Jan/Feb 2014

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

Your Global Source

FILTRATION NEWS

January/February 2014Volume 33 No. 1

www.filtnews.com

Adhesive’s Increasing Role in HVAC Filtration Efficiency

Clean-In-Place Filtration Technology Can Make RefineriesSafer and More Productive

Smog and Haze Lead to High Demand for Filter Materials in China

Testing and Evaluation of Liquid Bag Filters

2 • February 2014 • www.filtnews.com

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Publication DataFiltration News (ISSN:1078-4136) is publishedbi-monthly by International Media Group, Inc.Printed in U.S.A., Copyright 2014.This publication has a requested and controlledsubscription circulation - controlled by the staff ofFiltration News; mailed bi-monthly as PeriodicalsPostage Paid (USPS 025-412) in Novi MI andadditional mailing offices.Filtration News is not responsible for statementspublished in this magazine. Advertisers, agenciesand contributing writers assume liability for allcontent of all submitted material printed andassume responsibility for any claims arisingthere-from made against publisher.

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IN THIS ISSUEJanuary/February 2014, Vol. 33, No. 1

Editorial Advisory BoardIndustry Experts Join Editorial Board 5

In-Place | FiltrationClean-In-Place Filtration Technology Can Make Refineries Safer, More Productive and More Environmentally Sustainable 6

Cover Story | Franklin Adhesives & PolymersThe Growing Role of Adhesives in Increasing HVAC Filtration Efficiency 12

Filtration | MarketsSmog and Haze Lead to High Demand for Filter Materials in China 14

Coolant | FiltrationProgressive Dilution for Cleaning Metalworking Coolants 18

Testing | Liquid Bag FiltersTesting and Evaluation of Liquid Bag Filters 22

Testing | ScienceDetermining Filter Cut Points and Pore Size Distributions Using Microsphere Standards 28

Gas/Liquid | SeparatorsEaton Gas/Liquid Separator Solves Ineffective Air Ventilating System 36

Industry | NewsAFS Gears Up for Oil & Gas and Chemical Processing Conference 35

U.S. Demand for Water Treatment Equipment to Reach $13 Billion in 2017 38

CLARCOR Acquires Bekaert Advanced Filtration Business 39

Cover courtesy of Franklin Adhesives & Polymers


Editorial Advisory Board

Editorial Board ChairmanEdward C. Gregor, ChairmanE.C. Gregor & Assoc. LLCTel: 1 803 431 [email protected]&A, Filtration Media

Haluk Alper, PresidentMyCelx Technologies Corp.Tel: 1 770 534 3118Fax: 1 770 534 [email protected] Removal – Water and Air

Jim JosephJoseph MarketingTel/Fax: 1 757 565 [email protected] Filtration

Robert W. McilvaineTel: 1 847 272 0010Fax: 1 847 272 [email protected]. Research & Tech. Analysis

Dr. Graham RidealWhitehouse Scientific Ltd.Tel: +44 1244 33 26 26Fax: +44 1244 33 50 [email protected] and Media Validation

Tony ShucoskyPall MicroelectronicsTel: 1 410 252 0800Fax: 1 410 252 [email protected], Filter Media,Membranes

Scott P. YaegerFiltration and SeparationTechnology LLCTel/Fax: 1 219 324 3786Mobile: 1 805 377 [email protected], New Techn.

Robert BurkheadBlue Heaven TechnologiesTel: 1 502 357 0132 Cell: 1 502 819 0204Email: [email protected] Filtration product develop-ment and performance testing

Dr. Bob BaumannAdvisory Board Member Emeritus

Andy RosolGlobal Filtration Products Mgr.FLSmidth [email protected]: 1 800 826 6461/1 801 526 2005Precoat/Bodyfeed Filter Aids

Clint ScobleFilter Media Services, LLCTel: 1 513 528 0172Fax: 1 513 624 [email protected] Filters , Filter Media, Baghouse Maintenance

Henry Nowicki, Ph.D. MBATel: 1 724 457 6576Fax: 1 724 457 [email protected] Carbons Testing,R&D, Consulting, Training

Richard JacobsEaton Corporation Tel: 1 732 212 4747Email:[email protected] Filtration Technologies

Dr. Ernest Mayer E. Mayer Filtration Consulting, LLC Tel: 1 302 981 8060Fax: 1 302 368 [email protected]

Wu ChenThe Dow Chemical CompanyTel: 1 979 238 [email protected] Filtration (liquid/gas)Equipment and Media

Peter R. Johnston, PETel/Fax: 1 919 942 [email protected] procedures

Peter S. Cartwright, PECartwright Consulting Co.Tel: 1 952 854 4911Fax: 1 952 854 [email protected], RO,Ultrafiltration

Katariina MajamaaThe Dow Chemical CompanyTel: 1 952 897 4357Email: [email protected] filtration, wastewater reuse, industrial water treatment

Katariina MajamaaEnd User Marketing Manager - Heavy IndustryDow Water & Process Solutions

Katariina Majamaa is the end user marketing manager atDow Water and Process Solutions. She is responsible for de-veloping and implementing short to medium term strategies,on a global basis, for growing value to end users and generatepull through demand within the heavy industry market seg-ment with Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration,Ion Exchange, and Fine Particle Filtration technologies.

Previously, Majamaa was the global application developmentleader for Industrial Water & Power Generation and the leaderof the North American Application Development team. Here,she was leading technology strategy and new product develop-ment projects from concept exploration through market launchbased on identification and assessment of market needs, emerg-ing and complementary technologies, products and solutions,as well as developing intellectual property strategy and strategicexternal partnerships.

Majamaa is currently located in Minneapolis, Minn. Shejoined The Dow Chemical Company in 2007 as a technicalservice and development engineer for reverse osmosis,nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes in Rhein-muenster, Germany, serving the regional markets ofBenelux, Nordic, Baltic, the U.K. and Ireland. She latermoved to Tarragona, Spain, to support the expansion ofpilot capabilities and the opening of the Tarragona WaterTechnology Application Center in 2011. Most recently, Ma-jamaa spent time in Shanghai, China, exploring the needsof the greater China market.

In Finland, Majamaa earned her Master of Science degreein Chemical Engineering from Helsinki University of Technol-ogy. She also recently completed graduate studies with researchin the area of biofouling with Delft University of Technology,the Netherlands, towards her doctorate in Chemical Engineer-ing. She has more than 10 peer-reviewed scientific publicationsand over 30 conference presentations/alternative publications,and is a certified Six Sigma black belt.

Robert BurkheadAir Filtration Product Development and Performance TestingBlue Heaven Technologies

Robert Burkhead is president and founder of Blue HeavenTechnologies in Louisville, Kentucky. Blue Heaven is a thirdparty testing laboratory with a focus on air filter product per-formance assessment testing. In his capacity at Blue Heavenover ten years, he has also instructed and trained a widerange of customer’s internal personnel in the technical detailsof air filtration product and market specifics.

Burkhead has also held engineering management posi-

tions at AAF International (for 15 years) and the U.S. filtra-tion business group of Freudenberg Nonwovens (for 10years). In both these positions he was accountable for over-seeing the filtration media/product design and manufactur-ing as well as laboratory construction and management.

Burkhead has a Bachelor of Science degree in MechanicalEngineering Technology and holds product design awardsand patents for various filtration products. He has been ac-tively involved in ASHRAE technical committee activity for30 years and also remains involved with INDA, AFS, ASTMand Underwriters Laboratory.

Industry Experts Join Editorial BoardInternational Filtration News welcomes three new members to their Editorial Board. Together, Katariina Majamaa from

Dow Water & Process Solutions, Richard Jacobs from Eaton Corporation and Robert Burkhead from Blue Heaven Tech-nologies, brings with them vast expertise from their respective areas.

Richard Jacobs Liquid Filtration TechnologiesEaton Corporation

As president of Eaton’s Filtration Division, headquarteredin Tinton Falls, New Jersey, Richard Jacobs oversees a divisionconsidered a leader in liquid filtration that helps companiesimprove product quality, increase manufacturing efficiency,protect employees and equipment, and achieve sustainabilitygoals. He is responsible for the division’s business operationsand performance in worldwide markets with manufacturinglocations in the U.S., Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Belgium, Indiaand China as well as its worldwide sales offices in 22 coun-tries. He holds several U.S. Patents in manufacturing liquidfiltration.

Jacobs joined Eaton in 2004 as vice president, supply chainmanagement for the Fluid Power Group, responsible for aspending budget of $2B globally. He was later promoted to

corporate vice president, supply chain management for Eatonglobally. There he was responsible for a budget of $7B, pur-chasing products and services from 87 countries. Prior to join-ing Eaton, Jacobs was vice president and general manager forBendix CVS, a former division of Honeywell/Allied Signal, re-sponsible for a $260M business selling desiccant filters andwheel end products. He also served as a corporate director inHoneywell’s supply chain function. In addition, Jacobs is agraduate of the University of Tennessee Lean Certification Pro-gram as well as a graduate of the Six Sigma Institute.

Earlier in his career, Jacobs spent eight years with GeneralElectric and is a graduate of GE’s Manufacturing ManagementProgram. He holds several degrees including a Masters of Indus-trial Management, Bachelors of Science in Mechanical and In-dustrial Engineering from Clarkson College in Potsdam, NewYork, and graduated from the Harvard BMS program and theColumbia General Management program.

www.filtnews.com • February 2014 • 5

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In-Place | Filtration

rocessing toxic, corrosiveand explosive chemicals athigh temperatures and pres-

sures creates a uniquely hostile anddangerous environment. The factthat it is safely done every day in re-fineries around the world is a tributeto the skill and expertise of the engi-neers who design and operate them,but there is always room for improve-ment. Modern filtration technologiescan make a significant contribution

to both operator safety and overallproductivity while reducing a refin-ery’s carbon footprint and environ-mental impact.

That is not conjecture. The safetyenhancement and other benefits ofmodern, “clean-in-place” filtrationsystems have been proven in hun-dreds of refineries. The technology iswidely used in catalyst protectionand coking applications and is nowbeing applied in a growing number of

“amine units.”An amine unit is used to remove

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbondioxide (CO2) contained in manycrude oil feedstocks prior to refining.The process uses an amine, typicallydiethanolamine, monoethanolamineor methyldiethanolamine (DEA,MEA, MDEA) to remove H2S andCO2 from hydrocarbon gases.

As the amine circulates throughthe process, it picks up contaminants

Clean-In-Place Filtration Technology CanMake Refineries Safer, More Productiveand More Environmentally Sustainable By Richard Jacobs, President, Eaton’s Filtration Division

P

Eaton’s ClearAmine™ automatic self-cleaning system helps ensure a continuous supply of pure amine for the removal of acid gas (H2S and CO2).

Xinxiang Tiancheng Aviation Purification Equipments Co. Ltd.

Our company specializes in designing & manufacturing and supplying many kinds of filters,

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Xinxiang Tiancheng Aviation Purification Equipments Co. Ltd.

Chuangye Road No.1, Dvelopment Area, Xinxiang City 453003, Henan

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Contact Person in China: Mr. Li Minghao

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For airplane For special vehicle

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For fluid cleaning systemFor dust collector of cement industry

For ultrafilter


In-Place | Filtration

including pipe scale, rust, iron sul-fide, sand and a variety of othersolids. These foul system compo-nents include flash drums, heat ex-changers, strippers, re-boilers andcarbon filters. The amines also at-tract hydrocarbons, a major cause ofsystem foaming, which reducesprocess efficiency.

The process is continuous, withthe “rich” contaminant-bearingamine being regenerated and reusedas “lean” amine. The most commonamine filtration solution today usescartridge-type filters to remove con-taminants from the lean amine

stream after regeneration. This ulti-mately exposes everything upstreamof the regenerator to a full load ofcontaminants.

Rich-side filtration is a better so-lution in terms of protecting theequipment, but opening a cartridge-type filter system unnecessarily ex-poses workers to dangerous andpotentially explosive H2S and otherhazards when changing cartridges.The cartridges themselves also repre-sent an inventory expense and mustbe disposed of as hazardous wastecreating both cost and environmentalimpact issues.

Since clean-in-place filter systemsminimize or eliminate the need foroperators to open the filter systemduring operation, the safety impact isobvious. These systems typically usea backflush and purge cycle with abackpressure-sensing control. The fil-ters are installed both as single unitswith a bypass and as multiple banksto provide continuous protection.

The enhanced operator safety pro-vided by a clean-in-place systemmakes it much more practical thancartridges to filter the rich amineside of the process. This can extendthe life of costly system components

Pipe scale, rust, iron sulfide, sand and other solids build-up in closed-loop amine systems fouling flash drums, heat exchang-ers, strippers, re-boilers, and carbon filters. They also attract hydrocarbons, which cause system foaming. Eaton’s Clear-Amine™ system provides an efficient method of removing harmful solids to protect and extend equipment life, and maximizeamine systems’ effectiveness.


In-Place | Filtrationwhile dramatically reducing operat-ing and maintenance costs.

These are not the only benefits. Aclean-in-place filtration system alsocan significantly reduce a refinery’senvironmental impact and carbonfootprint. Compared to the com-monly used disposable media sys-tems, an automated clean-in-placesystem dramatically reduces thenumber of bags and/or cartridges thatmust be purchased, inventoried, han-dled and eventually disposed.

Removing contaminated bagsand/or cartridges from the wastestream reduces the gaseous emissionsassociated with their decompositionas well as the associated hazardouswaste landfill fees. Over a ten-yearperiod, these savings can add up tonearly a 60 percent cost reductioncompared to today’s commonly useddisposable media systems.

Making the refineries that fuel ourmodern, global society more produc-tive, more environmentally sustain-

able and above all safer than ever be-fore is a huge challenge. Fortunately,it is one the filtration industry iswell prepared to help their cus-tomers meet.

For more information contact: Richard JacobsEaton Tel: 1-732-212-4747Email: [email protected]: www.eaton.com/filtration

FN

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or years, filter manufacturershave relied on adhesives to puttogether various components of

the HVAC filters they make, so as to as-semble the filter media or bond it into aframe or end cap. Now, they are lookingto this versatile substance to increaseperformance of the filter media itself.

The ability of adhesive to bond filtermedia together or to a frame also en-ables it to capture and hold in placeparticles in an air stream during filtra-tion. Atomizers along the productionline spray an adhesive formulatedspecifically to entrap the matter directlyon the filter media. The adhesive bol-sters filtration efficiency throughoutthe expected life span of the media.

At least one adhesives manufacturerthat serves the filter industry has takena lead in developing products to meetthe growing interest in spray-on adhe-sives for improved HVAC filtration effi-ciency. Franklin Adhesives & Polymersrecently launched FilterFAB 3000, a se-ries of adhesive technologies for media

in residential and commercial air filters.The series offers adhesive technologiesdesigned to increase particle entrap-ment, including one that also functionsas a binder. It also includes an adhesivetechnology developed strictly for use asa versatile media binder.

The company, which also offers awide range of adhesives for many otherfilter assembly applications, plans tobroaden the FilterFAB 3000 series overtime to meet additional filter mediamanufacturer specifications. It also isprepared to customize FilterFAB 3000formulations for specific productionequipment, filter media type and man-ufacturer requirements.

The initial product in the FilterFAB3000 series draws on technology usedfor pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs)– adhesives that typically are coatedonto a substrate to make tapes and la-bels. PSAs can either be removable(such as painter’s tape), permanent (alabel on a prescription bottle) or repo-sitionable (sticky memo paper). The

FilterFAB PSA takes on far differentroles in the filter manufacturing facility.As a permanent PSA, this surfactant-sta-bilized vinyl acrylic adhesive can bothlaminate layers of filter media togetherand increase particle entrapment.

The FilterFAB 3000 line also in-cludes water-based surfactant-stabilizedpolyvinyl acetate emulsions developedas binders to stiffen filter media. Thebinder is designed to ensure easy pleat-ing and crimping of media and to min-imize pore clogging during filtration.

Filter manufacturers get the best ofboth worlds with the final adhesivetechnology in the current FilterFABline-up – a unique combo-adhesive thatfuses the above PSA and polyvinyl ac-etate (PVA) technologies to offer thedual functionality of enhanced particleentrapment and media binding. A sin-gle sprayer can simultaneously apply abinder and filtration enhancement PSA,both increasing plant productivity andend-product performance.

Despite their ability to provide specific

Cover Story | Franklin Adhesives & Polymers

The Growing Role of Adhesives in Increasing HVAC Filtration EfficiencyBy Dan Pikula, Director, Filter Market Development, North America

F The FilterFAB 3000 series introduces PVA technologies that act as binders. The adhesives are sprayed directly onto the filter media.

solutions to the filter manufacturer, thetechnologies that comprise the FilterFAB3000 series share a number of character-istics that position them to easily meetvaried application and production re-quirements, offer the convenience of easyclean-up in the plant and meet regula-tions for environmental friendliness.

First, the adhesives manufacturercan easily customize key performancecharacteristics of any of these technolo-gies to meet specific application re-quirements. Any of the formulationscan be matched to media type, produc-tion equipment, end use, viscosity, etc.Customized adhesives will be tested inthe lab to ensure ideal performance inthe actual production facility. Further,the formulations are compatible with awide range of conventional additives,increasing their versatility and ability tomeet specific manufacturer needs.

As a group, the FilterFAB 3000 ad-hesives help filter manufacturers maxi-mize filter efficiency at minimal costand effort. The application process typ-

ically can be incorporated directly intoexisting media equipment, withoutneed for additional equipment or reduc-tion in productivity. Once sprayed ontothe media, the adhesives set and dryquickly, without significant impact onoverall production time. And minimalclean-up requirements can increase pro-ductivity: The FilterFAB 3000 serieseasily cleans up with water when wet,decreasing time required to keep equip-ment clean, free of clogs – and operatingsmoothly, with minimum downtime orunnecessary maintenance costs.

HVAC filter manufacturers makeequipment for customers who require– and value – air purity. Likely, it’s im-portant both to the manufacturers andend-users that products used in themanufacture of filters follow guidelinesfor environmental friendliness. All Fil-terFAB 3000 adhesives – indeed, all ad-hesives under the FilterFAB brand – areformaldehyde-free. “Green” formula-tion ensures that they meet environ-mental regulatory requirements and are

both safe for the plant crew to applyand for use in residential and commer-cial HVAC systems.

Filter manufacturers continue toseek cost-effective, viable methods toincrease filtration efficiency. Recent re-search and development in the adhe-sive laboratories strive to provide themeasier and better ways to achieve it. Ad-hesives manufacturers, such asFranklin Adhesives & Polymers, arewilling to work with filter manufactur-ers to develop the best way to producethe highest-quality filtration media fora healthy world.

The Growing Role of Adhesives in Increasing HVAC Filtration EfficiencyBy Dan Pikula, Director, Filter Market Development, North America


For more information contact:

Franklin Adhesives & Polymers

Tel: 1-800-877-4583

Website:

www.franklinadhesivesandpolymers.com

The adhesives are sprayed directly onto the filter media. This digitally altered photo depicts entrapment of particles.

FN


Filtration | Markets

n the past few months, publicconcerns over China’s severe airpollution forced the government

to take a series of new measures totackle the ever-growing environmen-tal challenges. Production of filtra-tion fibers in the Chinese market willbe boosted by the new governmentalplans and reach 1,5 million tons by2020, according to industry experts.

SMOG AND HAZEThe market for air filtration is

booming in China as the country has

been shrouded for months in thicksmog and haze. In eastern China,where most of the country’s manufac-turers are located, the Air QualityIndex (AQI) kept rising during mostof 2013. An AQI of 0 to 50 is re-garded as excellent, 101 to 150 isconsidered light pollution, and above300 is severe pollution. But the AQIin Beijing constantly sat between 400or 500 during the entire 2013, and inShanghai, China’s commercial center,the AQI even reached 700, a leveldeemed “poisonous” in early Decem-

ber 2013.To tackle the hiking air pollution,

the Chinese central government setup a series of measures late last year,including limiting car driving ac-cording to license plate numbers andphasing out polluted production ca-pacity. They also included a projectwith a total investment of 1,750 bil-lion RMB ($290 billion), which aimsto reduce the smog and haze and im-prove air quality in the country’sthree most important economiczones by introducing advanced tech-

Smog and Haze Lead to High Demand for Filter Materials in China By Jason Chen, China Correspondent

Smog and haze is not uncommon around industrial hubs in Northern China, leading to a demand for filter materials.

I

nologies, new products, and newmechanisms during the next fiveyears. These three zones include Bei-jing circle (Beijing, Tianjin, andHebei Province), Shanghai circle(Yangtze River Delta Region), andGuangzhou circle (Pearl River DeltaRegion). This project will also reachthe final goal of eliminating all theheavy air pollution (AQI 251 to 300)in China by 2023. Chinese industryexperts expect the investment willboost the growth of the country’s fil-tration industry, especially of thosefor high-temperature waste gases re-duction.

PM2.5 AND FILTER MATERIALSIn China, the main harmful mate-

rial in the air is particulate matter 2.5(PM2.5). With a small diameter ofonly 2.5 micrometers, a PM2.5spreads through the air and can di-rectly enter the human alveoli oflungs, which can cause severe healthproblems. PM2.5 mainly come from

fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants,and manufacturing industries.Among these sources, high-tempera-ture waste gases from power plantsand manufacturing industries such ascement and steel contribute to mostof China’s PM2.5 emissions, accord-ing to the government.

Electrostatic precipitators, bag fil-ters, and electrostatic and bag com-pound filters are used to eliminatehigh-temperature waste gases inChina. But most of the products cur-rently used in China have a low effi-ciency, according to Sun Maojian,president of the Yantai Tayho Ad-vanced Materials Co., Ltd. (Tayho).

“Electrostatic precipitators (usedby Chinese manufacturers) can onlycatch around 60% of the particulatematters, which diameters are smallerthan 10 micrometers. On the otherhand, most of the Chinese companiesstill use traditional materials such asglass fibers as the main materials inbag filters, which have problems

such as short life span, low accuracy,low abrasion resistance, and wastespollution,” said Sun.

Professor Liu Jingxian of the FilterMaterials Testing Center (FMTC) ofNortheastern University also admit-ted electrostatic precipitators can’tcatch PM2.5 effectively, though theycan catch 99% of the dust. He saidbag filter had become the mainstream in China’s high-temperaturefiltration efforts.

According to recent research fromFMTC, main filter materials cur-rently used in China to eliminatePM2.5 emissions include:

FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTSCurrently, more than 80% of

China’s power consumption is sup-plied by coal-fired power plants. Themain filter material in these plants ispolyphenylene sulfide (PPS) needlepunched felt. A PPS needle punchedfelt filter can catch around 78% ofthe PM2.5 in the waste gases, accord-


ing to the FMTC research. Some filtercompanies use spunlace process toincrease the efficiency. A filter madeof spunlaced PPS felt can catch up to85% of the PM2.5 in a coal-firedpower plant.

As the government seeks totighten the PM2.5 emission limit,polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) mem-brane PPS felt will be more widelyused by power plants. PPS needlepunched felt is dipped, laminated, orcoated with PTFE to improve hightemperature resistance, corrosion re-sistance, and the ability to catchsmall particulate matters. The PTFE-laminated filter material can catchmore than 99% of the PM2.5.

FOR CEMENT PLANTSBag filters have been used in

China’s production of cement sinceearly 2000 and have dominated themarket since early 2010. The main

filter materials for the cement indus-try include polyimide fibers, alsoknown as P84 fibers. China-madeP84 filters can effectively catchPM2.5 in the environment of hightemperature, according to a recent re-port of the Jiangsu Aoshen AdvancedMaterials Co., Ltd.

But today most of the Chinese ce-ment producers still have dust emis-sions of much more than the nationalstandard, which is 10mg per cubemeters of gases emissions. Thismeans many cement producers stilldon’t use bag filters made of P84fibers and other advanced materialsto reduce gases emission.

FOR THE STEEL INDUSTRYIn China, more than 90% of the

filtration products in the steel indus-try are bag filters, according to Liu.Main filter materials include glassfibers and their composites withother fibers such as P84 fibers andaramid. Glass fiber-based bag filtercan catch up to 97% of the PM2.5emissions in steel production.

ARAMID FILTERSComparing to most other prod-

ucts for high-temperature wastegases filtration in China, aramid bagfilters have better performance, ac-cording to Sun. He said a bag filtermade of aramid fibers could catch98% to 99% of the particulate mat-ters, with diameters as small as onemicrometer. But currently only 5% ofthe filtration products for high-tem-perature waste gases are made ofaramid in China. As the governmen-tal efforts to tackle air pollutions willforce the manufacturers to use moreefficient filters, Sun estimated Chinawould consume 50,000 metric tonsof aramid fibers for producing newbag filters to replace the current elec-trical precipitators and glass-fiberbag filters in the next few years. Thiswould be a billion-dollar market,said Sun.

But the high cost of aramid fiberswill still be the main obstacle to slow

this replacement process. CurrentlyChina’s supplies of aramid fibers aredominate by global brands such asDu Pont and Teijin, and most of theChinese manufacturers prefer to usethe relatively cheaper filter materialssuch as glass fibers.

The government’s 1,750-billion-RMB investment could help Chinesemanufacturers reduce the aramidcost. Chinese government subsidizesdomestic companies for technologi-cal innovation and other efforts thatfit the government’s plan. The subsi-dies could reduce the cost of usage ofaramid bag filters.

Another possible momentum willbe the decrease of aramid prices. AsChinese aramid fiber manufacturershave started to expand their produc-tion capacity, the prices of aramidfibers are expected to decline, andaramid bag filters will have bettercost performance in the market. Cur-rently, Tayho is China’s largest para-aramid producer, with an annualcapacity of 1,000 metric tons. China’stotal para-aramid capacity was only1,500 metric tons by 2013. But thecapacity will reach, respectively,5,000 metric tons in 2015 and 16,000metric tons in 2020, according to YeYongmao, chief consultant of theChina Chemical Fibers Association(CCFA).

FILTRATION FIBERSIn China, the main filtration fibers

include polyester, nylon, polypropy-lene, polyacrylonitrile, PTFE,aramid, glass fiber, P84, and PPS.Polyester fibers account for around70% of China’s filter materials con-sumption, but it can’t be used in ahigh-temperature environment. Forhigh-temperature filtration, the mainmaterials are PTFE, aramid, glassfiber, P84, and PPS.

China’s production of filtrationproducts consumed 740,000 metrictons of fibers in 2012, a 14% growthrate from the 2011 level, according toChina Nonwovens & Industrial Tex-tiles Association (CNITA). CNITA es-

Filtration | Markets

timates that the annual growth ratewill continue at double digits in thefollowing eight years, which meansthe country’s consumption of filtra-tion fibers could overtake 1.5 millionmetric tons by 2020.

The market of each fiber is de-scribed in the following:

Polyester fiber will continue to bethe largest sector. China’s consump-tion of polyester for filtration pur-poses was about 500,000 metric tonsin 2012. By 2017, the annual con-sumption of filtration polyester fiberscould reach 760,000 metric tons.

Aramid will be one of the fastest-growing sectors. In 2013, more than60% of China’s annual para-aramidconsumption of around 8,400 metrictons was imported from the UnitedStates, Japan and Europe. Para-aramid will remain an average annualgrowth rate of around 15% between2012 and 2020. According to YeYongmao, by 2015 domestic fibermanufacturers will supply half ofChina’s annual para-aramid fiberconsumption of 10,000 metric tons;by 2020 domestic fiber makers willsupply 80% of the annual para-aramid consumption of 20,000 met-ric tons in China.

PPS fibers will welcome a stronggrowth in the next few years. China’scapacity of PPS resins and PPS fibersreached, respectively, 30,000 and20,000 metric tons by middle 2013.The demands from bag filters inpower plants have started to boost

the consumption of PPS fibers.Zhang Daming, CEO of China Lu-mena New Materials Corp. (Lumena)expected China’s annual PPS fiberconsumption will remain at morethan 20,000 metric tons in the nextfew years. Lumena is one of China’slargest PPS fiber suppliers, with anannual capacity of 30,000 metrictons of PPS resins and 5,000 tons ofPPS fibers. Zhang said Lumena hadhigh gross profits and strong bargainpower for their PPS fibers, as sales

were good since 2012. On the con-trary, China’s PPS fiber sales wereweak before 2011, while PPS fibermanufacturers’ operating rate wasusually below 50%.

China’s output and consumption ofglass fibers reached, respectively, 2.9million and 1.7 metric tons in 2012,according to the China Composites In-dustry Association (CCIA). CCIA es-timated 11% of the domestic glassfiber consumption was for industrialtextiles, including filtration. FN


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Coolant | Filtration


ump-side cleaning of metal-working coolants is growing inpopularity because of all the

advantages of cleaning at the machinewithout all the extra handling. Thereare two basic concepts:

•Remove the total volume to a portable cleaning device, which hasits own holding tank. Then send thecleaned fluid back to the sump. Thisis a remove, repair and replace maintenance procedure.

•Constantly recirculated a portion ofthe sump’s volume through a portable cleaning device without removing the total volume at one time. This is a progressive dilution procedure.

The remove and repair concept iseasy to understand. However, the pro-gressive dilution concept has manysubtle fundamentals, which influenceits success in cleaning a sump. Manybelieve that all they have to do is tohook up a sidearm cleaning device to amachine’s sump and let it run for ashort time to clean the fluid; usuallythe quicker the better. However, theimportance of the cleaning time is amajor component to successful per-formance. This article explains the nu-ances of progressive dilution.

Figure 1 shows a simple schematicof a sidearm device connected to asump.

Figure 2 shows a typical bag filterwith a pump designed to work as asump-side cleaner on a sidearm con-cept. Almost any transportable device

can be used and the range of possibili-ties includes centrifuges, most filter de-signs and typical separators such asmagnetic, settling and hydrocyclonic.Of course the selection and size mustbe in keeping with the application andflow rate.

The success of the progressive dilu-tion cleaning function depends uponmany factors, but the two most impor-tant parameters are the efficiency of thecleaning device and turnover rate of thevolume in the sump.

EFFICIENCYIn this industry the term “efficiency”

is a difficult parameter to measurewhile a unit is working. A filter’s effi-ciency changes as it loads with the con-taminants. Centrifuges have a high andfairly consistent efficiency but it could

Progressive Dilution for Cleaning Metalworking CoolantsBy James J. Joseph

S

Figure 1: Sidearm Sump Cleaning

change when the ratios of solids to liq-uids vary. Other separators have a lowerefficiency, which is also dependent onthe ratio of solids to liquids.

All of this is treating the suspendedmaterial, which can be drawn into thepump’s suction. Another part of sumpcleaning is to take the steps to removesettled and floating material if they cannot be drawn into the feed pump.

TURNOVERTurnover is defined as a point where

the entire volume of liquid passesthrough a cleaning device at its de-signed flow rate. For example, a filterflow rate of ten GPM, working on atank with 100 gallons, will turn overthe volume every ten minutes.

PROGRESSIVE DILUTIONProgressive dilution is when a por-

tion of the volume of liquid in a sump,with a fixed amount of suspended ma-terial, is continuously recirculatedthrough a cleaning device and returnedto the tank. As it is recirculated, the justcleaned portion mixes with the balanceof the fluid to dilute the concentrationof remaining contaminants. The fluid isprogressively being cleaned as long asno other contaminates are introducedduring the cleaning period.

The phenomenon of progressive di-lution has an axiom that a 100 percentefficient cleaning device will removeover 99.9 percent of the original sus-pended material after the flow ratethrough the cleaning device hasachieved seven turnovers. This state-ment has a direct applicability to actualpractice, but caution is advised to rec-ognize the practical limits of this think-ing. There is more on this in the bookCoolant Filtration 2nd Edition- Addi-tional Technologies.

Obviously, the 100 percent efficiencyfactor is the ultimate accomplishmentand there are few devices, which areeconomically justified to achieve thistarget. Less efficient devices attempt toreach the 99.9 percent goal, but theyneed more than seven turnovers to ac-complish the task. Regardless of the ef-ficiency, the majority of thecontaminants are removed at seventurnovers.

Figure 3 is a family of curves that re-flects the amount of contaminants re-maining in the fluid versus time at fourdifferent device-efficiency levels: lessthan 25 percent, 25 to 50 percent, 50 to75 percent, and 75 to 100 percent. Theunit for operating interval is oneturnover of the reservoir. The title usesthe term “clarification” to cover allcleaning devices regardless of theirmode of operation. These curves aredeveloped with established modelsfrom filtration studies on a wide rangeof applications. They are prepared to fitknown factors found in typical applica-tions and to compensate for some ofthe realities of data collection and in-terpretation.

The curves are not absolute becauseof the many other factors and un-knowns which take place during the re-circulation of liquid through a cleaningdevice. They are not really smoothsince most devices will react differentlyas the amount of suspended material inthe fluid changes in concentration.However, it is possible to use these asguides to project a feasible performance


Figure 2: A typical bag filter with apump designed to work as a sump-sidecleaner on a sidearm concept.

Coolant | Filtrationor make flow rate adjustments to achieve better turnover-rates. Also, it can be seen that a device with low efficiencycould be “acceptable” for an application.

APPLYING PROGRESSIVE DILUTIONKnowing that seven turnovers is a key factor, here are

points to consider:

1. Initial thoughts should be to see what is needed to approach seven turnovers.

2. A large sump should have a higher flow rate than a small sump.

3. Time to reach a turnover is an important parameter for machine downtime.

4. Sump cleaning is intended to extend the fluid’s life; not keep it totally clean.

5. The machine can operate with some contaminants; it does once it starts working.

6. Seven turnovers may be too long and not really needed.7. Time to service the device, as needed, during

the cleaning cycle.8. Note the different turnovers at a given level of

contaminants left in the system.


Figure 3

9. A small increase in flow rate could make a significant difference in turnover rates.

10.There are four factors: sump size, downtime, device selection and flowrate.

Of the four factors in the progressivedilution concept, two are fixed: sumpsize and maximum time the machinecan be down. The other two, device se-lection and flow rate are flexible withina reasonable range of options.

The following typical scenario re-veals some thought processes.

Given:• Sump capacity of 250 gallons• Filter selected for 20 GPM and has been properly sized for the application

• Turnover every 12.5 minutes• Seven turnovers would have the machine down for about 1.5 hours

If downtime is too long for the ma-chine’s production schedule, here aresome options to reduce the time:

1. Select a higher capacity cleaning device for a flow greater than 20 GPM. Probably this step is the mostpractical; i.e., if bag filters are used,add more bags in parallel. Or, withcentrifuges use a larger unit.

2. Use the most efficient device possible; most of the time a filter orcentrifuge is already at the best level. The filter must be sized for the application to avoid frequent stopping to change the media.

3. Run it at the number of turnovers the machine’s downtime can tolerate and see if the clarity level isacceptable. For example, the curvesshow what can be achieved if 20 percent left in the system is acceptable; 1.5 to 3.3 turnovers.

4. If none of the above is feasible, drain the sump, transport the fluidto a remote cleaning operation, and

refill with cleaned fluid from the remote operation.

CAUTIONSince progressive dilution is a com-

plex phenomenon, it is important tounderstand that the information offeredhere is presented in good faith as aguide to understanding the basics ofsump cleaning. All factors should beevaluated by everyone involved tomake sure there are no unknowns,which could influence the selections ofequipment and time.

James J. Joseph is a consultant who hasalso written the book Coolant Filtration 2ndEdition, Additional Technologies.

For more information contact:Joseph Marketing120 Richmond Hill CourtWilliamsburg, Virginia 23185Tel/Fax: 757-565-1549Email: [email protected]

FN



iquid filter bags are univer-sally used in a variety of in-dustries particularly for

paint, ink jet, chemicals, pigmentsand wastewater filtration. Needle-punched felt bags are primarily used,and a discussion of the needled-feltpunched process can be found in var-ious texts. More rigorous micron-rated media are becoming moreprevalent today. In addition, multiplegeometries are now offered forgreater surface area per individualbag. Another issue with bag filtration(other than simplicity and low cost)is the lack of uniformity betweenmanufacturers and their confusing

micron ratings. This paper addresseshow Capillary Flow Porometry(CFP) and to some extent NISTGlass Bead challenge testing can beused to unambiguously assess mi-cron ratings; how actual ISOCTDchallenge testing can be used; andhow full-scale testing can be done toassess efficiency and life.

NIST GLASS BEAD CHALLENGE TESTINGGlass bead challenge testing with

NIST certified glass beads was pio-neered by Whitehouse Scientific inthe U.K. and further developed byDuPont to provide a rigorous methodto determine the cut-point efficiency

of primarily flat sheet media, includ-ing felts. This method was also com-pared to conventional Capillary FlowPorometry (CFP) where some inter-esting correlations were found. Al-most all flat sheet media that weretested by both NIST glass bead chal-lenge testing and CFP showed excel-lent comparisons by both Whitehouseand DuPont’s instruments except forneedled felts. Apparently, the dry glassbeads were trapped in the felt depthsby static effects, which resulted in er-roneous efficiencies.

As a consequence, a wet methodhad to be used, but then significantdeviations occurred from the dry

Testing | Liquid Bag Filters

Testing and Evaluation of Liquid Bag FiltersBy Dr. Ernest Mayer

L

* A small 0.1 ft2 Millipore filter holder was challenged with a200ppm water solution of ISOCTD at stated flux, and both tur-bidity (NTU) and particle counting determined on samples col-lected.** PMI Capillary Flow Porometer (CFP) values for BubblePoint (B.Pt.) sizes in microns including the typical B.Pt./1.65correction for the universal tortuosity factor based on drymedia challenge testing.(1) The 50 & 98% initial efficiency ratings are listed in microns

based on samples collected for turbidity & particle counting.Note that >70�μm values result because the particle countinginstrument only went up to 70�μm maximum (except for thevendor data).(2) Media life in minutes to 30 psid.(3) Dirt Holding Capacity (DHC) in grams at end of cycle and30 psid (expressed as grams/full size #2 bag & based on effi-ciency and grams ISOCTD fed over cycle).

method. This wet method combinedwith glass bead particle countersproved to be accurate, but CFP results

for these thick needled-felts were stillfairly high compared to glass bead ef-ficiency values such that actual

ISOCTD testing became necessaryalong with some full-scale testing.

* The used filter bags were soaked in solvent for 24 hours toremove residual paint resin; and nine 25mmD. samples werecut from each bag and evaluated via a PMI Capillary FlowPorometer (CFP) for Bubble Point (B.Pt.), Mean Flow Pore(MFP) size, and Frazier permeability (cfm/ft2). The resultswere then averaged and compared to new samples from simi-

lar bags; and the % Decreases (Decr.) calculated, which hasbeen shown to be a measure of media blinding.** Water Flux (gpm/ft2) obtained on these same 9-25mmD.samples by filtration of 0.2�μm filtered DI water at 5 psidpressure.(1) Average of all four parameter % Decreases.




Figure 1

* Actual plant tests were conducted with the various bagmedia evaluated in a 4-around Size #2 Pall vessel at a con-stant 150 gpm flow which translates into the normal ~11gpm/ft2 flux for 4 standard Size #2 bags (as well as for themolded BOSG bags); and ~2.5 gpm/ft2 for the ~60 ft2pleated bags.** Turbidities determined on collected influent and effluentsamples across the bag filter, and averages over the entirebag life to terminal ΔP, (i.e., at least 7 and up to 28 sample

pairs collected depending on bag life and averaged).*** Approximate filter area for the 4 bags tested; (1) Terminal �ΔP depending on plant operation and/or baglimitation; (2) Bag life in minutes to 30 psid.(3) Dirt Holding Capacity (DHC) in grams at end of cycle at30 psid (based on actual grams contained in bag by weighingdry dirty bag – new bag weight).


SMALL-SCALE FLAT-SHEET BAG MEDIA Table I details a few tests with typ-

ical bag filter media challenged withISOCTD at a nominal 8 gpm/ft2 bagfilter flux and shows:

• Standard P050 felt has higherCFP values compared to DuPont’s9096 and 9097 and a poor >70 μm98% ISOCTD efficiency, but reason-able life and 101 g DHC (corrected toa Size #2 bag area, which agrees verywell with actual plant tests – seeTable III).

• A vendor test of P050 results in a125 μm 98% efficiency, which agreesvery well with the CFP B.Pt./1.65value, albeit they used a somewhathigher 12 gpm/ft2 flux. However,their life was somewhat shorter at 100mins; and DHC also lower at 92 g(which could be attributed to thehigher flux). The lower DHC couldalso be attributed to slightly higherISOCTD ppm loading used (i.e., seeplant evaluations in Tables III & IV)

.• Both DuPont 9096 & 9097

media exhibit lower DHCs (exceptperhaps for 9097, which has similar93 g DHC to the 101; 92 DHCs toP050), but both are significantlymore efficient (i.e., 86 μm and 70 μm98% efficiencies).

Thus, these small-scale 0.1 ft2ISOCTD challenge tests demonstratedthat P050 has reasonable life and DHCbut poor 125-150 μm 98% efficiency;that DuPont’s new 9096 felt media hasmuch better 86 μm 98% efficiency butpoor life and DHC; and that 9097 hassome potential since its life and DHCare similar to P050, but at much better70 μm 98% efficiency.

PLANT FULL-SCALE RESIN FILTRATIONTable II (and Figure 1) details the

~110°C resin filtration trials with ac-tual size #1 bags; and shows:

• The 9097/9096 dual-layer bagblinds much less than the correspon-ding PE10 bag with low DP increase(see Fig. 1) and equivalent filtratequality (as indicated by plant grit tests

not shown here). Note that both ofthese two bags were tested on thesame tank of resin to terminal DP sothe comparison would be valid. It isbelieved that this lower blinding ofthe DuPont spunlaced media is due togreater uniformity and the absence ofneedle-punched holes.

• The 9097/9096 bag also opens upless than the corresponding PE25 nee-

dle-punched felt bag in another test atequivalent filtrate quality. Note that thistest wasn’t taken to completion (e.g., 30psid) because the batch ran out. Nev-ertheless, the 9097/9096 bag showedabout a 13.7 psig DP compared toabout 18.9 psig for the PE25 bag; andthe 9097/9096 bag has even lower MFPand B.Pt. suggesting better filtration.

• Both spunlaced bag media


showed less blinding after water flux testswere conducted on dried used bags (aftersolvent soaking overnight to remove en-trapped resin) compared to new bagmedia, (i.e., 15 vs. 28% for 9097/9096spunlaced vs. PE10; and -7 vs. 5% for9097/9096 spunlaced vs. PE25.).

Thus, these actual plant paint resintrials demonstrated the superiority ofthe new spunlaced media compared totypical needle-punched liquid felts.

PLANT FULL-SCALE 4-AROUND SIZE Table III details a series of full-scale

plant tests with their 150 gpm waste-water stream (flux ~11 gpm/ft2) usingfour (4) Size #2 bags, and shows:

• The standard P050 bag exhibited

a short 1:15 life but a similar 100gDHC compared to the small-scaleISOCTD challenge tests (Table I), butpoor 25% NTU efficiency under ab-normal operating conditions, (i.e.,high inlet feed turbidity).

• DuPont’s 9096 and 9097 bags ex-hibited higher efficiencies, longerlives, but lower DHCs. However,9097’s DHC was reasonably close tothat of P050, (i.e., 92 vs. 100g); thus9097 bags are worthy of further con-sideration.

• Pleated 9096 and 9097 bags havesignificantly longer lives and higherefficiencies and DHCs than the stan-dard P050 bags. Note that operatingproblems limited the DPs to 0.6 and

1.5 psid before the tests had to be ter-minated. Even so, their performancemerited further study because of theirhigher efficiencies and DHCs thatsimply could not be accounted for bythe area increase.

• FSI’s new B0SG bags also havemerit due to much longer 9-hour life,increased DHC, and improved 35% ef-ficiency (vs. 25% for P050).

Thus, these full-scale bag testsdemonstrated that 9097 bags com-pare quite favorably to P050 bags(i.e., longer life and similar ~100gDHC, at higher efficiency); that apleated 9097 bag of ~60 ft2 area hasmuch longer life at higher efficiencyand DHC; and that FSI’s new molded


* Actual plant tests were conducted with the various bagmedia evaluated in a 4-around Size #2 Pall vessel at a con-stant 150 gpm flow, which translates into the normal ~11gpm/ft2 flux for 4 standard Size #2 bags (as well as for themolded BOSG bags); and ~2.5 gpm/ft2 for the ~60 ft2pleated bags.** Turbidities determined on collected influent and effluentsamples across the bag filter, and averages over the entirebag life to terminal ΔP, (i.e., at least 7 and up to 28 sample

pairs collected depending on bag life and averaged).*** Approximate filter area for the 4 bags tested.(1) Terminal ΔP depending on plant operation and/or baglimitation. (2) Bag life in minutes to 30 psid.(3) Dirt Holding Capacity (DHC) in grams at end of cycle at30 psid (based on actual grams contained in bag by weigh-ing dry dirty bag – new bag weight).

B0SG depth bags also have signifi-cant merit.

FINAL PLANT FULL-SCALE 4-AROUNDTable IV details the final round of

4-around bag trials with similar bags(except that insufficient 9097 mediawas available to make pleated bags soa similar 80 gsm spunlaced mediawas substituted); and that all bagswere run to terminal DP. Basically,Table IV shows

• The standard P050 bags exhibit aslightly shorter 3:15 life, a similar28% efficiency and 100g DHC likepreviously, but a much lower 1:32 lifeand 68g DHC (but higher 46% NTUefficiency) at upset conditions of highinlet feed turbidity.

• Under similar upset conditions,the 9096 bags exhibit much shorterlife and lower DHC even though itsNTU efficiency was 55%. On the otherhand, the 9097 bags have similar lifeat lower DHC but increased 49% effi-

ciency. However, the 9097 inlet feedturbidity was even higher (5.3 vs. 3.9NTU), which could explain theshorter life.

• The B0SG bags exhibited a verylong 7:25 life, an excellent 72% effi-ciency, and good DHC despite thefact that they had similar area as theP050 bags.

• The DuPont 80 gsm pleated bags(60 ft2 area) exhibited an even longer9:30 life at even higher 78% NTU ef-ficiency, and an excellent 675g DHC.This very high DHC cannot be ac-counted for by the increased area,[i.e., 60/14 x (68-100) = 292-429g vs.674g actually removed]; hence, thesepleated 80 gsm bags have significantmerit for this application.

Thus, these final full-scale bag testsdemonstrated the utility of pleated andmolded depth bags for extended life, in-creased DHC, and increased efficiencywith much less operator changeouts.

SUMMARYThe extensive bag filter trials con-

ducted here both with ISOCTD chal-lenge and full-scale plant testsdemonstrated that Capillary FlowPorometry (CFP) analysis can predictbag filter media efficiencies (or mi-cron ratings) such that ambiguousvendor ratings can be compared. Inaddition, full-scale tests must be doneto validate ISOCTD tests since effi-ciencies and DHCs can vary signifi-cantly depending on the particularapplication. Furthermore, the testprogram here demonstrated the via-bility of pleated and molded-depthbags for increased efficiencies at muchlonger lives and DHCs.

For more information contact: Dr. Ernest Mayer E. Mayer Filtration Consulting, LLC Tel: 1-302-981-8060Fax: 1-302-368-0021Email: [email protected]

FN



orometry is probably the mostwell known method of meas-uring pore size distribution.

This involves using air pressure toexpel a wetting liquid from the pores ofa filter. When the gas pressure is ap-plied, large pores offer less resistanceand so are cleared first.

The appearance of the first bubble(the “Bubble Point”) reflects the largestpore size but different instruments usedifferent methods of detection. For ex-ample, in the Coulter Porometer, incre-mental “bands” of pressure are appliedand the fixed band within, which thebubble first appears, is used for the cal-culations of maximum pore size. Theretherefore tends to be very good instru-ment-to-instrument agreement.

In other instruments, there is a con-tinuous increase in pressure and a par-allel measure of flow. Deviations froma linear pressure/flow relationship aretheoretically more precise but the diffi-culty here is defining the exact positionof the divergence. In simple terms, howmuch must the bubble be inflated be-fore it is deemed significant?

The exact determination of the Bub-ble Point, and from it, the maximumpore size is critical as it is the bench-mark from which the pore size distri-bution is calculated. As the pressure onthe wetted filter is increased, interpola-tion of the pressure versus flow rate canthen be used to determine the pore sizedistribution.

The alternative method of measur-ing filter cut points (a defined “maxi-mum”, pore size) and pore sizedistribution is the Challenge Test. Inthis method, a range of particles, eitheras solids or liquids (aerosols) are pre-sented to the filter and the particle sizeof the penetrating particles measured.

This method has the advantage thatthe particles can be reference to the In-ternational Metre, for example throughthe NIST (National Institute for Stan-dards and Technology, USA). However,a disadvantage is that particle-sizingtechniques are dependent on themethod of analysis where particles arenon-spherical.

This work reviews the latest tech-niques of challenge testing using spher-

ical standards, where particle shape isnot an issue. Filter cut points and poresize distributions can now be deter-mined, even into the sub-micron re-gion. Results will be presented for flatsheet filter media and also 3-dimen-sional small-scale filter elements.

THE CHALLENGE TEST PARTICLESChallenge test particles come in a

range of sizes and shapes, but Figure 1

Testing | Science

Determining Filter Cut Points and Pore SizeDistributions Using Microsphere StandardsBy Dr. Graham Rideal and Abi Stewart, Whitehouse Scientific Ltd., Chester, U.K.

P

illustrates the importance of usingspherical particles to avoid ambiguityof particle sizing methods.

In order to further increase the ac-curacy of the challenge test, narrow dis-tribution microspheres are to bepreferred, Figure 2.

The only disadvantage of narrow sizedistribution challenge particles is that awide range of standards must be pre-pared to cover all pore sizes, Table 1.

However, although time consumingto make, narrow size distribution filterstandards produce very high-resolutionresults, Figure 3.

To ensure that the pore size is definedby the diameter of a sphere passing, non-spherical particles passing the filter undertest should be removed. This can only bedone electronically when microscopy andimage analysis are used as the particle sizeanalysis method, Figure 4.

As glass microspheres are difficult toproduce below a few microns, polymerlatex must be used if challenge testingis to be extended into the sub-micron

region. However, polymer latex stan-dards are only available as mono-dis-perse distributions and it is verydifficult to produce the broader Gauss-ian distributions required for the chal-lenge test described herein.

One solution is to make a “multi-modal” size distribution from a blendof mono-disperse standards, Figure 5.

In order to include as many peaks aspossible within the overall distribution,the latex standards should be as narrow

as possible and the method of analysisshould be very high resolution. Thedisc centrifuge is one of the few parti-cle-sizing methods with sufficient res-olution to fulfill this requirement.

CHALLENGE TEST APPARATUSThe filter media can be challenged by

the glass beads either as a fluidized drypowder, the Sonic method, or using anultrasonic method employing an aque-ous suspension of the microspheres.


THE SONIC FILTER TESTER DRY TESTINGA new technology using sonic en-

ergy to fluidize the microspheres overthe filter medium has been developedfor the dry analysis of filters. Themechanism of the sonic action isshown in Figure 5.

The instrument measures discs from90mm down to 8mm diameter using arange of special adapters, Figures 7, 8and 9.

THE ULTRASONIC WET TESTThe lower limit of the Sonic chal-

lenge test is governed by the adhesionproperties of the particles being used.As particles decrease in size attractiveforces increase and it becomes moredifficult to produce the individual par-ticles required for the challenge test.Below about 16 microns therefore, aliquid carrier must be used.

The ultrasonic wet test can take fil-

ter testing down into the nanometersize range using for example, gold sols.

The other advantage of a suspensionmethod of testing is that, unlike theSonic method, the filter medium doesnot need to be in the form of flat discs.Figures 10 to 12 show the apparatus fortesting various filter elements.

MEASURING FILTER CUT POINTSA gravimetric methodIn the Sonic dry test, the calibrating

microspheres are certified using elec-troformed sieves, where the NIST trace-ability of the sieves is transferred to thefilter standards. A calibration graph ofweight passing versus cut point is thenconstructed, which can be used to de-rive the cut point of an unknown filter.As seen from Figure 3, the narrow dis-tribution of the beads makes themethod very sensitive.

In addition, the combination of thespherical nature of the beads with thespeed of the Sonic process means thatthe end point is reached in as little as 1minute.

MEASURING THE BEADS PASSINGIn the analysis of the glass micros-

pheres passing the filters, the concen-tration should be number rather thanvolume based as the data must reflectthe number of apertures of particularsize in the filter.

Furthermore, only spherical parti-cles should be counted so that the poresize can be expressed in terms of a sin-gle dimension, the inscribed sphericaldiameter, Figure 4.

The results of a typical analysis areshown in Figure 13, where the cumu-lative distributions of the filter standardbefore and after passing the filter arecompared.

Adopting the above criteria in theImage Analysis has shown remarkableagreement between the microscopicand gravimetric analyses, Figure 15.

MEASURING SUB-MICRON FILTER CUT In the disc centrifuge analysis of cut

points, the removal of larger peaksfrom the multimodal distributions is


Testing | Science

used to determine the maximum poresize in a filter.

Figure 15 shows the elimination ofthe larger peaks after the multimodalstandard is passed through a 0.45- mi-cron syringe filter.

RESULTSMeasuring filter cut points on a wire mesh

Direct optical measurement by Microscopy

For simple plain weave meshes andeven some laminated meshes, it ispossible to measure the apertures di-rectly. When measuring square-holemeshes, at least 500 apertures shouldbe counted and the X and Y dimen-sions recorded at the mid point ofeach aperture. This enables the shapeof each aperture to be quantified. Theminimum value is used to express theaperture sizes in terms of their in-scribed circle diameters and facilitatesbetter comparisons with the challengetest method.

In the ShapeSizer Image Analysisprogram, the mesh is illuminatedfrom below and the image convertedto a negative so the “white” aperturescan be counted as “black” particles,Figure 16.

Apertures partially overlaid by thesupporting mesh are ignored as arethose containing any contaminant. Ir-regularly shaped apertures incorrectlygenerated by a “bleed” into the wiremesh in the process of creating thenegative are also eliminated. Themeasured size was 68 microns.

Analysis of microspheres passingFigure 17 shows a comparison of

the challenging microspheres beforeand after passing the 75-micronmesh. The cut point is defined as the97th percentile of the cumulative dis-tribution of challenging beads passingthe filter. The result of 69 micronswas remarkably close to that obtainedby direct measurement above.

CUT POINT FROM GRAVIMETRIC METHODIn the final analysis, the 75-micron

mesh was measured by the Sonic chal-

lenge test method, where the cutpoint was determined simply byweighing the percentage passing thefilter and interpolating the calibration

graph on the certificate. The cut pointwas once again, within experimentalerror, identical to the above methodsat 68 microns.



Testing | Science

MEASURING THE CUT POINT 8 MM DISCBecause of the pleating and the

small physical size of the sample, it wasnot possible to obtain enough counts togive a statistically robust measure of theaperture size by microscopy, Figure 18.However, an approximate estimate was120 microns.

The filter disc was therefore testedby the Sonic gravimetric method, ana-

lyzing the beads passing and the ultra-sonic wet method.

All three methods gave very similarresults: 120, 125 and 125 microns, re-spectively.

It is interesting to note the “nearmesh” beads that are trapped in themesh, which when released and meas-ured, would reflect the pore size distri-bution of the mesh.

MEASURING NON-WOVEN CUT POINTS5 mm dia., 32 mm long filter element

Sonic challenge testing such smallprofile filter elements is difficult so thetest is best performed as a wet method.This filter was produced by winding astainless steel tape on a former so theaperture size is not as well controlled asin the weaving, Figure 19.

The results from two ultrasonic testswere 90 and 105 microns, respectively.Although these results are within theexperimental error associated with themethod, the deviation may be more todo with the non-uniformity of the filteritself rather than the challenge test.

MEASURING SUBMICRON FILTERSAs discussed earlier (Figure 16), by

examining which peaks are removedfrom a multimodal standard after passinga filter, the cut point can be determined.

Figure 20 shows the results for a 0.2-micron syringe filter. It can be seen thata small peak is evident at 0.32 micronsindicating that the cut point is higherthan expected from the nominal rating.

MEASURING PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONSPore sizes greater than approximately100 microns

It was shown above that when the cal-ibrating glass beads trapped in a meshduring an analysis are released, their sizewould reflect the pore size distributionof the filter, Figure 18. It is therefore pos-sible to measure pore size distributionnot just in simple plain weaves, but com-plex 3-dimensional filters that cannot beeasily measured by any other method.

Figure 21 shows the result of col-lecting the near mesh beads from atwilled mesh and reveals two distinctpeaks at 275 and 315 microns. Porom-etry is the only other method capableof measuring pore size distributions,but the high porosity of this very openmesh would make the technique verydifficult to get reliable results.

DISTRIBUTIONS - SUB-MICRON REGIONAt the other end of the pore size

spectrum, a multimodal standard canbe used to measure pore size distribu-

tions in sub-micron filters. The methodinvolves looking for the relative deple-tion of the peaks after passing the filter.It assumes that the smallest size willpass the filter without a concentrationdilution because the particles can passthrough unimpeded. All other peaks aretherefore normalized to the 0.01-mi-cron peak and the decrease in concen-tration reflects the number of pores thatcan trap the microspheres. A cumula-tive pore size distribution can thereforebe constructed, Figures 22 and 23.

CONCLUSIONSAlthough challenge testing using

test dusts has been used for many yearsto determine filter cut points, its accu-racy and reliability has been compro-mised by a combination of broadparticle size distributions and differingshapes of the dust particles.

By making a new range of narrower

size distribution standards based onglass microspheres, certified by NISTtraceable electroformed sieves, it hasbeen possible to significantly improvethe reliability of the method.

In combination with the new stan-

dards, a dry sonic device for fluidizingthe microspheres over the filter hasbeen developed, which is able to per-form a test in as little as 1 minute withan uncertainty down to 1 micron. Fur-thermore, no particle-sizing instrument


is required to measure the beads pass-ing and the cut point can be measuredsimply from the percentage of the mi-crospheres passing.

This work compared the resultsfrom the gravimetric test with those ob-tained by measuring the beads passing.For the most accurate results, mi-croscopy and image analysis is recom-mended as the particle size analyzer asany non-spherical particles can beeliminated from the analysis. It wasthen found that there was remarkableagreement between the two methods

As an alternative to the dry sonicmethod, an ultrasonic suspension

method was also evaluated. Thismethod is particularly useful wherethe microspheres are too small to besuccessfully fluidized in the sonic de-vice or where the filter profile doesnot readily lend itself to sonic test-ing, for example, small-scale filtertubes. It was found that, when anynon-spherical particles were removedfrom the particle size analysis, therewas again excellent agreement be-tween the two methods.

By collecting the “near mesh” parti-cles trapped in the pores it has alsobeen possible to measure pore size dis-tributions in complex 3-dimensional

woven filters that would be very diffi-cult to measure by any other technique.

Finally, a new “multimodal” poly-mer latex standard has been devel-oped, which has been very successfulin measuring both filter cut pointsand pore size distributions in filtersdown to 0.2 microns.

For more information contact:Dr. Graham RidealWhitehouse Scientific Ltd.Tel: +44-1244-332626Fax: +44-1244-335098Email: [email protected]: www.whitehousescientific.com

Testing | Science

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Need a Filter Supplier?...

Locate Leading Component Parts, Filter, Coalescing & Equipment Suppliers at:

www.afssociety.org/buyersguide

Filtration

Mergers, Acquisitions

and Divestures

GL Capital, LLC

We understand the nuances ofthe domestic and internationalfiltration industry and bringover 70 years of combinedbusiness, technical and finan-cial expertise. The current eco-nomic climate is an ideal timefor sellers to locate buyersseeking to diversify and forbuyers to identify growth op-portunities through acquisition.

For a confidential conversation contact:

Edward C. Gregor803-431-7427

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P. John Lovell719-375-1564

[email protected]

he American Filtration &Separations Society is gear-ing up for the 2014 Spring

Conference in Houston, Texas, wherefocus will be on the Oil & Gas andChemical Processing Filtration &Separations Conference. The event isscheduled for March 25-26 and willbe held at the Houston MarriottWestchase.

The ever-increasing demand forenergy and hydrocarbon-based prod-ucts, process separation plays a criti-cal role in enabling operations to runat higher capacities with low opera-tional cost and reduced environmen-tal impact. The conference willaddress a variety of separation meth-ods available to the industry, from fil-ters and coalescers to membranes andcyclones, and many more.

AFS encourages anyone involvedin the oil, gas or chemical processingindustry to attend; specialists andprocess engineers looking to under-stand specific separation methodolo-gies, research and developmentscientists who want to present theirinnovations, and young engineerslooking for a primer in this excep-

tionally important area.The conference will include not

only talks on technologies, but alsoon key subject areas such as producedwater treatment and natural gas pro-cessing, and will focus on both me-chanical and chemical means topromote process separations.

The conference will be precededby specialized training short coursesand accompanied by leading industryexperts as keynote speakers and pre-senters. This conference is primarilytechnical; however a select number ofsuppliers will also be available toshow new products and services.

The venue is conveniently locatedin the energy corridor of Houston, acity that is the heart of the hydrocar-bon-processing world. This confer-ence will help engineers tounderstand best-in-class practices fortheir filtration and separation ques-tions, and help them build their pro-fessional network to include some ofthe foremost authorities in the worldon these processes.

For more information visit: www.spring.afssociety.org


AFS Gears Up for Oil & Gas and

Chemical Processing Conference

By Ken Norberg, Editor

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Oil and gas, chemical processing, filtration and separation, are the focus for AFS’2014 Spring Conference to be held in Texas..


ne of the world’s largestmanufacturers of touchpanel screens, notebook

covers and related electronics equip-ment reached out to Eaton to help itreduce environmental issues relatedto its sophisticated manufacturingprocess. The Taiwan-based manufac-turer believes that it has the mostcomputer numerical control (CNC)machines in the world, and its inter-national lineup of customers, whichreads like a Who’s Who in the com-puter and communications indus-tries, helps support that claim.Computer numerical control was in-troduced to the machining industryin the early 1970s. It has since revo-lutionized the way various metals aremilled, lathed, drilled, cut and pol-ished. The most basic function of anyCNC machine is automatic, preciseand consistent motion control.

Rather than applying completelymechanical devices to cause motion

as is required on most conventionalmachine tools, CNC machines pro-duce motion control via computerprogramming. All forms of CNCequipment have two or more direc-tions of motion, called axes. Theseaxes can be precisely and automati-cally positioned.

The CNC machining often useslubricants to help diminish the highlevels of heat typically generated inthe process. Another downside is thevaporization of coolant, which oftenproduces an airborne mist or haze.Though not believed to be a serioushealth hazard, the haze can makebreathing uncomfortable and irritateeyes. In addition, the mist cannot bereleased into the atmosphere accord-ing to local environmental protectionlaws. Doing so would result in sub-stantial fines. Corporate sustainabil-ity mandates would also becompromised.

CHALLENGE Eaton’s customer was relying on an

old and ineffective air ventilating sys-tem that consisted of a scrubber andplasma treatment equipment. Becom-ing increasingly more ineffective overthe years, the two-step arrangementwas also consuming huge amounts ofwater. That same water was beingcontaminated with oil residues andhad to be transported to sewage treat-ment facilities. Meanwhile, the plantair quality did not improve.

Costly, dirty and encumberingquality, the system that kept toolsand metals cool and lubricatedneeded to be replaced.

Eaton was recently summoned toclean up the mess.

SOLUTION An Eaton gas/liquid separator was

installed to replace the outdated sys-tem to clear the air inside the manu-facturing facility of that unpleasant

Gas/Liquid | Separators

Eaton Gas/Liquid Separator Solves Ineffective Air Ventilating System

Challenge:An ineffective air ventilating sys-tem was consuming hugeamounts of water and did notimprove air quality

Solution: An Eaton 32-inch Type 35L-CLC gas/ liquid separator capa-ble of removing up to 99percent of oil, water and otherparticles from a vapor.

Results: A reduction in the oil mist/hazein the workshop, exhaust meetsenvironmental standards, and areduction in water related costs.

OA computer component manufacturer’s ineffective air ventilation system was solved by Eaton’s gas/liquid separator.


mist. A 32-inch Type 35L-CLC wasselected for the application, which iscapable of removing up to 99 percentof oil, water and other particles morethan four microns in size.

The self-contained two-stage de-sign of the system functions by, first,increasing the size of liquid dropletsthrough a wire mesh de-misting padin the vessel’s container. Next, thedroplets are centrifugally thrown tothe outside wall and flow to the bot-tom of the vessel for draining. TheEaton gas/liquid separator also pre-vents the droplets from being re-en-trained after separation.

Additional features of the Eatongas/liquid separator include:

• High efficiency of oil mist removal• No internal moving parts • Reduced maintenance • No media to be disposed

Eaton boasts one of the world’slargest inventories of filtration prod-ucts. Designed for efficiency in a va-riety of demanding markets,applications, and environments,Eaton’s lineup of filters includespipeline basket strainers, mechani-cally cleaned filters and strainers, tu-bular backwashing filters, filter bagsand bag filter housings, filter car-tridges and cartridge filter housings,gas liquid separators, depth filtra-tion, as well as hydraulic and lubri-cation oil filtration solutions to helpoptimize filtration performance,quality and plant productivity.

RESULTS After installation, oil mist/haze

has been reduced to a minimum inthe workshop, exhaust is meeting thenecessary environmental standards,and the grease from the cooling liq-uids can be reclaimed and reused –an added benefit that was not possi-ble with the old system.

Because no water is used with theEaton separator, filtration costs havebeen reduced substantially, as haveassociated transport and disposalcosts of contaminated water.

Employees at the site are also ben-

efitting with cleaner, healthier work-ing conditions, and Mother Nature ispleased by the absence of harmfulemissions and water contaminates.

That’s precisely what the companywanted.

ABOUT EATONEaton is a diversified power man-

agement company providing energy-efficient solutions that helpcustomers effectively manage electri-cal, hydraulic and mechanical power.A global technology leader, Eaton ac-quired Cooper Industries plc in No-vember 2012. The 2012 revenue ofthe combined companies was $21.8

billion on a pro forma basis. Eatonhas approximately 102,000 employ-ees and sells products to customersin more than 175 countries.

For more information contact:Eaton 44 Apple Street Tinton Falls, NJ 07724Website: www.eaton.com/filtration

Eaton Type 35L-CLC Gas /Liquid Sep-arator with Side Inlet for Vertical upFlow. The unique two-stage design re-moves 99% of liquid and solid particleslarger than 4 microns in size. TheEaton Coalescer/Separator’s efficiencyfar exceeds that of any other type ofcentrifugal, cyclone, turbine, or vaneseparator.

Eaton Type 31L-CLC Gas/Liquid Separa-tor for Vertical Applications – In the firstof a two stage separation process, smallerliquid droplets enter a de-misting pad inthe vessel. The purpose is to increase thesize of the droplets so they can be re-moved. In the second stage, the largerdroplets are centrifugally thrown to theoutside of the vessel for draining.

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Industry | News

emand for water treatmentequipment in the U.S. isforecast to grow 5.9 percent

per year to $13.0 billion in 2017.Gains will be supported by increasingconcerns about the health risks andenvironmental impacts of biologicalcontaminants, chemicals, and disin-fection byproducts in supply waterand wastewater, and by more strin-gent manufacturing requirements inprocess water. These and other trendsare presented in Water TreatmentEquipment, a new study from TheFreedonia Group, Inc., a Cleveland-based industry market research firm.

The resource extraction market isexpected to show the most rapidgains among the major markets, asthe treatment requirements for pro-duced water in oil and natural gas ex-traction continue to rise, and aswater recycling and reuse increase tosatisfy the needs of expanded hy-draulic fracturing activities. An ex-pected rebound in mining output,particularly for minerals, will alsocontribute to an increased need forwater treatment equipment. Risingdemand will particularly benefit con-ventional filtration systems, whichare the most commonly used type ofequipment in the resource extractionmarket. The anticipated implementa-tion of new U.S. EPA regulations forhydraulic fracturing is also expectedto promote growth in the resourceextraction market in the long term.

The commercial and residentialmarkets for water treatment equip-ment are expected to continue to re-cover from the declines seen duringthe 2007-2009 economic recession,with demand boosted by greater con-sumer interest in drinking waterquality, increased consumer confi-dence, and expanded commercial andresidential construction activities.Point-of-entry membrane filtration,disinfection, and deionization equip-ment is expected to benefit the mostfrom rising demand.

The municipal market for watertreatment equipment is expected tocontinue to experience healthygrowth through 2017. Expandedmanufacturing output in response tothe improving U.S. economy, as wellas increasingly stringent manufactur-ing requirements, will support

growth in demand for every majortype of water treatment equipment.While quite small in 2012, ballastwater treatment is expected to be thefastest growing market segment over-all, as U.S. ships will soon be re-quired to have ballast watermanagement systems, includingmembrane systems and ultravioletdisinfection equipment, installed on-board to prevent the spread of inva-sive marine and aquatic speciesbetween ecosystems.

For more information contact:Corinne GangloffThe Freedonia GroupTel: 1-440-684-9600Fax 1-440-646-0484Email: [email protected]: www.freedoniagroup.com

U.S. Demand for Water Treatment Equipment to Reach $13 Billion in 2017

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Visit us online: www.filtnews.com

Update or list your company in our 2014 Buyers’ Guide.Deadline is May 30, 2014.Email: [email protected]

Website: www.filtnews.com/buyersguideFN.html


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LARCOR Inc. announced inDecember 2013 that it has ac-quired the Bekaert Advanced

Filtration business from NV Bekaert SAfor a purchase price of approximately €6million ($8 million), before various con-tractual adjustments. The Advanced Fil-tration business is engaged in the sameline of business as CLARCOR’s subsidiary,Purolator EFP – the manufacture andsupply of engineered metal filters and sys-tems used primarily in the polymer fiberand plastics industries.

With estimated 2013 sales of approxi-mately €15 million ($20 million), thebusiness, which has been renamed Puro-lator Advanced Filtration, has approxi-mately 170 employees and manufacturingfacilities located in Belgium and Indone-sia, as well as sales personnel in North andSouth America. The transaction also in-cludes a supply contract under which thecombined business can continue to pur-

chase specialized Bekipor® metal fiber fil-tration media from Bekaert for incorpora-tion into certain of the company’sproducts. The acquisition is not antici-pated to be materially accretive or dilutiveto CLARCOR’s 2014 earnings.

Christopher L. Conway, CLARCOR’schairman, president and CEO com-mented, “Bekaert is known in the indus-try for its top level engineering capabilitiesand superior product quality, and it is notuncommon for customers with demand-ing applications to insist upon BekaertAdvanced Filtration systems and filters.The acquisition of the Advanced Filtra-tion business will expand the technical ca-pabilities of Purolator EFP, improve theproduct offerings that the company bringsto market and help us continue to growin Europe and in Asia.”

Commenting on the acquisition,Oliver Forberich, the general manager ofBekaert Fiber Technologies, agreed with

Mr. Conway, stating, “This transactionmakes perfect sense for both parties. As aleader in polymer and plastics filtration,Purolator EFP can grow its global foot-print and leverage its product catalog andsales and marketing strengths, while atthe same time Bekaert will focus on itscore strength of providing advanced metalfiltration media.”

CLARCOR is based in Franklin, Ten-nessee, and is a diversified marketer andmanufacturer of mobile, industrial andenvironmental filtration products andconsumer and industrial packaging prod-ucts sold in domestic and internationalmarkets. Common shares of CLARCORare traded on the New York Stock Ex-change under the symbol CLC.

Bekaert (www.bekaert.com) is a worldmarket and technology leader in steelwire transformation and coatings. Bekaertis a global company with headquarters inBelgium, employing 27,000 peopleworldwide. Serving customers in 120countries, Bekaert pursues sustainableprofitable growth in all its activities andgenerated combined sales of € 4.4 billionin 2012.

CLARCOR Acquires Bekaert Advanced Filtration Business

C


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ALL OF EUROPE Sabine DusseyINTERNATIONAL JOURNALSDuppelstr. 7D-42781 Haan, GermanyTel: 49 2129 348390Fax: 49 2129 3483910Email: [email protected]

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ItalyFerruccio SilveraSilvera PubblicitáViale Monza 24, I-20127 Milano, ItalyTel: 39 02 284 6716 Fax: 39 02 289 3849Email: [email protected]

United Kingdom Judy HollandTextile Media Services Ltd.Homerton House, 74 Cawston RoadReepham, Norfolk NR10 4LT, UKTel: 44 1603 308158Fax: 44 8700 940868Email: [email protected]

ChinaZhang XiaohuaBeijing, ChinaMobile: 0086 13522898423Email: [email protected]

IndiaYogesh JogBRIDGE MEDIAD-302, Shiromani ComplexNr Nehrunagar – Satellite RoadOpp Ocean Park, Satellite,Ahmedabad – 380015.Tel: 91 79 26752628Telefax: 91 79 26762628Mobile: 98242 31895Email: [email protected]

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KoreaYoung-Seoh ChinnJES MEDIA Inc.2nd Fl., ANA Building257-1, Myungil-Dong Kangdong-Gu,Seoul 134-070, KoreaTel: 82 2 481 3411/3 Fax: 82 2 481 3414Email: [email protected]

TaiwanBuildwell Intl. Enterprise Co. Ltd.No. 120, Huludun 2nd St., Fongyuan CityTaichung County 42086, TaiwanTel: 886 4 2512 3015Fax: 886 4 2512 2372Email: [email protected]

UNITED STATES OF AMERICAJoan OakleyDebra Klupacs6000 Fairview Road, Suite 1200Charlotte, NC 28210Tel: + 1 704 552 3708Email: [email protected]: [email protected]

ALL OTHER COUNTRIESKen Norberg, EditorPO Box 265 Winchester, TN 37398 USATel: 1 202 681 2022Email: [email protected]

A2Z Filtration Specialities 9 www.a2zfiltration.comAFS Buyers’ Guide 34 www.afssociety.org/buyersguideAFS Spring Conference Inside Back Cvr. spring.afssociety.comAir Filters, Inc. 1 www.airfiltersusa.comAnbao Qinhuangdao Wire & Mesh Co. 27 www.anbao.comClack Corporation 31 www.clackcorp.comContract Pleating Services 20 www.solentech.comDexmet Corporation 23 www.dexmetfilter.comFerguson Perforating 21 fn.perfnow.comFranklin Adhesives & Polymers Back Cover franklinadhesivesandpolymers.comIndustrial Netting 23 www.industrialnetting.comJCEM-USA 3 www.jcem.chMagnetool Inc. 29 www.magnetoolinc.comMetalex 29 www.metlx.comMetcom Inc. 21 www.metcomusa.comNordson - SEALANT EQUIPMENT 17 www.sealantequipment.comOrival Inc. 19 www.orival.comPerCor Mfg. 16 www.percormfg.comPerforated Tubes 15 www.perftubes.comRosedale Products Inside Front Cover www.rosedaleproducts.comSample Valves & Equipment 27 samplevalvesandequipment.comSolent Technology Inc. 10 www.solentech.comSonobond Utrasonics. 25 www.sonobondultrasonics.comXinxiang Tiancheng Aviation 7 www.tchkjh.com

Documents

Jan/Feb 2014