates to push, pull or slide pass each other80% occur along Pacific Plateoccur mostly in Earthquake Zones

Faultfractures in the Earth's crust where movement occursfault scarp ­ vertical movementoffset/displaced ­ horizontal movementfault creep ­ slow gradual movement

Seismic waveswaves of energy that travels through the earthoccur mostly at edges of tectonic plates

Epicenterpoint on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquakes starting 

point

Focuspoint inside the earth where the earthquake begins

What causes an Earthquake?rapid release of energy due to the forces applied to the rocks

Deformationchange in shape of rocks due to stress which causes movement

Elastic energyenergy associated or stored ­ stretching a rubber band

Elastic Reboundsudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed 

shape ­ releasing the rubber band

Aftershockweaker earthquake that occurs after a major earthquake

Foreshocksmall earthquakes that occur before a major earthquake

1. Figure out how long the distance to the epicenter         (in centimeters) is on your map.

2. Using your compass, draw a circle with a radius 

    equal to the number you came up with in step 1.

    The center of the circle will be the location of your 

    seismograph. The epicenter of the earthquake is 

    somewhere on the edge of that circle.

3.  Do the same thing for the distance to the epicenter 

     that the other seismograms recorded. Where they 

     cross is the location of the epicenter.  

 

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101­videos/earthquake­101?source=relatedvideo  ­ 3 min

Feb 5­1:14 PM

8.2 Measuring EarthquakesKey Questions

What are the two categories of seismic waves?How are seismic waves recorded?How is the size of an earthquake measured?How is an earthquake epicenter located?

Two Types of Seismic Waves ­ Body Waves and Surface WavesBody waves

seismic waves that travel through the earth’s interior

Two types of body wavesP waves = primary waves, pressure waves, 

compressional wave               rocks move back and forth                  compress and release                         travel the fastest ­ solid, liquid, gas

S waves = secondary waves, transverse waves, shear waves                 move like a snake = right angles to each other                            second fastest ­ solid

Surface waves or Lateral (L) wavesmove in a circular motion or side to sidemost destructive 

Comparison on next page ­ Venn Diagram

How do we record Seismic Waves?Seismograph

records seismic wavesSeismogram

tracing of the motion of the earthquake by the seismograph

Measuring Earthquakes

Richter Magnitude Scaledeveloped by Charles Richter in 1930smeasured strength of earthquakes

magnitudemeasured strength of earthquakes, how much energy

was released

Look at Table 1 on page 225.Compare the magnitudes and number of earthquakes.

Modified Mercalli Scaleintensity

measure of the earthquake's effect

Look at Figure 7 on page 226.

Review ­ Label A, B, C ­ write characteristics about each

Locating an Earthquake ­ page 227

1. Figure out how long the distance to the epicenter  (in centimeters) is     on your map.

2. Using your compass, draw a circle with a radius equal to the number you       came up with in step 1. The center of the circle will be the location of your     seismograph. The epicenter of the earthquake is somewhere on the edge of     that circle.

3.  Do the same thing for the distance to the epicenter that the other       seismograms recorded. Where they cross is the location of the epicenter.  

Jan 2­1:03 PM Jan 2­12:52 PM

8.4 Earth's layered StructureKey Questions

What are Earth's layers based on chemical composition?What are Earth's layers based on physical properties?How did scientists determine Earth's structure and

composition?

The Earth is divided into 3 Main Layers1. Crust

outermost layer oxygen, aluminum, calcium 1%  of the Earth’s mass thickness varies: 5­100 kmtwo types:

oceanic ­ densercontinental

Mohorovicic Discontinuity ­ Mohoseparates the crust and the upper mantle.

2.    Mantlelargest layer ­ 67% of Earth’s massmade of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, ironsolid and liquid:  plasticlikeLithosphere

made up of the crust and upper mantledivided into tectonic plates

Asthenosphereplasticlike layer below the lithosphere plates float soft solid rock that moves very slowly

Mesospherethe lower part of the mantle to the outer core

Gutenberg Discontinuityseparates the mantle and the core

 3.  Core

innermost part of the Earth33% of the Earth’s mass

Outer coreliquidmade of iron and nickel

Lehmann Discontinuityseparates the outer and inner core

Inner Coresolid: due to the pressurevery dense iron and nickelscientists believe that the inner core rotates faster than therest of the planetspeed = lap the Earth's surface once every 400 years

  

  

  

  A. Mohorovicic Discontinuity 1. Continental Crust 2. Oceanic Crust  B. Gutenberg Discontinuity 3. Asthenosphere 4. Mesosphere  C. Lehmann Discontinuity 5. Outer Core 6. Inner Core

Jan 2­1:02 PM

Review