El

tive

Assessment of pain is a prerequisite to effective pain management, yet few w&dated methods of pain measurement currently are available for children in the preoperational phase of cognitive development. The processes aad outcomes of a series of studies on pain measurement in 3 to 7 year old children and major issues that arose during the research will be described. three photographic pain intensity scales were developed for

American children. Content validity

will be presented.

J.E. Beyer, C.B. Berde, and MC Bournaki

ist

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