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J. Comp. Path. 2010, Vol. 142, S3 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Cor
002
doi
www.elsevier.com/locate/jcpa
It’s All About Memory!
P.-P. Pastoret
Publications Department, World Organization for Animal Health, 12 rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France
resp
1-99
:10.1
Summary
This short overview introduces the fundamental scientific concepts of immunological memory, vaccination,and the effects of ageing on these parameters, which were the focus of the secondMerial EuropeanComparativeVaccinology Symposium (MECVS) held in Prague from 13the15th May, 2009. Significant differences in theway that ageing impacts on different domestic animal species are reviewed.
� 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: ageing; animal; vaccination
There is a strong analogy between the immunesystem and the central nervous system. Both havean ‘innate’ and an ‘adaptive’ (acquired) part andboth adaptive parts must be ‘educated’. The innateimmune system plays a key role for the survival ofthe animal and responds to stimuli such as the ‘dan-ger’ signal in connection with Toll-like receptors, butis devoid of memory. The adaptive immune system,responsible for the immune response against specificimmunogens, also plays a key role and memorizesthe immunogenic signal; it is the main systemresponding to vaccination.
Like the central nervous system, the immune sys-tem ages and thememory of the adaptive immune sys-tem fades with age. Like the central nervous system,the adaptive immune system has a better learningcapacity while the animal is still young. This appliesequally to animals and man. And just as one learnsbetter when young, vaccination should be carriedout at an early age to obtain better and lasting protec-tion. The best way to ‘educate’ the immune system isby vaccination.
It should be remembered that in veterinary medi-cine the life expectancy of food producing domesticspecies varies according to the production system,and the requirements for the expected duration ofprotection in response to vaccination will varyaccordingly (e.g. layer hens live longer than broilers).There is no ‘ageing’ to speak of in some productionanimals (e.g. fattening pigs, broilers and beef cattle),
ondence to: P.-P. Pastoret (e-mail: [email protected]).
75/$ - see front matter
016/j.jcpa.2009.10.003
while companion animals (including horses) often liveto an old age. In general, small dogs live longer thanlarger ones. In dogs there can be large phenotypicdifferences, also in response to vaccination. Dataobtained through the UK Pet Travel Scheme haveshown that there are differences in immune responsefollowing vaccination against rabies according tothe breed of dog (Kennedy et al., 2007).
Furthermore, in veterinary medicine there is anurgent need to have in-vitro correlates of durationof protection in order to better implement the majorobjectives of animal experimentation: replacement,reduction and refinement.
The 2009 MECVS the papers of which arepresented in this supplement to the Journal of
Comparative Pathology, focused on immune memory,ageing and the expected duration of immune protec-tion in man and domestic animals.
Conflict of Interest
The author was co-organizer and an invited speakerat the Merial European Comparative VaccinologySymposium and received travel expenses and anhonorarium for this presentation.
Reference
Kennedy LJ, Lunt M, Barnes A, McElhinney L, Fooks ARet al. (2007) Factors influencing the antibody response ofdogs vaccinated against rabies. Vaccine, 25, 8500e8507.
� 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.