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saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 2020
Georgia, Tbilisi 2020
№1-
impaqt faqtoris mqone referirebadi saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali
Diplomacy and LawDiplomacy and Law
gamomcemloba gamomcemloba `universali~`universali~
ISSN 2449-2655
International, Peer-Reviewed, Scientifi c Journal with Impact Factor
2
©© axali umaRlesi saswavlebeli, 2020axali umaRlesi saswavlebeli, 2020
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2020
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias 4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30E–mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ISSN 2449-2655
UDC (uak) 327+341.7
Jurnal „dip lo ma tia da sa mar Tlis“ sa re daq cio sab Wo:
sa re daq cio sab Wos Tav mjdo ma re, mTa va ri re daq to ri
Ta mar gar daf xa Ze – sa mar Tlis doq to ri, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis afi li re bu li
pro fe so ri, sa qar Tve los so ci a lur mec ni e re ba Ta aka de mi is aka de mi ko si, axa li umaR le-
si sas wav leb lis req to ri
sa re daq cio sab Wos Tav mjdo ma ris mo ad gi le, re daq to ri
da viT ge fe ri Ze – sa mar Tlis doq to ri, af xa ze Tis mec ni e re ba Ta erov nu li aka de mi is aka-
de mi ko si, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis sa mec ni e ro kvle vi Ti cen tris uf ro si, go ris
sa xel mwi fo sas wav lo uni ver si te tis afi li re bu li pro fe so ri
sa re daq cio sab Wos wev re bi: ana an tCak-bar za ni – fi lo so fi is doq to ri, pro fe so ri, fi nan se bi sa da me nej men tis var-
Sa vis uni ver si te tis sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bis ka Ted ris gam ge;
ana to li fran cu zi – sa mar Tlis doq to ri, pro fe so ri, ki e vis eko no mi ki sa da sa mar Tlis
uni ver si te tis sa mar Tlis dis cip li ne bis ka Ted ris gam ge;
ma mu ka mdi na ra Ze – sa mar Tlis doq to ri, pro fe so ri, sa qar Tve los par la men tis wev ri;
ka xi yu raS vi li – sa mar Tlis doq to ri, niu vi Jen uni ver si te tis afi li re bu li pro fe so ri;
ser gi ka pa na Ze – sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bis doq to ri, ili as sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te-
tis pro fe so ri;
av Tan dil xa za lia – sa mar Tlis doq to ri, af xa ze Tis mec ni e re ba Ta erov nu li aka de mi is
aka de mi ko si, so xu mis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis afi li re bu li pro fe so ri;
simone jometi _ ekonomikis doqtori, romualdo del biankos (florencia, italia)
fondis ge ne raluri mdivani;
an na ma ru aS vi li – eko no mi kis doq to ri, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis afi li re bu li
pro fe so ri, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis biz ne sis, sa mar Tli sa da so ci a lu ri mec ni e-
re be bis fa kul te tis de ka nis mo ad gi le;
qe Te van ji je iS vi li – po li ti kis doq to ri, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis biz ne sis, sa mar-
Tli sa da so ci a lu ri mec ni e re be bis fa kul te tis sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bis prog-
ra mis xel mZRva ne li, sa qar Tve los teq ni ku ri uni ver si te tis afi li re bu li pro fe so ri;
ma na na na ni taS vi li – eko no mi kis doq to ri, pro fe so ri, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis
biz ne sis, sa mar Tli sa da so ci a lu ri mec ni e re be bis fa kul te tis biz ne sis ad mi nis tri re-
bis prog ra mis xel mZRva ne li;
la li gar daf xa Ze – ga naT le bis doq to ri, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis afi li re bu li
pro fe so ri;
no dar grZe liS vi li _ eko no mi kis doq to ri, axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis afi li re bu-
li aso ci re bu li pro fe so ri
qar Tu li teq stis ko req to ri _ zu rab sa na di ra Ze
in gli su ri teq stis ko req to ri _ so fio mo ra liS vi li, fi lo lo gi is doq to ri
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№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
©© New Higher Education Institute, 2020New Higher Education Institute, 2020
Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”, 20204, A. Polictkovskaia., 0186, Tbilisi,Georgia : 5(99) 33 52 02; 5(99) 17 22 30
ISSN 2449-2655
E–mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
UDC (uak) 327+341.7
Editorial Board of the journal Diplomacy and Law
Editor-in-Chief Tamar Gardapkhadze – Doctor of Law, Affi liated Professor at New Higher Education Institute, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Social Sciences, Rector of New Higher Education Institute
Deputy Editor-in-Chief David Geperidze – Editor, Doctor of Law, Head of Scientifi c Research Centre at New Higher Education Institute, Affi liated Professor at Gori State Teaching University, Academician of the Abkhazian National Academy of Sciences
Editorial Board Members Anna Antczak-Barzan – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head of the Department of International Relations at University of Finance and Management in Warsaw Anatoli Francuz – Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Law at Kiev University of Economics and Law Mamuka Mdinaradze – Doctor of Law, Professor, Member of the Parliament of Georgia Kakhi Qurashvili – Doctor of Law, Affi liated Professor at New Vision University Sergi Kapanadze – Doctor of International Relations, Professor, Illia State University Avtandil Khazalia – Doctor of Law, Academician of the Abkhazian National Academy of Sciences, Affi liated Professor at Sokhumi State University Simone Jiometti – PhD in Economics, General secretary of Romualdo Del Bianko foundation (Florence, Italy)Anna Maruashvili – Doctor of Economics, Affi liated Professor at New Higher Education Institute, Vice Dean of the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences at New Higher Education Institute Ketevan Jijeishvili – Doctor of Politics, Affi liated Professor at Georgian Technical University, Head of the program of International Relations of the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences at New Higher Education Institute Manana Nanitashvili – Doctor of Economics, Head of the program of Business Administration at New Higher Education Institute Lali Gardapkhadze – Doctor of Education, Affi liated Professor at New Higher Education InstituteNodar Grdzelishvili – Doctor of Economics, Affi liated Associate Professor at New Higher Education Institute
Georgian language Editor – Zurab Sanadiradze English language Translation – Sophio Moralishvili, Doctor of Philological Sciences
4
ak rZa lu lia sa er Ta So ri so sa mec ni e ro Jur nal Si „dip lo ma tia da sa mar Ta li“ ga moq vey ne bu li ma sa le bis ga da beW dva, gam rav le ba an gav rce le ba sa re daq cio sab Wos we ri lo bi Ti ne bar Tvis da wya ros mi Ti Te bis ga re Se.wi nam de ba re ga mo ce ma Si war mod ge ni li mo saz re ba ni ekuT vnis mxo-
lod da mxo lod mis av to rebs da ar war mo ad gens sa er Ta So ri so sa-
mec ni e ro Jur na lis po zi ci as an po li ti kas.
damfuZnebeli – axa li umaR le si sas wav le be li newuni.edu.ge
Ta na dam fuZ neb le bi:varSavis finansebisa da marTvis universiteti vizja.plsa qar Tve los uni ver si te te bis aso ci a cia sua.gesa er Ta So ri so sa mar Tlis aso ci a cia intlaw.ge
Founder – New Higher Education Insitute newuni.edu.ge
Co-founders:University of Finance and Management of Warsaw vizja.plAsociation of Georgian Universitis sua.geAsociation of International Law intlaw.ge
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not neces-sarily refl ect views or policies of the International Scientifi c Journal “Diplomacy and Law”. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or dissemina-tion without prior written permission of the editorial board or without citing the source.
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`kovid-19 – ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da politikuri gamowvevebi~
saerTaSoriso samecniero praqtikuli onlain konferenciis
moxsenebebi (Tbilisi, 2020 wlis 22-23 dekemberi)
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE `COVID 19 _ ECONOMIC, LEGAL AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES~
(Tbilisi, 22-23 December 2020 Year)
valentina lukianec ................................................................................................................... 9zogierTi konkurentuli organos mier Catarebuli COVID-19-is gadaudebeli daxmarebis analizi
Valentyna Lukianets ...................................................................................................................... 10Analysis of Some Competition Authorities’ Responses to the COVID-19 Emergency
ele na uCuro va, Ta ma ra oCir-go ri a Ce va, viq to ria mu ka no va ........................................... 15umaR le si ga naT le bis tran sfor ma cia pan de mi is pi ro beb Si COVID-19 (re gi o nu li as peq ti)
Elena Uchurova, Tamara Ochir-Goryacheva, Viktoria Mukanova .......................................... 16Transformation of Higher Education in the Conditions of Pandemic COVID-19 (regional aspect)
svet la na biCko va ......................................................................................................................... 21umaR le si iu ri di u li ga naT le bis for me bi: prob le me bi da per speq ti ve bi
Svetlana Bychkova ......................................................................................................................... 21Forms of Higher Legal Education: Problems and Prospects
gi or gi qu cu ri, an na ma ru aS vi li ............................................................................................ 27eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis fi nan su ri mo de lis tran sfor ma cia
glo ba lu ri pan de mi is kon teq stSi
Giorgi Kutsuri, Anna Maruashvili ............................................................................................... 27Transformation of the Financial Model of Economic Development in the Context of a Global Pandemic
akaki gabelaia ............................................................................................................................... 32koronavirusis (COVID-19-is) gavrcelebis prognozirebis problema msofliosTvis
Akaki Gabelaia ............................................................................................................................... 38Problem of Predicting the Spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) for the world
6
asmaT Samugia, qeTevan kvicariZe ............................................................................................ 44organizaciis antikrizisuli strategiuli marTvis efeqtianobis kriteriumebi Covid-19-Tan brZolis winaaRmdeg Sps `axali umaRlesi saswavleblis~ magaliTze
Asmat Shamugia, Ketevan Kvitsaridze ....................................................................................... 52The Criteria for an Effectiveness of an Organization’s Anti-crisis Strategic Management in the Fight against Covid-19 on an example of `New Higher Education Institute~ Ltd
iri na be nia .........................................................................................................................................................59
sa xel mwi fos mi er de mok ra ti is dac va ko vid pan de mi is dros qve mo-qar Tlis
re gi on Si
Irina Benia ...................................................................................................................................... 59To what extent the state protected democracy and awareness in the Kvemo Kartli region during the spread of the covid virus
so fi ko ge laS vi li ...................................................................................................................... 65in for ma ci u li kul tu ra
Sophiko Gelashvili ......................................................................................................................... 73Information Culture
da viT ge fe ri Ze ............................................................................................................................ 80ko vid-19 pan de mi is fon ze Ta na med ro ve sa er Ta So ri so sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is sa mar Tleb ri vi prob le me bi da per speq ti ve bi
David Geperidze ............................................................................................................................. 86Legal Problems and Perspectives of Modern International Civil Aviation Against the Background of Covid-19 Pandemic
no dar grZe liS vi li ....................................................................................................................................91
sa qar Tve los sa xel mwi fo bi u je ti pan de mi is pi ro beb Si
Nodar Grdzelishvili ........................................................................................................................ 91Georgian State budget in a pandemic reality
Ti na Tin do li aS vi li .................................................................................................................. 95COVID-19 da eko no mi ku ri ga mow ve ve bi msof lio da re gi o nul Wril Si
Tinatin Doliashvili .......................................................................................................................... 101COVID-19 and Economic Challenges in the Global and Regional Context
edi Ser gve ne ta Ze ......................................................................................................................... 106sab Wo Ta kav Si ris mo der ni za ci is mcde lo be bi da mi si Ta nam de vi po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri ga mow ve ve bi
Edisher Gvenetadze ....................................................................................................................... 113Attempts to Modernize the Soviet Union and its Accompanying Political-economic Challenges
va le ri mo de ba Ze .......................................................................................................................... 119ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi is ne ga ti u ri gav le na tu riz mze
Valeri Modebadze ......................................................................................................................... 124Negative Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Tourism
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ma ria zu bi aS vi li, ni no mRvde la Ze......................................................................................... 128sa war mos fi nan sur mdgra do ba ze moq me di Si da da ga re faq to re bi covid-19 pan de mi is pi ro beb Si
Maria Zubiashvili, Nino Mghvdeladze ........................................................................................ 134Acting on the Financial Sustainability of the Enterprise Internal and External Factors in the Covid-19 Pandemic
Tea am ni aS vi li ............................................................................................................................. 139vi Seg ra dis qvey ne bi ko vid-19 pan de mi is ga mow ve ve bis wi na Se
Tea Amniashvili .............................................................................................................................. 144The Visegrad Countries Face the Challenges of the Covid-19 Pandemic
ma na na ala daS vi li ...................................................................................................................... 148Covid-19 pan de mi is ga mow ve ve bi tu riz mis in dus tri is mi marT
Manana Aladashvili ....................................................................................................................... 155The Challenges of the Covid-19 Pandemic to the Tourism Industry
ni no ma zi aS vi li ........................................................................................................................... 161ro go ria biz ne sis cxov re ba Covid-19-Tan er Tad da ro go ri iq ne ba biz ne si xval?
Nino Maziashvili............................................................................................................................. 168What is the Business Life Like in the Standing of Covid-19 and what will the Business be Like Tomorrow?
ma ia ge laS vi li ............................................................................................................................. 174mci re biz ne sis ro li COVID 19-is ga mow ve ve bis pi ro beb Si
Maia Gelashvili .............................................................................................................................. 178The Role of Small Business in the Context of COVID 19 Challenges
na na ci xis Ta vi, Ta mar ko pa le iS vi li ..................................................................................... 182ga da uW re li prob le me bi sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To beb Si ko vid-19-mde da ko vi dis pi ro beb Sic (ga da uW re li prob le ma Crdi lo-aR mo sav leT azi is qvey neb Si-`doq do~ da aSS-s po zi cia)
Nana Tsikhistavi, Tamar Kopaleishvili ........................................................................................ 190The Unresolved Issue in International Relations before Covid-19 and during `Covid Situation~ (The unresolved issue in North-East Asian countries on the position of Dokdo and the United States)
oTar kik va Ze .....................................................................................................................................................196
sa qar Tve lo Si sa xel mwi fo Ses yid veb ze ko vid 19 ze gav le na
Otar Kikvadze ................................................................................................................................ 196Impact of COVID 19 on State Procurement in Georgia
oTar fa re siS vi li, la u ra kva rac xe li, da viT ga me zar daS vi li, va len ti na mir za e vi ..................................................................................................................... 203sa qar Tve los bu neb riv-rek re a ci u li re sur se bis ro li ko ro na vi ru sis gav rce le bis pi ro beb Si
8
Otar Paresishvili, Laura Kvaratskhelia, Davit Gamezardashvili, Valentina Mirzaeva .......... 209The Role of Georgian Natural-recreational Resources under the Condition of Coronavirus Spread
So re na xal va Si ............................................................................................................................ 214efeq ti a ni in sti tu te bis ro li kri zi se bis daZ le va sa da qvey nis eko no mi kur
gan vi Ta re ba Si
Shorena Khalvashi ......................................................................................................................... 219Role of Effective Institutions in Coping Crisis and Economic Development of the Country
ia xa ra zi, ka xa ku pa ta Ze, ma ri am sa neb li Ze, ni no ma ta ra Ze ............................................... 224sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tri re bis we se bis ga mar ti ve bis zo gi er Ti sa mar Tleb ri vi as peq tis Se sa xeb ko vid-19 pan de mi is pe ri od Si
Ia Kharazi, Mariam Saneblidze, Nino Mataradze, Kakha Kupatadze ................................... 241On Some Legal Aspects of Simplifying Tax Administration Rules during the Covid-19 Pandemic Period
qe Ti ji je iS vi li, gi or gi Cxik viS vi li .................................................................................. 255COVID-19 da sa er Ta So ri so po li ti kis Ta na med ro ve ga mow ve ve bi
Keti Jijeishvili, Giorgi Chkhikvishvili.......................................................................................... 261COVID-19 and the Modern Challenges of International Politics
samecniero statiebisamarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mimarTuleba
zvi ad gog ri Wi a ni ........................................................................................................................ 266ga re mos dac vi sa da bu neb rvi re sur siT sar geb lo bis sa mar Tleb ri vi sa kiT xe bi
Zviad Gogrichiani .......................................................................................................................... 273The Issue of Organized Group in Criminal Law
ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis mimarTuleba
ma na na na ni taS vi li ...................................................................................................................... 278mom xma re bel Ta lo i a lu ro ba da mi si for mi re bis pro ce si
Manana Nanitashvili ...................................................................................................................... 285Consumer loyalty and its formation process
na na za za Ze ..................................................................................................................................... 291Sro mis usaf rTxo e bis ga mow ve ve bi `ko vid-19~ pan de mi is pi ro beb Si
Nana Zazadze ................................................................................................................................. 296Ocupational Safety Challengies During the COVID-19 Pandemic
da viT lo lua ............................................................................................................................... 302av to tu ris tu li av tok las te re bis for mi re bis me qa niz me bi sa qar Tve lo Si
David Lolua .................................................................................................................................... 310Mechanisms of formation of auto tourism clusters in Georgia
9
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
saerTaSoriso samecniero praqtikuli onlain konferenciis moxsenebebi (Tbilisi, 2020 wlis 22-23 dekemberi)
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL ONLINE CONFERENCE `COVID 19 _ ECONOMIC, LEGAL AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES~
(Tbilisi, 22-23 December 2020 Year)
zogierTi konkurentuli organos mier Catarebuli COVID-19-is gadaudebeli daxmarebis analizi
valentina lukianec
samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori,reqtoris asistenti genderul sakiTxebSi,konstituciuri samarTlisa da adamianis
uflebebis departamentis profesori,Sinagan saqmeTa erovnuli akademia, ukraina
abstraqti
am stati is mi za nia, war mo ad gi nos mok le mi mo xil va da ana li zi zo gi er Ti kon ku ren tu li or ga nos re a gi re ba COVID-19-ze ga da u de bel si tu a ci a Si mdgo ma re o bis Se fa se biT da, sa-Wi ro e bis Sem Txve va Si, wi na da de be bis Se Ta va ze biT; Tu ro gor Se iZ le ba gan vi Tar des kon-
ku ren ci is ka no ni da mi si aR sru le ba msof li o Si.sta tia xels uw yobs ar se bul sa er Ta So ri so de ba tebs kon ku ren ci is sa mar Tal ze mim di-
na re COVID-19-is kri zi sis Se de ge bis Se sa xeb. ana li zi Se mo i far gle ba Sem zRud ve li Se-Tan xme be biT, do mi ni re bis bo ro tad ga mo ye ne bi sa da Ser wymis kon tro liT. sa war mo eb ma, upir ve les yov li sa, un da icod nen, rom mim di na re kri zi si ar aris sa ba bi kon ku ren ci is ka no ne bis dar Rve vis Tvis da rom kon ku ren ci is ka no ne bi kvla vac ga mo i ye ne ba COVID-19-is kri zi sis dros. kon ku ren tu li or ga no e bi ica ven Ta vi anT praq ti kas Sez Ru du li Se Tan-
xme be bis (kon ku ren te bi eko no mi ku ri kri zi sis dros), do mi ni re bis bo ro tad ga mo ye ne bis (eq splu a ta ci u ri fa se bis dac vis Ro nis Zi e be bi) da Ser wymis kon tro lis (kon tro lis pro-
ce du ru li da ar se bi Ti as peq te bi) mi mar Te ba Si.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: kon ku ren ci is or ga no e bi, COVID-19-is sa gan ge bo mdgo ma re o ba, kon ku-
ren ci is ka no ni, Sem zRud ve li Se Tan xme be bi, do mi ni re bis bo ro tad ga mo ye ne ba, Ser wymis kon tro li.
10
ANALYSIS OF SOME COMPETITION AUTHORITIES’ RESPONSESTO THE COVID-19 EMERGENCY
Valentyna LukianetsPhD in Law, Associate Professor, Assistant Rector for
Gender Issues, Professor of the Constitutional Law and Human RightsDepartment, National Academy of Internal Affairs, Ukraine
AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide a short overview and analysi s of some competition authorities’ respons-es to the COVID-19 emergency, by evaluating the state of play and, where relevant, making proposals for how competition law and its enforcement might develop worldwide. The article contributes to the existing international debate about the consequences of the current COVID-19 crisis on competition law. The analy-sis is limited to restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance and merger control. The undertakings must primarily be aware of that current crisis is not an excuse to breach competition laws and that competition laws continue to apply, with no general crisis exemption, nor during the COVID-19 crisis. The competition authorities are accommodating their practice in addressing restrictive agreements (cooperation between competitors in times of economic crisis), abuse of dominance (measures to protect against exploitative pricing), and merger control (procedural and substantive aspects of control).
Key words: competition authorities, COVID-19 emergency, competition law, restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance, merger control
1. Introduction
The world is suffering a great deal in fi ghting against this pandemic of corona virus or covid-19 as the name given by World Health Organization (WHO). This pandemic has challenged the current health as well as economic structure across the globe. Countries are struggling to maintain the adequate supplies of food, health and sanitation requirements of the people. COVID-19 presents companies with many challenges and the consequent disruption is likely to affect the global economy signifi cantly in the coming months and po-tentially years. Thus, this has triggered companies around the world to fi nd solutions to deal with this crisis. Such solutions may involve scenarios of cooperation with competitors to deal with supply-chain challenges or with potential future overcapacity.1
2. Presentation of the main research material
In addition to this, the businesses and the companies are also engaging in collaborative and creative practic-es to rise up at the hour of need. Certain examples of such collaborations are the pharmaceutical companies, like Pfi zer and Bio-Ntech have joined forces to co-develop a vaccine on one hand and the technological companies such as Apple and Google have also joined hands in creating software to track the trace of in-fections in the carriers and other patients. The European Commission has published a framework for co-operation between enterprises in the healthcare sector to overcome critical supply shortages of medicines and medical equipment, subject to them being necessary and proportionate2. To cope with the extraordinary and signifi cant change in demand of masks, hand wash and sanitizers the businesses are also combining resources and ideas and meeting up this challenge [2]. This extraordinary situation has also triggered the companies to cooperate to ensure the supply and fair distribution of scarce products to all consumers.3 1 Christopher Thomas and Christian Ritz, “COVID-19 and Competition Law _ Companies Must Not Quarantine Competition Law Compliance”, Apr. 2, 2020, available at: https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/covid-19-and-competition-law-companies-must-notquarantine-competition-law-compliance/2 Anisha Chand and Soham Banerjee ,“COVID-19 | Is the CCI a friend indeed?” Money Control, April 29, 2020 available at: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/covid-19-is-the-cci-a-friend-indeed-5201571.html3 EU, Competition, Trade And Regulatory, March 2020, “Antitrust: Joint statement by the European Competition Network (ECN)
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This quick surge in coordination between the businesses has been largely prompted by a series of short-term reliefs granted by antitrust enforcement agencies worldwide. There have been temporary exemptions, which are being permitted, for such specifi ed cooperation amongst businesses, which would earlier fall outside the purview of antitrust laws. Competition law will not be at the top of companies’ agendas today. There have been increased chances of competition law infringements when the time of crisis happens [4]. For example companies who are facing economic diffi culties may see cooperation with competitors as the only viable op-tion to survive; some other dominant companies may view this as an opportunity to exploit vulnerabilities of the people by adopting abusive behavior, as in cases of the sale of hand sanitizer, which are being sold at extortionate prices in light of the high demand due to COVID-19 or even face mask supplies being diverted from the health sector to the public at much higher prices1. Thus, the roles of the competition authorities are being once again called up in the time of pandemic to balance the need of the people with that of fair dealings in the business. There are also risks around competitors collaborating during the crisis, potentially leading to `crisis cartels~ or other antitrust infringements. Antitrust authorities will also see their resources stretched, with knock-on effects for investigation timetables and how authorities prioritize cases2. In such times, the companies must be clear on how much leverage can be taken of such relaxations and what exactly can be done and what cannot be done to deal with the current crisis from the competition law point of view
The European Union is governed by the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. Art 101, 102, etc. deals with the Competition concerns arising out of business transactions. COVID-19’s impact on the func-tioning of the economy may prompt companies to collaborate with their competitors in hopes of overcom-ing the hardship, however, EU competition law does not look favorably at collaboration between competi-tors that restricts competition.
A statement was issued by EU on 23 March 2020 to clarify that the application of competition law remains applicable, but the COVID-19 crisis `may trigger the need for companies to cooperate in order to ensure the supply and fair distribution of scarce products to all consumers.~3 This statement gives relief to the com-panies that any action taken to fulfi ll the demand by the consumers and any other act done to provide for supply of products will not be considered a violation of antitrust laws. However, it should be kept in mind that EU has never suspended the operation of the competition regulations even in the extreme times of crisis be it health or fi nancial [3]. The French government did not suspend or relax the working of the competi-tion authority in the time of an economic downturn. There can be other examples such as Greece, Poland, Spain, etc. in the EU who have been similarly clear not to allow anti-competitive practices to be justifi ed on the basis of economic turmoil. Certain countries which are governed under EU such as Germany are providing relaxations for example the German Federal Cartel Offi ce has been fl exible in the application of competition law in times of pandemic, at least regarding key economic areas such as food supply. Germany is considering allowing closer cooperation between food retailers to avoid shortage to the consumers. In Norway, the airlines SAS and Norwegian were granted a three-month exemption from Norway’s competi-tion laws. While collaboration between competitors will very likely be scrutinized by the European Com-mission and competition authorities in EU member states and elsewhere, it is conceivable that governments may establish exceptions, or authorities may take a lenient approach when considering fi nes.4
on application of competition law during the Corona crisis”, available at:
https://ec.europa.eu/competition/ecn/202003_joint-statement_ecn_corona-crisis.pdf1 Jacques Derenne, Dimitris Vallindas and et.al.,,“COVID-19 is Not a “Get Out of Jail Free Card” from EU Competition Law”, Mar. 24, 2020, available at: https://www.antitrustlawblog.com/2020/03/articles/coronavirus/crisis-eu-competition-law2 “COVID-19: Implications from an antitrust and competition law perspective”, March, 2020, available at:https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-gb/knowledge/publications/bb6f3c5e/covid-19-implications-from an-antitrust-and-competition-law-perspective3 Dechert LLP, “Impact of COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic on European Antitrust Enforcement” Apr. 3 2020, available at: https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/impact-of-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic-63598/4 EU Commission, “The EU Commission Vets Public Statements of Euro commerce for the Non-Food Retailers to take Measures
12
Governments in the EU have started to intervene in the economy (e.g., through explicit measures or obli-gations, such as limiting prices, agreeing on volumes, or by stimulating companies to cooperate in fi nding technical or commercial solutions for the challenges posed by the COVID-19 crisis). In certain cases where the collusion between the companies occurs due to the inducements by the Government, in such cases those collusions are accepted under TFEU and it ensures a valid defence to the companies against any antitrust complaints [1].
The United States of America has been the worst hit by the Covid-19 pandemic, with the highest number of fatalities across the globe. Thus, this requires massive amount of cooperation between the centre and the state, businesses, collaborators and local government. The Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (`the Division~) and the Bureau of Competition of the Federal Trade Commission (the `Bureau,~ and collectively the `Agencies~) made clear to the public that there are many ways fi rms, including competitors, can engage in pro-competitive collaboration that does not violate the antitrust laws.1 The FTC and DOJ jointly issued a state-ment on a detailed antitrust procedure for expedient redressal and for collaborations of businesses working for the protection of health and safety of Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. The statement recognizes that in these trying times the competitors of a business do need to collaborate in a response to this pandemic. These agencies identify certain types of collaborative activities such as research and development, sharing technical knowledge, development of suggested practice parameters by healthcare providers, joint purchasing agreements among healthcare providers, and private lobbying relating to the use of federal emergency author-ity that are typically considered procompetitive and consistent with the U.S. antitrust laws.2
3. Conclusions
The various Competition Authorities across the world have taken a well thought measure of relaxing cer-tain competition regulations temporarily and partially in the interests of consumer protection due to the requirements of the current pandemic. Though the real assessment of these measures will only take place after a certain period of time, it is also imperative that certain steps may become permanent and fundamen-tal in the purview of the post-pandemic world. Meanwhile, it is clear that the competition authorities will not permit businesses to exploit the crisis to take advantage of people, by charging vastly infl ated prices or making misleading claims, or by engaging in collusion which is not essential to meet consumers’ require-ments in the current emergency. While the businesses and companies struggle with the new world and reali-ties brought by COVID-19, it is almost impossible that competition law remain untouched, antitrust laws will have to be adapted and become fl exible in order to maintain economic and survival balance during such a pandemic. The crisis is far from over, the lockdown was an easy part, living life post-lockdown period with economies struggling fi nancially and businesses suffering from losses will lead to more regulations, enforcement actions and prevention of exploitation of the crisis. Although the challenges above will affect how authorities enforce, they will likely take the view that it’s better to act decisively to prevent market harms.3 While the government is focused on reviving the economy of the state post lockdown period, they are facing with immense challenges with supply chains disruptions and remote working issues; there will be several economical implications from the perspective of global antitrust and competition enforcement in 2020 and will prevail potentially over a longer period of time. There were certain suspension of competition rules and regulations for the continuation of essential services during lockdown. Thus, it would require the states to support businesses as most of the cities were under lockdown recently or are still under restrictions.
against the Major Crisis Due to Covid-19”, Mar. 18, 2020, available at: https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/the-eu-commission-vets-public-statements of eurocommerce-for-the-non-food 1 Joint Antitrust Statement Regarding Covid-19, available at: https://www.justice.gov/atr/joint-antitrust statement regarding-covid-19 2Reed Smith, “COVID-19 _ Impact on Competition Landscape”, Mar. 25, 2020, available at: https://www.reedsmith.com/en/perspectives/2020/03/covid19-impact-on-competition-landscape3 Nicole Kar and Emma Cochrane , “Covid-19 and Competition Law: Rapid Regulator Responses”, Mar. 13, 2020, available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=bae4500e-4522-4411-b882-153ac0f3e2d0
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Antitrust authorities have a potential role to play in protecting the company’s interest during this pandemic, as many competitors will be forced to collaborate and form potential `crisis cartels~ and other antitrust in-fringements. There are several measures which the states have undertaken to support the business in fi nancial distress. These measures or state aids can be in different methods, such as crisis loans, state guarantees and tax waivers or deferrals. It can distort markets, giving recipients of aid an unfair advantage when competing against other businesses _ infringing state aid or anti-subsidy rules. But on the other hand, these state aids can be really helpful if they are given in proportionate basis and meet the criteria given for exemption. The European Commission has taken several measures to facilitate the same and grant support to the businesses.
Another important area where the antitrust authority has the role to play is examining and inspecting the companies charging high, excessive and unjustifi ed prices for the products which are essential. This prac-tise was specially related to the products such as hand sanitizers, PPE kits, masks, gloves and other pro-tective equipments. This exploited consumers and the companies abused their dominance and infringed the competition and consumer rules. Thus, this needs to be checked, even if lockdown restrictions are removed. The antitrust authorities across the world have issued warnings to the companies about this type of behaviour raising the possibilities of enforcement actions by these authorities. The possibilities of certain companies taking advantage of the pandemic may also increase due to the algorithm pricing happening automatically online. This will further complicate the situation, for example this can be seen from various online sellers increasing the prices of products which are in shortage in physical stores. The businesses which are in competing position with each other are also working in close collaboration with each other to overcome this crisis. There are certain sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, etc. which have to be in con-tinuous supply for ensuring that it reaches people in need. Such collaborations are also being encouraged in specifi c countries such as Norway, UK, Germany and US. The suspension of these rules is intended to allow production and supply of essential services during this pandemic.
But these businesses should not take this as a green signal to enter into any types of arrangements to fulfi l their needs; rather they should asses any kind of competitive risk before collaborating and putting extra safeguards in place. The risks of collaboration must be undertaken by the companies after taking due per-missions, approvals and sanctions. Under the European Union regime, there are certain existing guidelines which are available for joint purchasing agreements and other special collaborations. These can be utilized by the businesses and companies to mitigate the effect of the crisis while being compliant to the rules. Busi-nesses should only take the risk up to the level of desired results, and restrict any other fatal activity such as exchanges competitively sensitive information unnecessarily. The banks are also working together in these times, and proposing changes in the loans and fi nancing agreements to facilitate the restructuring of loans. If banks work together, particularly in the context of a distressed borrower, this could lead to unequal bargaining power or inappropriate exchanges of competitively sensitive information. The rising concern of `crisis cartels~ i.e., competitors deciding amongst themselves on how to limit the impact of pandemic on their businesses. This can be like competitors deciding not to charge excess prices or agreeing on how to reduce the supply demand gap. The antitrust authorities will have to look at these crisis cartels with the same lens as other cartels, and treating them in the same manner. Thus there are certain risks involved in these crisis cartels as well. The general position is that businesses must continue to act independently and compete even during a crisis: this creates a high hurdle to justify a crisis cartel.
The antitrust authorities have to prioritize the working of the commissions so that maximum output could be achieved in minimum contact. Merger fi lings, reviews, actions of the competitors and certain other transac-tions will be considered by the commission on the priority basis. Certain activities which may be prohibited earlier would be allowed in such pandemic situation. The fi lings which are not urgent will not be encouraged by the competition commissions. The resources in these situations are both limited and restricted thus to man-age them well, it will be required to take up only those cases forward which has some potential.
The important reforms which were to be expected to be applied in this year are being pushed to the next
14
year to presently focus on the current pandemic situation. There are certain things which businesses should keep in mind for their conduct during and after this crisis. These include fi rst and foremost not neglecting the antitrust compliance, even though with the pandemic in place. It should also be remembered by the companies that antitrust investigations will be conducted for the acts done by them once this situation is taken control of. Companies should not engage in prohibited conduct and anticompetitive practises. These practises may be exploitative or predatory in nature, but they cannot be hidden on the pretext of dealing with pandemic. The competition law authorities will encourage the companies taking essential steps for dealing with the post pandemic situation and economy however they should not be misused by them.
The companies should keep in mind that even though the health sector and essential sectors have been provided with the exemptions but competition law is applicable to everyone irrespective of the sector. The competition authorities may also look into the problems faced by non-essential commodities markets and their companies which was closed or are closed for a long period of time due to the outbreak. These sectors are fi ghting to survive after the pandemic lockdown and need revival to regain their position in the market. These exemptions should not include competitors forming cartels and abuse of dominance. The documen-tation of the companies dealing with any arrangement, contract or any changes should be according to due compliance with the competition law and within its boundaries. Therefore, the take is that in the present situation when the market is not productive and the fi nancial situation is not favourable the companies should not be tempted to make any violations like dealing with or trading confi dential information, sharing of data, business strategies, price fi xations, future plans, etc. The companies which are facing economic crisis should not enter into collaborations, or enter into agreements which are not compliant to competition law. Their conduct should be legally approved and in the garb of dealing with the pandemic, they should not disregard the competition law regime. The companies should not forget their perpetual existence and should weigh their actions before taking any step post-pandemic also. The competition authority’s role across the world has been augmented and they should allow a breathing space for companies to revive and at the same time hold a tight grip on the activities of the businesses to curtail anti-competitive deeds.
References:_______________________________________________________________________
1. Network formed by the European Commission, the EFTA surveillance authority and the NCAs of Member States, see https://ec.europa.eu/competition/ecn/index_en.html
2. J. Christoforou, C. Renner, I. M. Sinan, F. M. Murphy, `The EU Commission publishes its fi rst comfort letter to foster cooperation among businesses in the pharmaceutical sector during COVID-19 pandemic~ in e-Competitions, April 2020, Art. N° 94646.
3. Comfort letter to Medicines for Europe, 8 April 2020, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/medicines_for_europe_comfort_letter.pdf.
4. Case C-209/07, Competition Authority v Beef Industry Development Society, 20 November 2008, the Court of Justice clarifi ed that ‘the object of remedying the effects of a crisis in their sector [is] irrelevant’. See also the OECD, Roundtable on Crisis Cartels, 2011 <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/cartels/48948847.pdf>.
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umaR le si ga naT le bis tran sfor ma cia pan de mi is pi ro beb Si COVID-19
(re gi o nu li as peq ti)
ele na uCuro va
eko no mi kis mecnierebaTa kan di da ti, `eko no mi ku ri usaf rTxo e ba, bu Ral te ria da fi nan se bi~-s de par ta men tis asis tent pro fe so ri;
v.v go ro do vi ko vis sa xe lo bis kal mi ki is sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te ti. q, elis ta, ru se Ti
Ta ma ra oCir-go ri a Ce va
eko no mi kis mecnierebaTa kan di da ti, `biz nes IT~-is de par ta men tis asis tent pro fe so ri,
v.v. go ro do vi ko vis sa xe lo bis kal mi ki is sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te ti, elis ta, ru se Ti
viq to ria mu ka no va
`eko no mi ku ri usaf rTxo e ba,bu Ral te ria da fi nan se bi~-s de par ta men tis mas wav le be li;
v.v. go ro do vi ko vis sa xe lo bis kal mi ki is sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te ti, elis ta, ru se Ti
ab straq ti
pan de mi u ri COVID-19-iT gan saz Rvru li Ta na med ro ve pi ro be bi mo iT xovs umaR le si ga naT-
le bis gar daq mnas sa in for ma cio teq no lo gi e bis ga mo ye ne biT. am kvle vis mTa va ri mi za nia, re gi on Si ga naT le bis cif ru li tran sfor ma ci is ga mok vle va. me To do lo gi u ri me To di mo i cavs so ci o lo gi u ri kvle vis Cata re bi sa da ax snis me Tods. kvle vis em pi ri u li sa fuZ-
ve lia, umaR le si ga naT le bis re gi o nu li in sti tu tis stu den te bis ga mo kiT xva, rom leb-
mac Se a fa ses dis tan ci u ri swav le bis xa ris xi, on la in ga naT le bis or ga ni ze ba re gi on Si cif rul teq no lo gi ad gar daq mnis pe ri od Si. av to re bi aa na li ze ben glo ba lu ri ga mow-
ve vis kon teqsts da gvTa va zo ben maT kla si fi ka ci as: miv ceT mtki ce bu le ba, rom pan de mia COVID-19 aris erT-er Ti yve la ze sa Si Si glo ba lu ri ga mow ve va; aR vwe roT umaR le si ga-naT le bis tran sfor ma ci is me To do lo gi u ri eta pe bi; Se va fa soT umaR le si ga naT le bis cif ru li tran sfor ma ci is xa ris xi uneb lie So re u li ga naT le bis kon teq stSi da Sev Ta va-
zoT mTe li ri gi re ko men da ci e bi mis ga sa um jo be seb lad.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: ga naT le bis tran sfor ma cia, cif ru li tran sfor ma cia, dis tan ci u ri swav le ba, umaR le si ga naT le bis re gi o nu li in sti tu ti, sa gan ma naT leb lo mom sa xu re ba, pan de mia, COVID-19– is pi ro beb Si.
16
TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF PANDEMIC COVID-19 (REGIONAL ASPECT)
Elena Uchurova Candidate of Economics,
Assistant Professor of the Department ‘Economic Security, Accounting and Finance’, FSBEI of HE `Kalmyk State University named
after B.B.Gorodovikov~, Elista, Russia
Tamara Ochir-Gorychaeva Candidate of Economics,
Assistant Professor of the Department ‘Business IT~, FSBEI of HE `Kalmyk State University named after B.B.Gorodovikov~, Elista, Russia
Viktoria Mukanova Teacher ‘Economic Security,
Accounting and Finance’, FSBEI of HE `Kalmyk State University named after B.B.Gorodovikov~, Elista, Russia
Abstract
Modern conditions defi ned by the pandemic COVID-19 require transforming higher education with the use of information technology. The main aim of this research is the examination of digital transformation of education in the region. Methodological method involves the method of conducting and explanation of sociological research. Empirical base of the research is the survey of students of the regional institute of higher education who assessed the quality of distance learning, the organization of online education dur-ing the transformation period to digital technology in the region. The authors analyze the context of global challenge and offer their classifi cation; give evidence that the pandemic COVID-19 is one of the most dangerous global challenge; describe methodological stages of transformation of higher education; assess the quality of digital transformation of higher education in the context of involuntary distant education and offer a range of recommendations for its improvement.
Key words: transformation of education, digital transformation, distance learning, regional institute of higher education, educational service, pandemic, in the conditions of COVID-19.
1. Introduction
In the period of the global challenge the transformation of educational services in higher education is be-coming necessary in the context of the massive economic, political, social and cultural challenges caused by the pandemic. The pandemic of coronavirus infection has affected all areas of society, including the higher education system. Information technology has become the main tool for the higher education system in the conditions of COVID-19.
In order to examine the transformation of the educational process in higher education it is now more rel-evant to conduct a study among students of a regional university. Students are consumers of educational
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services and their survey will assess the digital transformation of educational services of the university in the context of the organization of compulsory distance learning and identify recommendations for its im-provement
The aim of the research is to study the digital transformation of educational services of regional higher education in the conditions of COVID_ 19.
The forecast of scientifi c and technological development of the Russian Federation until 2030 considers the scientifi c, technological, environmental, social and economic order requiring the adoption of a set of regulatory measures at the national or interethnic level [1; Baranovsky 2010].
2. Presentation of the main research material
Considering aspects of global challenges, it is possible to classify problems and trends arising from differ-ent multilevel relationships. For example, Cormochi E. in her work identifi es three groups of challenges [3, Cormochi 2015].
1. Environmental challenges which lead to food security and resource availability issues, i.e., refl ecting interactions on the level ‘Society-Nature’;
2. Social challenges are related to the growing underdevelopment of some states, the expansion of illiteracy and poverty, as well as the emergence of aggravation of the military situation. In this case we deal with interaction on the level ‘Society _ Society’;
3. Demographic challenges refl ect negative effects of scientifi c and technological progress. It is common to the interaction ‘Man _ Society’.
The classifi cation can be expanded to the life sphere of the global society by the following classifi ers: innovative-economic, nature protective, military-political and value-social challenges from the point of view of their infl uence on an educational institute (Table 1).
Table 1. Classifi cation of Global ChallengesGlobal challenges
Classifi er Kind
Innovative-economic Global competitionTechnological progressAcceleration of innovations
Nature protective Steady developmentGreen technologiesResource depletion
Value-social Social tension (migrants) Crisis of valuesPandemic of coronavirus infection COVID-19
Innovative-economic challenge is caused by blurring of boundaries within traditional industries and chang-ing competition conditions when the winners become those who participate in the net of competitive-partners’ relationship in the framework of inter branch entrepreneurship ecological systems functioning on
18
digital platform [2,Bereznoy 2018]. Innovative technology is aimed to alleviate, accelerate, reduce labor intensive educational services and lead to global spread of educational courses in the sphere of education. Thus, institutions should take into account this innovation in their sphere and make changes in existing educational programs in accordance with current modern trends.
Nature-protective challenge is determined by the fact that condition and circumstances of the environment affect the quality of human life. It is necessary to teach younger generation the basis of ecological man-agement including managerial events aimed at minimizing adverse effect on the environment and develop students’ creative potential, intellectual abilities and professional competences, etc.
Value-social challenge is determined by ‘the clash of civilizations’ caused by migration fl ow from unde-veloped countries to economically stable countries [4, Nazaretyan 2017]. This challenge is characterized by forced co-existence of cultures and religions as well as by the dialogue of culture and civilization. Considering these global conditions institutes of higher education should develop individual trajectory of education despite religious beliefs and cultural traditions of their students.
Pandemic COVID-19 is a global challenge for separate countries and regions. One of their main objectives of functioning is providing safe working and learning conditions. It led to tough restrictions in most coun-tries and to transition to distant learning and working.
Transition to distant learning during pandemic COVID-19 showed the readiness of regional institutes of higher education to launch online learning and digital transformation. Lockdowns forced to change the rela-tionship ‘Teacher-Student’ in a short period of time, to develop an individual trajectory of education for each student and increase competition among universities.
Thus, pandemic of coronavirus infection COVID-19 is a challenge and an incentive for the development of digital markets and information technologies in the system of higher education.
This research studies factors of digital transformation of educational services of a regional institute of higher education in the condition of global challenge.
Factors of transition to digital form of educational services during global threats show that it is important to take into account facilities of the institute and important characteristics of younger generation of students. Modern youth has a clip type of thinking and permanent Internet connection. This important feature of young generation should become the main factor of distant learning in Russian education system in the face of global challenges.
3. Methodology
The authors used methodological approach to evaluation the digital transformation of educational services on the example of managing distant learning in the regional institute of higher education in the Republic of Kalmykia during pandemic COVID-19.
March 2020 forced the regional institute of higher education to organize distant learning for all students and provide the process of education during pandemic of coronavirus infection COVID-19. The authors used a survey in order to assess the quality of transition to distant learning and the digital potential of the system of regional system of higher education. The survey involved 750 students (60% female and 40% male), the average age of respondents was 20 years. Students of different courses and programs of full-time training participated in the survey.
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Participants were invited to assess the organized distant learning during the pandemic using the scale from 1 to 10 points. The average score was 5.90 out of 10 and points to an average quality of transformed edu-cational processes in the regional institute of higher education. To establish the cause of deviation from the maximum estimated parameter the respondents were asked to assess the organized distant learning during the pandemic on a 10-point scale in three coordinates.
4. Conclusions
The calculation is based on the principle of estimating the maximum share of respondents having chosen similar point. The authors conducted:
1. assessment of convenience factors of the organized distant learning during the pandemic COVID-19;
2. assessment of organizational-technical factors of distant learning during the pandemic COVID-19;
3. assessment of factors of relationship between teacher and student during distant learning in the condition of the pandemic COVID-19.
Thus, the signifi cance of organized distant learning during the pandemic COVID-19 from the point of view of students wasn’t very high and got 8.95 points out of 18 points the maximum. It shows that respondents gave the average score for convenience factors of the organized distant learning during the pandemic CO-VID-19
The convenience factors of the organized distant learning during the pandemic COVID-19 involved the lack of time spent on journey to and from the institute, access to online resources (programs, electronic library and full-text editions) and the opportunity to learn at his/her own pace at a convenient time. Re-spondents also assessed the degree to which such parameters as the quality of software for organized distant learning, the convenience of interrelationship between students and teachers on educational platforms dur-ing lessons and interactions of students among themselves meet their expectations.
Respondents didn’t achieve consensus concerning adverse factors of the organized distant learning during the pandemic COVID-19. Students faced additional costs for educational services (purchase of necessary equipment, laptops, access to the Internet, transition to high speed Internet-traffi c and others). Students mentioned the lack of communication and possibilities to postpone deadlines of checking points. They also noted that some lecturers couldn’t use modern software. But if a student is motivated and tries to turn in his/her work in or before the due date he/she wants to have an individual approach from the teacher. Students also mentioned the lack of atmosphere of students’ life necessary for creation social interactions.
Thus, the researchers have revealed positive and negative aspects of the organized distant learning during the pandemic COVID-19 in the regional institute of higher education. The transition of the educational pro-cess from classical classroom interaction between the lecturer and students to digital educational process using information technology in the Internet was a challenge facing an institute and learners.
The results of the survey of the organized distant learning in a regional institute shows that digital transfor-mation of educational services and the organization of distant learning in the region during the pandemic COVID-19 didn’t meet the expectations of respondents. It is obvious in the assessment of the convenience factors, organizational_ technical and the factor of relationship between teacher and students in the orga-nized distant learning during the pandemic COVID-19 by the regional institute.
Some measures are needed in this regard. The authors offer measures which have practical signifi cance for
20
References
1. Baranovsky V.G. Modern Global Challenges. Moscow: AspectPress, 2010.2. Bereznoy A.V. Transnational Business in the Era of Global Digital Revolution // Glob-
al Economy and International Relations. 2018. Vol. 62. № 9. pp. 5_17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-9-5-17.
3. Cormaci E. A. Global challenges of modern humanity // a New look. International Scientifi c Bulletin. 2015. No. 8. P. 191-200.
4. Nazaretyan A. P. Nonlinear future. Mega history, synergetics, cultural anthropology and psy-chology in Global forecasting. Ed. 4-E. M.: Argamak-Media, 2017.
Information resources:
1. Passport of Priority Project `Modern Educational Environment in the Russian Federation~ (approved by the Presidium of the Presidential Council on strategic development and priority projects, Protocol from 25.10.2016 N 9) // ConsultantPlus [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_216432/ (date of application: 20.03.2020).
2. Passport of the National Project `Education~ // Ministry of Education of the Russian Federa-tion [Electronic resource]. URL: https://minobrnauki.gov.ru/common/upload/library/2019/07/NP_Obrazovanie.htm (date of application: 29.03.2020).
3. https://www.facebook.com/100003074782335/posts/3469064086539383/?d=n
regional institutes for organizing distant learning in during the pandemic COVID-19.
1. to study the market of educational technologies which can provide wide educational opportunities to create interactive tasks with the help of simple tools. They allow providing an effi cient interaction with learners on distant platform (ex. Visual writing down lectures and others);
2. to take into account the labor-intensive performance and the development of learners’ professional and super professional competencies. The new educational process shows tutor’s features in the work of lectur-ers;
3. to use a software which can provide continuous educational process in the condition of an unthinkable collaboration ‘off line+distant+online~. And to develop relevant competencies in the education system. [7].
The fi nal recommendation which will promote strengthening the digital transformation of the system of higher education in regions in the face of global challenges is the design and implementation of continu-ous monitoring of the quality of distant learning by institutes.
The above-mentioned measures should be implemented in complex and provide the expected impact of digital transformation of educational services by this region and many other regions of the Russian Federa-tion.
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umaR le si iu ri di u li ga naT le bis for me bi: prob le me bi da per speq ti ve bi
svet la na biCko va
sa mar Tlis doq to ri, pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
dRes dRe o biT umaR les sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le bebs uwevT sa gan ma naT leb lo pro-
ce sis adap ti re ba axal re a lo bas Tan ko ro na vi ru su li da a va de bis (COVID-19) msof lio gav rce le bis ga mo, rad gan umaR le si ga naT le bis yve la for ma ar Se iZ le ba ga mo ye ne bul iq nas sa ka ran ti no Sez Rud ve bi sa da so ci a lu ri dis tan ci is pi ro beb Si.
am mxriv, ga mo sa de gi iyo sxva das xva on la in teq no lo gi e bi, rom le bic uk ve far Tod ga mo i-
ye ne ba sa gan ma naT leb lo pro ces Si, maT So ris mo ma va li iu ris te bis mom za de ba Si.
mi u xe da vad ami sa, mec ni e re bi, sa ja ro or ga no e bi, umaR le si sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le-
be bi da sa zo ga do e bis wev re bi un da amax vi leb dnen yu rad Re bas sa gan ma naT leb lo pro ce sis ga nax le bu li mid go me bis Sem dgom gan vi Ta re ba ze ga naT le bis hib ri du li, kom bi ni re bu li for me bis Se mu Sa ve biT, rom le bic uf ro mdgra dia cvli le be bi sad mi da uf ro me tad mo er-
ge ba Ta na med ro ve sa Wi ro e bebs da pi ro bebs.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: iu ri di u li ga naT le ba, umaR le si ga naT le bis for me bi, sa gan ma naT-
leb lo pro ce si, dis tan ci u ri swav le ba, eleq tro nu li swav le ba, ga naT le bis hib ri du li (kom bi ni re bu li) for me bi, on la in swav le ba.
FORMS OF HIGHER LEGAL EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND PROS-PECTS
Svitlana BychkovaDoctor of Law, Professor
Abstract
Nowadays higher education institutions have to adapt educational process to new realities because of the worldwide spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), as not all forms of higher education can be used under conditions of quarantine restrictions and social distancing.
In this regard, a variety of online technologies came in handy, which are already widely used in educational process, inclu ding in the training of future lawyers.
Nevertheless, scholars, public authorities, higher education institutions and members of the public should focus on further development of renewed approaches to the educational process by elaborating hybrid, combined forms of education that are more resilient to changes and more adapted to modern needs and con ditions.
Keywords: legal education, forms of higher education, educational process, distance learning, e-learning, hybrid (combined) forms of education, online learning.
22
1. Introduction
The need to reform higher education in general and legal education in particular, is beyond doubt. After all, the pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) demonstrated higher education institutions’ failure to adapt to possible changes in the educational process.
~We witnessed heroic efforts across the higher education landscape as learning experience designers, in-structional technologists, behavioral scientists and many others leaped into action. These professionals worked to rapidly transfer some portion of a course to an online environment to ensure continuity of in-struction during unpredictable emergent situations~ [De Vaney, Quintana, 2020].
It should be noted that the problems of higher legal education nowadays, in particular in Ukraine, have been the subject of heated debates among legislators, scientists, legal practitioners, research and teaching staff, applicants for higher education and members of the public for several years. However, for the most part, relevant issues are discussed at various events and in the press. Scholars do not pay proper attention to the development of new forms of higher legal education.
At the same time the aim of the `Master of Law Program~ is to prepare specialists with highly qualifi ed, competitive and independent research skills in accordance with the requirements of the labor market using traditional and innovative methods, to promote their professional development, as well as train the gradu-ates in accordance with both national and international requirements of the legal space [Сария, Шенгелиа, 2018: 44].
In order to achieve such a goal, it is necessary, among other things, to update the forms of higher legal education, and develop new approaches to the organization of the educational process.
Besides, information technologies are constantly increasing their infl uence on all areas of our life and changing the communication system. Even such a conservative sphere as education feels fully upon itself the infl uence of new communication technologies. Moreover, this infl uence, passing from a passive state to an active one, forms a new teaching technology _ e-learning [Тухватулина, 2015: 811].
2. Presentation of the main research material
The introduction of various appropriate resources into the educational process also infl uences the way it is organized, i.e. on the forms of education.
Therefore, it is relevant and necessary to conduct research on updating approaches to forms of higher edu-cation in view of modern needs and realities of public life, the widespread use of various online resources in the educational process.
According to Part 1, Art. 49 of the Law of Ukraine `On Higher Education~ the main forms of higher educa-tion are:
1) institutional:
_ full-time education (daytime and evening programmes): it is the technique of organizing education of the applicants for higher education, which involves training and practical training for at least 30 weeks during the school year;
_ correspondence education, which is the technique of training of applicants for higher education by com-bining training sessions and control activities during short sessions and self-management of the curriculum in the period between them;
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_ remote education (distance learning), i.e. individualized process of education, which takes place mainly through the indirect interaction of distant participants of the educational process in a specialized environ-ment that operates on the basis of modern psychological, pedagogical, information and communication technologies;
_ network education is a way of organizing training of applicants for higher education, through which the educational program is mastered due to the involvement of higher education institution and other subjects of educational activities that interact with each other on the contractual basis;
2) dual education is the method of obtaining education by full-time applicants, which provides on-the-job training at enterprises, institutions and organizations for the acquisition of certain qualifi cations in the amount of 25 % to 60 % of the total educational program on the basis of the contract.
Based on the legislative defi nition of distance learning, it can be assumed that it covers certain techniques of organizing educational process using online technologies.
The Law of Georgia `On Higher Education~ (Articles 2, 47-4) provides for e-learning, which means learn-ing process based on modern information and communication technologies, organized by higher education institutions for obtaining qualifi cation by the persons present in the territory of Georgia pursuant to higher education programs accredited in Georgia, or part of such process, which does not provide for the simulta-neous presence of students and staff of higher education institution in a particular place. At the same time, such training covers the provision of teaching materials, communication, testing, counseling, monitoring student progress, etc. In addition, the possibility of using e-learning is enshrined in the relevant educational program.
Thus, in essence, distance learning in Ukraine and e-learning in Georgia can be considered, to some extent, identical forms of higher education.
However, the forms of education determined by the legislator practically do not exist separately nowadays in the context of global changes due to the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Besides, higher education institutions began to use other forms of education, in particular, through a combination of the above mentioned, the introduction of online learning, which is fully consistent with the norms enshrined in Part 8 of Art. 49 of the Law of Ukraine `On Higher Education~.
Clearly, one can say that these are extraordinary circumstances; that the measures to ensure the provision of educational services in this format are temporary. However, we cannot be sure that there will be no cir-cumstances that will pose new challenges in future, to which it will be necessary to adapt again.
It can also be noted that distance learning and e-learning have been proven adaptable to the today’s reali-ties. However, these forms do not cover all the methods and forms of organizing educational process under quarantine and do not take into account all the problematic aspects of the provision of educational services within the imposed restrictive measures. Therefore, the issue of compliance of existing forms of educa-tion with modern requirements, fi nding new ways to organize educational process remains unresolved and needs to be addressed urgently.
Based on the above, the problem of forms of education has taken on new meaning; it needs some rethinking and a comprehensive approach to its solution.
First of all, it should be emphasized that the quality of legal training in any country depends not only on the higher education institution’s approach to the organization of the educational process, but also on the de-termination of the applicant for higher education to acquire new knowledge, skills and abilities. If a person
24
is focused on learning, has the appropriate desire, he (she) will obtain necessary knowledge, provided that educational services are ensured at the appropriate level.
Although it is hard not to notice that the rhythm of life, social and economic changes have had a nega-tive impact on educational services. Distance forms of education are the most affected. However, higher education institutions have to use them as the basis for the organization of the educational process, further modernizing them under conditions of the pandemic.
At the same time, it is hard to talk about undeniable advantage of full-time education over the other forms of education. After all, this form of education is almost non-existent in its pristine form. Higher education institutions have begun to widely use the elements of real time online education, asynchronous communica-tion, etc.
Secondly, full-time education does not take into account the rights, interests and needs of people who are already working and adults in ensuring their right to lifelong learning, development of human competencies in accordance with their individual needs, society’s needs, etc.
Therefore, it is very important to fi nd the right forms of organization for obtaining higher legal education by working people, including through distance learning, for example, through the development of a more intensive educational programs or the establishment of a longer study period, including face-to-face meet-ings, evening online discussions, master classes, webinars [Преобразовательный процесс, 2020].
In any case, without diminishing the obvious benefi ts of full-time education, one should not forget about the benefi ts of higher education in other forms or by combining one form with the another ones, which will provide, in particular, the possibility to combine higher education with employment activities; education regardless of the location of both professor and the applicant for higher education; attracting an unlimited number of applicants; facilitation of the adaptability of the educational process to any changes.
As noted above, real-time online learning and distance and e-learning have become a lifeline for everyone during quarantine, isolation and social distancing. But these forms also need to be improved in order to achieve better results in providing educational services and mastering the profession of a lawyer.
Besides, one should not forget about the peculiarities of preparation of lawyers. After all, future lawyers in a higher education institution must acquire fundamental theoretical knowledge, as well as practical skills and abilities. In particular, these specialists should master public speaking and rhetoric, as they will, for example, speak in a courtroom, provide legal advice to the person in need, etc. [Бичкова, 2019: 431]. To master practical skills, it is also important to work in legal clinics, to do practical training in courts, bar as-sociations, notary offi ces and so on.
Therefore, when updating the forms of higher education, it is advisable to pay attention to the existing positive experience. Thus, the full-time form of education in the leading institutions of higher education provides training not only during working days, but also includes attending classes in the evening, few days a week and (or) on weekends.
Besides, the ways of organizing the educational process are modernized, made more fl exible clearly by us-ing online technologies (electronic resources).
At the same time, the electronic environment offers a wide range of possible activities. For example, a lec-ture can be presented in the form of a webinar, an online mini-lecture (a synchronous form of communica-tion) or a video lecture (an asynchronous form of communication); group lessons can be conducted in the form of forums, seminars, assignments, surveys, etc. [Тухватулина, 2015: 813].
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Besides, a variety of platforms on which e-learning is built offer almost unlimited additional opportunities: online testing with a random selection of a set of tasks for each applicant for higher education, online jour-nals for recording class attendance and assessing the level of knowledge, establishing methodological base for each topic, opening access to a specifi c module for a specifi c time or only after completing the previous components of the course, etc.
To date, there are a number of types of electronic education, which are used, inter alia, for the preparation of lawyers: 1) web support of the training course, taught in traditional format, when classes are held in the usual form, and independent work of the applicants for higher education is done in electronic form; 2) distance learning, under which all educational activity takes place in an electronic environment; 3) hybrid or blended learning, represented by a combination of traditional classes with holding part of the lessons in electronic form [Тухватулина, 2015: 811].
If everything is more or less clear in relation to the fi rst two of these forms, then hybrid (mixed, blended) training, which is the most used in the relaxation of quarantine restrictions needs clarifi cation regarding the components that form it. Thus, mixing involves: blending offl ine and online learning, blending self-paced and live, collaborative learning, blending structured and unstructured learning, blending custom content with off-the-shelf content, blending work and learning [Singh, Reed, 2001].
As an example of a hybrid form of higher education, we can name quite popular in some countries model HyFlex, which allows to vary full-time and online learning, achieving the same results in both cases.
According to the relevant defi nition, `HyFlex courses are class sessions that allow students to choose whether to attend classes face-to-face or online, synchronously or asynchronously~ [Online Education Policy (CURRENT)].
~For students, a HyFlex Model holds the potential of maximizing the opportunity to participate in a face-to-face learning experience under conditions of social distancing. It’s important to note that the goal of HyFlex is two make both the online and in-person experiences equal. Class sessions are not meant to be passive observations of a class video stream, but rather to have fully interactive engagements, including Q&A, group work (if possible) and student presentations~ [Maloney, Kim, 2020].
Clearly that the HyFlex model has its fl aws, as it requires long-term design of the discipline; appropriate training of scientifi c and pedagogical specialist; involvement of assistants to ensure constant communica-tion with students, including those who attend online classes; solving the problem of ensuring confi dential-ity and the right to protection of interests when recording classes; the necessary high-quality equipment, including classroom equipment, signifi cant costs for constant updating of technical means, purchase of licensed programs and so on.
There are also other examples of positive experiences with the application of updated educational technolo-gies, various hybrid and online courses. Some very similar _ even identical _ to HyFlex and others with signifi cant differences from HyFlex (Mode-Neutral, Multi-Access Learning, FlexLearning, Converged Learning, Peirce Fit, Multi-Options, Flexibly Accessible Learning Environment (FALE), Blendfl ex, Co-modal, Flexible Hybrid, Synchronous Learning in Distributed Environments (SLIDE), Blended Synchro-nous (Blendsync), Remote Live Participation (RLP), gxLearning) [Beatty, 2019].
We totally agree that in any case the fact that our preferred future for higher education, including legal one, _ `transformed access, inclusive learning communities, problem-based interdisciplinary education, life-long learning and multimodal design _ remains unchanged. In fact, these goals and aspirations seem even more critical now than they did in a time before COVID-19~ [De Vaney, Quintana, 2020].
26
3. Conclusion
Thus, we should focus on developing updated approaches to the organization of the educational process, fi nding innovative forms of education that will be more resistant to changes, more adapted to modern needs and realities.
Each of the forms of education used today has its positive features. Therefore, it is advisable to combine their advantages by mixing different forms of education, their individual methods and technologies.
References____________________________________________________________________________1. Закон Грузии № 688-вс `О высшем образовании~ от 21.12.2004 г., https://matsne.gov.ge/ru/
document/view/32830?publication=85.2. Закон України № 1556-VII `Про вищу освіту~ від 01.07.2014 р., https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/
show/1556-18#Text.3. Beatty, B. J. 2019. `Hybrid-Flexible Course Design~. EdTech Books, https://edtechbooks.org/hyfl ex/
Acknowledge.4. De Vaney, J., Quintana, R. 2020. `Preparing for Future Disruption: Hybrid, Resilient Teaching for a
New Instructional Age~. INSIDE HIGHER ED, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/learning-innova-tion/preparing-future-disruption-hybrid-resilient-teaching-new-instructional.
5. Maloney, E. J., Kim, J. 2020. `Fall Scenario #13: A HyFlex Model~. INSIDE HIGHER ED, https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/learning-innovation/fall-scenario-13-hyfl ex-model.
6. San Francisco State University. Academic Senate _ Online Education Policy (CURRENT), https://senate.sfsu.edu/policy/online-education-policy-1.
7. Singh, H., Reed, C. 2001. A White Paper: Achieving Success with Blended Learning. Centra Software, http://www.leerbeleving.nl/wbts/wbt2014/blend-ce.pdf.
8. Бичкова, С. С. 2019. `Методологічні аспекти викладання навчальної дисципліни `Цивіль ний про-цес~ у процесі вдосконалення правничої (юридичної) освіти~. Реформування юридичної освіти: виклики часу. Київ: ПрАТ `Юридична практика~, pp. 421_432.
9. Преобразовательный процесс. 2020. Юридическая практика. № 51-52 / 1200-1201.10. Сария, Н. Ш., Шенгелиа, Г. А. 2018. `О высшем юридическом образовании в Грузии~. Юри-
дическое образование и наука, № 12, pp. 40_46.11. Тухватулина, Л. Р. 2015. `Коммуникативные особенности гибридного обучения~. Моло дой
ученый, № 12 (92), pp. 811_815.
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eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis fi nan su ri mo de lis tran sfor ma cia glo ba lu ri pan de mi is kon teq stSi
gi or gi qu cu ri
eko no mi kis mecnierebaTa doq to ri, pro fe so ri
sa ja ro fi nan se bis de par ta men ti,mTav ro basTan ar se bu li fi nan su ri uni ver si te ti
ru se Tis fe de ra cia, mos ko vi
an na ma ru aS vi li
eko no mi kis doq to ri, afilirebuli profesori
axa li umaR le si sas wav le be li
ab straq ti
pan de mi is da saZ le vad Ro nis Zi e be bis da fi nan se bis wya ro e bis mo Zi e bis prob le mam da Sem-dgom ma eko no mi kur ma re ce si am, ro me lic da kav Si re bu lia COVID-19 ko ro na vi ru su li in-feq ci is gav rce le bas Tan, da a za ra la mTe li msof lio. aqe dan ga mom di na re, aq tu a lu ri da mniS vne lo va nia ru se Tis fi nan su ri Se saZ leb lo be bis Ses wav la am prob le mis ga daW ra Si.
sta tia aa na li zebs eko no mi ku ri re ce si is sce na rebs da Se saZ lo fi nan sur wya ro ebs, Zi ri-
Ta dad erov nu li ke Til dRe o bis fonds, ra Ta Ta vi dan iq nas aci le bu li pe si mis tu ri gan vi-Ta re bis sce na ri. zo gi er Ti fi nan su ri in stru men ti Se mo Ta va ze bu lia bi u jet ze ar se bu li ze wo lis Se sam ci reb lad da uf ro mi zan Se wo ni lia ga mo i ye noT so ci a lu ri ke Til dRe o bis fon dis sax sre bi.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: erov nu li ke Til dRe o bis fon di, glo ba lu ri eko no mi ku ri re ce sia, bi-u je tis xar je bi eko no mi ka Si, mci re da sa Su a lo biz ne sis mxar da We ra, ru se Tis eko no mi ku-
ri re ce sia, mTav ro bis ses xe bi, bi u je tis xar je bi.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF A GLOBAL PANDEMIC
Giorgi KutsuriDoctor of Economics, ProfessorDepartment of Public Finance,
Financial University under the Governmentof the Russian Federation,
Moscow
Anna MaruashviliDoctor of Economics, ProfessorNew Higher Education Institute
Abstract
The problem of fi nding sources of funding for measures to overcome the pandemic and the subsequent eco-nomic recession associated with the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus infection affected the entire world. Therefore, it is relevant and important to study the fi nancial capabilities of Russia in solving this problem.
28
The article analyzes the scenarios of economic recession and possible fi nancial sources, mainly the national welfare Fund, in order to prevent a pessimistic development scenario. Some fi nancial instruments are pro-posed to reduce the current pressure on the budget and it is more appropriate to use the funds of the national welfare Fund.
Keywords: national welfare Fund, global economic recession, budget expenditures on the economy, sup-port for small and medium-sized businesses, Russian economic recession, government borrowing, budget expenditures.
1. Introduction
In 2020, the world has entered a new reality, which is characterized by changes in all spheres of life of the world’s population. The pandemic associated with the new virus is of fundamental importance not only because of the health problems that have emerged, but also because it has led to a signifi cant restructuring of the global economic system. In this process, each of the world’s countries uses its fi nancial resources to overcome the disease and mitigate the economic consequences of a signifi cant decline in the economy. The deployment of quarantine measures, the closure of production and borders between countries has led to a signifi cant increase in the instability of the world economy, a signifi cant economic downturn and negative socio-economic consequences. All these factors make it necessary to understand the features of using the funds of the national welfare Fund as one of the most important fi nancial sources for stabilizing the Russian economy in a situation of increasing instability of the world and national economies.
As a result of the unfolding pandemic associated with the spread of a new coronavirus infection, most coun-tries of the world were forced to take strict measures to restrict the activities of large companies, stop the activities of small and medium-sized businesses, and close borders. These measures are coercive, lead to a contraction in demand, the closure of a large part of the service sector and the almost complete paralysis of such industries as passenger transport, tourism, hotels, catering and entertainment. A signifi cant contraction in demand and restriction of small and medium-sized businesses, undermining their infrastructure, leads to a reduction in budget revenues and can cause a crisis in the fi nancial sector.
2. Presentation of the main research material
Such a serious restriction of economic activity in most developed and developing countries of the world over the next 2-4 months leads to a noticeable decline in economic growth both in the second quarter and in the future for the whole year. Analysts estimate a drop in GDP for developed countries, including China, at the level of 4-4. 5%, while in the fi rst half of the year the decline may be about 10%, which is more than signifi cant [8; 9]. In addition, in addition to the General decline in economic activity, it should be noted that the oil price has signifi cantly and long-term declined below the level of $ 40-50. Even despite the conclu-sion of the OPEC + deal and the adoption of an agreement to reduce oil production quotas by 9.7 million barrels per day from May 1, 2020, the average price of Brent crude oil remains at the level of no more than $ 40.
Due to the scale of the ongoing recession in the world economy, many developed and developing countries have already announced huge measures to support national economies. It is worth noting that these mea-sures are much more signifi cant than the measures to overcome the crisis in 2008-2009.
The fi rst package of stimulus measures of developed Western countries is currently estimated at 9-11% of
29
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total GDP and, judging by the way the quarantine is proceeding in April-May, additional injections into the economy will soon be required, as a result of which the total amount of support will be at least 15% of GDP.
It should be noted atypical measures to support the economy, which are practiced by these countries in the current economic situation. In addition to the usual measures to support the fi nancial sector, increase social benefi ts, ensure the implementation of budget expenditures and cancel part of tax obligations, the main focus of support is direct assistance with lump-sum payments to citizens who have lost their income, and small and medium-sized businesses in order to preserve their ability to quickly restore activity after the end of quarantine.
During the outbreak of the pandemic, the Russian economy faced a double challenge: on the one hand, the forced restriction of economic and consumer activity of the population, a signifi cant reduction in aggregate demand and income, and the closure of production facilities; on the other, the compression of demand in commodity markets and a dramatic decline in oil prices, which will lead to a signifi cant reduction in budget revenues. According to analysts, despite the agreement reached under the OPEC + deal, the average an-nual price for Urals oil is unlikely to exceed $ 45 per barrel, which will lead to an imbalance in the Russian budget.
The Russian economy is expected to fall by about 3.5-5% in the fi rst quarter of 2020, and by at least 15% in the second quarter. Taking into account the assessment of the decline in economic activity of the population and businesses, as well as based on the experience of other countries, it can be assumed that the decline in the Russian economy at the end of the year will be approximately 5% (table 1).
Table 1. Forecast of the scale of the crisis in the Russian economy
Optimistic Moderate Pessimistic
1 half year2020 y. 2020 y. 1 half year
2020 y. 2020 y. 1 half year2020 y. 2020 y.
Oil, USD / barrel 31 40 24 31 19 24
Growth of the Russian economy, %
-4,2 -3,7 -5,3 -5,7 -7,5 -8,6
Source: Compiled by the author based on [7]
Due to the above factors that characterize the atypical nature of the current crisis, as well as forecasts of a potential fall in the Russian economy, it is important to say that the government will have to solve a triple task: replacing falling non-oil and gas revenues, replacing falling oil and gas revenues, and directly sup-porting the economy. Due to the uncertainty of the further development of the situation with the coronavi-rus pandemic and the likely prolonged period of low oil prices, as well as the need for direct support for the population and business, it is important to analyze the possibility of using the funds of the national welfare Fund.
The amount of funds of the national welfare Fund as of April 1, 2020 amounted to 12.8 billion rubles,
30
which is equivalent to 11.3% of the projected GDP. Excluding the illiquid part and funds reserved for the purchase of Sberbank shares, free funds amount to about 8.5% of GDP or 9.6 trillion rubles. With an aver-age oil price of no more than $ 40, based on the current budget rule, about 1.5% of GDP should be used to replace the defi cit in oil and gas revenues. Also, the revenue part of the budget will lose about 2.5% of GDP, which should be used to meet spending obligations. And the announced direct expenditures of the state to support the national economy are about 1-1. 5% of GDP. Further, it is worth noting that there is a possibility of a signifi cant slowdown in the growth of the Russian economy in the next 2-3 years, which will lead to a decrease in non-oil and gas revenues in the amount of 2-2.5% of GDP per year. In addition, the national welfare Fund is unlikely to be replenished at the current cut-off price.
The above suggests that it is necessary to make an important decision on how to provide direct support to the Russian economy. On the one hand, it is possible to use the funds of the national welfare Fund, since it has real liquid funds that can be quickly used if the regulatory framework changes accordingly. On the other hand, due to the low level of domestic debt, Federal loan bonds can be placed for direct support of the national economy. Due to the compression of the stock market, the demand for sovereign debt may be insuffi cient, in which case a signifi cant part of it can be taken by the Central Bank, either through direct purchases or through REPO operations with banks.
Further, it is important to consider the necessary measures and the cost of direct support to the population and businesses to avoid a deep crisis and ensure a rapid recovery of the economy in order to determine whether it is appropriate to use the funds of the national welfare Fund to Finance these measures.
In connection with the introduction of measures to restrict economic activity and the organization of a man-datory self-isolation regime, as well as the increase in prices for food products, it is necessary to take the following measures to help citizens and small businesses:
Direct fi nancial assistance to citizens left without jobs and means of subsistence, as well as to pension-ers;
Non-refundable subsidies for small and medium-sized businesses to pay salaries and rent.
The total cost of these measures may be about 2.5-3 trillion rubles a month, according to economists. It is worth noting that the volume of the national welfare Fund.
Due to the high cost of the proposed measures to support the economy and citizens, it seems irrational to Finance them entirely from the national welfare Fund, which will lead to its almost complete exhaustion by the end of the year. In this regard, the mechanism of internal government borrowing should also be activated through the issue of Federal loan bonds in the amount of 2-3 trillion rubles, which, due to the compression of demand in the stock market, can be purchased by the Central Bank.
Conclusion
Summing up all the above, we can conclude that due to the atypical nature of the current downturn in the Russian economy and the need to take urgent and effective measures, it seems appropriate to use the funds of the national welfare Fund to ensure the fi nancing of the proposed measures for at least one month. If economic restrictions are extended, it will be necessary to expand domestic borrowing. These measures will help maintain employment and support small and medium-sized businesses, as well as contribute to a faster recovery of the economy in the post-crisis period.
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References:____________________________________________________________________________1. Archangelskaya L. Yu., Bondarenko N. O. Features of functioning of sovereign funds at the turn of the
20th-21st centuries. Bulletin of the fi nancial University. 2019. №4.2. Kononova V. Foundation of national tradition. Profi le. 2019. 20.11.3. Kosov M. E. Evaluation of the effectiveness of management of sovereign funds. Finance and credit. 2018.
№ 12.4. Kutsuri G. N., Vasin E. A. Management of sovereign funds. Moscow: UNITY-DANA, 2016.5. Kudrin A., Sokolov I. Budget rules as a tool of balanced budget policy. Economic issue. 2017. №17.6. Shmigol N. S. Budget rules as a tool for achieving fi nancial stability and economic growth. Economy.
Right. Taxes. 2016.7. Crown crisis-2020: what will happen and what to do. Liberal mission Foundation URL: http://liberal.ru/
lm-ekspertiza/koronakrizis-2020-chto-budet-i-chto-delat (accessed: 30.04.2020).8. World Bank Open Data. World Bank URL: https://data.worldbank.org/ (accessed: 21.03.2020).
32
koronavirusis (COVID-19-is) gavrcelebis prognozirebis problema msofliosTvis
akaki gabelaia
fizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
axali umaRlesi saswavleblis mowveuli profesori,
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori
abstraqti
rogorc cno bi lia, uka nas knel pe ri od Si ko ro na vi ru sis COVID-19-is gav rce le ba sa si-coc xlo mniS vne lo bis prob le mad iq ca mTe li msof li os Tvis. sak ma ri sia imis Tqmac, rom igi msof lio jan dac vis or ga ni za ci am, 2020 wlis 11 marts, pan de mi ad ga mo ac xa da. aqe dan ga mom di na re, ga sa ge bia Tu ra mniS vne lo ba Se iZ le ba eni We bo des mi si gav rce le bis prog-
no zi re bis prob le mas. mo ce mu li naS ro mi eZ Rvne ba am mxriv Cven mi er Ca ta re bu li kvle vis ga moc di le bas da Se de gebs.
gar kve u lo bi saT vis un da Sev niS noT, rom Cven mi er prog no zi re bis Tval sa zri siT gan xi-lu li iyo ko ro na vi ru sis gav rce le bis ise Ti Zi ri Ta di maC ve neb le bi, ro go ri caa in fi ci-
re bis sa er To Sem Txve va Ta ra o de no ba (msof li o Si) mim di na re mo men ti saT vis (total cases) da aq ti u ri Sem Txve ve bis ra o de no ba mim di na re mo men ti saT vis (active cases).
am maC ve neb le bis prog no zu li Se fa se be bi Cven mi er na pov ni iyo 13 Te ber vli dan daw ye bu-
li. amas Tan, imis gaT va lis wi ne biT, rom am pe ri o di dan daw ye bu li vi ru si (ro me lic Tav-
da pir ve lad Ci neT Si gav rcel da) mo e do mTel msof li os, anu dra ma tu lad Se ic va la mi si gav rce le bis are a li da, gar da ami sa, Cven mi er prog no zi re bi s Tvis ga mo ye ne bul mo del Ta um rav le so ba ata reb da mok le va din xa si aTs, au ci le be li gax da Cve ni prog no zu li Se fa-
se be bis pe ri o du li ko req ti re ba. amas Tan, un da Sev niS noT, rom Tav da pir ve lad Cven mi er na pov ni prog no zu li Se fa se be bi (ro me lic Zi ri Ta dad Ci neT Si vi ru sis gav rce le bis mo na-
ce mebs ey rdno bo da) aR moC nda sak ma od zus ti. ker Zod, Cve ni prog no zis Ta nax mad, mar tis bo los Tvis vi ru siT in fi ci re bul Ta sa er To ra o de no ba ar un da gas cde no da 85000-s, re-
a lu rad ki am maC ve ne bel ma Ci neT Si (ro mel mac es vi ru si faq tob ri vad uk ve da mar cxa!), 21 mar tis mdgo ma re o biT, 81008 Se ad gi na.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: ko ro na vi ru si, prog no zi re ba, prog no zi re bis mo de le bi, prog no zu li Se fa se be bis si zus te.
ro gorc cno bi lia, uka nas knel pe ri od Si ko ro na vi ru sis COVID-19-is gav rce le ba sa si-coc xlo mniS vne lo bis prob le mad iq ca mTe li msof li os Tvis. sak ma ri sia imis Tqmac, rom igi msof lio jan dac vis or ga ni za ci am 2020 wlis 11 marts, pan de mi ad ga mo ac xa da. aqe dan ga mom di na re, ga sa ge bia Tu ra mniS vne lo ba Se iZ le ba eni We bo des mi si gav rce le bis prog no-
zi re bis prob le mas. qve moT aR we ri li iq ne ba am mxriv Cven mi er Ca ta re bu li kvle vis Se de-
ge bi da ga moc di le ba. gar kve u lo bis Tvis un da Sev niS noT, rom Cven mi er prog no zi re bis Tval sa zri siT gan xi-lu li iyo ko ro na vi ru sis gav rce le bis ise Ti Zi ri Ta di maC ve neb le bi, ro go ri caa in fi ci-
re bis sa er To Sem Txve va Ta ra o de no ba (msof li o Si) mim di na re mo men ti saT vis (total cases), ro mel sac qve moT aR vniS navT infi c cvla diT da aq ti u ri Sem Txve ve bis (e.i. am vi ru siT da a va-
de bul Ta) ra o de no ba mim di na re mo men ti sa Tvis (active cases), ro mel sac qve moT aR vniS navT ac cvla diT. (ga sa ge bia, rom am or si di des So ris sxva o ba war mo ad gens ga mo jan mrTe le bul da gar dac vlil pa ci en tTa ja mur ra o de no bas (mTe li msof li os mas Sta biT).)
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Tav da pir ve lad Cven vca deT infi c cvla dis mniS vne lo ba Ta prog no zi re ba, 22/01-13/02 2020 pe ri o dis mo na cem Ta ba za ze (dRe e bis Wril Si), 13/02-29/02 pe ri o di saT vis. aqe dan ga mom di-
na re, ga sa ge bia, rom 13 Te ber vlis mo na ce mi Cven mi er ga mo ye ne bu li iyo e.w. ex post prog no-
zi re bis anu prog no zi re bis mo de lis Ser Ce vis miz niT. sa in te re soa Sev niS noT, rom am (pir vel etap ze) am mo del Ta ma xa sia Teb le bi dan da 13 Te-
ber vlis mo na ce mi dan ga mom di na re, prog no zi re bis yve la ze sa i me do mo de lad Cav Tva leT fer hi ul stis lo gis ti ku ri zrdis mo de li [Verhulst, 1845 :1-45] rom lis zo ga di sa xec ase ga mo i yu re ba:
,)(
)(00
0
PePKKP
tP rt (1)
sa dac P0 aR niS navs po pu la ci is (am Sem Txve va Si in fi ci re bul Ta) ric xov no bas saw yis mo men-
tSi, xo lo K po pu la ci is (am Sem Txve va Si in fi ci re bul Ta) maq si ma lu ri ric xvia. un da Sev niS noT, rom am pe ri od Si vi ru si Zi ri Ta dad Ci neT Si iyo gav rce le bu li da mo na ce-
me bic Zi ri Ta dad Ci neT Si mis gav rce le bas Se e sa ba me bo da. mo ce mul Sem Txve va Si, 13 Te ber vlis mo na ce mis gaT va lis wi ne biT, Cven mi er K pa ra met ris si di de aRe bu li iyo 85000-is to lad (rac am Sem Txve va Si sak ma ri sad zus ti ga mod ga, imis gaT va lis wi ne biT, rom am maC ve ne bel ma 15 seq tem bris mdgo ma re o biT 85214 Se ad gi na! (e.i. prog no zi re bis mo men ti dan 7 Tvis gan mav lo ba Si prog no zis cdo mi le ba re a lu ri mniS vne-lo bis mi marT, mxo lod 0.25 % ga mo vi da!!)ase rom zrdis maq si ma lu ri tem pis, r-is si di des, mo ce mul Sem Txve va Si ve Zeb diT reg re si is Sem de gi gan to le bi dan (un da Sev niS noT, rom Cven mi er yve la Zi ri Ta di ga an ga ri Se ba Ca ta-
re bu li iyo cno bi li kom pi u te ru li prog ra mis EViews-10-is [ga be la ia a., ga be la ia l., 2017: 433] ba za ze):
INFIC=(85000*580)/((85000-580)*EXP(-C(1)*@TREND)+580).
am reg re si is Se de gad mi Re bul ma r pa ra met ris mniS vne lo bam Se ad gi na r =0.279355. amas Tan, am reg re si is de ter mi na ci is ko e fi ci en ti 0,93-is ri gi sa iyo, Zal ze ma Ra li (59,2-is to li) t-sta tis ti kiT, mxo lod dar bin-uot so nis sta tis ti ka ga mo vi da Zal ze mci re, rac ima ze met yve lebs, rom reg re si as Se iZ le ba axa si a Teb des sis te ma tu ri cdo mi le be bi. gar da ami sa, aR niS nu li mo de lis si zus te ze gar kve ul war mod ge nas iZ le va mi si cdo mi le bis di ag ra mac (ix. nax. 1)).
-12,000
-8,000
-4,000
0
4,000
8,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
M1 M2
Residual Actual Fitted
nax.1. in fi ci re bis lo gis ti ku ri mo de lis cdo mi le bis di ag ra ma
rac Se e xe ba am mo de li dan ga mom di na re infi c si di dis prog no zul Se fa se bebs da maT Ta na-
far do bas am si di dis re a lur mniS vne lo beb Tan mo ce mu li pe ri o di saT vis, naC ve ne bia nax.
34
2-ze, sa dac infi c da infi cf1, Se sa ba mi sad, aR niS navs in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no bis re a lur si-di des da mis (wi nas war) prog no zul Se fa se bas. mi Re bu li prog no zu li Se fa se be bis cdo mi le ba ze uf ro zust war mod ge nas iZ le va mi si cdo mi le bis cdomf1=infi cf1-infi c his tog ra ma da sta ti ti ku ri ma xa si a Teb le bi, rom le bic naC ve ne bia nax. 3-ze.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
M1 M2
INFICF1 total cases
nax.2. in fi ci re bis prog no zu li da re a lu-
ri maC ve neb le bis di na mi ka 13/02-29/02 2020 pe ri o di saT vis
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Series: CDOMF1Sample 2/13/2020 2/29/2020Observations 17
Mean 2783.813Median 3568.509Maximum 4730.977Minimum -1915.442Std. Dev. 1892.505Skewness -1.097432Kurtosis 3.295514
Jarque-Bera 3.474201Probability 0.176030�
nax.3. in fi ci re bis prog no zu li Se fa se be-
bis cdo mi le bis his tog ra ma da sta tis ti-
ku ri ma xa si a Teb le bi
ro gorc vxe davT, am (pir vel) etap ze prog no zi re bis Se de ge bi arc ise cu dia (sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam da stan dar tul ma ga dax ram sap rog no zo pe ri o di saT vis, Se ad gi nes, Se sa ba mi-sad 2784 da 1593 er Te u li). Se iZ le ba dav rwmun deT, rom am prog no zu li Se fa se be bis e.w. ap roq si ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo-
mi le bam (cdo mi le bis mo du le bis pro cen tul ma sa Su a lom re a lur mniS vne lo ba Ta mi marT), ro me lic, mo ce mul Sem Txve va Si ian ga ri Se ba for mu liT:
%,100*)inf
inf1inf1(
1
n
i i
ii
icicicf
nA
(sa dac n prog no zi re bis ho ri zon tis sig rZes aR niS navs) 3.3 % Se ad gi na!un da Sev niS noT, rom Tan da Ta no biT, mas Sem deg rac vi ru si gas cda er Ti qvey nis saz Rvrebs, mi si gav rce le bis di na mi ka mniS vne lov nad da Sor da ze moT ga mo ye ne bu li lo gis ti ku ri mru dis for mas (ro me lic, ro gorc ze mo Tac aR vniS neT, iZ le va Se da re biT grZel va di a-
ni prog no zi re bis sa Su a le bas!) da mo iT xo va uf ro rTu li, mag. ARIMA-s (av to reg re si i sa da mco ca vi sa Su a los in teg ri re bu li mo de le bis) ga mo ye ne ba (rac vi zu a lu ra dac kar gad Cans vi ru sis re a lu ri gav rce le bis gra fi keb ze). amas Tan, am mo de le bis mi nu si isaa, rom isi ni Cve u leb riv iZ le vi an mok le va di an prog no zebs! ker Zod, me o re etap ze Cven vca deT in fi ci re bul Ta sa er To ra o de no bis prog no zi re ba mar tis Tvis Tvis, uk ve ian var-Te ber vlis mo na ce me bi dan (uf ro zus tad, 22/01-29/02 2020) ga mom di na re, uk ve ze mox se ne bu li ARIMA-s ti pis mo de le bis ba za ze. infi c cvla dis tren dul ma mo del ma, av to reg re si u li wev riT, am pe ri o di saT vis mi i Ro sa xe:
INFIC = 2419.82056382*@TREND + [AR(1)=0.934518885427,UNCOND,ESTSMPL=»1/23/2020 2/29/2020»]. (2)
un da Sev niS noT, rom am reg re si is de ter mi na ci is ko e fi ci en ti Za li an ma Ra li ga mo vi da (0,99-is ri gis), pa ra met rTa t-sta tis ti ke bi, Se sa ba mi sad, 6.4, 10.8 da 5.8-is to li, mxo lod
35
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
dar bin-uot so nis sta tis ti ka ga mo vi da co ta da ba li (1.26-is ri gis), rac ima ze met yve lebs, rom reg re sia araa daz Rve u li sis te ma tu ri cdo mi le be bis gan. cxa dia, aR niS nu li mo de lis si zus te ze gar kve ul war mod ge nas iZ le va mi si cdo mi le bis di ag ra mac (ix. nax. 4)).rac Se e xe ba am mo de li dan ga mom di na re infi c si di dis prog no zul Se fa se bebs da maT Ta na-
far do bas am si di dis re a lur mniS vne lo beb Tan 1-15 mar tis mo na ce me bi dan ga mom di na re, naC ve ne bia nax. 5-ze, sa dac infi c da infi cf2, Se sa ba mi sad, aR niS navs in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no-
bis re a lur si di des da mis (wi nas war) prog no zul Se fa se bas. ro gorc vxe davT, prog no zi re bis si zus te swra fad ua res de bo da 11 mar ti dan daw ye bu li, ro ca vi ru si, faq tob ri vad, mTel msof li os mo e do. bu neb ri via, rom es dra ma tu li cvli-
le be bi, vi ru sis gav rce le bis are al sa da pi ro beb Si Zal ze mniS vne lov nad ar Tu leb da mi si prog no zi re bis prob le mas, miT uf ro imis gaT va lis wi ne biT, rom Cven aq Cve u leb riv vi-ye neb diT prog no zi re bis pa si ur me To debs, rom le bic em ya re ba im daS ve bas, rom mo ma va li un da hgav des war suls. swo red amiT aix sne ba is ga re mo e ba, rom qve moT Cven iZu le bu li vi ya viT gve ke Te bi na e.w. op ti mis tu ri da pe si mis tu ri prog no zu li Se fa se be bi, rom le bic Zal ze mniS vne lov nad gan sxvav de bo da er Tma ne Tis gan.
-4,000
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
M1 M2
Residual Actual Fitted
0
40,000
80,000
120,000
160,000
200,000
27 3 10 17 24 2 9
M1 M2 M3
INFICF2 total cases
aqe dan ga mom di na re, Cven mi er mi Re bu li iyo ga daw yve ti le ba Cve ni prog no zu li Se fa se be-
bis ko req ti re bis Se sa xeb mim di na re wlis 11 mar ti dan.rac Se e xe ba Cen mi er mi Re bu li prog no zu li Se fa se be bis si zus tes mar tis pir ve li de ka-
dis Tvis, mi si ap roq si ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam 2 % Se ad gi na!un da Sev niS noT, rom ze moT moy va ni lis ana lo gi u ri mo de le bi dan mi Re bu li infi c cvla dis prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam mar tis me o re de ka dis Tvis 2.8 % Se ad gi na!yo ve li ve ze mo aR niS nu li dan ga mom di na re (uk ve me oT xe etap ze!), Cven ga va ke TeT prog no-
zu li Se fa se be bi mar tis me sa me de ka dis Tvis, rom lis Tvi sac ap roq si ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo-
mi le bam 1.75 % Se ad gi na! gar da ami sa, ro gorc Se sa ba mis ma ga an ga ri Se beb ma gviC ve na, 13 Te ber va li-31 mar ti pe ri o di-
saT vis, Cve ni prog no ze bis ap roq si ma ci is sa Su a lo Se wo nil ma cdo mi le bam 2.57 % Se ad gi na!me xu Te etap ze, ap ri lis pir ve li na xev ris Tvis in fi ci re bis prog no zu li Se fa se bis ap roq-
si ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam 2.14 % Se ad gi na.me eq vse etap ze, anu ap ri lis me o re na xe var Si prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si ma ci is sa Su-
a lo cdo mi le bam 1.7 % Se ad gi na.
nax.4. in fi ci re bis (2) mo de lis cdo mi le bis di ag ra ma
nax.5. in fi ci re bis prog no zu li da re a lu ri maC ve neb le bis di na mi ka
1/03-15/03 2020 pe ri o di saT vis
36
meS vi de etap ze, anu ma i sis pir vel na xe var Si Cve ni prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam 0.54 % Se ad gi na.mer ve etap ze, 16 ma i si-15 iv ni sis pe ri o di saT vis Cve ni prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si ma-
ci is sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam 0.9 % Se ad gi na.mec xre etap ze, anu iv ni sis me o re na xev ris Tvis Cve ni prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si ma-
ci is sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam 2.73 % Se ad gi na.me a Te etap ze, iv li sis pir vel na xe var Si Cve ni prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si ma ci is sa-Su a lo cdo mi le bam 2.23 % Se ad gi na.me Ter Tme te etap ze, anu iv li sis me o re na xe var Si Cve ni prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si-
ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo mi le bam 1.2 % Se ad gi na.me Tor me te etap ze, anu ag vis to Si prog no zu li Se fa se be bis ap roq si ma ci is sa Su a lo cdo-
mi le bam 2.15 % Se ad gi na.da bo los, vi ru sis gav rce le bis Zi ri Ta di ma xa si a Teb-
le bis di na mi ka msof li o saT vis (dRe e bis Wril Si) 2020 wlis ian var-ag vis tos pe ri od Si ase ga mo i yu re bo da (ix. nax. 6-9):
nax. 6. in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no bis infi c di na mi ka 2020 wlis ian var– ag vis tos pe ri od Si (dRe e bis Wril Si)
ro gorc vxe davT, Cven mi er ga mo ye ne bu li prog no zi re bis mo de le bi (rom le bic, ro gorc cno bi lia kar gad mu Sa o ben mok le va di an per speq ti va Si!) mar Tlac sak ma ri sad ma Ral si-zus tes aC ve ne ben maq si mum Tvis per speq ti va Si (Sem deg ma Ti si zus te ece ma!).
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
DINFIC
nax. 7. in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no bis zrdis „siC qa ris“ d(infi c) di na mi ka 2020 wlis ian-
var– ag vis tos pe ri od Si (dRe e bis Wril Si)
-200,000
-150,000
-100,000
-50,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
D2INFIC
nax. 8. in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no bis zrdis „aC qa re bis“ d(infi c,2) di na mi ka 2020 wlis ian-
var– ag vis tos pe ri od Si (dRe e bis Wril Si)
nax. 9. vi ru siT da a va de bul Ta ra o de no bis ac di na mi ka 2020 wlis ian var– ag vis tos pe ri od Si (dRe e bis Wril Si)
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
total cases
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
active cases
37
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
me o re mxriv, vi ru si uax lo es per speq ti va Si „ga Ce re bas ar api rebs“, rac prog no zi re bis ze moT moy va ni li me To de bis ga mo ye ne bis per speq ti u lo bas eW vqveS aye nebs. aqe dan ga mom-
di na re (prog no zi re bis ho ri zon tis zrdis miz niT!), Se iZ le ba az ri hqon des axa li maC ve-neb lis gan xil vas, ro go ri caa mag., „in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no bis sa Su a lo dRi u ri naz rdi Tvis gan mav lo ba Si“, rac mog vcems sa Su a le bas ga va ke ToT am maC ve neb lis prog no zi ram de-
ni me Tvis Sem cve li ho ri zon ti saT vis, ri Tac Cven Sem dgom Si va pi rebT dav kav deT! miT uf-
ro, rom cen tra lu ri zRva ri Ti Te o re mis Ta nax mad, am maC ve neb lis ga na wi le ba ax los un da iyos nor ma lur Tan, rac ga a mar ti vebs mis Tvis sar wmu no prog no zu li Se fa se be bis pov nis amo ca nas.
ker Zod, am maC ve neb lis di na mi ka msof li os Tvis 2020 wlis ian var-oq tom bris mo na ce me biT ase ga mo i yu re-
bo da:
nax. 10. in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no bis sa Su a lo dRi u-
ri naz rdis di na mi ka msof li o Si 2020 wlis ian var-oq-
tom bris mo na ce me biT
ro gorc vxe davT, mo ce mul pe ri od Si es maC ve ne be li (mar tSi lo ka lur maq si mu mis Tu ar Cav TvliT) aR ma va li xa ziT vi Tar de bo da, e.i. msof li o Si vi ru sis gav rce le bas hqon da per-
ma nen tu rad aR ma va li di na mi ka, Tum ca am zrdas ar hqo nia ise Ti zva vi se bu ri zrdis xa si a-Ti, ro gor sac ad gi li hqon da sa qar Tve lo Si bo lo ori Tvis gan mav lo ba Si.
un da Sev niS noT, rom rac Se e xe ba am vi ru sis gan ga mow ve ul sik vdi li a no bis maC ve ne bels (gar dac vlil Ta pro cen tul Se far de bas ga mo jan mTe le bul Ta da gar dac vlil Ta ra o de-
no be bis jam Tan), igi Tav da pir ve lad sak ma ri sad swra fad ga i zar da 21 %-mde, Tum ca Sem deg nel-ne la Ca mo vi da 3 %-mde (uk ve oq tom bris bo los mo na ce me biT!). amas Tan, un da ga viT va-
lis wi noT, rom ze moT Cven vsa ub rob diT am maC ve neb lis ku mu la ti ur (dag ro vil) mniS vne-lo ba ze! rac Se e xe ba mis mim di na re mniS vne lo bas (iqi dan ga mom di na re, rom „kri ti ku le bi“ Se ad ge nen da a va de bul Ta mim di na re ra o de no bis mxo lod 1 %-s), un da vi gu lis xmoT, rom sik vdi li a no bis mim di na re maC ve ne be li am vi ru siT vis ki dev uf ro da ba lia. Tum ca, sam wu-
xa rod, mas gav rce le bis Zal ze ma Ra li siC qa re axa si a Tebs.
li te ra tu ra:_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Verhulst, P. F., Recherches Mathématiques sur La Loi D’Accroissement de la Population, Nouveaux Mé-
moires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles, 18, Art. 1, 1-45, 1845 (Math-ematical Researches into the Law of Population Growth Increase).
2. ga be la ia a., ga be la ia l. eko no met ri ku li ana li zi sa da prog no zi re bis kom pi u te ru li pa-ke tis EViews-is, sa fuZ vle bi, Tbi li si, 2017, 433 gv.
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12
2020
inficir. raod. sash. dR. nazrdi tvis ganmav
38
PROBLEM OF PREDICTING THE SPREAD OF CORONAVIRUS(COVID-19) FOR THE WORLD
Akaki GabelaiaGeorgian Technical University,New Higher Education Institute
Abstract
It is well known, that the recent spread of the Coronavirus COVID-19 has become a vital problem for the whole world. Suffi ce it to say that it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11 this year. Therefore, it is understandable what the signifi cance of the problem of predicting its spread may be. This work is dedicated to the experience and results of our research in this regard.
For clarity, we have note, that we discussed the forecasting problem for such characteristics of spread of the virus as the total number of infections worldwide (total cases) and the number of active cases (active cases).
Predictive estimates of these indicators have been found by us since February 13. However, given that the virus (originally spreading in China) spread around the world, that is, its spread has dramatically changed and, in addition, most of our prediction models have been short-lived, periodic adjustments to our prognos-tic estimates have been necessary.
However, it should be noted that the prognostic estimates we initially found (based mainly on the spread of the virus in China) were quite accurate. Specifi cally, according to our forecast, by the end of March, the total number of people infected with the virus should not have exceeded 85,000, actually in China (which actually defeated the virus!), as of March 21, amount of infected is 81008.
Keywords: Coronavirus, Prediction, Prediction Models, Predictive Validity.
1. Introduction
Recently, the spread of coronavirus COVID-19 has become a vital problem for the whole world. Suffi ce it to say that it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11 this year. Therefore, it is understandable what importance can be attached to the problem of predicting its prevalence. The results and experience of our research in this regard will be described below.
2. Presentation of the main research material
For certain, it should be noted that in terms of our prediction, we considered the main indicators of the spread of coronavirus, such as the total number of cases of infection (in the world) for the current time (total cases), which is described below with the variable infi c and the number of active cases (i.e. infected with this virus) for the current moment (active cases), which is denoted below by the variable ac. (Under-standably, the difference between these two values is the total number of patients who have recovered and died (worldwide).)
Initially we tried to predict the values of the infi c variable in the database for the period 22 / 01-13 / 02 2020 (in days), for the period 13 / 02-29 / 02. Therefore, it is clear that the data of February 13 were used by us in the so-called ex post forecasting or for selecting a forecasting model.
It is interesting to note that based on the characteristics of these models (at the fi rst stage) and the data of February 13, we considered the most reliable model of forecasting the Ferhulsts logistic growth model [Verhulst, 1845 :1-45], whose general appearance looks like this
39
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
,)(
)(00
0
PePKKP
tP rt (1)
where P0 denotes the number of population (in this case infected) at the initial moment, and K is the maxi-mum number of population (in this case infected).
It should be noted that during this period the virus was mainly spread in China and the data were mainly consistent with its spread in China.
In this case, taking into account the data of February 13, we took the value of the K parameter equal to 85000 (which in this case turned out to be quite accurate, considering that this fi gure was 85214 as of Sep-tember 15!) (I.e. within 7 months forecasting Error with real value, only 0.25% came out !!)
So the magnitude of the maximum rate of increase, r, in this case we were looking for from the following equation of regression (it should be noted that all our basic calculations were performed on the basis of the well-known computer program EViews-10 [Gabelaia A., Gabelaia L. 2017:433 p.]:
INFIC=(85000*580)/((85000-580)*EXP(-C(1)*@TREND)+580).
The value of the r parameter obtained as a result of this regression was r = 0.279355. However, the determi-nation coeffi cient of this regression was in the order of 0.93, with a very high (equal to 59.2) t-statistic, only the Durbin-Watson statistic came out very small, indicating that the regression may be characterized by sys-tematic errors. In addition, a diagram of its error gives some idea of the accuracy of this model (see Fig. 1)).
-12,000
-8,000
-4,000
0
4,000
8,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
M1 M2
Residual Actual Fitted
Fig.1. Error diagram of the logistics model of infection
As for the predictive estimates of infi c magnitude based on this model and their ratio to the actual values of this magnitude for a given period, is shown in Figs. 2, where infi c and infi cf1, respectively, indicate the actual magnitude of the number of infected and its (pre-) forecast.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
M1 M2
INFICF1 total cases
Fig.2. Dynamics of prognostic and real indicators of infectionFor the period 13 / 02-29 / 02 2020
40
A more accurate representation of the error of the obtained predictive estimates is given by the cdomf1=infi cf1-infi c histogram of its error and the statistical characteristics shown in Figs. At 3 p.m.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Series: CDOMF1Sample 2/13/2020 2/29/2020Observations 17
Mean 2783.813Median 3568.509Maximum 4730.977Minimum -1915.442Std. Dev. 1892.505Skewness -1.097432Kurtosis 3.295514
Jarque-Bera 3.474201Probability 0.176030�
Fig.3. Histogram and statistical characteristics of error in predictive estimates of infection
As we can see, the forecasting results at this (fi rst) stage are not so bad (the mean error and standard devia-tion for the forecasting period were 2784 and 1593 units, respectively).
We can be sure that the so-called the mean error of the approximation (percentage of the modulus of error relative to the real values), which in this case is calculated by the formula
%,100*)inf
inf1inf1(
1
n
i i
ii
icicicf
nA
(where n denotes the length of the forecast horizon)
amounted to 3.3%!
It should be noted that gradually, after the virus has crossed the borders of one country, the dynamics of its spread has signifi cantly deviated from the form of the logistic curve used above (which, as mentioned above, allows for relatively long-term forecasting!) and demanded more complex, e.g. use of ARIMA (Integrated Models of Autoregression and moving average (which is visually well visible on the actual virus distribution graphs). However, the disadvantage of these models is that they usually give short-term forecasts!
In particular, in the second stage, we tried to predict the total number of infected people for the month of March, based on the data already in January-February (more precisely, 22 / 01-29 / 02 2020), based on the already mentioned ARIMA type models.
The trend model of the infi c variable, with an autoregressive member, for this period took the form:
INFIC = 2419.82056382*@TREND + [AR(1)=0.934518885427,UNCOND,ESTSMPL=~1/23/2020 2/29/2020~]. (2)
It should be noted that the coeffi cient of determination of this regression came out very high (in the order of 0.99), the t-statistics of the parameters were equal to 6.4, 10.8 and 5.8, respectively, only the Durbin-Watson statistics came out a little low (in the order of 1.26), which suggests that regression is not insured against systematic errors. Clearly, the diagram of its error also gives some idea of the accuracy of this model (see Fig. 4)).
As for the predictive estimates of infi c magnitude based on this model and their ratio to the actual values of this magnitude based on the March 1-15 data shown in Figs. 5, where infi c and infi cf2, respectively, indicate the actual number of infected and its (pre-) forecast.
41
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
-4,000
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
M1 M2
Residual Actual Fitted
Fig.4. Infection (2) model error diagram
As we can see, the accuracy of the prediction deteriorated rapidly from March 11, when the virus spread to virtually the entire world. Naturally, these dramatic changes, in the area and conditions of the spread of the virus, greatly complicated the problem of its prediction, especially since we here usually use passive prediction methods based on the assumption that the future should look like the past. This explains the cir-cumstance that below we were forced to do the so-called optimistic and pessimistic forecast estimates that differed signifi cantly from each other.
0
40,000
80,000
120,000
160,000
200,000
27 3 10 17 24 2 9
M1 M2 M3
INFICF2 total cases
Fig.5. Dynamics of prognostic and real indicators of infectionFor the period 1 / 03-15 / 03 2020
Therefore, we made the decision to adjust our forecast estimates from March 11 this year.
As for the accuracy of the forecast estimates we received for the fi rst decade of March, the average error of its approximation was 2%!
It should be noted that the average error in the approximation of the predicted estimates of the infi c variable obtained from similar models above was 2.8% for the second decade of March!
Based on all the above (already in the fourth stage!), we made forecasts for the third decade of March, for which the average approximation error was 1.75%!
In addition, as the relevant calculations show, for the period 13 February-31 March, the weighted average error of the approximation of our forecasts was 2.57%!
In the fi fth phase, the average error in the approximation of the prognostic assessment of infection for the fi rst half of April was 2.14%.
In the sixth phase, ie in the second half of April, the average error in the approximation of forecast estimates was 1.7%.
42
In the seventh stage, ie in the fi rst half of May, the average error in the approximation of our forecast esti-mates was 0.54%.
In the eighth phase, for the period May 16-June 15, the average error in the approximation of our forecast estimates was 0.9%.
In the ninth phase, i.e. for the second half of June, the average error in the approximation of our forecast estimates was 2.73%.
In the tenth phase, the average error in the approximation of our forecast estimates for the fi rst half of July was 2.23%.
At the eleventh stage, i.e. in the second half of July, the average error in the approximation of our forecast estimates was 1.2%.
In the twelfth stage, i.e. in August the average error in the approximation of the forecast estimates was 2.15%.
Finally, the dynamics of the main characteristics of the spread of the virus to the world (in terms of days) between January and August 2020 looked like this (see Figure 6-9):
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
total cases
Fig.6. Dynamics of the number of infected (infi c) in the period January-August 2020
(in terms of days)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
DINFIC
Fig.7. Dynamics of the growth rate of the number of infected people (d(infi c)) in the period January-August 2020 (in terms of days)
-200,000
-150,000
-100,000
-50,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
D2INFIC
Fig.8. Dynamics of `acceleration~ of the growth of the number of infected people (d(infi c, 2)) in the period January-August 2020
(in terms of days)
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
2020
active cases
Fig.9. Dynamics of the number of patients with the virus (ac) in the period
January-August 2020 (in terms of days)
As we can see, the forecasting models we use (which are known to work well in the short run!) Show re-ally high enough accuracy for a maximum of a month (then their accuracy drops!). On the other hand, the virus is `not going to stop~ in the near future, which calls into question the prospects of using the above
43
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
prediction methods. Therefore (in order to increase the forecasting horizon!), It may make sense to consider a new indicator such as e.g. `Average daily increase in the number of infected people per month~, which will allow us to make a forecast of this fi gure for a horizon of several months, which we are going to do in the future!
Therefore (in order to increase the forecasting horizon!), It may make sense to consider a new indicator such as e.g. `Average daily increase in the number of infected people per month~, which will allow us to make a forecast of this fi gure for a horizon of several months, which we are going to do in the future! More-over, according to the central limit theorem, the distribution of this indicator should be close to normal, which will simplify the task of fi nding reliable predictive estimates for it.
In particular, the dynamics of this indicator for the world in January-October 2020 looked like this:
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12
2020
inficir. raod. sash. dR. nazrdi tvis ganmav
Fig.10. Average daily increase in the number of infected
dynamics in the world with January-October 2020 data
Conclusion
As we can see, in the given period this indicator (if we do not count the local maximum in March) was de-veloping in an ascending line, i.e. the spread of the virus in the world had a permanently upward dynamics, although this growth was not as avalanche-like in Georgia as it has been in the last two months.
It should be noted that as for the mortality rate caused by this virus (percentage of deaths to the total number of survivors and deaths), it initially increased rapidly enough to 21%, but then slowly dropped to 3% (as of the end of October!). However, we must bear in mind that above we talked about the cumulative (accumu-lated) value of this indicator! As for its current importance (since `critical~ make up only 1% of the current number of patients), we must assume that the current mortality rate for this virus is even lower. However, unfortunately, it is characterized by a very high speed of propagation.
References _______________________________________________________________________________________1. Verhulst, P. F., Recherches Mathématiques sur La Loi D’Accroissement de la Population, Nouveaux Mé-
moires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles, 18, Art. 1, 1-45, 1845 (Math-ematical Researches into the Law of Population Growth Increase).
2. Gabelaia A., Gabelaia L. Econometrical analyzes and Forecasting package EViews fundamentals (Geor-gian). Tbilisi, 2017,433 p.
44
organizaciis antikrizisuli strategiuli marTvis efeqtianobis kriteriumebi COVID-19-Tan brZolis
winaaRmdeg Sps `axali umaRlesi saswavleblis~ magaliTze
asmaT Samugia
ekonomikis doqtori,
axali umaRlesi saswavleblis
afilirebuli asistent profesori
qeTevan kvicariZe
axali umaRlesi saswavleblis
afilirebuli asistenti,
adamianuri resursebis marTvis samsaxuris ufrosi
ab straq ti
XXI sauku nis ga mow ve ve bi gva i Zu lebs yo vel Tvis vi yoT for ma Si, aR viq vam deT da va kon-
tro leb deT swra fad cva le bad ga re mos da swo rad vre a gi reb deT mas Si mim di na re pro ce-
seb ze.
Ta na med ro ve sam ya ro Si, gax snil da glo ba lu ri xa si a Tis sa in for ma cio siv rce Si, sa dac az re bi sa da ide e bis mud mi vi da mra val fe ro va ni gac vla mim di na re obs, iq, sa dac ar ar se-
bobs Sez Rud ve bi da kri ti ku li kon ten ti sak ma od xSi ria, yve la ti pis or ga ni za cia mow-
yvla dia ne ga ti u ri in for ma ci is gav rce le bis mi marT, rac, ra sak vir ve lia, maT re pu ta ci-
as da saq mi an imijs azi a nebs.
wi nam de ba re kvle vis mi za nia, Ta na med ro ve etap ze kom pa ni is an tik ri zi su li stra te gi u li mar Tvis efeq ti a no bis kri te ri u me bis ga a a na li ze ba da Sem dgo mi gan vi Ta re bis gze bis Zi e ba. kvle vis Te o ri ul da me To do lo gi ur sa fuZ vels war mo ad gens erov nu li da uc xo e li mec-
ni e re bis Se sa ba mi si prob le me bis mkvlev re bis Sro me bi, sta ti e bi, nor ma ti u li aq te bi, ag-reT ve sxva das xva sa mec ni e ro-kvle vi Ti in sti tu tis naS ro me bi, yo vel wli u ri spe ci a lu ri Jur na le bi sa da beW dvi Ti me di is mi er ga moq vey ne bu li Se sa ba mi si ma sa le bi, pub li ka ci e bi, in ter net re sur se bi, sa dac asa xu lia gan vi Ta re bu li da pos tsab Wo Ta qvey ne bis praq ti ku-
li ga moc di le bis ana li zi da Se fa se ba.
mo ce mul naS rom Si ga mok ve Ti lia risk-me nej men tis fun qci e bi, mig ne bu lia Ta na med ro ve etap ze kom pa ni is an tik ri zi su li stra te gi u li mar Tvis da de bi Ti da uar yo fi Ti as peq te-
bis Tvis; ase ve, das kvnis sa xiT, Ca mo ya li be bu lia efeq ti a no bis kri te ri u me bi grZel va di an per speq ti va Si ze mo aR niS nu li pro ce se bis ga sa um jo be seb lad.
sta ti a Si Se mo Ta va ze bu lia or ga ni za ci is an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis pro ce sis eta pe bi.
kvle vis obi eq tia Sps `axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis~ an tik ri zi su li stra te giu li mar-
Tvis efeq ti a no bis kri te ri u me bi. Se sa ba mi sad, praq ti ku li ma ga li Tis sa xiT war mod ge ni-
lia am ino va ci u ri, av to ri ze bu li umaR le si sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le bis so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo ba Covid-19-Tan brZo lis wi na aR mdeg.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: an tik ri zi su li, stra te gi u li, mar Tva, or ga ni za cia.
45
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
glo ba lu ri pan de mi is pi ro beb Si dRi Ti dRe sul uf ro met mniS vne lo bas iZens ka ri e ris gan vi Ta re bis Ta na med ro ve ten den ci e bi, da qi ra ve bul sa da dam qi ra ve bels So ris ino va ci-
u ri ko mu ni ka cia da Sro mis or ga ni za ci is ise Ti me To de bi, ro go ri caa dis tan ci u ri mu Sa-
o bis for ma ti, vir tu a lu ri da saq me ba da sxv. [xo me ri ki, 2008:353].
ro gorc cno bi lia, msof lio sa zo ga do e bam da ag ro va sak ma od di di ga moc di le ba ga kot-
re bis (va li va li a no bis) Se sa xeb ka non mdeb lo bis Seq mnis sa kiT xSi. met nak le bad, ga kot re-
bis pro ce du ris Se sa xeb mdi da ri ga moc di le ba ga aC ni aT sa baz ro ur Ti er To be bis gan vi Ta-
re bul qvey neb Si fun qci o ni re bad or ga ni za ci ebs.
aR sa niS na via, rom sxva das xva mas Sta bis sa ko mu ni ka cio kri zi se bi, Cve u leb ri vi dRis wes ri-
gis na wi lia da Ti To e ul maT gans sWir de ba swo ri, grZel va di an Se deg ze gaT vli li an tik-
ri zi su li ko mu ni ka cia [8].
an tik ri zi su li mar Tva war mo ad gens PR mi mar Tu le bas, ro me lic Se i mu Sa vebs Car Co-geg mas Se saZ lo kri zi sul si tu a ci a Ta prog no zi re bi saT vis da mis aR mo saf xvre lad; aya li bebs stra te gi ebs, rom da as wros mo sa lod nel kri ziss da Se a Ce ros igi; xo lo kri zi sis pi ro-
beb Si ki axor ci e lebs ko mu ni ka ci is pro ce sis mar Tvas, ro me lic ori en ti re bu lia or ga ni-
za ci is po zi ci is gan vi Ta re ba ze, ase ve moq me debs prob le mis aR qma ze; ici lebs Wo re bi sa da de zin for ma ci is gav rce le bas, ane it ra lebs da mi ni mu mam de am ci rebs kri zi sis Se de gebs. pro fe si o na liz mis mwver va lad iT vle ba ara mxo lod prob le ma Ta mar Tva ze ori en ti re ba or ga ni za ci is da sa ca vad Si da faq te bis ze moq me de bis gan, ara med isic, rom kom pa ni am mi i-Ros sar ge be li mi si saq mi a ni aq ti vo bis gaZ li e re biT, swo red faq tTa ga ne it ra le bis xar-
jze, rom le bic saf rTxes uq mni an im upi ra te so bebs, rac mas ga aC nia [7].
an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis pro ce si mo i cavs wi nak ri zi sul me nej ments, kri zi sis xel mZRva ne-
lo bas, pos tkri zi sul moq me de beb sa da ga daw yve ti le bebs. kri zi sis gan mi ni ma lu ri zi a nis mi sa Re bad, sa Wi roa mis Tvis mza de bis daw ye ba ma nam, sa nam re a lu rad kri zi si daw ye bu la.
kri zi sis dros pir ve li, rac xSir Sem Txve va Si vi Tar de ba, spon ta nu ro baa. mo ti vi re bu li me ne je re bi saf rTxis ar se bo bis Sem Txve va Si wi nas war de ben an tik ri zi sul stra te gi ebs da qmni an sce na rebs, aZ li e re ben kad rebs. swo red am gvar mar Tvis stils iye nebs kva li fi ci u-
ri pro fe si o na le biT da kom pleq te bu li gun di, Cve ni kvle vis obi eq ti _ Sps `axa li umaR-
le si sas wav le be li~ sa ku Tar saq mi a no ba Si.
bu neb ri via fri ad sa in te re soa, Tu ra xer xe biT xde ba an tik ri zi su li kam pa ni is da geg mva. kri zi sis iden ti fi ci re bis dros sa Wi roa Sem de gi mxar dam We ri Ro nis Zi e be bis ga ta re ba:
• sa mu Sao jgu fis Seq mna da fun qci e bis de le gi re ba;
• Zi ri Ta di qme de be bis dro Si da geg mva;
• vi Ta re bis mi ze ze bis iden ti fi ka cia;
• me sij boq se bis Seq mna;• Zi ri Ta di Set yo bi ne be bis ge ne ri re ba;
• pir ve li pi ris fsi qo lo gi u ri mxar da We ra;
• kvle ve bi da ga sa ub re be bi;
• ga re faq to re bis Se fa se ba;
• per so na lis dat re nin ge ba;
• me dia ma sa le bis Se mu Sa ve ba da ara sa sur ve li me si je bis ko mu ni ka cia;
• dro is in ter val Si Se de gis ana li zi.
46
or ga ni za ci is an tik ri zi su li stra te gia gu lis xmobs, Ta vis zust re sur sul uz run vel-
yo fas, rac Za li an rTul amo ca nas war mo ad gens ga re ga re mos aram dgra do bis pi ro beb Si. mi u xe da vad ami sa, ase Ti si tu a ci e bic eq vem de ba re ba ga daw yve tas Se sa ba mi si Za lis xme vis Sem Txve va Si.
an tik ri zi su li stra te gia sa ris ko si tu a ci e bis mkacr `de re fan Si~ moq ce vis Ro nis Zi e ba-
Ta kom pleq sia, Ta vi se bu ri risk-me nej men tis gan xor ci e le baa. risk-me nej men ti ris ki sa da eko no mi ku ri ur Ti er To be bis (pir vel rig Si fi nan su ri) mar Tvis sis te maa da mo i cavs mmar-
Tve lo bi Ti moq me de bis stra te gi a sa da taq ti kas.
aR sa niS na via, rom an tik ri zi sul me nej men tSi ga nas xva ve ben risk-me nej men tis Sem deg fun-
qci ebs: • mar Tvis obi eq tis fun qcia, ro mel sac mi e kuT vne ba ris kis aci le bis or ga ni za cia;
• ka pi ta lis sa ris ko da ban de be bi;
• ris kis mo cu lo bis Sem ci re bas Tan da kav Si re bu li sa mu Sa o e bi;
• ris ke bis daz Rve vis pro ce si: sa me ur neo pro ce se bis su bi eq tebs So ris eko no mi ku ri ur Ti er To be bi da kav Si re bi; mar Tvis su bi eq te bis fun qci e bi, ro mel Ta So ris igu lis-
xme ba prog no zi re ba, or ga ni za cia, ko or di na cia, re gu li re ba, sti mu li re ba da kon-
tro li.
an tik ri zi su li stra te gi u li me nej men ti, ro gorc mmar Tve lo bi Ti saq mi a no bis spe ci fi-
ku ri sa xe, mkac ri mo saz Rvre pa ra met re biT da viw ro mi mar Tu le bis miz nob ri vi ori en ta-
ci iT, eq vem de ba re ba Se fa se bas efeq ti a no bis Tval saz ri siT. mi zan da sa xu lo bis Ta nax mad, an tik ri zi su li stra te gi u li mar Tvis Se de gi sa Wi roa iyos or ga ni za ci is ga das vla ga wo-
nas wo re bu li (da ba lan se bu li) fun qci o ni re bis uf ro ma Ral eko no mi kur xa ris xSi, vid re es iyo kri zi sis wi na pe ri od Si. amas Ta na ve, Tu `ga re~ mmar Tve lo bi saT vis (Zi ri Ta dad fi-
nan su ri mar Tva) sa bo loo Se degs war mo ad gens kre di to reb Tan an ga riS swo re ba (maT So ris ga da sa xa de bi) da per so nal ze xel fa sis ga ce ma, Si da mmar Tve li saT vis (Zi ri Ta dad, sa war-
moo mar Tva) mTa var mi zans war mo ad gens fi nan sur-eko no mi ku ri ba lan sis miR we va, ro gorc sa war moo-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis srul yo fis Se de gi. Tu pir vel Sem Txve va Si an tik ri zi-
sul mar Tvas, ro gorc we si, ar ga aC nia sa war moo saq mi a no bis gag rZe le ba, me o re Si _ mi si war ma te bu li Se de gi war mo ad gens or ga ni za ci is Sem dgo mi prog re si re ba di fun qci o ni re-
bis sa fuZ vels.
am ri gad, kom pa ni is `ga re~ da `Si da~ an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis mi zan da sa xu lo bis ase Ti di-
fe ren ci a cia mar Tvis saq mi a no ba Si er Tdro u lad ana wi lebs Su a le dur miz nebs. stre te gi-
u li mmar Tve lis (ro gorc ar se bu lis, ise ga re dan da niS nu lis) pir ve li ri gis mi zans da efeq ti a no bis (kur sis sis wo ris) mTa var Su a le dur sa zoms war mo ad gens kri zi su li kom pa-
ni is gun dSi sa kad ro pro ce se bi sa da fi nan su ri an ga riS swo re bis sta bi lu ro bis miR we va.
fi nan su ri re sur se bis uki du re si Sez Ru du lo bis dros kom pa ni is ge ne ra lu ri me ne je-
ris wi na Se dgas Sem de gi ori, er Tma neT Tan mWid rod da kav Si re bu li, amo ca na: aR war mo e bis pro ce sis gag rZe le ba da gun dSi `afeT qe be bis~ da uS veb lo ba. amas Ta na ve, an tik ri zi su li me nej men tis efeq ti a no bis maC ve neb le bi aris mSvi di mdgo ma re o bis uz run vel yo fa, xel-
mZRva ne lo ba rac uf ro xan grZli vi pe ri o dis gan mav lo ba Si SeZ lebs ko leq tiv Si saq mi a-ni ga re mos Se nar Cu ne bas, miT uf ro ma Ra lia mis mi er gan sa xor ci e le be li an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis kur sis sis wo re (Se de gi a no ba).
miC ne u lia, rom kri zi su li kom pa ni is oTx Zi ri Tad tips So ris _ pro duq ci is ga sa Re ba, da-
47
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
na xar je bi, fi nan se bi da me nej men ti _ am uka nas knels uka via gan sa kuT re bu li ad gi li. es aix sne ba imiT, rom, Tu ar ga daw yda mar Tvi sa da mmar Tve lo bis prob le ma, Se uZ le be li xde-
ba da nar Ce ni sa mis ne ga ti u ri mov le nis ga da lax va. rac Se e xe ba me nej men tis kri ziss, mniS-vne lo va nia is, rom mi si ga da lax vis mcde lo ba Se iZ le ba iyos wa ru ma te be li ma Sin, ro ca ver mo xer xde ba kva li fi ci u ri kad re bis Se sa ba mi si ra o de no bis mo zid va. kva li fi ci u ri kad re-
bis de fi ci ti aix sne ba imiT, rom, ro ca kom pa nia Se dis kri zi sul zo na Si, mas, pir vel rig Si, to ve ben mmar Tve lo bis yve la do nis kva li fi ci u ri kad re bi. ase Ti si tu a cia ai Zu lebs kri-
zi su li or ga ni za ci is xel mZRva nels iz ru nos kva li fi ci u ri mmar Tve lo bi Ti kad re bis Se-nar Cu ne ba ze. gan sa kuT re biT _ sa ku Tar mo ad gi le eb sa da qve da na yo fe bis spe ci a lis teb ze.
kri zi su li kom pa ni is umaR le si xel mZRva ne lo bis gan sa kuT re bu li zrun vis sa gans war mo-
ad gens sim Svi dis uz run vel yo fa in ves to re bis, me nej men ti sa da per so na lis in te re se bis da ba lan se biT. or ga ni za ci is me ne je re bi val de bul ni ari an uz run vel yon in te res Ta ba-lan si in ves to reb sa da per so nals So ris, ra sac ga aC nia na wi lob ri vi dam Txve vis Se saZ-leb lo ba mxo lod mo ce mu li kom pa ni is Car Co eb Si. cno bi lia, rom or ga ni za ci is kri zi sul mdgo ma re o ba Si Ses vlis kva lo ba ze in te re se bis Tan xved ris zo na `viw rov de ba~ da Se iZ le-
ba ga da iq ces nu lis to lad, rac niS navs fir mis lik vi da ci as.
in ves to re bis, me ne je re bi sa da per so na lis in te re se bis Tan xved ris Se sa fa seb lad iye ne-ben me Tods, ro mel Sic an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis efeq ti a no bis kri te ri u mad ga mo i ye ne ba in-
te re se bis Tan xved ris maC ve ne be li. amas Ta na ve, kom pa ni is me nej ments ga mo yo fen per so na-
lis Se mad gen lo bi dan or ga ni za ci a Si mi si gan sa kuT re bu li sta tu sis ga mo: er Ti mxriv, igi mo i cavs da qi ra ve bul kadrs, ris ga moc mi si sta tu si em Txve va per so na lis sta tuss, mag ram me o re mxriv, mas ekis re ba or ga ni za ci a Si in ves to re bis in te re se bis war mod ge na, rac as xva-vebs me ne je rebs da qi ra ve bu li per so na li sa gan da ani Webs in ves to ris niS nebs. me nej men tis es Tvi se be bi kom pa ni is umaR le si xel mZRva ne le bis sa xiT ani Webs mas, cal ke u li faq to ris xa risxs, an su bi eq tis, ro me lic fun qci o ni rebs spe ci fi ku ri niS niT (maC ve neb liT).
am ri gad, rac me tia in ves to re bi sa da per so na lis in te res Ta dam Txve vis `mo e da ni`, anu rac uf ro far Toa me nej men tis ba za, miT uf ro mdgra dia or ga ni za ci is mdgo ma re o ba. mar-
Te bu li iq ne bo da ase Ti da mo ki de bu le bis ukum dgo ma re o bac. ker Zod, rac uf ro far Toa me nej men tis ba za, miT uf ro mdgra dia or ga ni za cia. am mdgo ma re o bis gan sxva ve bu li pro-
por ci e bi war mo ad gens me nej men tis efeq ti a no bis maC ve ne bels. ma Sa sa da me, kri zi su li or-
ga ni za ci is me nej men tis erT-er Ti cen tra lu ri prob le ma xde ba sa ku Ta ri ba zis ga far To-
e bis sa Su a le bis mo po ve ba (`mmar Tve lo bi Ti ba zi si`). Ca ta re bul ma kvle veb ma aC ve na, rom sa er To me nej men ti, mi u xe da vad mi si or ga ni za ci a Si Su a le du ri mdgo ma re o bi sa, ma inc ix-re ba per so na lis in te re se bi sa ken da uf ro me tad ori en ti re bu lia kom pa ni is eko no mi ku ri kom pleq sis am na wi lis re a li za ci a ze. mo ce mul Sem Txve va Si ga dam wyve ti mniS vne lo ba eni-We ba me ne je re bis, gan sa kuT re biT umaR le si xel mZRva ne lo bis qo neb riv sta tuss. me nej-
men tis dis tan ci re bas sa kuT re bis in sti tu te bi dan (in ves to re bis) Se uZ lia mniS vne lov-
nad Se kum Sos ma Ti stra te gi u li Se saZ leb lo be bis re sur si (am Se kum SviT gan pi ro be bu li ndo bi sa da uf le ba mo si le bis xa ris xi).
yo ve li xel mZRva ne li, miT ume tes, or ga ni za ci is ge ne ra lu ri me ne je ri sa Wi roa mud mi-
vad fiq rob des kom pa ni is mo ma val ze. mwva ve kri zi sul si tu a ci eb Sic ki xel mZRva ne lis stra te gi u li az rov ne ba au ci le be lia mi mar Tu li iyos kom pa ni is kri zi sis Sem dgom etap-
ze ma Ra li tem pe biT gan vi Ta re bis sa fuZ vlis Seq mni sa ken, ma ga li Tad ro go ri caa: Si da sa-
48
fir mo ur Ti er To be bis or ga ni za ci u li struq tu ris for mi re ba; teq ni ku ri si ax le e bis Ses wav la da da mu Sa ve ba; sa war moo ba zis ga nax le ba; kad re bis struq tu ris mi zan da sa xu li for mi re ba da sxv. swo red ase Ti, mo ma val ze, ino va ci eb sa da mud miv gan vi Ta re ba ze ori-
en ti re bu li xel mZRva ne li _ req to ri, sa qar Tve los so ci a lur mec ni e re ba Ta aka de mi-
is aka de mi ko si, sa mar Tlis doq to ri, afi li re bu li pro fe so ri, qal ba to ni Ta mar gar-
daf xa Ze efeq tu rad mar Tavs Cve ni kvle vis obi eqts _ Sps `axal umaR les sas wav le bels.`
an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis Se ma ja me bel kri te ri ums war mo ad gens ara kri zi sis ga da lax va, ara med kom pa ni i saT vis ise Ti or ga ni za ci ul-teq no lo gi u ri xa ris xis mi ni We ba, ro me lic kri zi su li mdgo ma re o bi dan ga mos vlis Sem deg uz run vel yofs mis aq ti ur gan vi Ta re bas.
kri zi sul kom pa ni a Si mmar Tve lo bi Ti Sro mis Se de gi sa Wi roa iyos dar ge bi sa da mi mar Tu-
le be bis mi xed viT or ga ni za ci u li stre sis eta pob ri vi ga da lax va, rac uz run vel yofs mis prog ress. am kon teq stSi Se iZ le ba vim sje loT an tik ri zi sul mar Tva ze, ro gorc mmar Tve-
lo biT xe lov ne ba ze, ro mel Sic maq si ma lu ri xa ris xiT iz rde ba eru di ci is, gam Wri a xo bis, Se moq me de bis, ne bis yo fis ga mov le ni sa da ener gi is ga mo Ce nis, ag reT ve sxva gver diT mo mu-
Sa ve ada mi a ne bis rwme niT da mux tvis una ri.
mmar Tve lo bi Ti apa ra tis for mi re bis Zi ri Ta di mi mar Tu le be bi, ro mel Ta gan xor ci e le ba sa Su a le bas aZ levs kri zi sul kom pa ni as, rom Se i nar Cu nos eq stre ma lur pi ro beb Si sis te-
mur mid go meb ze day rdno biT efeq ti a ni fun qci o ni re bis una ri, mdgo ma re obs Se moq me de-
biT az rov ne ba Si. aq sa u ba ria kri zi sis Se de gi a ni ga da lax vis miz niT me ne je re bis swav le ba-
ze; mmar Tve lo bi Ti apa ra tis sxva das xva ka te go ri e bis Car Tu lo ba ze an tik ri zi su li amo-
ca ne bis ga daw yve ta Si; fsi qo lo gi u rad da or ga ni za ci u lad mom za de bu li mmar Tve lo bi Ti kad re bis jgu fe bis for mi re ba ze; kri zi su li kom pa ni is or ga ni za ci u lad gan mtki ce bis miz niT mmar Tve lo bi Ti jgu fe bis Seq mna ze `da ma te bis~ prin ci pis mi xed viT, rac uz run-
vel yofs ge ne ra lu ri me ne je ris in te leq tu a lu ri da or ga ni za ci u li Tval saz ri siT gun-
dis for mi re bas.
au ci le be lia `mmar Tve le bis gun di~ im gva rad Ca mo ya lib des, rom ga mo i ric xos Se saZ le be-
li Si da kon fliq te bi, rac gan sa kuT re biT dam Rup ve lia kri zi su li or ga ni za ci i saT vis.
so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo ba em ya re ba sa zo ga do e bis so ci a lur prob le meb ze re a gi re bis ne ba yof lo biT prin cips da igi ar aris gan saz Rvru li moq me di ka non mdeb lo biT an ma re gu-
li re be li Ro nis Zi e be biT. kvle ve bis Ta nax mad, 21-e sa u ku ne Si sul uf ro met mniS vne lo bas iZens so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo ba. ga mo kiT xu li me ne je re bi mi iC ne ven, rom biz ne sis so ci-
a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo bis amaR le bis mi mar Tu le biT ze gav le na re a lu ria, mas ga aC nia udi-
de si mniS vne lo ba da es ze gav le na ki dev uf ro me tad iz rde ba dRes Covid-19-Tan brZo lis wi na aR mdeg [Sub la Ze, 2008: 6.2 Ta vi].
wi nam de ba re naS rom Si de ta lu rad gan vi xi lavT, Tu ras ake Te ben biz ne sis war mo mad gen-
le bi sa qar Tve lo Si glo ba lu ri pan de mi is wi na aR mdeg. erT-erT na Tel ma ga li Tad gan vi-xi lavT Sps `axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis~ (Sem dgom Si ni u u ni) saq mi a no bas. igi, ro gorc ma Ra li so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo bis mqo ne av to ri ze bu li, umaR le si sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le ba, yo vel dRi u rad mu Sa obs imis Tvis, rom pre ven ci u li zo me bis ga ta re biT xe-li Se uw yos vi rus Tan brZo las, uz run vel yos usaf rTxo sa mu Sao ga re mo da da ic vas, ro-
gorc aka de mi u ri da ad mi nis tra ci u li per so na li, ise stu den te bi. aR sa niS na via, rom Ta-
na med ro ve `cod nis epo qa Si~ ni u u ni upi ra te so bas ani Webs ara er Ti so ci a lu ri prob le mis mog va re bas.
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axa li umaR le si sas wav le be li war mo ad gens stu den ti sa da per so na lis pi rov nul da pro-
fe si ul gan vi Ta re ba ze ori en ti re bul umaR les sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le bas, rom lis mi si aa:
1. cod na ze da fuZ ne bu li sa mo qa la qo sa zo ga do e bis moT xov ne bis Se sa ba mi si ga naT le bis, unar-Cve ve bis, de mok ra ti u li Ri re bu le be bi sa da mo qa la qe ob ri vi TviT Seg ne bis mqo ne spe ci a lis te bis mo am za de ba;
2. stu den tze ori en ti re bu li swav le bis, ma Ti pi rov nu li po ten ci a lis re a li ze bis, Se-moq me de bi Ti da praq ti ku li unar-Cve ve bis gan vi Ta re bis xel Sew yo ba;
3. cva le ba di sa zo ga do eb ri vi da Sro mis baz ris moT xov ne bis Se sa ba mi si umaR le si sa gan-ma naT leb lo prog ra me bis Se Ta va ze ba da kon ku ren tu na ri a ni spe ci a lis te bis mom za de ba, ma Ti Sem dgo mi da saq me bis miz niT;
4. stu den tTa da aka de mi u ri per so na lis mo bi lo bis xel Sew yo ba;
5. sa ba ka lav ro prog ra mis far gleb Si, stu den ti saT vis dar gis xa ris xi a ni cod nis mi wo de-
ba da sa ba zi so kvle vi Ti una re bis ga mo mu Sa ve ba, rac uz run vel yofs Sem dgom sa gan ma naT-
leb lo sa fe xur ze swav lis gag rZe le bis Se saZ leb lo bas.
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis miz ne bia:
tu den tTaT vis po ten ci ur dam saq me bel Ta da Sro mis baz ris moT xov na Ta Se sa ba mi si ma-Ra li xa ris xis umaR le si ga naT le bis Se Ta va ze ba;
ma Ral kva li fi ci u ri, kon ku ren tu na ri a ni spe ci a lis te bis mom za de ba;
stu den tze ori en ti re bu li Ta na med ro ve sas wav lo ga re mos Seq mna;
sa gan ma naT leb lo prog ra me bis gan xor ci e le bis pro ces Si Ta na med ro ve teq no lo gi e-
bis ga mo ye ne bi sa da swav le ba-swav lis uax le si me To de bis da ner gva;
ba ka lav ri a tis aka de mi u ri umaR le si sa gan ma naT leb lo prog ra me bis gan xor ci e le ba, srul yo fa da maT ga um jo be se ba ze mud mi vad zrun va;
in teg ra cia msof lio sa gan ma naT leb lo siv rce Si, sa qar Tve lo sa da uc xo e Tis umaR les sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le beb Tan er Tob li vi gac vli Ti prog ra me bis, mra val mxri vi Ro nis Zi e be bis gan xor ci e le ba da ur Ti er Tga moc di le bis ga zi a re ba;
sas wav lo pro ces Si uc xo e li kva li fi ci u ri spe ci a lis te bis Car Tva;
stu den tTa da aka de mi u ri per so na lis mo bi lo bis xel Sew yo ba/wa xa li se ba;
aka de mi u ri per so na lis kva li fi ka ci is amaR le ba ze mud mi vad zrun va da Se sa ba mi si Ro-
nis Zi e be bis ga ta re ba;
spe ci a lu ri sa Wi ro e bis mqo ne da so ci a lu rad mow yvla di stu den te bis Tvis Se sa ba mi si sas wav lo pi ro be bi sa da ga re mos uz run vel yo fa.
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis xed vaa, war mo ad gen des ev ro pu li stan dar te bis Se sa ba mis, stu den tze ori en ti re bul umaR les sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le bas, ro mel sac eq ne ba ma Ra li ndo ba da sa yo vel Tao aRi a re ba ro gorc ad gi lob riv, ise sa er Ta So ri so do ne ze.
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis Ri re bu le be bia:
ke Til sin di si e re ba;
uw yve ti gan vi Ta re bis ken swraf va;
50
aka de mi u ri Ta vi suf le ba;
gam Wvir va lo ba;
sa mar Tli a no ba da Ta nas wo ruf le bi a no ba.
2020 wlis 23 mar ti dan, sas wav le bel Si, umaR le si sa gan ma naT leb lo prog ra me bis (sa er Ta-
So ri so ur Ti er To be bi, biz ne sis ad mi nis tri re ba, tu riz mi) gan xor ci e le ba mim di na re obs eleq tro nu li swav le bis meS ve o biT (ro gorc sin qro nu li, ise asin qro nu li ele men te bis ga mo ye ne biT). qve ya na Si ar se bu li mZi me epi de mi o lo gi u ri mdgo ma re o bis gaT va lis wi ne biT, usd-m mi i Ro yve la Se sa ba mi si zo ma COVID-19-is Se saZ lo gav rce le bis Ta vi dan ari de bis miz niT da ga da vi da dis tan ci u ri mu Sa o bis/swav le bis re Jim ze. amas Ta na ve, sas wav leb lis-
Tvis ar se bi Tad mniS vne lo va nia stu den tTa in te re se bis dac va da sas wav lo pro ce sis aka-de mi u ri ka len dris mi xed viT gan xor ci e le ba. Se sa ba mi sad, eleq tro nu li swav le bis for ma sa Su a le bas iZ le va sas wav lo pro ce si ar gas cdes ze moT aR niS nul ka len dars da igi gan-xor ci el des xa ris xi a nad da efeq tu rad.
ami saT vis:
• sas wav leb lis ad mi nis tra ci u li per so na li mud mi vad de ta lur in for ma ci as aw vdis stu den tebs/pro fe sor-mas wav leb lebs eleq tro nu li re sur se bis ga mo ye ne bis Se sa xeb;
• sas wav lo pro ce si xor ci el de ba eleq tro nu li plat for ma Zoom-is meS ve o biT, rom-
lis gzam kvle vic xel mi saw vdo mia, ro gorc stu den tTaT vis, ise pro fe sor-mas wav le bel-
TaT vis. aR niS nu li gzam kvle vi at vir Tu lia sas wav leb lis eleq tor nul ba za Si, ase ve sas-wav leb lis ofi ci a lur veb-gver dze;
• stu den tebs sas wav leb lis eleq tro nu li ba zis meS ve o biT mi e wo de baT in for ma cia wi-nas war Sed ge ni li cxri lis Se sa ba mi sad, ro dis iq ne ba xel mi saw vdo mi eleq tro nu li kur-
se bi [6].
ro gorc ga zaf xu lis, ise Se mod go mis se mes trSi Sps axal umaR les sas wav le bel Si~ Ca tar-
da kvle va, ro me lic miz nad isa xav da ga mok ve Ti li yo, Tu ro mel stu dents, pro fe sor-mas-
wav le bels da ad mi nis tra ci ul per so nals ar hqon da kom pi u te ri da dis tan ci u ri sa mu Sao ga re mo ojax Si. kvle vis Se de geb ze day rdno biT, ase Ti ka te go ri is Tvis, req to ris ini ci a-
ti viT dro e biT sar geb lo ba Si ga da ce mu li iq na sas wav leb lis sa kuT re ba Si ar se bu li kom-
pi u te re bi da Se Ze nil iq na in ter net pa ke te bi.
sa Wi roa, ag reT ve aRi niS nos isic, rom req to ris, Sps `axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis~ afi-
li re bu li pro fe so ris, sa qar Tve los so ci a lur mec ni e re ba Ta aka de mi is aka de mi ko sis, sa-mar Tlis doq to ris, qal ba ton Ta mar gar daf xa Zis ini ci a ti viT, so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb-
lo bis far gleb Si, yve la sta tus Se Ce re bul stu dents, sta tu sis aR dge nis Sem Txve va Si, sas wav le bel ma 50%-ia ni gran ti Ses Ta va za. ro gorc mo ce mu li kvle vis pro ces Si ga mo ik ve-
Ta, am ser vi sis Se de gad, sta tu si ram de ni me aTe ul ma stu den tma aRad gi na.
kvle vis pro ces Si ase ve da va zus teT, rom sas wav le bel ma ga mo xa ta sru li mza o ba, axa li ko ro na vi ru siT ga mow ve u li in feq ci is (COVID-19) Se de gad mi ye ne bu li zi a nis Sem su bu-
qe bis miz niT, sa qar Tve los ad mi nis tra ci ul-te ri to ri ul er Teu leb Si, ad gi lob ri vi TviT mmar Tve lo be bis mi er Ser Ce ul ma Ral re i tin gul, so ci a lu rad da uc vel da/an sxva sa Wi ro e bis mqo ne 2 (or) mos wav les/abi tu ri ents 2020 wlis er Ti a ni erov nu li ga moc de bis Se de ge bis sa fuZ vel ze axal umaR les sas wav le bel Si Ca ric xvis Sem Txve va Si, req to rat ma
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Ses Ta va za 1 wlis gan mav lo ba Si (2 se mes tri) ufa sod swav le ba, xo lo mom dev no 3 wlis man-Zil ze (6 se mes tri) swav lis sa fa su ris ga dax dis Se Ra va Ti Sem de gi pi ro be biT:
2020-2021 sas wav lo we li (swav le bis pir ve li da me o re se mes tri) _ 100% gran ti/da fi-
nan se ba;
Sem dgo mi 3 we li (eq vsi se mes tri) _ 30%-ia ni gran ti/da fi nan se ba (1 we li _ 675 la ri, sul 2025 la ri);
3 wlis man Zil ze, wli u ri sa fa su ris dar Ce ni li na wi lis (1575 la ri) ga da na wi le ba 12 Tve ze.
ase ve req tor ma, qal ba ton ma Ta mar gar daf xa Zem da xa ris xis uz run vel yo fis sam sa xu ris uf ros ma, Sps `axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis~ afi li re bul ma pro fe sor ma, eko no mi kis doq tor ma, qal ba ton ma na Tia go go la ur ma sa qar Tve los ad mi nis tra ci ul-te ri to ri ul er Te u lebs, ad gi lob riv TviT mmar Tve lo bebs we ri lo biT mi mar Tva Si sTxo ves, rom maT uz run vel yon sas wav leb lis ini ci a ti vis/Se Ta va ze bis miz nob ri vi au di to ri is Tvis mi wo-
de ba da Se saZ lo kan di dat Ta Ser Ce va/in for mi re ba, amas Ta na ve, Ser Ce u li kan di da tu re bis Se sa xeb in for ma ci is mi wo de ba er Ti a ni erov nu li ga moc de bis daw ye bam de. sa Wi ro e bis Sem-Txve va Si, qve ya na Si Seq mni li mZi me epi de mi o lo gi u ri vi Ta re bi dan ga mom di na re, sas wav le-
bel ma maT Ses Ta va za da ma te bi Ti in for ma ci is mi wo de ba on la in an sa te le fo no kon sul ta-
ci iT.
sa mar Tli a no bi saT vis yve la ze mniS vne lo va nia im faq tis aR niS vna, rom mTe li am pe ri o-
dis man Zil ze aka de mi u ri per so na lis da ad mi nis tra ci is xel fa si dro u lad iric xe bo da da dRem de ase iric xe ba.
Ca ta re bu li ana li zis sa fuZ vel ze Seg viZ lia da vas kvnaT: uaR re sad mniS vne lo va nad mig-vaC nia, rom or ga ni za ci is an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis stra te gi u li ori en ta ci is srul yo-
fa mim di na re ob des qvey nis eko no mi kis glo ba lur sa baz ro ur Ti er To beb Si Car Tvi sa da po zi ci e bis gaZ li e re bis kva lo ba ze, ra ze dac Zi ri Ta dad aq cents ake Tebs 21-e sa u ku ne Si Covid-19-Tan brZo lis wi na aR mdeg, sa qar Tve los umaR les sa gan ma naT leb lo siv rce Si war-
ma te biT fun qci o ni re ba di, av to ri ze bu li, ise Ti so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo bis mqo ne ino-
va ci u ri or ga ni za cia, ro go ri caa Sps `axa li umaR le si sas wav le be li`.
li te ra tu ra:____________________________________________________________________________1. Sub la Ze g., b. mReb riS vi li b., f. wow ko la u ri f., `me nej men tis sa fuZ vle bi`, Tb., 2008: 6.2
Ta vi;
2. xa re ba va r., an tik ri zi su li mar Tvis kri te ri u me bi, me qa niz me bi da me To de bi`, Tb., sa qar-
Tve los teq ni ku ri uni ver si te ti, 2010: 22-27;3. xo me ri ki T., `me nej men tis sa fuZ vle bi`, Tb.: Tsu-s ga mom cem lo ba, 2008; 4. Василевский И., `Иновационий менеджмент,~ М., РИОР, 2015: 25-39;5. Панов А., `Стратегический менеджмент~, изд. М .: _ Юнити 2017: 103-112;6. newuni.edu.ge7. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/saskolo/index.php?a=term&d=45&t=40118. 4p.com.ge/krizisebis-martva
52
THE CRITERIA FOR AN EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ORGANIZATION’S ANTI-CRISIS STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
IN THE FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19 ON AN EXAMPLE OF `NEW HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTE~ LTD
Asmat ShamugiaDoctor of Economics, Affi liated Assistant Professor of
New Higher Education Institute
Ketevan KvitsaridzeHead of Human Resources Management Service
of New Higher Education InstituteAffi liated Assistant
Abstract
The challenges of 21st century force us to be always in shape, to perceive and control the rapidly changing environment, and to respond appropriately to the processes taking place in it.
In the modern world, in the open and global information space, where there is a constant and varied ex-change of thoughts and ideas, where there are no restrictions and critical content is quite common, all types of organizations are vulnerable to negative information, of course, their reputation and business image.
An aim of the present research is to analyze the criteria for an effectiveness of the company’s anti-crisis strategic management on the modern stage and to fi nd ways to further develop it. Theoretical and method-ological background of the research includes related works of famous scientists both national and interna-tional, articles, normative statements, annual publications, Internet resources, which contain analysis and evaluation of practical experience in developed and post-Soviet countries.
An article offers the stages of an organization’s anti-crisis management process.
This paper outlines the risk management functions, there is found the positive and negative aspects of the company’s anti-crisis strategic management on the modern stage; Also, as a conclusion, have been formed effi ciency criteria to improve an above-mentioned process in the long run.
An object of research is the criteria for an effectiveness of an anti-crisis strategic management of `New Higher Education Institute~ Ltd. Accordingly, as a practical example, there is presented the social responsi-bility of this innovative, authorized Higher Education Institute in the fi ght against with Covid-19.
Keywords: Anti-crisis, Strategic, Management, Organization.
1. Introduction
In the context of the global pandemic, modern trends in career development, innovative communication between employee and employer, and methods of labor organization such as remote work format, virtual employment, etc. there are becoming more and more important day by day [Khomeriki, 2008: 353].
As it is known, the world community has gained a lot of experience in creating legislation on bankruptcy.
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More or less, organizations operating in developed countries have rich experience in bankruptcy proceed-ings.
It should be noted that communication crises of various scales are part of the normal agenda and each of them needs correct, long-term anti-crisis communication [11].
2. Anti-crisis management
Anti-crisis management is a PR direction that develops a framework plan for predicting and eliminating possible crisis situations; Formulates strategies to anticipate and stop an impending crisis; And in times of crisis, manages the communication process, which is focused on developing the position of an organiza-tion, as well as acting on the perception of the problem; Eliminates rumors and misinformation, neutralizes and minimizes the consequences of the crisis. The peak of professionalism is considered not only to focus on problem management to protect an organization from an infl uence of internal facts, but also to benefi t the company by strengthening its business activities, at an expense of neutralizing the facts that threaten an advantages it has [6].
An anti-crisis management process includes pre-crisis management, crisis management, post-crisis actions and decisions. To get minimal damage from the crisis, you need to start preparing for it before the crisis actually starts.
The fi rst thing that often develops during a crisis is spontaneity. Motivated managers anticipate anti-crisis strategies and create scenarios in case of danger, strengthen staff. This is management style used by a team of qualifi ed professionals, an object of our research _ New Higher Education Institute~ Ltd in its activities.
Of course, it is very interesting how an anti-crisis campaign is planned. There are needed the following support measures to identify the crisis:Creating a working group and delegating functions;Timely planning of key actions; Identify the causes of the situation;Creating message boxes; Generate key messages;First person psychological support;Surveys and interviews; Assessment of external factors; Staff training;Development of media materials and communication of unwanted messages;Analyze the result at time intervals.
An organization’s anti-crisis strategy involves providing it with accurate resources, which is a very diffi cult task in the face of unsustainable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, such situations are also subject to resolution with due effort.
3. The functions of risk management
Anti-crisis strategy is a set of measures to put risky situations in a strict `corridor~, an implementation of peculiar risk management. Risk management is management system of risk and economic relations (pri-
54
marily fi nancial) and includes the strategy and tactics of managerial action.
It should be noted that anti-crisis management distinguishes the following functions of risk management:Function of the management object, which belongs to the risk avoidance organization;Venture capital investments;Risk reduction work;Risk insurance process: economic relations and connections between economic process entities; Func-
tions of management entities, including forecasting, organizing, coordinating, regulating, stimulating and controlling.
Anti-crisis strategic management
Anti-crisis strategic management, as a specifi c type of management activity, with strict boundary param-eters and narrow target orientation, is subject to evaluation in terms of effectiveness. According to the pur-pose, the result of anti-crisis strategic management needs to be the transition of an organization to a higher economic degree of balanced functioning than it was in the pre-crisis period. In addition, if the end result for `external~ governance (mainly fi nancial management) is settlement with creditors (including taxes) and staff remuneration, for an internal manager (mainly industrial management) the main goal is to achieve fi nancial-economic balance as perfection of an industrial-economic system result. If in the fi rst case an anti-crisis management, as a rule, does not have the continuation of production activities, in the second _ its successful outcome is the basis for the further progressive functioning of an organization.
Thus, such differentiation of the company’s `external~ and `internal~ anti-crisis management intentions simultaneously divides an intermediate goals into management activities. The fi rst-line goal of the strate-gic manager (both existing and externally appointed) and the main intermediate measure of effectiveness (course accuracy) is to achieve stability of personnel processes and fi nancial settlements in the crisis com-pany team.
In an event of severe fi nancial constraints, the general manager of the company is faced with the follow-ing two closely related tasks: to continue the playback process and to prevent `explosions~ in the team. In addition, an effectiveness of anti-crisis management is to ensure a calm state, longer management will be able to maintain business environment in the team, higher an accuracy (effectiveness) of an anti-crisis management course to be implemented.
It is believed that among four main types of crisis companies _ product sales, costs, fi nance and manage-ment _ latter has a special place. This is explained by the fact that if the problem of management and rulers is not solved, it becomes impossible to overcome another three negative events. As for management crisis, it is important that an attempt to overcome it can be unsuccessful when it is not possible to attract an appro-priate number of qualifi ed staff. The shortage of qualifi ed staff is explained by the fact that when a company enters a crisis zone, it is primarily left with qualifi ed staff from all levels of government. Such a situation forces the head of a crisis organization to take care of retaining qualifi ed management personnel. Especially _ to their deputies and specialists of subdivisions.
Ensuring peace of mind by balancing an interest of investors, management and staff is a matter of special concern to top management of a crisis company. The managers of an organization are obliged to ensure a balance of interests between an investor and the staff, which has possibility of partial coincidence only within a given company. It is known that due to the crisis of an organization, the zone of coincidence of interests `narrows~ and can turn into zero, which means liquidation of the fi rm.
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There is used a method to assess the convergence of interests of investors, managers and staff, in which the concordance of interests is used as a criterion for an effectiveness of anti-crisis management. In addition, management of the company is separated from the staff because of its special status in an organization: on a one hand, it includes hired staff, so that its status coincides with the status of staff, but on another hand, it’s in an interest of investors in an organization. These qualities of management in the form of top managers of the company give it, quality of a particular factor, or an entity that operates on a specifi c mark (indicator).
Thus, greater the fi eld~ of interest of investors and staff, i.e. the wider management base, more sustainable the state of an organization. It would be right to reverse such an attitude as well. In particular, the broader management base, more sustainable an organization. Different proportions of this condition represent an indicator of management effectiveness. Therefore, one of the central problems of crisis management is obtaining the means to expand its base (~governance base~). Researches have shown that overall manage-ment, despite its intermediate position in its organization, still leans towards an interest of its staff and is more focused on the realization of this part of the company’s economic complex. In this case, the property status of managers, especially senior management, is crucial. Removing management from property insti-tutions (investors) can signifi cantly diminish the resource of their strategic capabilities (the degree of trust and authority driven by this damping).
Every manager, especially the general manager of an organization needs to constantly think about future of the company. Even in severe crisis situations, the strategic thinking of manager must be aimed at creat-ing a basis for high-speed development of the company in the post-crisis phase, such as: the formation of an organizational structure of internal relations; Study and processing of technical innovations; Production base upgrade; Purposeful formation of staff structure, etc. Tamar Gardapkhadze, rector, Academician of Georgian Academy of Social Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor, is manager of our future research center _ `New Higher Education Institute~ Ltd.
The summary criterion of anti-crisis management is not to overcome the crisis, but to give the company an organizational-technological quality that will ensure its active development after overcoming the crisis.
The result of managerial work in a crisis company needs to be a gradual overcoming of organizational stress by sector and direction, which ensures its progress. In this context, we can consider anti-crisis man-agement as an art of governance, in which an ability to show erudition, insight, creativity, willpower and energy, as well as the work of other people, is maximized.
The main directions of the formation of management apparatus, an implementation of which allows the crisis company to maintain an ability to function effectively based on systemic approaches in extreme conditions, lies in creative thinking. Here we are talking about training managers to overcome the crisis effectively; Involvement of different categories of the governing apparatus in solving anti-crisis tasks; For-mation of psychologically and organizationally trained management staff groups; To create organizational groups to strengthen the crisis company according to the principle of `addition~, which ensures the forma-tion of the team from an intellectual and organizational point of view of General Manager.
It is necessary to form a `team of rulers~ in such a way as to exclude possible internal confl icts, which is especially disastrous for a crisis organization.
4. Social responsibility
Social responsibility is based on the principle of voluntary response to the social problems of the society
56
and it is not defi ned by the current legislation or regulatory measures. According to research, social respon-sibility is becoming more and more important in 21st century. Managers interviewed believe that an impact on increasing the social responsibility of business is real, it is of great importance and this impact is grow-ing even more today in the fi ght against Covid-19 [Shubladze, 2008: Chapter 6.2].
In this paper, we discuss in detail what business representatives are doing against the global pandemic in Georgia. One of the clearest examples is an activity of `New Higher Education Institute~ (hereinafter Newuni) Ltd. It, as an authorized, higher education institute with high social responsibility, works daily to help prevent the virus by taking preventive measures, providing a safe work environment and protect-ing both academic and administrative staff as well as students. It is noteworthy that in the modern `age of knowledge~ Newuni gives priority to solving more than one social problem.
The mission of New Higher Education Institute
New Higher Education Institute is a higher education institution focused on the personal and professional development of students and staff, whose mission is:Training of specialists with education, skills, democratic values and civic self-awareness relevant to the
requirements of knowledge-based civil society;Promoting student-centered learning, realization of their personal potential, development of creative
and practical skills;Offer higher education programs relevant to needs of the changing public and labor market and train
competitive specialists for their further employment;Promoting mobility of students and academic staff; Under the undergraduate program, to provide quality knowledge of the fi eld to the student and to
develop basic research skills, which will provide an opportunity to continue their studies at a further educational level.
The goals of New Higher Education Institute are:
Offer students a high-quality higher education that meets the needs of potential employers and the labor market;
Training of highly qualifi ed, competitive specialists;Creating a modern student-centered learning environment;Introduction of the latest methods of use of modern technologies and teaching in the process of imple-
mentation of educational programs;Implementation, improvement and continuous care of undergraduate academic higher education pro-
grams;Integration in the world educational space, implementation of joint exchange programs, multilateral
events and sharing of mutual experiences with Georgian and foreign higher education institutions;Involvement of foreign qualifi ed specialists in the training process; Promoting / encouraging mobility of students and academic staff;Constantly take care of the professional development of an academic staff and take appropriate mea-
sures;Providing appropriate learning conditions and environment for students with special needs and socially
vulnerable.
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The Vision of New Higher Education Institute is:
To be a student-centered higher education institution in line with European standards, which will have high trust and universal recognition both locally and internationally.
The values of New Higher Education Institute are:
Good faith;Striving for continuous development;Academic freedom;
Transparency;Fairness and equality.
5. COVID-19, A global pandemic, Distance teaching
From March 23, 2020, higher education programs (International Relations, Business Administration, Tour-ism) will be implemented through e-learning (using both synchronous and asynchronous elements). Given the dire epidemiological situation in the country, administration of Newuni has taken all appropriate mea-sures to prevent the possible spread of COVID-19 and has switched to the distance work / training mode. In addition, it is essential for Ltd to protect an interest of students and to carry out the learning process accord-ing to an academic calendar. Consequently, an e-learning form allows learning process not to go beyond an above-mentioned calendar and to be implemented qualitatively and effectively.
For this: An administrative staff of Newuni constantly provides detailed information to students / professors about a use of electronic resources; The learning process is carried out through an electronic platform ZOOM, the guide of which is avail-able for both students and professors. The mentioned guide is uploaded in an electronic database of an Institute, as well as on an offi cial website of Newuni; Students are provided with information through the pre-compiled spreadsheet on when an e-courses will be available [5].
6. Social responsibility of New Higher Education Institute:
In both spring and autumn semesters, a survey was conducted at `New Higher Education Institute~ Ltd to identify which students, faculty, and administrative staff did not have computers and remote work environ-ments in the family. Based on the results of research, for such a category, at an initiative of the Rector, the computers owned by an Institute were temporarily transferred for use and Internet packages were pur-chased.
It should also be noted that at an initiative of the Rector, Affi liated Professor of `New Higher Educa-tion Institute~ Ltd, Academician of Georgian Academy of Social Sciences, Doctor of Law, Mrs. Tamar Gardapkhadze, within the framework of social responsibility, all suspended students are offered 50% of the status in case of restoration. As it was revealed in the course of the given research, as a result of this service, the status was restored by several dozen students.
In the course of the research, we also clarifi ed that an Institute has expressed its full readiness to mitigate the damage caused by new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in an administrative-territorial unit of Geor-
58
gia, with a high rating, socially vulnerable and / or other needs selected by local governments. In case of enrollment in a New Higher Education Institute based on the results of 2020 Unifi ed National Examina-tions, the Rectorate offered the student free tuition for 1 year (2 semesters) and a tuition fee discount for the next 3 years (6 semesters) under the following conditions:
2020-2021 academic year (fi rst and second semester) -100% grant / funding;
3 Next 3 years (six semesters) _ 30% grant / funding (1 year _ 675 GEL, total 2025 GEL);
For 3 years, redistribute the remaining part of the annual fee (1575 GEL) for 12 months.
Rector, Mrs. Tamar Gardapkhadze and head of Quality Assurance Service, Affi liated Professor of `New Higher Education Institute~ Ltd, Doctor of Economics, Ms. Natia Gogolauri, wrote to an administrative-territorial unit of Georgia, local self-governments to provide Selection / informing of possible candidates, as well as providing information about selected candidates before the start of Unifi ed National Examina-tions. If necessary, due to the severe epidemiological situation in the country, an Institute offered them additional information by online or telephone consultation.
The most important thing for justice is to mention the fact that during this whole period salaries of an aca-demic staff and administration were transferred on time and there are still transferred.
Conclusion
Based on an analysis, we can conclude: It is extremely important to improve the strategic orientation of an organization’s anti-crisis management by integrating the country’s economy into global market rela-tions and strengthening its position, which mainly focuses on the fi ght against Covid-19 in 21st century, a functioning, authorized, innovative organization with such social responsibility as `New Higher Education Institute~ Ltd.
References _______________________________________________________________________________________1. Grdzelishvili N., Khalvashi Sh., `Globalization of economy and international service operations
management,~ 2nd International Scientifi c Conference: Challenges of Globaization in Economics and Business. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 148-151pp., TB., 2017
2. Kharebava R., `Criteria, mechanisms and methods of anti-crisis management~, Tb., Georgian Technical University, 2010: 22-27
3. Khomeriki T., `Fundamentals of Management~, Tbilisi: TSU Publishing House, 20084. Luarsabishvili M., `An Enterprise Competitiveness in the Global Economy~, International Journal
`Economy~, Tb., 20205. newuni.edu.ge6. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/saskolo/index.php?a=term&d=45&t=40117. Panov A., `Strategic management~, ed. M.: _ Unity 2017: 103-1128. Shubladze G., Mghebrishvili B., Tsotskolauri F., `Fundamentals of Management~, Tbilisi, 2008: 6.2
Chapter9. Vasilevsky I., `Innovation management,~ M., RIOR, 2015: 25-3910. Zaldastanishvili T., `Globalization _ Options for Georgia~, International scientifi c conference _
FORMATION OF MODERN ECONOMIC AREA: BENEFITS, RISKS, IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS, Tb., 2016
11. 4p.com.ge/krizisebis-martva
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sa xel mwi fos mi er de mok ra ti is dac va ko vid pan de mi is dros qve mo-qar Tlis re gi on Si
irina benia
asocirebuli profesori,
Tbilisis humanitaruli saswavlo universiteti
ab straq ti
mTa va ri mi ze zi, ra to mac Se ve ca de mem sje la im sa kiT xze, da ic va Tu ara sa xel mwi fom de-
mok ra tia da in for mi re bu lo ba qve mo qar Tlis re gi on Si iyo is, rom sru li ad na Te li aR-
moC nda sa xel mwi fos mxri dan am skiT xis ver uz run vel yo fa. vim sje lebT ima ze, Tu ra sa-xis si su te e bi ga mov lin da am re gi on Si: struq tu ru li umu Sev ro bi sa da si Ra ri bis ma Ra li maC ve neb le bi, efeq tu ri so ci a lu ri dac vis sis te mis arar se bo ba, eT ni ku ri um ci re so be bis in teg ra ci is da ba li do ne, rac gax da mTa va ri mi ze zi CoVid-19 pan de mi u ri si tu a ci e bis da-
Zab vis dros, sus ti sa mo qa la qo sa zo ga do e ba da re gi o nu li me dia, pro fe si u li ga naT le bis da sa mu Sao Za lis kva li fi ka ci is da ba li do ne, eT ni ku ri um ci re so be bis war mo mad gen le bis mi er sa xel mwi fo enis uco din ro ba da ma Ti sus ti in teg ra cia sa zo ga do eb riv da po li ti-
kur cxov re ba Si, sa a vad myo fo e bi sa da sa wo le bis ara sak ma ri si ra o de no ba, sa me di ci no per-
so na lis ara a dek va tu ri kva li fi ka cia, mo sax le o bis di di na wi li saT vis Sez Ru du li xel-
mi saw vdo mo ba yov lis mom cve li sa me di ci no mom sa xu re be bi sa da me di ka men te bis mi sa Re bad, sa zo ga do eb ri vi tran spor tis in fras truq tu ris ara da mak ma yo fi le be li mdgo ma re o ba.
TO WHAT EXTENT THE STATE PROTECTED DEMOCRACY AND AWARENESS IN THE KVEMO KARTLI REGION DURING
THE SPREAD OF THE COVID VIRUS
Irina Benia Associate Professor,
Tbilisi Humanitarian University
Abstract
The main reason why I tried to fi nd out whether state protected or not democracy and awareness in Kvemo Kartli region is that it was clear that the state couldn’t defend it. I will discuss the weaknesses that we do have in this region: high rates of structural unemployment and poverty and lack of an effective social security system, low level of integration of ethnic minorities what was the main reason during Covid-19 pandemic situations tension, weak civil society and regional media, low level of professional education and qualifi cation of the workforce, lack of knowledge of the state language by members of ethnic minorities and their weak integration into public and political life, insuffi cient number and inadequate infrastructure of hospitals and hospital beds, inadequate qualifi cations of medical staff, weak equipment of ambulance crews, limited access to comprehensive medical services and medicines for the majority of the population, unsatisfactory condition of public transport infrastructure.
Key words: Internal and external migration, demographic situation, ethnic minorities, migrants, economi-cally active population, subsistence benefi t, water resources, Algeti National Park, government and civil society, civil sector and media, free trade negotiations.
60
1. Introduction
Brief socio-economic description of the country
Kvemo Kartli region is located in the south-eastern part of Georgia. The region is bordered on the west by Samtskhe-Javakheti, on the north by Tbilisi, Shida Kartli and Mtskheta-Mtianeti, on the east by Kakheti, on the southeast by the Republic of Azerbaijan and on the south by the Republic of Armenia. Kvemo Kartli covers an area of 6.5 thousand km2, 9.3% of the country. The population of the region is 511.2 thousand, which is 11.4% of the population of Georgia. The region includes 347 settlements _ 7 cities, 6 small towns and 334 villages. 39% of the region’s population lives in cities and towns, 61% in villages. 19 villages of Dmanisi municipality, 46 villages of Tsalka municipality and 35 villages of Tetritskaro municipality belong to the highland settlements. 44.7% of the population are ethnic Georgians, 45.1% _ Azerbaijanis, 6.4% _ Armenians and 3.8% _ Abkhazians, Ossetians, Russians, Greeks, Ukrainians and Kurds. At the same time, ethnic Georgians predominate in Rustavi and Tetritskaro, Armenians and Greeks in Tsalka, and Azer-baijanis in Gardabani, Marneuli, Bolnisi and Dmanisi. The population density in the region is 128 people per km2. There are 7 self-governing units in Kvemo Kartli region: Rustavi, Bolnisi, Gardabani, Dmanisi, Tetritskaro, Marneuli and Tsalka municipalities. At the regional level, the executive power of the state is represented by the State Representative-Governor, whose administration is located in Rustavi. Rustavi directly borders Tbilisi.
2. Presentation of the main research material
According to the Kvemo Kartli Region Development Strategy for 2014-2020 a common vision for the de-velopment of the region is derived: By 2021, Kvemo Kartli will become one of the fastest growing regions with its solid economy and social prosperity. By 2021, Kvemo Kartli will become one of the fastest grow-ing regions in Georgia with its solid economy and social prosperity, this will signifi cantly increase existing production capacity and exploit new markets as a prerequisite for life for signifi cant raising of the level and long-term well-being of the population. The strategy should facilitate the implementation of the given vision. Accordingly, the overall goal of the region development strategy is: Increasing the competitiveness and well-being of a party, the wise management of its natural resources and tangible assets, improving the business environment, attracting direct investment, overcoming social imbalances and ensuring sustainable economic growth.
The following are the strategic goals, objectives and proposals for the development of the region, the implementation of which is a priority: Capacity building of public authorities, effective management and use of natural resources in the region, capacity building of industrial and energy sectors, promoting the multifaceted and sustainable development of the energy sector, promoting the introduction of new tech-nologies and innovations, development of basic infrastructure and construction, support for agricultural development, attracting foreign direct investment in the region, support for small and medium enterprises, support for the establishment of small and medium enterprises, development of trade and services sector, development of tourism industry and improving the tourist infrastructure, support for software initiatives and their implementation, improving the level of tourist services, fi rst of all arranging utilities and other public services, establish an effective system of social security and health care, development of education, culture and sports, implement effective environmental activities, ensuring media and civil society develop-ment, reducing gender inequality and integrating ethnic minorities into public and state life. These was the goals according to the 2014-2020 strategy.
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It is very important to underline the potential of this region: Kvemo Kartli region is rich in natural resourc-es. Rivers, lakes, groundwater _ are the water resources of Kvemo Kartli region. Compared to other regions of Georgia, mineral water and thermal water resources are small. There are 6 reservoirs in the region used for drinking water supply, energy and irrigation. The energy sector is represented by three thermal power plants located in Gardabani. Over the past decade, the imbalance between the rate of electricity generation and the demand for electricity has been gradually increasing, this still has a negative impact on the socio-economic development of the region. Therefore, great importance is attached to the development of small hydropower resources and renewable energy sources, which Kvemo Kartli has in suffi cient quantities. Kvemo Kartli has signifi cant potential in terms of energy generation, using renewable resources such as hydropower, wind and solar energy. Kvemo Kartli occupies 21.7% of the forest area, which is the lowest rate among the regions of Georgia. The area of the forest fund is 143.2 thousand hectares, of which 134.6 hectares are covered by forest. In terms of biodiversity, the Algeti Valley stands out, where the Algeti Na-tional Park has been established; Kvemo Kartli has a diverse mineral and mining industry operating at its base. There are more than 200 non-ferrous, ferrous and precious metal ores in the region, a large part of which is still unexploited. The building and paving stones on its territory are also a resource of strategic importance for the region, their stock is quite large. High quality minerals are extracted in the region _ ba-salt and tuff. These minerals are in great demand in both domestic and foreign markets. In addition, copper, barite, tungsten, nickel, iron, zinc, sulfate, manganese, marble, gypsum, white stone are extracted. No less important role in the development of the industrial sector of the region can be played by the development of construction ceramics, glass containers and porcelain raw materials and the development of the produc-tion of ceramic and glass containers in the region. Clay-gypsum deposits of the region are considered as an important type of raw material.
The proximity of Kvemo Kartli to Tbilisi, Tbilisi Airport and the Republics of Azerbaijan and Armenia, its location at the intersection of transport corridors and the East-West Energy Corridor, and the high level of urbanization provide a good opportunity for regional development. Compared to other regions, Kvemo Kartli has a relatively positive dynamics of natural increase, which means that in the long run, there is a challenge to provide the growing population in the region with social infrastructure, social services and jobs. According to the available offi cial data, the population of Kvemo Kartli is 511, 2 thousand people. Recent data show a positive balance of natural population growth in both cities (2693) and villages (1229) (3922 people, 7.7%).
Internal and external migration has a negative impact on the demographic situation of the region. Migration processes are mainly caused by diffi cult social status and small employment prospects. Most of them are looking for a job in Russia, while representatives of ethnic minorities are mostly traveling to Azerbaijan and Armenia. Among migrants leaving the region, men outnumber women slightly. Every second migrant helps the family fi nancially. The average annual number of employees in the region was 25,238 people (5.26% of the region’s population), which was 26.92% higher than the same period in previous years, 9736 people were employed in large, 7441 people in medium and 8062 people in small enterprises. In terms of average monthly salary, Kvemo Kartli ranks second among the regions of Georgia and lags behind only Mtskheta-Mtianeti. A signifi cant part of the population of Rustavi is employed in Tbilisi. The income from hired labor occupies the largest share in the income of the population (41%). The number of economically active population in Kvemo Kartli region is 195.5 thousand, the number of self-employed is 122.5 thousand, the unemployment rate is 9.4%, the activity level is 64.2% and the employment level is 58.2%. Poverty rates are high in the region. In recent years, 45.9 thousand families were registered in the unifi ed database of families in need, of which 9841 families received benefi ts. Kvemo Kartli ranks fi rst among the regions of
62
Georgia with a low percentage of the number of families registered in the unifi ed database. There are 73.6 thousand people receiving pension and social package in Kvemo Kartli, which is 14.4% of the population and signifi cantly less than the national average (19.05%). Among the recipients of subsistence benefi ts, the age category of 40-60 years prevails, which once again confi rms the critical level of unemployment in the region.
According to the offi cial data of the business register, 31,250 entities are registered in the region, includ-ing 237 medium and 106 large enterprises. The value added created in the business sector in Kvemo Kartli amounted to 625.7 million GEL, and the assets realized in fi xed assets _ 2014 million GEL. The turnover of the business sector amounted to 2302.4 million GEL, the cost of output _ 1844.4 million GEL, the number of employees in the business sector _ 32268 people, and the average monthly salary of employees in the business sector _ 547.5 GEL.
Factors contributing to the development of the business sector in the region as I already mentioned above are: its strategic location and proximity to Tbilisi, as well as neighboring Azerbaijan and Armenia. In recent years, Kvemo Kartli has seen positive trends in the development of various sectors of the economy. Signifi -cant improvements have been made in both industry and services.
Factors hindering the development of the business sector in the region are: weak commercial and basic in-frastructure, low income of the population, small volume of investments, low level of development of local social capital, low qualifi cation of market workers, high cost of bank loans and diffi cult access, low oppor-tunities for alternative capital and lack of organizations that support business, lack of systemic information about local business potential and supply base, shortage of local budget resources.
What refers to Government and civil society, here we have a problem as the regional administration and local self-governments enjoy limited powers, fi nancial and property resources. Consequently, their capabilities in terms of ensuring regional development are very limited. In addition, there is a need for sys-tematic training of regional administration and local self-government, especially in areas such as strategic planning, spatial planning, public services, etc. The condition of the regional administration and the admin-istrative infrastructure of the municipalities is unsatisfactory. There are no service centres responsible for providing administrative services to the population in the settlements. Kvemo Kartli region self-governing units have scarce budgetary resources.
It’s necessary to refer to the issue of Civil sector and media as the non-governmental sector is poorly developed in the region. NGOs are mainly concentrated in Rustavi and Marneuli. Women’s and ethnic minority rights communities are relatively well represented. NGOs largely implement projects funded by international donors. Consequently, their stability depends on donor funding.
There are 3 regional TV companies in the region. Regional print media is published periodically in Geor-gian, Russian and Armenian languages. The population has the opportunity to receive information in Ar-menian and Azerbaijani through the Public Broadcaster1.
The main reason why we tried to fi nd out whether state protected or not democracy and awareness in Kvemo Kartli region is that it was clear that the state couldn’t defend it. What a kind of weaknesses do we have here: high rates of structural unemployment and poverty and lack of an effective social security system, low level of integration of ethnic minorities what was the main reason during CoVid-19 pandemic situa-tions tension, weak civil society and regional media, low level of professional education and qualifi cation
1http://gov.ge/files/275_38366_523465_136517.09.13%E2%80%931.pdf?fbclid=IwAR05jSd3DbpfXEC4opU3ZrOiGkw-RUZJBdsr7k4WeVm3YKi9b9mVLXdweAc
63
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of the workforce, lack of knowledge of the state language by members of ethnic minorities and their weak integration into public and political life, insuffi cient number and inadequate infrastructure of hospitals and hospital beds, inadequate qualifi cations of medical staff, weak equipment of ambulance crews, limited ac-cess to comprehensive medical services and medicines for the majority of the population, unsatisfactory condition of public transport infrastructure.
What a kind of dangers do we have in this region? _ Destabilization of the political situation, fi nancial and economic crisis, natural disasters, industrial accidents and epidemics, weak implementation of regional and municipal development plans.
What a kind of opportunities do we have to get out of the current crisis situation? _ Opening new markets for Georgian products; Complete ongoing free trade negotiations with strategic partners _ the EU and the US; Alignment of the interests of the enterprises operating in the region with the requirements and needs of the existing large-scale international projects; Target programs funded from the central budget.
Strong sides of the region as I already underlined above is proximity of the region to Tbilisi, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Armenia and active trade relations, biodiversity, positive dynamics of value-added growth in agriculture, high agricultural potential of the soils of the region, favourable natural conditions for the development of agriculture, abundance of irrigation water resources. What refers to the weaknesses, some of them are: Irrigation systems malfunction, low labour productivity in agriculture, low productivity of agricultural production, low level of agricultural modernization, low level of food safety, internal market disorganization, low competitiveness of products in relation to imported products and poor exploitation of pastures.
The damage to the world economy due to the pandemic amounted to 7 trillion dollars. This is an unprec-edented economic downturn since World War II.1 According to the heads of the big shopping centers in Tbilisi, the so-called Lockdown put them in front of a bitter reality, with 10 million losses for 6 centers each closed day. In this situation, the existence of a crisis situation in the Kvemo Kartli region is completely natural. We had the worst situation in Kvemo Kartli, 36% of those infected were from there. Namely in 3 municipalities _ Bolnisi, Marneuli and Tetritskaro. We talked about the 2014-2020 strategy plan and we can say that not even half of all this is done, and the reason of this was just Covid-19-pandemic situation there, it isn’t even close to reality. What is our state doing to rectify the situation after Covid-19? The state is trying to bring the region out of crisis. According to the draft budget, the budget of Marneuli for 2021 was set at 29,603,600 GEL.2 With the help of the state, 200 new enterprises were fi nanced within the framework of the United Agro Project, of which 25 new enterprises were opened in the Kvemo Kartli region. Rural and Agricultural Development Agency implements `Unifi ed Agro Project~, which is designed for long-term development, it’s goal is to create an environment that will contribute to increasing competitiveness in agriculture, stable growth in the production of high quality products, the introduction of international food safety standards.3
3. Conclusion
The research revealed that Covid-19 pandemic situation showed us that there indeed exist some problems in Kvemo Karti Region that need to be payed attention to. It was said that Georgian Melioration Ltd will spend 338 000 GEL on repairing Kvemo Kartli reclamation infrastructure, this is necessary as far as with-1https://www.bbc.com/news/business-517062252https://droa.ge/?p=92022&fbclid=IwAR0rn27yoXskX3vGhgxuRjQCSKhMvcbTws_SkYF3pQuJl8MSLABydUSn7MQ3 https://commersant.ge/ge/post/ertiani-agroproeqtis-farglebshi-qvemo-qartlis-regionshi-mefrinveleobis-ferma-amoqmedda
64
out irrigation water supply it will be impossible to produce arable crops perfectly.1 Kvemo Kartli reclama-tion funded, this means that the infrastructure will be maintained so that the agricultural sectors can be put into operation more effi ciently.
As a conclusion, we can say that there is a lot to do in terms of strengthening and raising the involvement of population in social life, exactly the shortage of this awareness and knowledge caused all the problems raised during Covid-19 spring tension in Kvemo Kartli region.
1 https://commersant.ge/ge/post/shps-saqartvelos-melioracia-qvemo-qartlis-samelioracio-infrastruqturis-mowesrigebashi-338-000-lars-daxardjavs
References____________________________________________________________________________1. http://gov.ge/fi les/275_38366_523465_136517.09.13%E2%80%931.pdf?fbclid=IwAR05jSd3DbpfXEC
4opU3ZrOiGkw-RUZJBdsr7k4WeVm3YKi9b9mVLXdweAc2. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-517062253. h t tps : / /d roa . ge/?p=92022&fbcl id=IwAR0rn27yoXskX3vGhgxuRjQCSKhMvcbTws_
SkYF3pQuJl8MSLABydUSn7MQ4. https://commersant.ge/ge/post/ertiani-agroproeqtis-farglebshi-qvemo-qartlis-regionshi-mefrinveleobis-
ferma-amoqmedda5. https://commersant.ge/ge/post/shps-saqartvelos-melioracia-qvemo-qartlis-samelioracio-infrastruqturis-
mowesrigebashi-338-000-lars-daxardjavs
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ma ci u li sa zo ga do e bi saT vis pri o ri te tu lia ara sa qon lis war mo e ba da mom sa xu re ba,
ara med in te leq ti sa da cod nis war mo e ba da mox ma re ba, ra sac lo gi ku rad miv ya varT go-
neb ri vi Sro mis wi lis zrdi sa ken. am yve la fer Tan er Tad ki iz rde ba cod na ze da Se moq-
me de biT unar ze moT xov ni le ba. Cven vcxov robT epo qa Si, sa dac in for ma cia Za la uf le ba
da mo ge bis Zi ri Ta di wya roa kom pa ni e bis ume te si na wi li saT vis, xo lo in for ma ci u li
sa zo ga do e bis ar se bo ba kul tu ris maC ve ne be lia. ami tom um niS vne lo va ne sia or ga ni za ci-
eb Si in for ma ci u li kul tu ris gan vi Ta re ba da xel Sew yo ba, mo sax le o ba Si in for ma ci u li
sa zo ga do e bis cno bi e re bis amaR le ba da am kuT xiT ga naT le bis po pu la ri za cia. sta ti a Si
yu rad Re bas swo red am sa kiT xeb ze ga va max vi lebT.
kul tu ra erT-er Ti yve la ze far Tod gav rce le bu li sit yvaa, ro gorc sa mec ni e ro li-
te ra tu ra Si, ase ve yo fiT met yve le ba Si. mas aqvs mra va li mniS vne lo ba, rac gan pi ro be-
bu lia TviT kul tu ris fe no me nis sir Tu li Ta da mra val fe rov ne biT.
66
Ta na med ro ve mniS vne lo biT, ter mi ni kul tu ra XVII sa u ku ni dan ga mo i ye ne ba. miC ne u lia,
rom da mo u ki de be li leq si ku ri er Te u lis sa xiT igi pir ve lad ga mo i ye na ger ma nel ma
iu ris tma da is to ri kos ma sa mu el pu fen dor fma (1632-1694), ro me lic kul tu ras ada mi-
a nis bu neb riv mdgo ma re o bas upi ris pi reb da.
ter mi ni kul tu ra aR mo cen da la Ti nu ri sit yvi dan (kultura), rac niS navs ni a da gis da-
mu Sa ve bas, mis kul ti vi re bas. e.i aR niS navs bu neb riv obi eq tSi ada mi a nis ze moq me de biT
ga mow ve ul cvli le bas, gan sxva ve biT im cvli le be bis gan, rac ga mow ve u lia bu neb ri vi mi-
ze ze biT. sit yva kul tu ra praq ti ku lad Ti To e u li ada mi a nis leq si on Si gvxvde ba, mag ram
am mcne ba Si sru li ad sxva das xva azrs de ben. er Tni mxo lod su li e ri cxov re bis fa se u-
lo bebs gu lis xmo ben, me o re ni _ uf ro aviw ro e ben am cne bas da mi a kuT ne ben mxo lod xe-
lov ne bas, li te ra tu ris ni mu Sebs, me sa me ni zo ga dad mo i az re ben gar kve ul ide o lo gi as.
kul tu ra ada mi a nis da mi si Se moq me de bis er Tob li o baa. es mcne ba kon teq stSi ~Seq mnils~,
~ara bu neb rivs~ niS navs. kul tu ris sam ya ro, mi si ne bis mi e ri sa ga ni an mov le na aRiq me ba
ara ro gorc bu neb ri vi Za le bis Se de gi, ara med ro gorc Se de gi
ada mi an Ta Za lis xme vi sa, ro me lic mi mar Tu lia uSu a lod bu ne bi sa gan bo Ze bu lis srul-
yo fis, da mu Sa ve bi sa da gar da sax vi sa ken, swo red ami tom kul tu ra ada mi a nis ga re Se ar
ar se bobs. igi da sa ba mi dan da kav Si re bu lia ada mi an Tan da aR mo ce ne bu lia im miz niT, rom
is mud mi vad mi is wra fo des Ta vi si cxov re bis da moq me de bis miz nis Zi e bi sa ken, sa ku Ta ri
Ta vis da im sam ya ros srul yo fi sa ken, sa dac cxov robs (2, gv. 34).
kul tu ra sa zo ga do e bis wevr pi rov ne bebs aya li bebs, amiT gar kve u li do ziT maT qce vebs
are gu li rebs. kli ford gir tci (1973) kul tu ras uwo debs `ma re gu li re be li me qa niz me-
bis sis te mas, sa dac igu lis xme ba geg me bi, mi Ti Te be bi, we se bi, in struq ci e bi, ro mel Ta
sa Su a le be bi Tac imar Te ba qce ve bi~. mas mi aC nia, rom kul tu ris ga re Se ada mi a nebs am sam-
ya ro Si ori en ti re ba ga u Wir de baT (10, gv. 17).
kul tu ris mo de le biT ga nu pi ro be be li ada mi a ne bis qce va praq ti ku lad umar Ta vi gax-
de bo da. is uaz ro spon ta nur qce vebs, Se u ka ve bel emo ci ebs ga u tol de bo da, ada mi ans,
faq tob ri vad, ra i me ga moc di le ba ar da ug rov de bo da.
teq no lo gi u ri da eko no mi ku ri cvli le be bi, da kav Si re bu li sa in for ma cio sa zo ga do e-
bas Tan, gax lavT kul tu ru li cvli le be bis Tan mxle bi. maT So ris, cxov re bis we si, mox-
ma re bis struq tu ra, Se mec ne bis sa xe e bi da ga moc di le ba.
in for ma ci ul kul tu ra ze da mis saw yi seb ze sa ub ri sas au ci le be lia xaz gas miT aRi niS-
nos, rom in for ma ci ul ma kul tu ram Sec va la mTe li msof lio. in for ma ci u li kul tu ra
ga mo xa tavs ada mi a nis cod nis im do nes, ro me lic Se saZ leb lo bas iZ le va Ta vi suf lad
ori en tir de sa in for ma cio siv rce Si, mi i Ro mo na wi le o ba mis for mi re ba Si da xe li Se uw-
yo in for ma ci a Ta ur Ti er Tkav Sirs. ama ve dros ada mi ans Ses wevs una ri ne bis mi e ri sa xis
in for ma ci is mi Re bis, dag ro ve bis, ko di re bi sa da ga da mu Sa ve bis sa fuZ vel ze Seq mnas da
praq ti ku lad ga mo i ye nos Tvi seb ri vad axa li in for ma cia. in for ma cia dRi Tid Re mniS ne-
lo va ni da fa se u li re sur si xde ba, ro go ri caa tra di ci u li bu neb ri vi, Sro mi Ti Tu ada-
mi a nu ri re sur se bi. ami tom in for ma ci is ga da mu Sa ve bis pro ce si ma te ri a lu ri re sur se-
bis da mu Sa ve bis pro ces Tan ur Ti eT kav Sir Si Se iZ le ba gan vi xi loT ro gorc teq no lo gia.
da saw yi sis Tvis imis ga a az re ba da aRi a re ba, rom karg in for ma ci ul qce vas Se uZ lia ga-
zar dos sa mu Sao kma yo fi le ba (dam wyeb TaTvs Tun dac uq mad da xar ju li dro is Sem ci re-
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ba) ar iq ne bo da uri go. yo ve li ve ze mo aR niS nu li dan ga mom di na re, Za li an mniS vne lo va nia
or ga ni za ci a Si in for ma ci u li kul tu ris ar se bo ba, mis gan vi Ta re ba sa da dax ve wa ze mu-
Sa o ba (5, gv 775).
in for ma ci u li kul tu ris for mi re ba da mi si Sem dgo mi gan vi Ta re ba Se uq ce va di pro-
ce sia da igi aZ levs mi mar Tu le bas kul tu ras. rac dro ga dis axa li teq no lo gi e bis
gan vi Ta re bis ze gav le niT kul tu ra ga nic dis Si na ar sob riv sa xec vli le bas. amis na Te li
ma ga li Tia ma sob ri vi in for ma ci u li kul tu ris Ca mo ya li be ba da gan vi Ta re ba 21-e sa u ku-
ne Si, ro me lic gaT vli lia far To au di to ri a ze da vrcel de ba ma sob ri vi ko mu ni ka ci is
sa Su a le be biT (3, gv. 15). ma sob riv ma sa in for ma cio sa Su a le beb ma ka cob ri o bis sa in for-
ma cio kul tu ris aku mu li re ba mo ax di na. esaa yov lis mom cve li re vo lu cia ara mxo lod
teq ni ku ri, ara med so ci a lu ri kuT xi Tac ada mi an Ta az rov ne ba Si, maT Sro ma sa da das ve-
ne ba Si. ma sob ri vi in for ma ci u li kul tu ra glo ba li za ci is erT-er Ti mTa va ri mo na po va-
ria da igi ra di ka lu rad cvlis ada mi an Ta sa ko mu ni ka cio kul tu ras, ax dens dro i sa da
Za lis xme vis mi ni mi za ci as da aad vi lebs ada mi an Ta cxov re bas. ma sob riv ma ko mu ni ka ci is
sa Su a le biT er Tma neTs da u kav Sir da sxva das xva qvey ne bi, sxva das xva, dro e bi, gan sxva ve-
bu li erov ne be bi da ra se bi.
ko mu ni ka ci is Te o re ti kos Ta da mo az rov ne Ta na wi li (ha rold adams ini si da her bert
mar Sal mak lu he ni) Tvlis, rom ka cob ri o bis is to ri a Si Zi re u li cvli le be bi da kav Si-
re bu lia ko mu ni ka ci is axal teq ni kur sa Su a le beb Tan da teq no lo gi u ri (teq ni ku ri) re-
vo lu cia gan saz Rvravs sa zo ga do e bis is to ri is gan vi Ta re bas (7, gv. 11). am mo saz re bis
war mo mad gen le bi ci vi li za ci is gan vi Ta re ba Si sam pe ri ods ga mo yo fen:
pir vel yo fi li _ ze pir sit yvi e ri kul tu ra (beW dvis kul tu ram de ar se bu li pe ri o di),
ro me lic da fuZ ne bu li iyo ar se bu li re a lo bi sa da cxov re bi sa ga az re bis ko leq ti ur
prin ci peb ze; sa zo ga do eb ri vi cxov re bis am etap ze ko mu ni ka cia ze pi ri sa Su a le be biT
iyo gan pi ro be bu li.
me o re _ beW dvi Ti kul tu ris eta pi. am etap ma sa fuZ ve li Ca u ya ra Ta vis mxriv, na ci o na-
liz mis, in di vi du a liz mi sa da di daq ti kis epo qas. am kul tu ris Se de gia `ti pog ra fi u li
da in dus tri u li~ ada mi a ni. vi na i dan beW dvi Ti kul tu ra ga mor Ce u li da eli tu ri iyo
xel mi saw vdo mi gax da mxo lod ga naT le bu li ada mi a ne bi saT vis. beW dvi Ti ko mu ni ka ci is
spe ci fi ku ro ba mdgo ma re obs ima Sia, rom Se saZ le be lia sme ni sa da mxed ve lo bis cal-
cal ke ar se bo ba. anu Se saZ le be li gax da (wa)kiT xva `Cem Tvis`. Tum ca, aR sa niS na via is
faq tic, rom amiT ze pir ma di a log ma da kar ga uwin de li mniS vne lo ba. da bo los me sa me
eta pi. am eta pis for mi re ba Si udi de si ro li Se as ru la eleq tro o bam. eleq tro nu li ma-
sob ri vi ko mu ni ka ci is sa Su a le be biT Se saZ le be li gax da siv rci sa da man Zi lis ga da lax va.
ada mi a nebs Se uZ li aT myi si e rad da u kav Sir dnen er Tma neTs msof li os ne bis mi er kuT xe Si,
dRis ne bis mi er mo nak veT Si. es ki, h. mak lu he nis az riT, sam ya ros gar daq mnis `erT did
glo ba lur sof lad (siv rced)~ (9, gv. 45). msof lio Se da re biT da pa ta rav da da mis erT
bo lo Si mim di na re cvli le beb ma da pro ce seb ma uSu a lo ze gav le nis mox de na da i wo msof-
li os sxva, mo So re bu li kuT xe e bis ara mar to eko no mi kur, ara med sa zo ga do eb riv mdgo-
ma re o ba ze. sa oc rad daC qar da da glo ba lu ri xa si a Ti Se i Zi na ide e bis gac vlam. me-20 sa-
u ku ne Si ma sob ri vi ko mu ni ka ci is sa Su a le be bis mzar dma gan vi Ta re bam Sec va la ada mi a ne bis
aR qma da sa fuZ ve li Ca u ya ra axa li, vir tu a lu ri sam ya ros for mi re bas. eleq tro nu li
ma sob ri vi ko mu ni ka ci is sa Su a le be biT kvlav aq tu a lu ri xde ba ko leq ti u ro bis gan cda
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da sam ya ros mra val fe ro va ni, ro gorc xmo va ni, ase ve vi zu a lu ri aR qma. ko mu ni ka ci is
eleq tro nu li sa Su a le be bi: te leg ra fi, ra dio, te le fo ni, te le vi zia da kom pi u te ri
ada mi a nis cxov re bis ga nu yo fel na wi lad iq ca da, Se sa ba mi sad, gav le nas ax dens da gar-
daq mnis ada mi a nis fsi qi ku ri da sa zo ga do eb ri vi cxov re bis yve la mxa res.
ada mi a nis in for ma ci u li kul tu ris erT-er Ti yve la ze mniS vne lo va ni ele men tia _ sa in-
for ma cio re sur se bis cod na (Se saZ leb lo ba ma Ti Ta vi suf lad mi Re bis). Cvens qve ya na Si
bev ri or ga ni za cia Car Tu lia in for ma ci is Seg ro ve bis, da mu Sa ve bis, Se nax vi sa da gav-
rce le bis pro ces Si (bib li o Te ke bi, sta tis ti ku ri cen tre bi, sa in for ma cio sam sa xu re bi
da me di is war mo mad gen le bi).
ame ri ku li bib li o Te kis aso ci a ci am in for ma ci ul wig ni e re bad mi iC nia ada mi a nis ise Ti
una re bi, ro go re bi caa: in for ma ci is iden ti fi ka cia, mo Zi e ba, Se fa se ba da sa bo lo od mi si
efeq tu rad ga mo ye ne ba (2, gv. 292).
Н. Х. Насыровой Ta vis naS rom Si ga mo yofs in for ma ci u li kom pe ten tu ro bis Sem deg gan-
mar te bebs:
1. cod ni sa da una re bis mi Re bis in te re si, mo ti va cia da sa Wi ro e ba teq ni kur, prog ra-
mul da in for ma ci ul sfe ro Si;
so ci a lu ri, fi zi ku ri da teq ni ku ri cod nis ga er Ti a ne ba, ro me lic ai sa xe ba Ta na-
med ro ve sa in for ma cio sis te meb Si;
in for ma ci u li sa fuZ ve lis kom po nen te bis cod na sa Zi e bo, kog ni tu ri saq mi a no bis-
Tvis;
gze bi da qme de be bi, ro mle bic gan saz Rvravs ope ra ci ul saz Rvrebs sa Zi e bo, kog ni-
tu ri saq mi a no bis Tvis;
sa Zi e bo saq mi a no bis ga moc di le ba prog ra mu li da teq ni ku ri re sur se bis sfe ro Si;
ada mi a ni _ kom pi u te ri~-is ur Ti er Tkav Si ris ga moc di le ba.
2. in for ma ci ul kul tu ra Si ga mo i yo fa Sem de gi kom po nen te bi (6, gv. 84):
• in for ma ci is ga mo ye ne bis kul tu ra (ga az re bu lad mox des in for ma ci is Ser Ce va yo-
vel dRi u ri cxov re bi dan, si ax le e bi dan, li de ro bi dan ga mom di na re);
• in for ma ci is amor Ce vis kul tu ra (sa zo ga do eb ri vi cxov re bis in for ma ci u li ga re-
mos sis te ma ti u ri mo ni to rin gi, in for ma ci u li ga re mos ana li zis una ri);
• Zi e bis kul tu ra (Se mo Ta va ze bu li in for ma ci u li ser vi se bis di a pa zo nis cod na, sxva-
das xva sa Zi e bo sis te me bis mo Zi e ba, gac no ba da ga mo ye ne ba);
• in for ma ci is da mu Sa ve bis kul tu ra (ana li ti kur-sin Te zu ri saq mi a no ba);
in for ma ci is gan vi Ta re bi sa da ga mo ye ne bis kul tu ra (ga mo ce me bi, sa mec ni e ro Ro-
nis Zi e beb Si mo na wi le o ba, mec ni e re bi sa da teq no lo gi e bis praq ti ka Si ga mo ye ne ba);
kul tu ris bib li og ra fi u li in for ma ci is Seq mna; kom pi u te ru li da sa o fi se teq ni kis
ga mo ye ne bis kul tu ra;
in for ma ci as Tan ur Ti er To bis kul tu ra;
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in for ma ci is gav rce le bis kul tu ra;
3. ga ni saz Rvre ba in for ma ci u li kul tu ris oT xi ti pi (8, gv.175):
fun qci u ri kul tu ra: me ne je re bi iye ne ben in for ma ci as, sxveb ze ze gav le ni sa da Za-
la uf le bi saT vis;
kul tu ris ga zi a re ba: me ne je re bi da dam saq meb le bi en do bi an er Tma neTs in for ma ci is
ga mo ye ne bi sas, ra Ta ga a um jo be son Ses ru le bis xa ris xi;
ga mo kiT xvis kul tu ra: xel mZRva ne le bi da Ta nam Srom le bi eZe ben in for ma ci aa, ra Ta
ukeT Se ic non mo ma va li da cvli le be bis gze bi Tu ra un da ga a ke Ton sa mo mav lo ten den-
ci e bis / mi mar Tu le be bis Tvis;
aR mo Ce ne bis kul tu ra: xel mZRva ne le bi da Ta nam Srom le bi mzad ari an axa li ga mow ve-
ve bis Tvis da si ax le e bis swav lis Tvis kri zi se bi sa da ra di ka lu ri cvli le be bis Se sa xeb
da eZe ben gzebs, ra Ta Se iq mnas kon ku ren tu li uw yve to ba.
in for ma ci u li kul tu ris Ses wav la un da mox des ada mi a nis yo vel dRi u ri saq mi a no bi saT-
vis sa Wi ro cod nis, una re bi sa da Cve ve bi dan ga mom di na re. aR niS nu li dan ga mom di na re,
pi rov ne bis in for ma ci ul kul tu ra Si Se iZ le ba ga er Ti an des kul tu ris Sem de gi kom po-
nen te bi (1, gv. 15-17):
o in for ma ci is mo Zi e bis;
o in for ma ci is wa kiT xvi sa da aR qmis;
o di di mo cu lo bis in for ma ci u li ma si ve bis da mu Sa ve bis;
o sa ku Ta ri sa Zi e bo-sac no ba ro sis te me bis Seq mnis;
o pi rov ne ba Ta So ris pro fe si u li ur Ti er To be bis dam ya re bis;
o ko mu ni ka ci u ri kom pe ten tu ro bis amaR le bi sad mi swraf va;
o Ta vis Tav Si sxvi si Se xe du le be bi sad mi mom Tmen lo bis una ris aR zrda da cod nis mi-
Re bi sa da ga ce mis una ri;
o te le sa ko mu ni ka cio ar xe bis ga mo ye ne biT er tob li vi saq mi a no bi saT vis par tni o re bis
mo Zi e bis una ri;
o una ri mka fi od da da ma je reb lad gad mos ce sa ku Ta ri saq mi a no bis Se de ge bi.
in for ma ci is war mo e bis, ga da ce mi sa da mox ma re bis pro ces Si ar se bobs Sem de gi ba ri e re-
bi (4, gv. 1-2):
· ge og ra fi u li _ in for ma ci is sis ru le da si zus te pir da pir pro por ci ul kav Sir Sia
man Zil ze, ro me lic yofs ur Ti er Tda kav Si re bul obi eq tebs ; is to ri u li _ in for ma-
ci is sis ru le da si zus te ase ve pro por ci ul kav Sir Sia dro is in ter val ze, ro me lic
hyofs ne bis mi er mov le nas da mis Se sa xeb cno bebs;
· sa zo ga do eb riv-po li ti ku ri re Ji mi _ in for ma cia, ro me lic mi e kuT vne ba gar kve ul sa-
zo ga do eb riv or ga ni za ci ebs da ar eq vem de ba re ba ga sa ja ro e bas, Se sa ba mi sad sa zo ga-
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do e bis udi des na wils ar aqvs am in for ma ci a ze wvdo ma.
· uw yeb ri vi _ in for ma ci is gar kve u li na wi li ga ur kve ve li mi ze ze bis ga mo
· da yov nda zo gi er Ti sa a gen to sa da or ga ni za ci is uyu rad Re bo Ta nam Srom le bis ga mo;
· eko no mi ku ri _ ze moq me debs ma Sin, ro de sac usax sro bis ga mo ver xer xde ba in for ma ci-
is far Tod war mo e ba, gav rce le ba da swav le ba. ase ve kad re bis mom za de ba;
· teq ni ku ri _ axa li teq no lo gi e bis nak le bo ba iw vevs in for ma ci is mo Zi e bis Se fer xe-
bas da dro is da Za lis xme vis fu Wad gaf lan gvas;
· ter mi no lo gi u ri _ dRe van del dro Si uam ra vi ter mi nia, rom le bic Se saZ le be lia ga-
ge bul iq nas sxva das xva na i rad da ar aris yo vel Tvis xel mi saw vdo o mi far To speq-
tris in for ma ci is mom xma reb le bi saT vis;
· enob ri vi _ in for ma ci is gac vli sas Se iZ le ba war mo iS vas prob le ma arc ise far Tod
gav rce le bul eneb Si;
· fsi qo lo gi u ri _ aq igu lis xme ba ada mi a nis Ta vi se bu re be bi, aR qmis una ri, mex si e re ba,
Se xe du le be bi da ada mi a nis fsi qo lo gi is sxva as peq te bi;
· re zo nan su li _ in for ma cia yo vel Tvis ar em Txve va in di vi du a lur sa Wi ro e bebs da
ar mo dis mas Tan Tan xved ra Si;
Tu yu rad Re biT da vak vir de biT in for ma ci is Tav se ba do bas aR mo va CenT aram xo lod ze-
moT moy va nil ba ri e rebs, ara med di di ra o de no biT wya ro ebs, sa i da nac mo sa lod ne lia
sxva das xva ba ri e ris wa moq mna. ad gi li aqvs in di vi de bis su bi eq tur Ca re vas, rom le bic
spe ci a lu rad cdi lo ben in for ma ci is da ma xin je bas, Ca nac vle bas an ga nad gu re bas, ra Ta
gav le na mo ax di non ada mi a ne bis in te re seb ze da emo ci eb ze.
ar se bobs ba ri e re bi, rom le bic ma inc inar Cu nebs Ta vis uar yo fiT Ri re bu le bas ne bis mi-
e ri sa xis in for ma ci u li ze gav le nis mi u xe da vad. sis te ma mdgo ma re obs Sem deg Si:
pir vel ba ri ers Se saZ loa ewo dos niS ne bis (ena) ba ri e ri. Tu in for ma cia mo wo de bu lia
ise Ti for miT, ro me lic ar aris ga sa ge bi mim Re bi saT vis da ar Se uZ lia an in for ma ci is
ga ge ba, ba ri e ris ga da sa la xad sa Wi roa ga mo ye ne bul iq nas Su a ma va li, ro mel sac Se uZ lia
Tar gmnos in for ma ci is Si na ar si uc xo (da xu ru li) for mi dan mim Re bi saT vis nac nob for-
ma Si.
me o re ba ri e ri _ war mo vid gi noT si tu a cia, ro de sac niS ne bis ba ri e ri ga da la xu lia da
Si na ar si xel mi saw vdo mia. Se saZ le be lia es in for ma cia yo vel Tvis ga mo ye ne bul iq nas
in for ma ci u li pro ce se bis obi eq tad? ar un da ga mov ric xoT si tu a cia, ro de sac yve la
(an TiT qmis yve la) sit yva nac no bi da ga sa ge bia, Tum ca in for ma ci is mniS vne lo ba ma inc
ga ur kve ve li dar Ces imis ga mo, rom in for ma cia exe ba iseT sa kiTxs, ro me lic mo iT xovs
da ma te biT cod nas.
me sa me ba ri e ri, ro de sac niS ne bis ba ri e ric ga da la xu lia da Si na ar sic ga sa ge bia, mag ram
ar mim Re bi ar eTan xme ba in for ma ci is Si na arss.
me oT xe _ si tu a ci u ri ba ri e ri, ro de sac si tu a cia Se saZ loa aR moC ndes ise Ti, rom obi-
eq tma ver SeZ los in for ma ci is ga mo ye ne ba.
ze mo aR niS nu li ba ri e re bi ar aris ga da u la xa vi, mag ram sa Wi roa se ri o zu li mu Sa o ba, ra-
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Ta ga a na li ze bul iq nas si tu a cia da da i sa xos mi si ga daW ris gze bi, ase ve gaT va lis wi ne-
bul iq nas mo ma val Si msgav si prob le me bis Ta vi dan aci le bi saT vis.
in for ma ci is mo Zi e bis erT-er Ti yve la ze ad vi li da xSi rad ga mo ye ne ba di gax lavT bib-
li o Te ke bi, rom le bic mo i cavs uam rav in for ma ci as TiT qmis yve la fer ze. Tum ca dRe van-
del re a lo ba Si in ter net re sur se bis mom xma re bel Tan ra o de no ba dRi Tid Re iz rde ba.
iq mne ba in ter net bib li o Te ke bi da ar qi ve bi. TiT qmis yve la na i ri in for ma ci is mo Zi e baa
Se saZ le be li in ter ne tis sa Su a le biT da bev rad uf ro mo xer xe bu lia Tun dac mxo lod im
Tval saz ri siT, rom ada mi ans ar uwevs bib lio Te ka Si was vla da sxva das xva pro ce du ris
gav la. in ter ne tis sa Su a le biT Se saZ le be lia, swrfad, dis tan ci u rad hqon des ada mi ans
wvdo ma sa sur vel in for ma ci a ze da Sem dgom ga mo i ye nos is sur vi li sa mebr. bib li o Te ke bi
da sa gan ma naT leb lo da we se bu le be bic did in te ress iCe nen in for ma ci u li kul tu ris
cne bis mi marT da cdi lo ben mom xma re be li Se aC vi on teq no lo gi e bis ga mo ye ne biT in for-
ma ci is mo Zi e bas Tan. ev ro pis ume tes qvey neb Si bib li o Te ke bi aR Wur vi lia Se sa ba mi si teq-
ni kiT da mom xma re bels Se uZ lia in for ma ci is mo Zi e ba, ro gorc wig ne bis, ase ve in ter-
ne tis sa Su a le biT. tar de ba sxva das xva tre i nin gi da ga da sam za de be li prog ra ma, ra Ta
ada mi a neb ma SeZ lon axa li teq no lo gi e bis aT vi se ba da gi a mar ti von mu Sa o bis pro ce si.
maT So ris sa qar Tve lo Sic ram de ni me wlis win da i ner ga prog ra ma, ro me lic msur ve lebs
sa Su a le bas aZ lev da ufa sod Se es wav laT sa o fi se prog ra me bi da in ter net Tan mu Sa o ba.
dRes dRe o biT in ter net Tan da kom pi u ter Tan mu Sa o bis una ri TiT qmis yve la ada mi ans
aqvs met nak le bad gan vi Ta re bu li. yve la cdi lobs ga ni vi Ta ros kom pi u te ru li unar-Cve-
ve bi, vi na i dan dRe van del re a lo ba Si Se uZ le be lia Ta vi da im kvid ro am una re bis ga re Se.
ada mi a ni, ro mel sac ar ga aC nia es una re bi yo vel Tvis er Ti na bi jiT uka naa im ada mi an Tan
Se da re biT, ro me lic kar gad flobs kom pi u ters da Se uZ lia ne bis mi er dros, ne bis mi er
ad gil ze mo i Zi os sa sur ve li in for ma cia da iyos yo vel Tvis in for mi re bu li. ami tom
kri ti ku lad mniS vne lo va nia yve la ada mi a ni saT vis xel mi saw vdo mi iyos kom pi u te ru li
ga naT le ba da yo vel dRi ur cxov re ba Si am unar-Cve ve bis ga mo ye ne ba.
in for ma ci is gac vlis sa u ke Te so ar xe bis ga mo ye ne ba, Ria da ga mar ti ve bu li ko mu ni ka ci e-
bis for me bi, ase ve ndo bis ma Ra li do ne Ta nam Srom leb Si da kar gad age bu li or ga ni za ci-
u li struq tu ra xels uw yobs or ga ni za ci a Si mim di na re pro ce se bis uf ro swraf, efeq-
ti an war mar Tvas, da qi ra ve bul Ta Car Tu lo bis do nis amaR le bas da, Se sa ba mi sad, uf ro
war ma te bul saq mi a no bas.
Ta na med ro ve sam ya ro Si in for ma ci is mo Zi e ba sa da da mu Sa ve ba ze moT xov ni le ba dRi Tid-
Re iz rde ba da iz rde ba moT xov na im kad reb ze, rom le bic flo ben kom piu te rul una-
rebs. Se uZ li aT in for ma ci is swra fad mo Zi e ba da da mu Sa ve ba, rac sa bo lo od Se deg ze
ai sa xe ba. iz rde ba dam saq meb le bis moT xov ni le ba da saq me bu le bis mi marT am kuT xiT. ada-
mi a ni, ro me lic ver flobs kom pi u te rul unar-Cve vebs faq tob ri vad ver iye nebs Ta vis
Se saZ leb lo bebs sru lad. TiT qmis yve la dam saq me be li mo iT xovs eleq tro nul re Jim Si
ga nac xa dis ga ke Te bas ama Tu im va kan si a ze, sa o fi se prog ra me bis cod nas, in ter net Si Ta-
vi suf lad ori en ti re bas. ami tom pi rov ne ba, ro me lic flobs am una rebs uf ro upi ra tes
mdgo ma re o ba Sia. is ada mi a ne bi ki, rom le bic mar Ta lia ari an sa ku Ta ri saq mis pro fe si o-
na le bi, aqvT Se sa ba mi si cod na da ga naT le ba, mag ram mi e kuT vne bi an Zvel Ta o bas da ver
flo ben am una rebs ga mo yo fi le bi ari an sa er To ma si dan da xde ba sa zo ga do e bis fe ne bad
da yo fas.
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li te ra tu ra:
____________________________________________________________________________1. in for ma ci u li me nej men ti dam xma re sa xel mZRva ne lo / mur Taz maR ra Ze; re daq to ri: en-
ver lag vi la va.
2. Vick, T. E., Nagano, M. S., Popadiuk, S. (2015). Information culture and its infl uences in knowledge creation: Evidence from university teams engaged in collaborative innovation projects. International Journal of Information Management. 35(3), 292-298.
3. Wright, T. (2013). Information culture in a government organization. Records Management Journal, 23(1), 14-36.
4. Oliver, G. (2011), Organizational Culture for Information Managers. Chandos Publishing.5. Choo, C.W. (2013). Information culture and organizational effectiveness. International Journal of
information management, 33, 775-779.6. Choo, C. W., Bergeron, P., Detlor, B., & Heaton, L. (2008). Information culture and information use:
An exploratory study of three organizations. Journal Of The American Society For Information Science & Technology, 59(5), 792-804
7. Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
8. Marchand, D., Kettinger, W., & Rollins, J. (2001). Information orientation: The link to business performance. New York : Oxford University Press.
9. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework . Reading, MA : Jossey Bass.
10. Oliver, G. (2011). Organizational Culture for Information Managers. Chandos Publishing.
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INFORMATION CULTURE
Sophiko GelashviliPh.D student
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Abstract
Any organization that employs more than one person has a culture and therefore an information culture. Information culture refers to any activity and behavior that is related in any way to knowledge, communi-cation, information and data. We live in an era where information is a major source of profi t for most com-panies. It is therefore not surprising that information culture plays a key role in the successful functioning of organizations.
The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of information culture, the importance and perspectives of its development. The paper demonstrates the importance of raising the organizational culture among em-ployees, which contributes to the successful functioning of the organization itself.
Keywords: Information Culture; Organization; Organizational Culture; Information Culture in Organiza-tions.
INFORMATION CULTURE
The development of modern countries is in the direction of creating an information society, i.e., to create a society in which a large proportion of employees will be engaged in the production, collection, storage and use of information. The term information society and information culture are becoming more and more relevant.
For the information society, the priority is not the production of goods and services, but the production and consumption of intellect and knowledge, which logically leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. With all this, the demand for knowledge and creative skills increases. Therefore, we live in an era where information is the main source of power and profi t for most companies, and the existence of an information society is an indicator of culture. For this reason, it is important to develop and promote information cul-ture in organizations, raise the awareness of the information society among the population and popularize education in this regard. Taking all of this into account, this paper will focus on these issues.
Culture is one of the most widely used words in the scientifi c literature as well as in everyday use. It has many meanings due to the complexity and diversity of the phenomenon of culture itself.
In the modern sense, the term culture has been used since the 17th century. It is believed that it was fi rst used as an independent lexical unit by the German lawyer and historian Samuel Puffendorf (1632-1694), who contrasted culture with the natural state of man. The term culture originated from the Latin word (kultura), which means to cultivate the soil. I.e., refers to a change in a natural object caused by human impact, as opposed to changes caused by natural causes. The word culture is found in the lectures of virtually every human being, but this commandment has a completely different meaning. One refers only to the values of the spiritual life, second attribute it only to art, the third generally conceives of a certain ideology.
74
Culture is a combination of person and his creations. This commandment means `created~, `unnatural~ in the context. The world of culture, any of its objects or events is perceived not as the result of natural forces, but as the result of human efforts aimed directly at the perfection, processing and transformation of nature, which is why culture does not exist without man. It is from the beginning connected with man and originated in order for him to constantly strive for the purpose of his life and action, for the perfection of himself and the world in which he lives [1, p. 34]1.
Culture shapes members of society, thus regulating their behaviors to a certain degree. Clifford Girtz (1973) calls culture `a system of regulatory mechanisms, which includes the plans, instructions, rules, instructions by which behaviors are governed~. He believes that without culture, people will fi nd it diffi cult to orient themselves in this world.
The behavior of people unconditioned by cultural models would become virtually uncontrollable. It would equate to meaningless spontaneous behaviors, uncontrollable emotions, a person would not actually ac-cumulate any experience.
Technological and economic changes related to the information society are accompanied by cultural chang-es. Including lifestyle, consumption structure, types of cognition and experience.
When talking about information culture and its beginnings, it is necessary to emphasize that information culture has changed the whole world. Information culture expresses the level of human knowledge that enables one to freely navigate in the information space, participate in its formation and promote the inter-connectedness of information. At the same time a person has the ability to create and practically use quali-tatively new information based on receiving, accumulating, coding and processing any kind of information. Information is becoming an important and valuable resource day by day, such as traditional natural, labor or human resources. Therefore, the process of information processing in relation to the process of process-ing material resources can be considered as technology.
To begin with, understanding and acknowledging that good informational behaviors can increase job sat-isfaction (even for beginners, reducing idle time) would not be bad. In view of all the above, it is very important to have an information culture in the organization, to work on its development and refi nement [2, p. 775]2.
The formation of information culture and its further development is an irreversible process and it gives direction to the culture. As time goes by under the infl uence of the development of new technologies the culture undergoes a substantial change. A clear example of this is the formation and development of a mass information culture in the 21st century that targets a wide audience and spreads through the mass media [3, p. 15]3. The media has accumulated the information culture of mankind.
It is a comprehensive revolution not only technically but also socially in the way people think, work and relax. Mass information culture is one of the main achievements of globalization and it radically changes the communication culture of people, minimizes time and effort and makes people’s lives easier. Different countries, different times, different nationalities and races were connected through mass communication.
Part of communication theorists and thinkers (Harold Adams Innis and Herbert Marshall McLuhan) believe that fundamental changes in the history of mankind are related to new technical means of communication 1 Vick, T. E., Nagano, M. S., Popadiuk, S. (2015). Information culture and its infl uences in knowledge creation: Evidence from university teams engaged in collaborative innovation projects. International Journal of Information Management. 35(3), 292-298.2 Choo, C.W. (2013). Information culture and organizational effectiveness. International Journal of information management, 33, 775-779.3 Wright, T. (2013). Information culture in a government organization. Records Management Journal, 23(1), 14-36.
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and the technological (technical) revolution determines the development of society history [4, p. 11]1. Rep-resentatives of this view distinguish three periods in the development of civilization:
First period. Primitive _ oral culture (the period before the culture of printing), which was based on the collective principles of understanding the existing reality and life; at this stage of public life, communica-tion was by oral means.
Second period. Print culture stage _ this stage laid the foundation for the era of nationalism, individualism and didactics. The result of this culture is a `typographic and industrial~ person. Because print culture was distinctive and elite, it became accessible only to educated people. The specifi city of print communication lies in the fact that it is possible for hearing and sight to exist separately. That is, it became possible to read `me~. However, it is also noteworthy that in doing so, oral dialogue has lost its former meaning.
Third period. Electricity played a major role in the formation of this stage. Electronic mass communication has made it possible to overcome space and distance. People can instantly connect with each other any-where in the world, at any time of the day. According to McLuhan [5, p. 45]2, it transforms the world into `one large global village (space)~. The world has become relatively small, and the changes and processes taking place at one end of it have had a direct impact on not only the economic but also the social condition of other, remote parts of the world. The exchange of ideas accelerated and acquired a global character. The increasing development of the mass media in the 20th century changed the perception of people and laid the foundation for the formation of a new, virtual world. The means of collectivity and the diverse perception of the world, both audio and visual, are still relevant through electronic mass communication. Electronic means of communication: telegraph, radio, telephone, television and computer have become an integral part of human life and consequently affect and transform all aspects of human mental and social life.
One of the most important elements of human information culture is the knowledge of information re-sources (the ability to receive them freely). Many organizations in our country are involved in the process of collecting, processing, storing and disseminating information (libraries, statistical centers, information services and media representatives).
The American Library Association considers information literacy to be human skills such as identifying, retrieving, evaluating, and ultimately using information effectively [1, p. 292]3.
There are following defi nitions of informational culture [6, p. 84]4:
· Interest, motivation and need to acquire knowledge and skills in the technical, software and informa-tion fi elds;
· Combining social, physical and technical knowledge that is refl ected in modern information systems;
· Knowledge of information base components for exploratory, cognitive activities;
· Ways and actions that defi ne operational boundaries for exploratory, cognitive activities;
· Exploration experience in the fi eld of software and technical resources;1 Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.2 Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework . Reading, MA: Jossey Bass.3 Vick, T. E., Nagano, M. S., Popadiuk, S. (2015). Information culture and its infl uences in knowledge creation: Evidence from university teams engaged in collaborative innovation projects. International Journal of Information Management. 35(3), 292-298.4 Choo, C. W., Bergeron, P., Detlor, B., & Heaton, L. (2008). Information culture and information use: An exploratory study of three organizations. Journal Of The American Society For Information Science & Technology, 59(5), 792-804.
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· Experience of human-computer interaction.
The following components are distinguished in information culture [6, p. 84]1:
o Information use culture (choose information wisely based on daily life, news, leadership);
o Culture of information selector (public life systematic monitoring of the information environment, informative ability to analyze the environment);
o Search culture (offered information services knowledge of range, fi nding different search engines, get-ting acquainted with and use);
o Information processing culture (analytical-synthetic activities);
o Culture of information development and use (publications, Participate in scientifi c events, science and application of technologies in practice);
o Creating cultural bibliographic information;
o Culture of using computer and offi ce equipment;
o Culture of information relations
o Information dissemination culture.
Academic literature defi nes four types of information culture [7, p. 175]2:
1. Functional culture: Managers use information about others for infl uence and power;
2. Culture sharing: Managers and employers trust using each other’s information to improve perfor-mance quality;
3. Survey culture: Managers and employees are looking Information to better understand the future and ways to change if what to do for future trends / directions;
4. Discovery culture: Supervisors and staff are ready for new challenges and learning about crises and about radical change and looking for ways to create competitive continuity.
The study of information culture should be based on the knowledge, skills and habits required for everyday human activities. Based on the above, the following components of culture can be combined in a person’s information culture [8, pp. 15_ 17]3:
1. Information retrieval;
2. Reading and perceiving information;
3. Processing large volumes of information arrays;
4. Creating your own search and reference systems;
5. Establishing professional relationships between individuals;
1Choo, C. W., Bergeron, P., Detlor, B., & Heaton, L. (2008). Information culture and information use: An exploratory study of three organizations. Journal Of The American Society For Information Science & Technology, 59(5), 792-804.2 Marchand, D., Kettinger, W., & Rollins, J. (2001). Information orientation: The link to business performance. New York : Oxford University Press.3 Maghradze, M. (2013). Informative Management Headbook. Editor: Enver Lagvilava.
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6. Striving to increase communicative competence;
7. To cultivate in oneself the ability to be patient with the views of others and the ability to receive and impart knowledge;
8. Using telecommunication channels for joint activities, ability to fi nd partners;
9. Ability to clearly and convincingly convey your own activities results.
There are the following barriers to the production, transmission and consumption of information (9, pp. 1-2)1:
Geographic _ the completeness and accuracy of information is directly proportional to the distance that separates interconnected objects.
Historical _ the completeness and accuracy of information is also proportional to the time interval that separates any event and information about it.
Socio-political regime _ information that belongs to certain public organizations and is not subject to pub-licity, consequently, the majority of the public does not have access to this information.
Departmental _ some information for unknown reasons delayed negligence of some agencies and organi-zations because of the employees.
Economic _ affects when it fails due to lack of funds extensive production, dissemination and training of information. Also staffi ng preparation.
Technical _ lack of new technologies leads to information retrieval procrastination and a waste of time and effort.
Terminological _ there are many terms nowadays that it can be understood in different ways and not always available to a wide range of information users.
Linguistic _ There may be a problem with the exchange of information widespread languages.
Psychological _ refers to human characteristics, perceptual ability, memory, beliefs and other aspects of human psychology.
Resonant _ information does not always match individual needs and does not come to terms with it.
If we look closely at the compatibility of the information we will fi nd not only the above barriers, but also a large number of sources from which different barriers are expected to arise. There is a subjective inter-ference of individuals who specifi cally try to distort, replace, or destroy information in order to infl uence people’s interests and emotions.
There are barriers that still retain their negative value despite any informational impact. The system is as follows:
The fi rst threshold may be called the sign (language) threshold. If the information is provided in a form that is incomprehensible to the recipient and cannot or does not understand the information, an intermediary must be used to cross the threshold, which can translate the information from a foreign (closed) form into a form familiar to the recipient.
1 Oliver, G. (2011), Organizational Culture for Information Managers. Chandos Publishing.
78
Second Threshold _ Imagine a situation where the sign threshold is crossed and content is available. Can this information always be used as an object of information processes? We should not rule out a situation where all (or almost all) of the words are familiar and understandable, however signifi cance of the informa-tion is still unclear because the information relates to an issue that requires additional knowledge.
The third threshold is when both the marker threshold is crossed and the content is clear but the recipient does not agree with the content of the information.
Fourth _ situational barrier, when the situation may turn out to be such that the object can not use the in-formation.
The above barriers are not insurmountable, but serious work is needed to analyze the situation and outline ways to solve it, as well as to consider similar problems in the future.
One of the easiest and most frequently used ways to fi nd information is libraries, which contain a lot of information on almost everything. However, in today’s reality, the number of users of Internet resources is growing day by day. Internet libraries and archives are being created. Almost all kinds of information can be found on the Internet and it is much more convenient even if only in the sense that a person does not have to go to the library and go through various procedures. Through the Internet, it is possible to quickly, remotely access a person to the desired information and then use it as desired. Libraries and educational institutions are also showing great interest in the concept of information culture and are trying to accustom users to use and fi nd information. Libraries in most European countries are equipped with the appropri-ate equipment and users can fi nd information both through books and the Internet. Various trainings and retraining programs are conducted to enable people to master new technologies and simplify the work pro-cess. Among them, a program was introduced in Georgia a few years ago, which allowed those who want to study offi ce programs for free and work with the Internet. Nowadays, almost everyone has the ability to work with the Internet and computers. Everyone is trying to develop computer skills, because in today’s reality it is impossible to establish oneself without these skills. A person who does not have these skills is always one step behind compared to a person who is well versed in the computer and can search for the desired information anytime, anywhere and be always informed. It is therefore critical that all people have access to computer education and the use of these skills in their daily lives.
The use of the best channels for information exchange, open and streamlined forms of communication, as well as a high level of trust in employees and a well-built organizational structure contribute to faster, more effi cient management of processes in the organization, increase employee engagement and, consequently, more successful operations.
In the modern world, the demand for information retrieval and processing is growing day by day and the demand for staff who have computer skills is growing. Able to quickly fi nd and process information, what-ever will eventually be refl ected in the result. Employers’ demand for employees in this regard is growing. A person who does not possess computer skills can not literally use his full potential. Almost all employers require to apply electronically for this or that vacancy, knowledge of offi ce programs, free orientation on the Internet. Therefore the person who possesses these skills is in a more privileged position. Even people who are true professionals in their fi eld have the relevant knowledge and education, but belong to the older generation and do not possess these skills are separated from the general mass and become divided into layers of society.
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References_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Vick, T. E., Nagano, M. S., Popadiuk, S. (2015). Information culture and its infl uences in knowledge
creation: Evidence from university teams engaged in collaborative innovation projects. International Journal of Information Management. 35(3), 292-298.
2. Choo, C.W. (2013). Information culture and organizational effectiveness. International Journal of information management, 33, 775-779.
3. Wright, T. (2013). Information culture in a government organization. Records Management Journal, 23(1), 14-36.
4. Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society, and culture. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
5. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework . Reading, MA: Jossey Bass.
6. Choo, C. W., Bergeron, P., Detlor, B., & Heaton, L. (2008). Information culture and information use: An exploratory study of three organizations. Journal Of The American Society For Information Science & Technology, 59(5), 792-804.
7. Marchand, D., Kettinger, W., & Rollins, J. (2001). Information orientation: The link to business performance. New York : Oxford University Press.
8. Maghradze, M. (2013). Informative Management Headbook. Editor: Enver Lagvilava.9. Oliver, G. (2011), Organizational Culture for Information Managers. Chandos Publishing.
80
ko vid-19 pan de mi is fon ze Ta na med ro ve sa er Ta So ri so sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is sa mar Tleb ri vi
prob le me bi da per speq ti ve bi
da viT ge fe ri Ze
sa mar Tlis doq to ri,
go ris sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis afi li re bu li pro fe so ri
ano ta cia
kvle vis mTa va ri mi za nia, msof li o Si ko vid 19 pan de mi is fon ze Ta na med ro ve sa er Ta So ri-
so sa mo qa la qo avi a ci a Si Seq mni li mdgo ma re o bis faq tob ri vi da sa mar Tleb ri vi ana li zi. ker Zod, naS ro mis mniS vne lo va ni na wi li exe ba sa qar Tve lo sa da sa er Ta So ri so sa mo qa la qo avi a ci a Si pan de mi is fon ze ar se bul sa mar Tleb riv Se fa se bas da im Zi ri Ta di gan sxva ve be-bis Cve ne bas, rom le bic, er Ti mxriv, ev ro pis sa mar Tlis xo lo, me o re mxriv, sa er Ta So ri so sa mar Tleb ri vi ba zis zo gi erT as peqts ukav Sir de ba. sta ti a Si yu rad Re ba ga max vi le bu lia im faq tis de ta lur ana liz ze, Tu ra tom ar ar se bobs dRem de ko vid 19-Tan da kav Si re bu li kon kre tu li sa mar Tleb ri vi re gu la ci e bi sa ha e ro tran spor tis dar gSi da, me o re mxriv, sa er Ta So ri so sa mar Tleb ri vi da eko no mi kur-po li ti ku ri Tval saz ri siT, re gu la ci e bis arar se bo bis sru lad sa fuZ vlebs mok le bu li va ku u mis Ta o ba ze. naS ro mis das kvniT na wil-
Si sa u ba ria ima ze, Tu ra un da mo i moq me dos mo ma val Si Ta na med ro ve sa er Ta So ri so Ta na me-
gob ro bam sa er Ta So ri so sa mar Tlis sxva das xva prin ci pis dac vis mi mar Tu le biT am prob-
le mis sa mar Tleb ri vad da re gu li re bis Tval saz ri siT.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: sa er Ta So ri so sa mo qa la qo avi a cia, pan de mia, ko vid 19, ikao, ia ta, sa-
er Ta So ri so sa mar Tleb ri vi re gu la ci e bi, avi a kom pa ni e bi, ae ro por te bi.
ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi am ise Ti kri zi si ga mo iw via, rom lis msgav sic is to ri as ar ax sovs _
is sa mu da mod Sec vlis sa er Ta So ri so sa mo qa la qo avi a ci as
Se sa va li
sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro sa mar Tlis is to ri a Si iyo gar kve u li pe ri o di, ro de sac sa xel mwi-
fo ga ta ce bu li iyo sa ku Ta ri erov nu li fre ne bis sis te mis Seq mniT. ma le ga ir kva, rom ase-Ti we se bis mra val fe rov ne ba im gva ria, rom sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro tran spor tze aR niS nu-
li we se biT fre na praq ti ku lad Se uZ le be lia. ai, ami tom dad ga dRis wes rig Si fre ne bis er Tgva ro va ni we se bis Seq mnis au ci leb lo ba, mxo lod ko leq ti u ri Za lis xme viT sa er Ta So-
ri so or ga ni za ci is Car Co eb Si. swo red ase Ti amo ca na da u sa xa sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is sa er-
Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci as (Sem dgom Si ikao) Ci ka gos 1944 wlis kon ven ci am1. mi si mi Re ba aso-
cir de ba msof lio sa zo ga do e bis moT xov ni le be bis dak ma yo fi le bis sur vil Tan, sa ha e ro siv rce Si ada mi an Ta da tvir Tis na ka de bis re gu la ru li moZ ra o bis or ga ni ze bas Tan da am
1 ix. Cikagos 1944 wlis konvencia saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/37096?publication=0>
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miz nis Tvis av to ri te tu li da gav le ni a ni or ga ni za ci is Seq mnas Tan, ro mel sac ewo de ba sa-
mo qa la qo avi a ci is sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za cia (ikao)1.
sa qar Tve los sa a vi a cio xe li suf le ba iT va lis wi nebs sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro ser vi se bis ma re gu li re be li we se bis, pro ce du re bis, ma re gu li re be li nor me bis har mo ni za ci as, ma Ti erov nu li in te re se bis gaT va lis wi ne biT.
sa qar Tve lo iye nebs ikao-s po ten ci al sa da Se saZ leb lo bebs erov nu li sa mo qa la qo avi a ci-
is gan vi Ta re ba Si, erov nu li sa a vi a cio ko mu ni ka ci e bis in fras truq tu ris for mi re ba sa da sa ha e ro kva li fi ci u ri per so na lis uz run vel yo fa Si.
sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro sa mar Ta li upi ra te sad are gu li rebs sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is saq mi a-no bas. es saq mi a no ba mo i cavs sa er Ta So ri so fre nebs, mgzav re bi sa da tvir Tis sa er Ta So-
ri so ga day va na-ga da zid vas er Ti qvey ni dan me o re Si. sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is sa er Ta So ri so re gu la ru li Tu ara re gu la ru li fre ne bi xor ci el de ba er Ti miz niT _ mgzav re bi sa da tvir Tis gan saz Rvru li sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro mar Sru te biT ga day va na-ga da zid vi saT-
vis. msof lio eko no mi kis gan vi Ta re ba Si sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is ro li gan sa kuT re biT di dia. tran spor tis msof lio sis te ma war mo ud ge ne lia avi a ci is ga re Se. mi si ne bis mi e ri dro e bi-
Ti ga Ce re bac ki, praq ti ku lad tol fa sia sti qi u ri ube du re bi sa, ro me lic iw vevs qvey nis eko no mi ki sa da yo fis pa ra li ze bas. sa mo qa la qo avi a cia gvev li ne ba, ro gorc sa er Ta So ri-
so sa ha e ro tran spor ti. am saq mi a no bis Se de gad, sa xel mwi fo Ta So ris ma Ti te ri to ri is Tav ze re gu la ru li da ara re gu la ru li sa er Ta So ri so fre ne bis or ga ni za ci is ga mo, aR-
mo cen de ba spe ci fi ku ri sa xel mwi fo Ta So ri si sa a vi a cio ur Ti er To be bi. ase Ti fre ne bis Ses ru le ba re gu lir de ba spe ci a lu ri aer sa na vi ga cio we se biT, rom le bic qmnis sa er Ta So-
ri so fre ne bis re Jims. mi si mTa va ri amo ca naa re gu la ru li da ara re gu la ru li fre ne bis usaf rTxo e bis uz run vel yo fa ada mi an Ta si coc xli sa da jan mrTe lo bis dac vis miz niT.
sa mo qa la qo avi a cia da pan de mi is am Ja min de li si tu a ci is ana li zi
2020 wlis mar ti dan msof li os mas Sta biT ko vid 19_is gav rce le bis Se sa Ce reb lad sa er Ta-
So ri so fre ne bi ga uq mda da sa xel mwi fo e bis mxri dan da wes da Sez Rud ve bi, ra mac TiT qmis mTli a nad Se a Ce ra sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro mi mos vla. msof lio pan de mi am myi si e ri da mniS-vne lo va ni gav le na iqo nia msof lio eko no mi ka ze. xar je bis Sem ci re bis mra val fe ro van ma stra te gi am gav le na mo ax di na sa er Ta So ri so sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is seq tor ze, ro me lic mo-
i cavs uam rav su bi eqts, da saq me ba sa da Rir se u li da av to ri te tu li dar gis in fras truq-
tu ris Seq mna ze. ikao, jan dac vis sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci am da Sro mis sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci am da ag ro va sak mao ga moc di le ba wi na kri zi su li si tu a ci e bis Se de gad, rac gar kve ul wi lad ex ma re ba dargs am rye ve bis gan ga mow ve u li prob le me bis daZ le va Si2.
sa er Ta So ri so sa a vi a cio or ga ni za ci e bis sxva das xva prog no zis Ta nax mad3, 2019 wlis sa-er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro mi mos vla sru lad Se iZ le ba aR dges 2024 wels, sa a vi a cio sfe ros sxva das xva spe ci a lis tis va ra u diT, es Se iZ le ba iyos wlis da saw yi si an da sas ru li, mag ram ara uad res saw yi sad da sa xe le bu li Ta ri Ri sa4. amas Tan, Tu ki ad re Tu gvi an, ga day va nil
1 ix. organizaciis oficialuri vebgverdi <icao.org>2 ix. <https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/impacts-and-responses/WCMS_755910/lang--en/index.htm>3 ix. sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso asociaciis (iata) oficialuri vebgverdi <https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/>4 dawvr.ix. <https://www.aex.ru/exp/>
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mgzav rTa ra o de no ba 2019-Si ga day va nil Ta ricxvs ga u tol de ba, ma Sin msof li o Si sa a vi a-cio in dus tri is zrdis tem pi, ve Rar Se ed re ba pan de mi am de pe ri o dis mo na ce mebs _ am bobs Embraer-is mar ke tin gis di req to ri ma ikl no va ki1. `bo lo 10 an 20 we li iyo eko no mi ku-
ri su per cik li, ro me lic aRa ra so des gan me or de ba; es aris: struq tu ru li cvli le be bi mgzav rTa qce va Si, eko lo gi is sa kiT xe bi, mwva ne eko no mi ka. Cven mig vaC nia, rom ve ras dros da vub run de biT A380_s, aseT ba zars da aseT sce nars~ _ das Zi na no vak ma2.
avi a bi le Te bis ki dev uf ro ma Ra li fa se bi, nak le bi sa ha e ro mar Sru te bi, fre nam de wi na sa-me di ci no Se mow me be bi da ki dev uf ro nak le bi ufa so kve ba. ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi am Seq mna axa li era avi a ga da zid veb Si. faq tob ri vad ca ri e li ae ro por te bi imis da das tu re baa, rom ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi am gav le na mo ax di na sa a vi a cio in dus tri is praq ti ku lad yve la na-wil ze. sa xel mwi fo e bi mzad un da iy vnen dar gis wyve ti li da xan grZli vi aR dge nis Tvis.
sul ram de ni me kvi ra Si ko ro na vi rus ma TiT qos Se a Ce ra sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is gan vi Ta re-
bis aT wle u le bi, avi a miR we ve bi, ro me lic erT-er Ti udi de si kul tu ru li da eko no mi ku ri mov le na iyo sam ya ro Si, me o re msof lio omis Sem dgom. ax la ki yve la fe ri Se Ce re bu lia. ana-li ti ku ri kom pa ni e bis mo na ce me biT, ian vris Sem deg mTel msof li o Si avi a kom pa ni eb ma sa ha-e ro xo mal de bis te va do bis 70 pro cen tze me ti Se am ci res.
avi a kom pa ni e bi ase ve SeS fo Te bul ni ari an im faq tiT, rom ada mi a ne bi al baT ar mo i sur ve ben Ca ke til siv rce eb Si yof nas, mas Sem de gac ki, ro de sac vi ru si uk ve kon trol qveS iq ne ba. sa-ha e ro tran spor tis sa er Ta So ri so aso ci a ci is (Sem dgom Si ia ta) mi er Ca ta re bu li kvle vis Ta nax mad3, po ten ci u ri mgzav re bis 40 pro cen tze me ti Sez Rud ve bis das ru le bis da saz-
Rvre bis gax snis Sem deg ki dev eq vsi Tvis gan mav lo ba Si fiq robs da lo de bas. ami tom, zo gi-
er Ti avi a kom pa nia api rebs ca ri e li ad gi le bis da to ve bas, mi ni mum, moZ ra o bis ga nax le bis da saw yis Si, ra Ta mom xma reb lebs uf ro me ti Ta vi su fa li pi ra di siv rce hqon deT.
sa er Ta So ri so fre nis dros mka fi od iq ne ba gan saz Rvru li pi ro be bi _ sa a vi a cio Sez Rud-
ve bis au ci leb lo ba, ur Ti er Tda So re ba, ag reT ve, mgzav ris re gis tra ci is pi ro be bi _ dis-
tan cia. fre nis dros bev ri amo ca na eq ne ba sa de zin feq cio sa mu Sa o e bis Tval saz ri siT, TviT mfri na vi mzad da aR Wur vi li iq ne ba Se sa ba mi si si tu a ci is Tvis, es ki dev da kav Si re bu-
lia da ma te biT fi nan sur uz run vel yo fas Tan.
eq sper te bis Se fa se biT, ae ro por tis dar baz Si Se mow me bis pro ce si ga ci le biT met xans gag-rZel de ba. Cve u leb ri vi Se mow me be bis gar da, Ca tar de ba sa me di ci no ga mok vle ve bic. amas-Tan, mok le va di a ni fre ne bis Tvis sa Wi roa mi ni mum 70 pro cen ti a ni da saq me ba, ra Ta fre na mom ge bi a ni iyos. TviT mfri na ve bis gam ta ro bis Se saZ leb lo bis 33 pro cen tiT Sem ci re biT, avi a kom pa ni e bi am mdgra do bis do nes qve moT da we ven4.
wi nas wa ri fa se biT, avi a kom pa ni e bi za ra liT if re nen, ro ca sru li speq tris ser vi sis Sem-Ta va ze bi ga dam zi da ve bi Se iZ le ba, Zi ri Ta dad, Sor man Zil ze pre mi um sa qa laq Ta So ri so abo nen tebs da ey rdnon. ia ta-s xel mZRva ne lis gan cxa de biT, yve las mo u wevs fa se bis stra-
te gi is ga da xed va5. Ta vis mxriv, zo gi er Tma qar Tul ma avi a kom pa ni am 2020 wels, sa ha e ro xo-
1 ix. <https://novostivl.ru/post/85987/>2 ix.iqve3 ix. sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso asociaciis (iata) oficialuri vebgverdi <https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/>4 dawvr.ix. <https://novostivl.ru/post/85987/>5 ix. <https://www.iata.org/en/publications/>
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mal dis bor tze Se i ta na gar kve u li aR Wur vi lo ba _ saT va le e bi, niR be bi, xel TaT ma ne bi an dam ca vi kos ti u me bi. ev ro ko mi sia am za debs we se bis pro eqts, rom lis Se sa ba mi sa dac avi a-kom pa ni eb ma un da Sec va lon fre nis pi ro be bi ko ro na vi ru sis Sez Rud ve bis mox snis Ta na ve. msgavs zo mebs, rom le bic Se iZ le ba mo i cav des Se sa ba mi si fa re bis sa val de bu lo ta re bas an mgzav rebs So ris gar kve u li dis tan ci is Se nar Cu ne bas, mi i Rebs yve la ga dam zi da vi.
amas Tan, zo gi er Ti avi a kom pa nia, rom le bic ga yid ve bis ki dev uf ro mniS vne lo van var dnas elis, ak ri ti ke ben da geg mil zo mebs zus tad imi tom, rom bev ri ad gi li ca ri e li dar Ce ba. avi a sa war mo e bis aq ti u ri saq mi a no bis Sem ci re bis ga mo, ase ve, Sem ci re bu lia saq mi a ni da sam gzav ro mog za u ro be bi. Car te ru li sam gzav ro da sat vir To ga da zid ve bi met-nak le bad sta bi lu ri rCe ba. amas Tan, es mTli a ni baz ris wi lis mci re pro cen tia.
ko ro na vi ru sis gav le na sa mo qa la qo avi a ci a ze _ avi a bi le Te bis fa se bi ga iz rde ba. so ci-
a lu ri da yo fis we se bis ga mo, tra di ci u li, ase ve da bal bi u je ti a ni avi a ga dam zid ve le bis bi le Te bi sa va ra u dod gaZ vir de ba. mim di na re wels avi a kom pa ni ebs 314 mi li ar di do la ris za ra li aqvT bi le Te bis ga yid va Si, xo lo ma Ti na xe va ri ki sa er Tod ga kot rda. bo lo kvi re-
bis gan mav lo ba Si Se iq mna msof li os sa ha e ro flo tis TiT qmis ori me sa me di _ 17000-ze me-ti TviT mfri na vi. ama ve dros, sa a vi a cio seq tor Si 25 mi li on ze me ti sa mu Sao ad gi li uk ve saf rTxis wi na Sea.
ra be di elis sa mo qa la qo avi a ci as? ro go ri iq ne ba mo ma val Si?
ro gorc Cans, nor ma lu ri sa a vi a cio re a lo bis dab ru ne ba, ro mel sac Cve u leb riv mgzav re-
bi iy vnen miC ve ul ni, di di xnis gan mav lo ba Si Se uZ le be li iq ne ba. TviT mfri nav Si Cas xdo ma uk ve eq vem de ba re ba jan mrTe lo bis spe ci a lur Se mow me bas. ase ve, mgzav reb ma Se iZ le ba ga-i a ron Ter mos kri nin gi an maT mo u wi oT jan mrTe lo bis ser ti fi ka te bis war dge na. aR niS-
nul ma pro ces ma Se iZ le ba sag rZnob lad Se a fer xos mu Sa o ba. gar da ami sa, dRes dRe o biT TviT mfri na ve bis 95 pro cen ti xme leT ze dgas, am Ja min de li kri zi sis pi ro beb Si, pan de mi iT ga mow ve u li Se mo sav le bis var dna 99 pro cents Se ad gens.
sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro ga day va na-ga da zid ve bis ga nax le ba da mo ki de bu li iq ne ba Covid-19 pan de mi is Sem dgom gan vi Ta re ba ze, erov nul ka non mdeb lo ba sa da, ker Zod, mgzav re bis mzad yof na ze if ri non dad ge ni li pi ro be biT, ra Ta up rob le mod ga da la xon saz Rvre bi.
bo lo pe ri o dis gan mav lo ba Si, avi a kom pa ni e bi mTel msof li o Si mi mar Ta ven sa ku Tar mTav-
ro bebs fi nan su ri mxar da We ris mi sa Re bad. mTav ro bis da fi nan se bis wya lo biT, avi a kom pa-
ni e bi da msxvi li bi u je tis mqo ne avi a kom pa ni e bi, sa va ra u dod, ga dar Ce bi an. ama ve dros, mTav ro be bis mi er ga we u li in ves ti cia niS navs, rom avi a kom pa ni e bi na wi lob riv ma inc mi e-kuT vne ba sa xel mwi fos an va li aqvT mi si. am mi ze zis ga mo, isi ni, sa va ra u dod, iZu le bul ni gax de bi an Se am ci ron fre ne bis ra o de no ba an Tun dac ga zar don bi le Te bis fa se bi. aR niS nu-
lis gaz rda Se iZ le ba niS nav des sar ki nig zo ga da zid ve bis po pu la ro bis swraf zrdas.
das kvna
jer ki dev TiT qmis Se uZ le be lia imis prog no zi re ba, Tu ra be di elis sa mo qa la qo avi a ci as ko ro na vi ru sis Sem deg. mag ram eW vga re Sea, rom mog za u ro bis ak rZal vis ga uq me ba gaz rdis mom xma re bel Ta ra o de no bas, ro mel Tac surT mo i na xu lon Ta vi an Ti oja xi, me gob re bi an ga em gzav ron Sve bu le ba Si. gar da ami sa, bev ria, vi sac sur vi li eq ne ba ga mo i ye nos Ta vi si va-u Ce ri uk ve Se Ze ni li fre nis Tvis, ro me lic ga uq mda an ga da ta nil iq na usaf rTxo e bis zo-
me bis ga mo. ama ve dros, kri zi sis pe ri od Si, sa qar Tve los sa a vi a cio saq mi a no bis gar kve u li
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sa kiT xe bi gan sa kuT re bu li aq tu a lo biT war mo Cin da. ev ro kav Si ri mo i cavs 27 qve ya nas da isi ni yve la ni mu Sa o ben zo ga di sa a vi a cio ka non mdeb lo bis Se sa ba mi sad. sa mo qa la qo avi a cia erT-er Ti sa er To seg men tia, ro mel Sic ev ro kav Si ri eq vem de ba re ba er Ti an sa mar Tleb riv re gu li re bas, xo lo jan mrTe lo ba erov nul sa gan Zu rad iT vle ba da, Se sa ba mi sad, moq me-
debs erov nul do ne ze Se mu Sa ve bu li we se bi. es cal ke u li sa xel mwi fo e bis erov nu li we se-bia da isi ni zog jer Za li an gan sxvav de ba er Tma ne Tis gan. mo ce mul sa kiTxs ev ro pa Si di di yu rad Re ba eq ce va, mag ram ri gi qvey ne bi is wraf vi an ga nag rZon svla sa ku Ta ri gziT, ami tom aq sa Wi ro e ba dgas sa er Ta So ri so sa mar Tleb ri vi nor mis Seq mna Si. dRes jer je ro biT ar ar se bobs arc sa er To ev ro pu li jan mrTe lo bis dac vis Se sa ba mi si ma re gu li re be li ber ke-
ti, ro me lic gvaZ levs zo gad we seb sa da nor mebs, arc sa er Ta Sor sio sa mar Tleb ri vi nor-
ma, yve la moq me debs sa ku Ta ri erov nu li we se bis Se sa ba mi sad.
imis ga mo, rom Ti To e u li ev ro pu li qve ya na inar Cu nebs jan dac vis stan dar tebs, Cven, ro-
gorc sa a vi a cio sam ya ros cal ke u li war mo mad ge ne li _ zo ga di sa a vi a cio xe li suf le bi sa da ko mer ci u li avi a ci is war mo mad gen leb Tan er Tad, am mi mar Tu le biT zo gi er Ti sa er To mid go mis Se mu Sa ve ba sa da gan xor ci e le bas Tan da kav Si re biT sir Tu le ebs vxvde biT.
si tu a cia are u lia: ra, ro dis da vin ga na ax lebs? er Ti qve ya na Tu mTe li re gi o ni? an iq-neb er Ti qa la qi? ma ga li Tad, avi RoT ka ran ti nis xan grZli vo ba ko vid 19_is Tvis: sad Rac, zo gi erT qve ya na Si, aTi dRea, sxva gan ki _ ToT xme ti. ar se bob da qvey ne bis `Sa vi si e bi~, sa-i da nac Ses vlis Ta na ve sa val de bu lo ka ran ti ni iyo sa Wi ro, zog jer ki _ `or mxri vi~, Ti-
To e u li mxa ris Tvis au ci le be li, an `mwva ne~ qvey ne bi da maT vis ar se bu li gan sxva ve bu li re gu la ci e bi.
si tu a ci a ze da de bi Tad Se iZ le ba imoq me dos ae ro por teb Si eq spres-tes te bis far To Se mo-
Re bam _ ma ga li Tad, isi ni uk ve keT de ba hiT ro us (lon do ni) ae ro por tSi1. am Sem Txve va Si, ada mi a ne bi, rom le bic ga daw yve ten sa ha e ro gziT imog za u ron, ar un da da kar gon dro imis-Tvis, rom mo Zeb non ad gi le bi, sa dac Se iZ le ba tes ti re ba ko vid 19_ze da mi i Ron Se sa ba mi si do ku men ti, ro me lic adas tu rebs, rom pi rov ne ba ar aris vi ru sis ma ta re be li.
mim di na re wlis 15 de kem bri dan in glis Si Ca sul im pi rebs, ro mel Tac Ca ta re bu li eq ne baT tes ti Covid-19_ze, Ca mos vli dan xu Ti dRis Sem deg, Se saZ leb lo ba eq ne baT ar ga i a ron sa-val de bu lo or kvi ri a ni ka ran ti ni _ ga nac xa da ga er Ti a ne bu li sa me fos tran spor tis mi nis-trma grant Sap sma. ker Zo fir me bi saT vis tes ti 65-120 fun ti eRi re ba ($ 86-160). mi nis tris TqmiT, es tes ti re ba xels Se uw yobs sa er Ta So ri so mog za u ro be bis gaz rdas da, amav dro u-
lad, mo sax le o bis usaf rTxo e ba sac uz run vel yofs. tu riz mis in dus tri is war mo mad gen-
le bi mi e sal mnen mTav ro bis aR niS nul ga daw yve ti le bas, mag ram aR niS nes, rom es mci re diT dag vi a ne bu li na bi jia. am Ja mad, im qvey ne bi dan Ca mo su li mgzav re bi, rom leb Ta nac in gliss ar ga aC nia sat ran spor to de re fa ni, 14 dRis gan mav lo ba Si un da iy vnen Tvi Ti zo la ci a Si. 15 de kem bri dan Se saZ le be li iq ne ba Tvi Ti zo la ci is pe ri o dis ga na xev re ba, mas Sem deg, rac ko ro na vi ru sis tes ti Ca ta re bu li iq ne ba mog za u ro bis das ru le bi dan xu Ti dRis Sem deg. ro gorc we si, tes tis Se de gi 24-48 sa aT Si xde ba cno bi li2.
Ta vis mxriv, Cve ni sa xel mwi fo cdi lobs sa er To ev ro pu li ide e bis po pu la ri za ci as. Seg-viZ lia cal mxri vad ve ca doT ra i mes Se mu Sa ve bas. amas Tan, jer ga u ge ba ria, sa qar Tve lo Si ro gor gan vi Tar de ba mov le ne bi am sa mar Tleb ri vi re gu la ci e bis Se mu Sa ve bis mi mar Tu-
1 dawvr.ix. <https://www.heathrow.com/>2 ix. <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54999446>
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le biT. dRes na Te lia, rom cal ke ul qvey nebs aqvT gan sxva ve bu li war mod ge na saf rTxis do nis da imis Se sa xeb, Tu ro gor un da ga ag rZe lon mu Sa o ba ar se bul pi ro beb Si. am Te mis gan xil va me tad rTu lia. sa mo qa la qo avi a ci is Tval saz ri siT, au ci le be lia er Ti sa er To stan dar ti da arc ise mniS vne lo va nia ra iq ne ba, ra fe ris qa Ral dze da i beW de ba _ Tun dac iis fe ri iyos. mTa va ria, rom is yve las Tvis er Tna i ri da far Tod gav rce le bu li iyos. ise, rom sxva qvey ne bi, me zo be li sa xel mwi fo e bis CaT vliT, ev ro pis kav Si ris, aSS, azi is sa xel-
mwi fo e bi, ase ve Car Tu li iq ne bod nen mu Sa o ba Si. eleq tro nul pas por teb Tan da kav Si re biT idea Se sa niS na via, amis Tvi sac au ci le be lia ika os far gleb Si sa mar Tleb ri vi nor me bis Se-mu Sa ve ba/mi Re ba. aq, isev da isev, Cven Tvis mniS vne lo va ni iq ne ba ev ro pe le bis kon kre tu li ga daw yve ti le ba, mniS vne lo va nia er Ti a no ba ev ro pul siv rce Si. ro gorc sxva Sem Txve veb Si, sa er Ta So ri so sa mo qa la qo avi a ci a sac sWir de ba sa er To stan dar ti _ sa er Ta So ri so sa mar-
Tleb ri vi nor ma, rom li Tac imoq me debs ise, rom cal ke ar gan vi xi loT ra do ku men te bia sa Wi ro er Ti kon kre tu li qvey ni dan me o re Si fre ni sas, ma ga li Tad, sa qar Tve lo dan ita li-
a Si. au ci le be lia sa xel mwi fos mWid ro ko or di na cia ikao-sTan, qar Tu li avi a kom pa ni e bis ia tas-Tan da sxva re gi o nul sa er Ta So ri so sa a vi a cio or ga ni za ci eb Tan.
86
LEGAL PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION AGAINST THE
BACKGROUND OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC
David GeperidzeDoctor of Law,
Affi liated Professor at Gori State University
Abstract
The main purpose of the study is to make factual and legal analysis of the situation in modern international civil aviation against the background of the Covid 19 pandemic in the world. In particular, a signifi cant part of the work deals with the legal assessment of the pandemic in Georgia and international civil aviation and shows the main differences that are related to some aspects of European law on the one hand, and the international legal framework on the other hand. The article focuses on a detailed analysis of why there are no specifi c legal regulations related to Covid 19 in the fi eld of air transport till now, as well as on the ungrounded lack of the regulations in terms of international legal and economic-political vacuum. The concluding part of the paper discusses what the modern international community should do in the future to address the various principles of international law in terms of legal regulation of this problem.
Keywords: International Civil Aviation, Pandemic, Covid 19, ICAO, IATA, International Legal Regula-tions, Airlines, Airports.
The Coronavirus pandemic has triggered a crisis like no other in history _ it will change
international civil aviation forever
1. Introduction
There was a period in the history of international air law when a state was obsessed with creating its own national fl ight system. It soon became apparent that the variety of such rules was such that it was practically impossible to fl y for international air transport under these rules. That is why the agenda saw necessity of creation uniform fl ight rules, only through collective efforts within the framework of an international orga-nization. Such a task was set for the International Civil Aviation Organization (hereinafter the ICAO) by the 1944 Chicago Convention1. Its adoption is associated with the desire to meet the needs of the world com-munity, the organization of regular movement of people and cargo fl ows in the airspace, and the creation of an authoritative and infl uential organization for this purpose, called the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)2.
The Aviation Authority of Georgia intends to harmonize the rules, procedures, regulatory norms of interna-tional air services, taking into account their national interests.
Georgia uses the potential and capabilities of the ICAO for the development of national civil aviation, the formation of national aviation communications infrastructure, and the provision of qualifi ed air personnel.
International aviation law predominantly regulates the activities of civil aviation. These activities include 1 See Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/37096?publication=0>2 See the offi cial website of the organization <icao.org>
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international fl ights, international transportation of passengers and cargo from one country to another. Regular or irregular international civil aviation fl ights are operated for one purpose _ to transport passen-gers and cargo on defi ned international air routes. The role of civil aviation in the development of the world economy is especially great. The world transport system is unimaginable without aviation. Even any tem-porary cessation of it is practically equivalent to a natural disaster that paralyzes the country’s economy and livelihood. Civil aviation acts as international air transport. As a result of these activities, specifi c interstate aviation relations emerge between states due to the organization of regular and irregular international fl ights over their territory. Such fl ights are regulated by special air navigation rules, which create an international fl ight regime. Its main task is to ensure the safety of regular and irregular fl ights in order to protect human life and health.
2. Civil Aviation and Analysis of the Current Situation of the Pandemic
From March 2020, international fl ights were canceled and restrictions were imposed by states to stop the spread of Covid 19 around the world, which almost completely stopped international air traffi c. The global pandemic had an instant and signifi cant impact on the world economy. A diverse cost-cutting strategy has impacted the international civil aviation sector, which includes numerous entities, employment, and the creation of decent and authoritative industry infrastructure. ICAO, the International Health Organization, and the International Labor Organization have gained considerable experience in previous crisis situations, which, to some extent, helps the industry to overcome the problems caused by these fl uctuations1.
According to various forecasts of international aviation organizations2, the international air traffi c of 2019 can be fully restored in 2024, according to various specialists in the fi eld of aviation, it may be the begin-ning or end of the year, but not earlier than the date named3. However, if sooner or later the number of passengers carried equals the number of passengers transported in 2019, then the growth rate of the global aviation industry can no longer be compared to the data before the pandemic, _ says Michal Nowak, Mar-keting Director of the Embraer4.
~The last 10 or 20 years have been an economic supercycle that will never happen again; it is: structural changes in passenger behavior, environmental issues, the green economy. We believe we can never go back to the A380, such a market and such a scenario,~ Nowak added5.
Even higher ticket prices, fewer air routes, pre-fl ight check-ups and even fewer free meals. The coronavi-rus pandemic has created a new era in air traffi c. Empty airports are proof that the Coronavirus pandemic has affected practically every part of the aviation industry. States must be prepared for the intermittent and protracted recovery of the sector.
In just a few weeks, the coronavirus seemed to halt decades of civil aviation development, air achieve-ments, which was one of the largest cultural and economic events in the world since World War II. And now everything is suspended. According to analytics companies, airlines around the world have reduced their aircraft capacity by more than 70 percent since January.
Airlines are also concerned about the fact that people probably will not want to be in locked spaces, even
1 See <https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/impacts-and-responses/WCMS_755910/lang--en/index.htm>2 See offi cial website of the International Air Transport Association (IATA). <https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/>3 See details <https://www.aex.ru/exp/>4 See <https://novostivl.ru/post/85987/>5 See ibidem
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when the virus is already under control. According to a study1 by the International Air Transport Asso-ciation (hereinafter IATA), more than 40 percent of potential passengers think about waiting another six months after the restrictions are lifted and the borders open. Therefore, some airlines plan to leave empty seats, at least at the beginning of a traffi c refresh, to give users more free personal space.
During the international fl ight, the conditions will be clearly defi ned _ the necessity of aviation restrictions, the distance between them, as well as the conditions of passenger registration _ distance. During the fl ight there will be many tasks in terms of disinfection work, the aircraft will be ready and equipped for the ap-propriate situation, and this is related to the additional fi nancial security.
According to experts, the inspection process in the airport hall will take much longer. In addition to routine checkups, medical examinations will also be performed. However, short-haul fl ights require at least 70 per-cent employment to make the fl ight profi table. With a 33 percent reduction in aircraft throughput, airlines will lower this level of resilience2.
At pre-priced values, airlines are fl ying at a loss when full-service carriers may rely _ mainly at long-dis-tance _ on the premium long distance subscribers. According to the head of the IATA, everyone will have to revise the pricing strategy3. For their part, some Georgian airlines introduced some equipment on board the aircraft in 2020 _ goggles, masks, gloves or protective suits. The European Commission is preparing a draft of rules according to which airlines must change fl ight conditions as soon as the coronavirus restrictions are lifted. Similar measures, which may include the mandatory wearing of appropriate shields or maintaining a certain distance between passengers, will be taken by all carriers.
However, some airlines, which are expecting an even more signifi cant drop in sales, are criticizing the planned measures precisely because many seats will be left empty. Business and passenger travel have also been reduced due to reduced airline activity. Charter passenger and freight shipments remain more or less stable. However, this is a small percentage of the total market share.
3. Impact of coronavirus on civil aviation _ air ticket prices will increase. Due to social division rules, tickets for traditional, as well as low-cost airlines are likely to become more expensive. Airlines have lost $314 billion in ticket sales this year, and half of them have gone bankrupt altogether. Nearly two-thirds of the world’s air fl eet _ more than 17,000 aircrafts _ have been created in recent weeks. At the same time, more than 25 million jobs in the aviation sector are already under threat.
What fate awaits civil aviation? What will it be like in the future?
It seems that a return to normal aviation reality, to which passengers were normally accustomed, will be impossible for a long time. Boarding a plane is already subject to a special health check. Also, passengers may undergo thermoscreening or have to submit health certifi cates.
This process can signifi cantly hinder work. In addition, 95 percent of aircraft are on land today, with the pandemic-induced drop in revenue of 99 percent in the current crisis.
The resumption of international air transport will depend on the further development of the Covid-19 pan-demic, national legislation and, in particular, the readiness of passengers to fl y under the prescribed condi-tions in order to cross the border without any problems.
1 See the offi cial website of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) <https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/>2 See details: <https://novostivl.ru/post/85987/>3 See <https://www.iata.org/en/publications/>
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In the last period, airlines around the world have been applying to their own governments for fi nancial sup-port. Thanks to government funding, airlines and large-budget airlines are likely to survive. At the same time, investment by governments means that airlines are at least partially owned by the state or they owed to the state. For this reason, they are likely to be forced to reduce the number of fl ights or even increase ticket prices. An increase in this, could mean a rapid increase in the popularity of rail freight.
3. Conclusion
It is still almost impossible to predict what fate awaits civil aviation after the coronavirus. But there is no doubt that lifting the travel ban will increase the number of customers who want to visit their families, friends or go on vacations. In addition, there are many, who would like to use their voucher for an already purchased fl ight that has been canceled or postponed due to safety measures. At the same time, during the crisis, certain issues of Georgia’s aviation activities appeared with special urgency. The EU consists of 27 countries and they all operate in accordance with general aviation legislation. Civil aviation is one of the common segments in which the EU is subject to a single legal regulation, while health is considered a na-tional treasure and, therefore, the rules developed at the national level apply. These are the national rules of individual states and sometimes they are very different from each other. This issue is receiving a lot of attention in Europe, but a number of countries are trying to continue moving in their own way, so there is a need to create an international legal norm. To date, there is still no common European health care regula-tory lever that gives us general rules and norms, nor an international legal norm; all operate in accordance with their own national rules.
Because each European country adheres to health standards, we, as a separate representative of the aviation world _ together with the general aviation authorities and commercial aviation, face diffi culties in develop-ing and implementing some common approaches in this area.
The situation is chaotic: what, when and who will renew? One country or the whole region? Or maybe one city? Take, for example, the quarantine duration for Covid 19: Somewhere in some countries it is ten days, in others it is fourteen. There were `blacklists~ of the countries from which mandatory quarantine was required upon entry, and sometimes `bilateral~, necessary for each party, or `green~ countries and their different regulations.
The situation could be positively affected by the widespread introduction of express tests at airports _ for example, they are already being done at Heathrow Airport (London)1. In this case, people who decide to travel by air should not waste time looking for places where they can be tested for Covid 19 and get the relevant document proving that the person is not a carrier of the virus.
From December 15 this year, those who have arrived in England and had taken the Covid-19 test, fi ve days after arrival will be able to avoid the mandatory two-week quarantine _ Grant Shapps, the UK Minis-ter for Transport declared. For private fi rms, the test will cost GBP 65-120 ($ 86-160). According to the Minister, this testing will help increase international travel and, at the same time, ensure the safety of the population. Representatives of the tourism industry welcomed the government’s decision, but noted that it was a slightly belated step. Currently, passengers from countries which England does not have a transport corridor with, must stay in self-isolation for 14 days. From December 15, it will be possible to halve the period of self-isolation, after the coronavirus test will be performed fi ve days after the end of the trip. Typi-
1 See details: <https://www.heathrow.com/>
90
cally, the test result becomes known in 24-48 hours1. For its part, our state is trying to popularize common European ideas. We can try to work out something unilaterally. At the same time, it is still unclear how the situation will develop in Georgia in the direction of drafting these legal regulations. It is clear today that individual countries have different perceptions of the level of threat and how to proceed in the current circumstances. It is very diffi cult to discuss this topic. In terms of civil aviation, one common standard is necessary and it is not important what color paper the regulations will be printed on _ even if it is purple. The key takeaway is that it is the same for everyone and widely distributed. So that other countries, includ-ing neighboring states, the European Union, the US, Asia, would also be involved in the work.
The idea of e-passports is excellent, for which it is necessary to develop / adopt legal norms within ICAO. Here, again and again, the particular decision of the Europeans will be important for us, unity in the Eu-ropean space is important. As in other cases, international civil aviation needs a common standard _ an international legal norm, which will act in such a way that we do not consider separately what documents are required when fl ying from one particular country to another, for example, from Georgia to Italy. Close state coordination with ICAO, cooperation of Georgian Airlines with the IATA and other regional interna-tional aviation organizations is essential.
1 See <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54999446>
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sa qar Tve los sa xel mwi fo bi u je ti pan de mi is pi ro beb Si
no dar grZe liS vi li
eko no mi kis doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis afi li re bu li pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
naS rom Si aR niS nu lia, rom ne bis mi e ri qvey nis eko no mi ku ri si coc xli su na ri a no ba met wi-
lad ga ni saz Rvre ba mi si Se saZ leb lo be biT, rom daZ li on eko no mi ku ri var dna da uz run-
vel yon gan vi Ta re ba. pan de mi i Ta da ar se bu li ge o po li ti ku ri ris ke biT ga mow ve u li eko-
no mi ku ri re ce si is fon ze ki dev uf ro me ti mniS vne lo ba eni We ba fis ka lu ri dis cip li nis mdgra do bas da fis ka lu ri po li ti kis re a gi re bis swo rad gan saz Rvras.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: bi u je ti; eko no mi ka; mak ro e ko no mi ka; gan vi Ta re ba; pan de mia
GEORGIAN STATE BUDGET IN A PANDEMIC REALITY
Nodar GrdzelishviliDoctor of Economics, Professor,New Higher Education Institute
Abstract
The paper notes that, the economic viability of any country is largely determined by its ability to overcome economic downturn and ensure development. Against the background of the economic recession caused by the pandemic and the existing geopolitical risks, even greater importance is attached to the sustainability of fi scal discipline and the correct defi nition of fi scal policy responses.
Keywords: budget, economics, macroeconomics. Development, pandemic
1. Introduction
The economic viability of any country is largely determined by its ability to overcome economic downturn and ensure development.
The fi ght against the pandemic had a serious impact on the parameters of the state budget for 2021, which was formed on the basis of the forecast of 4.5 percent economic growth and moderate (3%) infl ation. Ac-cording to the project of state budget, in 2021 the budget revenues will be reduced by 9.0 percent and will be 16758.1 million GEL, while payments, by contrast, increase by 15.5 per cent and reach 18,384.5 million GEL.
Growing social, medical spending due to the contraction of the economy (by less than 5% in 2020) has led to an increase in government debt, which will reach 9.1 percent of GDP by the end of this year.
Overall, the main direction of budget funds in 2021 will be to compensate for the damage caused by Co-vid-19 and to provide social protection for the population.
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2. Presentation of the main research material
According to the National Statistics Offi ce of Georgia, in January-October 2020, foreign trade turnover amounted to almost 9.2 billion. USD, which is equivalent to about 75 percent of the country’s GDP pro-duced in the corresponding period. The ratio of exports to value added in the country was almost 25 per-cent. [1]
Georgia has trade relations with 142 countries, with fi ve major trading partners (Turkey, Russia, China, Azerbaijan and Armenia) accounting for more than half (51.2%) of foreign trade turnover.
In January-October 2020, the amount of exports (2715.3 million USD) was 11.1 percent lower than the corresponding period of the previous year, while imports _ (6444.2 million USD) _ 16.6 percent. Such a reduction in foreign trade is largely due to the reduction in global demand caused by the pandemic and, consequently, the volume of Georgia’s re-exports.
At the same time, in the conditions of reducing the total volume of exports, local exports (exports _ with-out re-exports) increased by 4.7 percent and amounted to 1956.8 million US dollar. During this period, re-exports decreased by 36.1 percent ($ 758.5 million, instead of $ 1186.1 million in the previous year). Domestic exports account for 72.1 percent of total exports (including 75.8% in October alone).
The consistent and permanent nature of the reforms is great importance for overcoming the crisis and the post-crisis development of the country, both in the public and private sectors, which is welcomed and posi-tively assessed by the International Monetary Fund.
Against the background of the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators caused by the pandemic, the scale of the reduction in the number of jobs in the country and the overall decline in economic activity signifi -cantly lagged behind the scale of the economic downturn.
The fourth phase of the government’s anti-crisis measures is a 1.4 billion package, it started in November and will last until June 2021. [2]
According to the International Monetary Fund, Georgia’s economic growth rate in 2021 will be similar to the 2020 rate _ 5 percent. _ Such an assessment, at a time when the global fi ght against coronavirus has not yet taken place in a decisive phase, gives grounds for some optimism, especially since in many countries the rate of economic growth in 2021 will be less than the absolute rate of decline in 2020. So, for example, according to the EU, the GDP growth rate for 2021 will not even reach 2/3 of the 2020 rate of decline (respectively + 4.7% and -7.2%); The situation is similar in our neighborhood and not only: the ratio of economic growth in Azerbaijan to the previous year’s decline will be only 50.0% (+ 2.0% and -4.0%), in Armenia _ 77.8% (+ 3.5% and _ 4.5%), in Russia _ 84.6 % (+ 44. % and _ 5.2%), in Ukraine _ 41.7% (+ 3.0% and -7.2%) ...
Georgia, according to the International Monetary Fund, will have the highest level of economic growth (+ 5.5%) among the countries of the region in 2021-2025, and in 2021-2022 _ uniquely among the countries of Europe, the Black Sea and the Caucasus region. It should be noted that the IMF forecast is 1.3 times higher than the average annual economic growth rate for 2013-2019. This confi rms the correctness of the strategy used by the Georgian government, in accordance with the anti-crisis plan, to minimize the damage caused by the pandemic, to maximize the support and activation of economic activities.
The growing pace of economic growth and the reduction trend in foreign debt are crucial to ensuring the country’s macroeconomic stability and sustainable development.
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Economic parameters are gradually improving, the rate of decline is virtually halved compared to the same period last year and looks better than in many other countries (GDP decline in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the same period last year was: Georgia _ 12.6%, EU _ 15.0%, United In the Kingdom _ 21.7%, in the US _ 32.9% )
It is clear what a negative impact the pandemic has on an important segment of the Georgian economy, such as the tourism industry, for its fi nancial sustainability and current account. _ It is true that Georgia has a much better situation in terms of COVID-19 compared to its land neighbors, but the severe consequences of the coronavirus pandemic in these countries, which traditionally come to foreign tourists entering Geor-gia, negatively affect the country’s tourism revenues and ultimately macroeconomic indicators. Overall, the dynamics of the Georgian economy over the past period was better than the average of 27 EU countries, including 11 countries (Austria, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Greece, France, Slovenia, Hun-gary, Croatia).
In 2021, the state budget revenues will be 14.8 billion GEL, which is 3.7 billion GEL less than the 2020 budget revenues. The decrease is due to the fact that in 2020 the government will borrow GEL 8 billion, and in 2021 it will borrow GEL 3.2 billion.
Budget expenditures are reduced by GEL 1 billion. The decline is due to the completion of pandemic-related programs. Basically, this refers to subsidies and social programs that are no longer provided for in the 2021 budget.
Administrative expenses will be reduced by 99 million GEL and it will be up to 3 billion GEL in total. The decrease is due to the decrease in the purchase of medical goods and services related to the pandemic. However, compared to 2019, administrative costs will be 210 million GEL more.
The total number of employees in budget organizations will increase by 429 people and will reach 112,643. Of these, 227 people are added to the management of the health care program. The number of employees in the Ministry of Economy, in particular, in the management of state property, increases by 110. The number of police offi cers increases by 82.[3]
From January 1, 2021, the pension of pensioners under the age of 70 will increase by 20 GEL to 240 GEL, while the pension of pensioners aged 70 and over will increase by 25 GEL to 275 GEL. The increase in the pension leads to an increase of budget expenditures by 370 million GEL.
The 2021 budget does not allocate funds to fi nance quarantine and other measures related to Coronavirus. However, it is clear that the rental of quarantine spaces will be necessary in early 2021 and a signifi cant amount of money will be required. The budget defi cit will be 2.8 billion GEL (5.2% of GDP), of which 528 million GEL will be covered by new debt, and 2.3 billion GEL _ using the budget balance.
By 2021, the government forecasts 5% economic growth. In general, it is easier to achieve economic growth after a crisis year as the economy returns to its pre-crisis state. However, it is clear that the pan-demic will be a problem at least early next year, and in the fi rst quarter of 2021 the Georgian economy will be reduced. Added to this are tighter monetary policy, reduced foreign direct investment and the volatile political situation in the South Caucasus region. Accordingly, achieving 5% economic growth by 2020 is an optimistic scenario.
According to the pessimistic scenario presented by the government in the budget annex, the Georgian economy will shrink by 5.7% in 2020, and will grow by 2% in 2021.
For 2021, the exchange rate against the dollar is 3.29. Income per capita should increase to $ 4,451 in 2021,
94
which is 7% less than in 2019. The expected level of annual infl ation is 3%. [4]
Against the background of the economic recession caused by the pandemic and the existing geopolitical risks, even greater importance is attached to the sustainability of fi scal discipline and the correct defi nition of fi scal policy responses.
3. Conclusion
The analysis of economic shocks presented in the Macroeconomic Scenario Analysis document does not provide detailed information on the extent to which their varying degrees of materialization will affect economic parameters. It is important that the risk factors presented in the document and the effects caused by them are based on relevant quantitative indicators, which will make it possible to assess and analyze the realization of the given shocks;
It is noteworthy that, unlike in previous years, the draft budget is not accompanied by information on the appropriate fi scal policy responses in the event of pessimistic and optimistic economic scenarios. Against the background of the pandemic and the existing economic challenges, great importance is attached to fl exible and timely responses to fi scal policy, which facilitates the existence of pre-determined / planned actions;
In view of all the above, it is important for the Ministry of Finance to update `Government debt manage-ment strategy for the medium term, which refl ects the government’s vision of how the government debt portfolio will return to the pre-crisis level~. [5]
References____________________________________________________________________________1. https://www.geostat.ge/ka2. https://mof.ge/53553. https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/5071216?publication=04. https://transparency.ge/ge/post/sakartvelos-2021-clis-saxelmcipo-biujetis-proektis-mokle-analizi-da-
rekomendaciebi5. https://sao.ge/ka/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%
9C%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1% 83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A12021-%E1%83%AC%-E1%83%9A% E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A1%E1% 83% 902020120212182996ka.html
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COVID-19 da eko no mi ku ri ga mow ve ve bi msof lio da re gi o nul Wril Si
Ti na Tin do li aS vi li
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis pro fe so ri,
saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
COVID-19 rTu li ga mow ve va da mniS vne lo va ni saf rTxea ara mxo lod msof lio jan dac vi-
saT vis, ara med glo ba lu ri eko no mi kis Tvi sac. pan de mi am, ro me lic jer ki dev ar das ru-
le bu la da bevr qve ya na Si isev pi kia, sa aS ka ra o ze ga mo i ta na yal bi da re a lu ri pri o ri te-
te bi. zo gi erT qve ya na Si sas wor ze da i do ada mi a nis si coc xle eko no mi kis sa pir wo ned, rac fes vSi ve aras wo ria. Tum ca, uda voa is ga re mo e bac, rom msof lio eko no mi ka ze COVID-19-is ne ga ti u ri efeq ti aris Se uq ce va di mo ce mu lo ba. Se sa ba mi sad, mTa va ri eko no mi ku ri dar-
tyme bi mi i Ro im qvey neb ma, rom leb sac COVID-19-is gav rce le bis yve la ze ma Ra li maC ve neb-le bi aqvT, Sem deg ki im qvey neb ma, ro mel Ta eko no mi ke bic yve la ze me tad aris da mo ki de bu-
li tu riz mze, nav To bi sa da sxva sa qon lis eq spor tze. sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis mi er ian var _ Te ber val Si da Sem dgom pan de mi is mi marT efeq tu ri Ro nis Zi e be bis ga ta re bam Se de gi ar da a yov na: iv ni si dan sa qar Tve los eko no mi ka sru lad amoq med da, rac da de biT mo lo di neb-
Tan aris da kav Si re bu li; sa qar Tve lo re gi on Si COVID-19-Tan war ma te bu li brZo lis sa u-
ke Te so ma ga li Tia; sa er Ta So ri so re i tin gis mi xed viT sa qar Tve lo sa u ke Te so tu ris tul mi mar Tu le bad da fiq sir da; sa er Ta So ri so dax ma re bis sa xiT gan xor ci el da sa va lu to Se-mo di ne be bi; erov nu li ban kis mi er ma is Si Ses rul da zo mi e ri da pe ri o du li sa va lu to in-ter ven ci e bi mis sa va lu to auq ci on ze.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: glo ba lu ri eko no mi ka, eko no mi ku ri ga mow ve ve bi, sa va lu to Se mo di ne-
be bi, sa va lu to in ter ven ci e bi.
msof lio jan dac vis or ga ni za ci is sta tis ti ku ri mo na ce me biT in fi ci re bul Ta ra o de no-
ba no em bris me sa me de ka dis mdgo ma re o biT (26.11) 60744487 ka cia, maT So ris 17267199 (28%) sta bi lur mdgo ma re o ba Si im yo fe ba, 104516 (0,17%) kri ti ku lia, gar da ic va la 1427188 (2%) da ga mo jan mrTel da 42050100 ada mi a ni, anu(69%). rac Se e xe ba sa qar Tve los is am mo men tis-
Tvis sa re i tin go si a Si 57 ad gil zea. in fi ci re bu lia 118 690 ka ci, ga mo jan mrTel da 98 781 (83%), gar da ic va la 1 124 ka ci (0,95%), da nar Ce ni 16% ki sta ci o nar sa da ka ran tin Sia. sam-wu xa ro re a lo baa isic, rom uc xo eT Sic am ve ra gi da a va de biT gar da ic va la Cve ni qvey nis mo qa la qe e bi. Tum ca un da aRi niS nos is ga re mo e bac, rom pan de mia am dro i saT vis nel ne la ukan ixevs da Za li an bevr qve ya na Si axa li da in fi ci re bis faq te bi aRar Se im Cne va [1].
mi u xe da vad ase Ti mZi me mdgo ma re o bi sa, dRe i saT vis de da mi wa ze aris 10 oa zi si, sa dac ar da fiq si re bu la COVID-19-iT da a va de bis Sem Txve va. maT mi e kuT vne ba: wynar oke a ne Si mi mob-
ne ul kun Zu leb ze mde ba re sa xel mwi fo e bi _ na u ru, mik ro ne zia, va nu a tu, sa moa, ki ri ba ti, pa lau, ton ga, tu va lu, pos tsab Wo Ta Tur qme ne Ti da Crdi lo eT ko rea. iv ni sis Tvis in-for ma ci iT maT So ris iyo mar Sa li sa da so lo mo nis kun Zu le bic.
96
COVID-19 rTu li ga mow ve va da mniS vne lo va ni saf rTxea ara mxo lod msof lio jan dac vi-
saT vis, ara med glo ba lu ri eko no mi kis Tvi sac. pan de mi am, ro me lic jer ki dev ar das ru-
le bu la da bevr qve ya na Si isev pi kia, sa aS ka ra o ze ga mo i ta na yal bi da re a lu ri pri o ri te-
te bi. aR moC nda, rom ase Ti ti pis kri zis Si mTa va ri ar aris iyo me ga sa xel mwi fo, yve la ze mdi da ri, bir Tvu li qve ya na da kar na xob de Sens we sebs msof li os _ mTa va ria iyo hu ma nu ri, go ni e ri, kri zi sis gam cno bi e re be li, ar mo at yuo Ta vi da xal xi, ri si mcde lo bac ara er Ti qvey nis mTav ro bas hqon da. Se sa ba mi sad, sas wor ze ar un da da i dos ada mi a nis si coc xle eko-
no mi kis sa pir wo ned, mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom msof lio eko no mi ka ze COVID-19-is ne ga ti u ri efeq ti ax la uk ve Se uq ce va di mo ce mu lo baa.
azi is gan vi Ta re bis ban kis (ADB) mi xed viT, pan de mia 77$ mi li ar di dan 347$ mi li ar dam de zi-
ans mi a ye nebs msof lio eko no mi kas.
ga e ros mi er Se mo Ta va ze bu li uka nas kne li ana li ziT, COVID-19-is Sem dgom glo ba lu ri eko no mi kis zrda mi ni mum 2.5%-mde Sem cir de ba, mi ye ne bu li za ra li ki da ax lo e biT tri li-
on do lars mi aR wevs. yve la ze di di zi a ni ki nav To bis eq spor ti or qvey nebs mi ad ge ba. mo sa-
lod ne lia ase Ti qvey ne bis eko no mi ku ri zrdis tem pis mi ni mum 1%-ia ni Sem ci re ba.
eu Tos an ga ri Sis mi xed viT, msof lio eko no mi kis zrda 2.4%-mde Sem cir de ba wi nas war na va-ra u de vi 2.9%-dan, rac Zi ri Ta dad, msof lio vaW ro bis Sem ci re biT iq ne ba gan pi ro be bu li. mniS vne lo van fi nan sur zi ans un da elo don gan vi Ta re ba di eko no mi ke bic.
eko no mi ku ri Ta nam Srom lo bi sa da gan vi Ta re bis or ga ni za ci am (OECD) ga mo aq vey na ga nax-le bu li eko no mi ku ri mi mo xil va, rom lis Ta nax ma dac, ko ro na vi ru sis gav rce le bis ga mo, Ci ne Tis eko no mi ku ri zrda Sem cir de ba 4.9%-mde, ev ro zo nis 0.8%-mde, xo lo aSS-is 1.9%-
mde [2].
Bloomberg-is Se fa se biT, msof lio eko no mi ku ri zrda 2020 wels 1.2%-iT Sem cir de ba. an ga-ri Sis Ta nax mad, eko no mi ku ri Se de gi Se iZ le ba mo i cav des re ce si ebs aSS-Si, ev ro zo na Si, ia-po ni a sa da Ci neT Si, rac jam Si 2.7 tri li o ni aSS do la ris ode no biT da na kargs gu lis xmobs [3].
ra bo ban kis kvle vis Ta nax mad, glo ba lu ri eko no mi ku ri zrda 2020 wels 1.6% iq ne ba, 2021-Si ki 3.2%. ra bo ban kma Se mog vTa va za ase ve risk-sce na ri, rom lis Ta na xma dac, eko no mi ku ri zrda Ci neT Si da e ce ma 0.2%-mde, xo lo msof li o Si 0.7%-mde [4].
kom pa nia Goldman Sachs 2020 wels msof lio eko no mi kis 1%-iT Se kum Svas elo de ba, rac msof-
lio eko no mi kas uf ro Se am ci rebs, vid re 2009 wlis fi nan su ri kri zi si [5].
Fitch Ratings-ma ki TiT qmis ga a na xev ra 2020 wlis sa ba zo Se fa se ba, ro me lic 2.5%-dan Sem cir-
de ba 1.3%-mde, rac wi na Se fa se bas Tan Se da re biT 850 mi li ar di aSS do la riT nak le bia [6].
ra Tqma un da, mTa va ri eko no mi ku ri dar tyme bi mi i Ro im qvey neb ma, rom leb sac COVID-19-is gav rce le bis yve la ze ma Ra li maC ve neb le bi aqvT, Sem deg ki im qvey neb ma, ro mel Ta eko no mi-
ke bic yve la ze me tad aris da mo ki de bu li tu riz mze, nav To bi sa da sxva sa qon lis eq spor-
tze.
sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis mi er ian var _ Te ber val Si vi ru sis mi marT pre ven ci u li Ro nis Zi-
e be bis ga ta re bam Se de gi ar da a yov na. iv ni sis da saw yis Si ev ro pis wam yvan ma da mo u ki de bel-
ma or ga ni za ci am ev ro pis sa u ke Te so sa mog za u ro mi mar Tu le be bi (EBD), ro me lic Se iq mna ev ro pa Si kul tu ri sa da tu riz mis xel Sew yo bi sa da po pu la ri za ci is miz niT, ev ro pis 20
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yve la ze usaf rTxo sa mog za u ro mi mar Tu le ba ze mis mi er ga moq vey ne bul re i tin gSi Tbi li-
si pir vel ad gil ze da a sa xe la da mi iC nia yve la ze usaf rTxo mi mar Tu le bad. or ga ni za ci is mi er ga moq vey ne bul sa in for ma cio re i tin gSi ase ve mox vda qa la qi ba Tu mic, ro mel mac me-7 ad gi li da i ka va. gar da Tbi li si sa da ba Tu mi sa, EBD-is mi er yve la ze usaf rTxo sa mog za-
u ro mi mar Tu le be bad am pe ri o dis Tvis da sa xe le bul iq na: kor fu, zag re bi, var Sa va, ve na, vil ni u si, gdan ski, ri ga da zag re bi [7]. sa qar Tve los mi marT sa er Ta So ri so da mo ki de bu-
le ba Se nar Cu ne bu lia am mo men tis Tvi sac. msof li o Si erT-er Tma yve la ze gav le ni an ma sa-mog za u ro ga mo ce mam National Geographic-ma sa qar Tve lo, sva ne Tis re gi o ni 2021 wels msof-
li os 25 sa u ke Te so sa mog za u ro mi mar Tu le bebs So ris da a sa xe la, ro mel sac tu ris ti pos-
tpan de mi ur pe ri od Si un da ew vi os [8].
COVID-19-ma mniS vne lo va ni gav le na mo ax di na sa er Ta So ri so vaW ro ba zec. sa qar Tve los ax-lo eko no mi ku ri ur Ti er To ba akav Si rebs ev ro kav Sir Tan, ro me lic sa eq spor to baz ris 1/3-s war mo ad gens. mniS vne lo va nia eq spor tSi azer ba i ja nis wi lic, ro mel Ta nac ga da ad gi le ba Se iz Ru da, Tum ca sa sa qon lo sa vaW ro brun va ar Sew yve ti la da 2020 wlis ian var-Te ber val-
Si eq spor tis 17,2% mo di o da, Ci ne Tis wi li eq spor tSi, imis mi u xe da vad, rom ian var-Te ber-
val Si am qve ya na Si uk ve daw ye bu li iyo ko ro na vi ru sis afeT qe ba, ase ve di di iyo da 12,4%-s Se ad gen da. me sa me ad gil zea ru se Ti, rom lis wi lic eq spor tSi iyo 11,5%. fi nan sTa sa mi-nis tros mo na ce me bis mi xed viT, 2020 wlis ian var sa da Te ber val Si sa qar Tve los eq spor-
ti ima ve pe ri o dis wi na wlis mo na ce meb Tan Se da re biT Sem cir da. ian var Si sxva o ba mxo lod 0.46% iyo, mag ram uk ve Te ber vlis Tve Si sa qar Tve los eq spor tma sag rZnob lad _ 17.9%-iT da ik lo. iv ni sis Tve Si aram kveT ri uar yo fi Ti ten den cia gag rZle da, xo lo, Se mod go miT um niS vne lo ma te bas aqvs ad gi li [9].
mniS vne lo va ni in di ka to ri sa qar Tve los eko no mi ku ri da mo u ki deb lo bis Se fa se bi sas aris fu la di gzav ni le bi. fu la di gzav ni le bis wi li sa qar Tve los mSp-Si 13,5% Se ad gens. sa qar-
Tve los erov nu li ban kis mo na ce me biT, 2020 wlis Te ber val Si qve ya na Si Se mo su li fu la di gzav ni le bis mo cu lo bam 137.3 mln aSS do la ri Se ad gi na. ian vris Tve Si zrdis tem pi 8.6%-s utol de bo da. ev ro kav Si ri dan mi Re bu li fu la di gzav ni le bi, mTli a ni fu la di gzav ni le-
bis 41.7%-ia. yve la ze met fu lad gzav nils ev ro kav Si ris qvey ne bi dan sa qar Tve lo ita li-
i dan (15.8%) da sa ber Zne Ti dan (12%) iRebs. mniS vne lo va ni, 10.4%-ia ni wi li mo dis aSS-ze. ru se Ti dan (20.9%) da is ra e li dan (10.5%) mi Re bu li gzav ni le bi da ax lo e biT mTli a ni gzav-
ni le bis 1/3-s war mo ad ge nen. mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom gzav ni le bis mo cu lo ba mkveT rad ar Sem ci re bu la, pan de mi is aseT gav rce le bas ev ro pa sa da ame ri ka Si, sa va ru dod, mZi me ne ga-ti u ri gav le na eq ne ba maT mo cu lo ba ze wlis bo lo saT vis.
sa qar Tve los biz nes-aso ci a ci is (BAG) kvle vis Se de ge bis Se sa ba mi sad, pan de mi is da saw yis-
Si ker Zo qar Tu li kom pa ni e bis da ax lo e biT na xe va ri 47,2% mi iC nev da, rom gar da u va lia Ta-
nam Srom le bis Sem ci re ba, me o re na xe va ri ki 50,9% ar api reb da ga far To e bas. sa qar Tve los biz nes-aso ci a cia 70-ze met did kom pa ni as aer Ti a nebs, maT So ris, ban kebs, ben zin-ga sa mar-
Ti sad gu re bi sa da di di su per mar ke te bis qse lebs, sam Se neb lo da sa ko mu ni ka cio kom pa ni-
ebs. da saq me bas Tan da kav Si re biT sa qar Tve los biz nes-aso ci a ci is ga mo kiT xu li wev re bis mo lo di ne bi BAG-is in deq sis yo vel kvar ta lu ri ga mo kiT xvis far gleb Si mniS vne lov nad ga u a res da. BAG-is da saq me bis ba ro met ri, ro me lic aso ci a ci is wev rebs So ris da saq me bis do nis mo sa lod nel cvli le bebs asa xavs 2020 wlis pir vel kvar tal Si uar yo fi Ti gax da da (_46,7) pun qti Se ad gi na. Sez Rud ve bis mox snis Sem deg ki maC ve neb lis mniS vne lo ba sag rZnob-
lad ga um jo bes da da met nak le bi rye viT ga mo ir Ce va.
98
pan de mi is ne ga ti ur ma gav le nam ga mo iw via qve ya na Si eko no mi ku ri zrdis Sem ci re ba 4%-iT, bi u je tis Se mo sav le bi da vi da 1,8 mi li ard la ram de, xo lo mim di na re xar je bi Sem cir da 300 mi li o ni la riT. gar da ami sa bi u je tis xar jviT na wils da e ma te ba so ci a lu ri, eko no mi kis mxar da We ris da COVID-19-is mar Tvas Tan da kav Si re bu li axa li xar je bi, rac an tik ri zi-
su li geg mis gaT va lis wi ne biT ga ni saz Rvra 3,9 mi li ar di la ris ode no biT. aR sa niS na via is faq ti, rom pir ve lad 2020 wlis 14 ap rils sa er Ta So ri so par tni o re bis gan qvey nis eko no-
mi ki saT vis ga mo i yo 3 mi li ar di do la ri. Se mo di ne be bi gan xor ci el da Sem dgom pe ri od Sic.
sa qar Tve los xe li suf le bam qve ya na Si 26 Te ber vals pir ve li faq tis da das tu re bam de 1 TviT ad re, 28 ian vars da iw yo brZo la COVID-19-is wi na aR mdeg, ro me lic wa ri mar Ta 2 mi-mar Tu le biT _ mo qa la qe e bis jan mrTe lo bi sa da si coc xlis da sa qar Tev los eko no mi kis ga da sar Ce nad.
sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis an tik ri zi su li geg mis far gleb Si 2020 wlis ga zaf xul ze gan xor-
ci el da Sem de gi Ro nis Zi e be bi:
da qi ra ve biT da saq me bu li pi re bi, rom leb mac da kar ges sam sa xu ri an ga uS ves uxel fa so Sve bu le ba Si, dax ma re bis sa xiT mi i Res 1200 la ri 6 Tvis gan mav lo ba Si Tve Si 200 la ri _ jam-
Si 350000 mo qa la qem mi i Ro 460 mi li o ni la ri;
yo vel Se nar Cu ne bul sa mu Sao ad gil ze dam saq me bel ma mi i Ro sa xel mwi fo sub si dia 6 Tvis gan mav lo ba Si;
750 la ris ode no bis xel fa si sru lad ga Ta vi suf lde ba sa Se mo sav lo ga da sa xa dis gan;
ara for ma lur seq tor Si’’ da saq me bu leb ma an TviT da saq me bu leb ma mi i Res er Tje rad dax ma re ba 300 la ris ode no biT;
6 Tve Si da ma te biT sa Su a lod 600 la ri a ni dax ma re ba mi i Res: oja xeb ma, ro mel Ta so ci a-
lu ri sa re i tin go qu la 65000-10000-mdea, ri Tic isar geb le ba da ax lo e biT 70000 ojax ma da 190000 mo qa la qem;
dax ma re biT isar geb lebs mkveT rad ga mo xa tu li Sez Ru du li Se saZ leb lo be bis mqo ne pi-reb ma da bav Sveb ma _ da ax lo e biT 40 000 mo qa la qem;
pen si is in deq sa ci is we sis Se mo Re ba 2021 wlis ian vri dan uz run vel yofs imas, rom yve la pen si o ne ris pen sia ga iz rde ba ara nak leb in fla ci is maC ve neb li sa, anu fa se bis zrda gav le-
nas ver mo ax dens re a lu ri pen si is mo cu lo ba ze. 70 wlis da me ti asa kis pen si o ne re bis Tvis in fla ci as da e ma te ba re a lu ri eko no mi ku ri zrdis 80%, anu pen si is yo vel wli u ri zrda iq ne ba in fla ci a ze ma Ra li, mi u xe da vad in fla ci is da eko no mi ku ri zrdis pa ra met re bi sa. Se sa ba mi sad, pen si i is zrda ar iq ne ba 20 lar ze nak le bi, xo lo 70 wlis da uf ro ma Ra li asa-kis pen si o ne re bis Tvis 25 lar ze nak le bi. aR sa niS nvia, rom bo lo ka te go ris mo qa la qe e bis pen sia 2020 wlis 1 iv li si dan 220 la ri dan 250 la ram de ga i zar da.
gar da ami sa, 1.2 mi li on ze met ojaxs da u fi nan ses 3 Tvis sru li ko mu na lu ri ga da sa xa di. eleq tro e ner gi is, wyli sa da da suf Ta ve bis ga da sa xa di ki da u fi nan sda 670 aTas ze met ojaxs. sa xel mwi fom da az Rvia 9 Zi ri Tad pro duq tze fa sis zrda, ra zec kon traq ti ga for-
mda msxvil im por ti or kom pa ni eb Tan. ase ve sa xel mwi fo dax ma re biT mo qa la qe ebs ses xis ga-dax dis 3 TviT ga da va de bis Se saZ leb lo ba mi e caT. msgav si Ro nis Zi e be bi ga tar de ba ase ve ama wlis no em bri dan mom dev no wlis ga zaf xu lam de [11].
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tu riz mTan da kav Si re bul 4500 biz nes su bi eq tebs ga da u vad daT 4 Tvis qo ne bis da sa Se mo-
sav lo ga da sa xa di 2020 wlis 1 no em bram de. mci re sas tum ro ebs sa xel mwi fo da u sub si di-
rebs sa ban ko ses xis 6 Tvis sap ro cen to xar jis 80%-s. av to im por tio rebs 1 seq tem bram de ga da u vad daT av to mo bi le bis gan ba Je bis 90_ dRi a ni va da, ri Tac isar geb la 38000 im por ti-
or ma. xo lo 7000 iu ri di ul pirs mi e ca ses xis res truq tu ri za ci is Se saZ leb lo ba.
ker Zo seq tor ze zrun vis far gleb Si amoq med da dRg-is av to ma tu ri dab ru ne bis me qa niz mi da ga or mag da dRg-is zed me to bis dab ru ne ba, rac am wel Si da ma te biT 600 mi li o ni la ris kom pen sa ci as Se ad gens. ko mer ci u li ban ke bis Tvis biz ne sis mxar da We ri saT vis da ma te biT ga mo i yo 500 mi li o ni la ri.
sa xel mwi fo prog ra ma Si `awar moe sa qar Tve lo Si’’ Se ic va la Ta na da fi nan se bis pi ro be bi, rac Se e xo:
ses xis / li zin gis Ta na da fi nan se bis pe ri o dis 24 dan 36 Tvem de gaz rdas;
Ta na da fi nan se bis sap ro cen to ga nak ve Tis me qa niz mis cvli le bas;
saq mi a no bis sa xe o bis zrdas; ses xis / li zin gis mi ni ma lu ri zRvris da we vas;
sab ru na vi sa Su a le be bis da fi nan se bis zrdas.
so fel ze zrun vis far gleb Si ki pro eq tze `ag rok re di ti-er Twlo va ni kul tu re bis da fi-
nan se ba’’ ga mo i yo 30000 la ram de ode no bis gran ti. gar da ami sa, mox da ag ra rul seq tor Si ga ce mu li ses xe bis pro cen tis sru li da fi nan se ba ses xis sa va ra u do ja mu ri mo cu lo bis 50 mi li o ni la ris pi ro beb Si (be ne fi ci a ris ra o de no ba 5000) da gan xor ci el da sa me li o ra cio saq mi a no bis mxar da We ra [10].
aqe dan ga mom di na re, pan de mi as Tan brZo lis pro ces Si efeq tu ri Ro nis Zi e be bis ga ta re bam am mo men ti saT vis Sem de gi Se de gi mog vca:
iv ni si dan sa qar Tve los eko no mi ka sru lad amoq med da, rac da de biT mo lo di neb Tan aris da kav Si re bu li;
sa qar Tve lo re gi on Si COVID-19-Tan war ma te bu li brZo lis sa u ke Te so ma ga li Tia, Tum-
ca azer ba i jan Si am mo men tis Tvis Cven ze uke Te si mdgo ma re o baa:
ru seT Si _ 2 162 503 in fi ci re bu li, 37 538 gar dac vli lia (5 ad gi li);
Tur qeT Si _ 467 730 in fi ci re bu li, 12 840 gar dac vli li (24 ad gi li);
som xeT Si _ 130 870 in fi ci re bu li, 2 068 gar dac vli li (51 ad gi li);
azer ba i jan Si _ 102 396 in fi ci re bu li, 1 224 gar dac vli li (62 ad gi li).
sa er Ta So ri so re i tin gis mi xed viT, sa qar Tve lo sa u ke Te so tu ris tul da niS nu le bad da fiq sir da;
sa er Ta So ri so dax ma re bis sa xiT gan xor ci el da sa va lu to Se mo di ne be bi;
erov nu li ban kis mi er ma is Si Ses rul da zo mi e ri da pe ri o du li sa va lu to in ter ven ci e-
bi mis sa va lu to auq ci on ze, ra mac bo lo er Ti kvi ris gan mav lo ba Si imoq me da la ris kur sis gam ya re ba ze 21 TeT riT erT do lar Tan mi mar Te ba Si, anu 3,19 la ri dan 2,98 la ram de. igi ve un da mox des ex lac, Tum ca nak le bad sa va ra u doa.
sa qar Tve los eko no mi kis kri zi si dan swra fad ga mos vlis geg ma ze sa qar Tve los pre mi er-
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mi nis tri b-ni gi or gi ga xa ria axor ci e leb da da ax lac axor ci e lebs in ten si ur kon sul ta-
ci ebs msof li os wam yvan ara erT sa eq sper to jguf Tan. maT So ri saa, kem bri ji sa da lon do-
nis uni ver si te te bis cno bi li eq sper te bi, rom le bic ga moT qva men mza o bas da ex ma ron Cvens qve ya nas kri zi si dan ga mos vla sa da swraf eko no mi kur ga jan sa Re ba Si.
zo ga dad, pan de mi am mkveT rad Se ar yia msof lio sa zog do e be bis yo vel dRi u ri so ci a lu ri da eko no mi ku ri Sab lo ne bi. Se sa ba mi sad, eko no mis teb ma yu rad Re ba ga a max vi les mis eko no-
mi kur gav le na ze da ima ze, Tu ra un da ga a ke Tos cen tra lur ma ban keb ma da mTav ro beb ma, ro gorc mi wo de bis, ise moT xov nis er Tdro u lad uC ve u lo moS lis sa pa su xod. ga sa ge bia is, rom pan de mi is Se de ge bi `se ri o zu li~ iq ne ba da mi si gav rce le ba yve la ze did dar tymas mi-a ye nebs mci re da sa Su a lo biz ness. xo lo es dam yup ve li ga re mo e ba se ri o zul saf rTxes Se-uq mnis glo ba lu ri eko no mi kis sta bi lu ro bas. aqe dan ga mom di na re, spe ci a lis te bis prog-
no ziT di dia al ba To ba imi sa, rom ko ro na vi ru si msof lio eko no mi kas re ce si am de mi iy vans.
li te ra tu ra:
_______________________________________________________________________________________1. https:/www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries; 2. https://www.oecd.org/economic-outlook/ 3. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-coronavirus-pandemic-globaleconomic-risk/ 4. https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2020/march/global-economic-outlook/5. https://fortune.com/2020/03/20/coronavirus-economic-predictions-goldman-sachs-recession-
gdp2q-2020/ 6. https://www.fi tchratings.com/site/pr/10114929 7. ghn.ge 8. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/.../best-of-the-world-2021; 9. www.mof.ge/export_importis_informacia;10. employer.ge _ an tik ri zi su li eko no mi ku ri geg ma11. https://stopcov.ge/ka/daxmarebebi
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COVID-19 AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN THEGLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT
Tinatin DoliashviliNew Higher Education Institute
David Aghmashenebeli Univrsity of Georgia
Abstract
COVID-19 is a diffi cult challenge and a signifi cant threat not only to world health, but also to the global economy. The pandemic, which is not over yet and is still peaking in many countries, has exposed false and real priorities. In some countries, the human life is at stake as a counterweight to the economy, which is fundamentally wrong. However, there is no doubt that the negative impact of COVID-19 on the world economy is an irreversible fact. Consequently, the countries with the highest COVID-19 prevalence rates were hit hard, followed by the countries whose economies are most dependent on tourism, oil and other exports. The implementation of effective measures against the pandemic by the Government of Georgia in January-February did not delay the results: the Georgian economy was fully operational in June, which is associated with positive expectations; Georgia is the best example of a successful fi ght against COVID-19 in the region, but Azerbaijan is in a better position at the moment; According to the international rating, Georgia has been marked as the best tourist destination; the foreign exchange infl ows were made in the form of international aid; the National Bank carried out the moderate and periodic foreign exchange inter-ventions at its foreign exchange auction in May.
Keywords: global economy, economic challenges, exchange infl ows, exchange interventions.
1. Introduction
According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, the 60744487 people are infected people in the third decade of November (26.11), including 17267199 (28%) are in stable condition, 104516 (0.17%) are critical, 1427188 (2%) died and 42050100 people recovered, or (69%). As for Georgia, it is currently in the 57th place in the rating list. 118,690 people were infected, 98,781 (83%) recovered, 1,124 people (0.95%) died, and the remaining 16% were hospitalized and quarantined. It is also a sad reality that the citizens of our country have died of this incurable disease abroad. However, it should also be noted that the pandemic is slowly receding at this time and new cases of infection are no longer observed in many countries[1].
Despite such a bad situation, there are currently 10 oases on the Earth where no COVID-19 cases have been reported. These include the Pacifi c islands of Nauru, Micronesia, Vanuatu, Samoa, Kiribati, Palau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Post-Soviet Turkmenistan, and North Korea. As of June, the Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands were among them.
2. Presentation of the main research material
COVID-19 is a diffi cult challenge and a signifi cant threat not only to the world health, but also to the global economy. The pandemic, which is not over yet and is still peaking in many countries, has exposed false and
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real priorities. It turned out that the key to this type of crisis was not to be a mega-state, the richest, nuclear country, and to dictate your rules to the world _ the main thing was to be humane, wise, crisis-aware, not to deceive yourself and the people, which the governments of many countries tried. Consequently, human life should not be at stake as a counterweight to the economy, despite the fact that the negative effects of COVID-19 on the world economy are now an irreversible fact.
According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), a pandemic will result from $ 77 billion to $ 347 billion loss for the world economy.
Based on the latest analysis proposed by the United Nations, the global economy will shrink by at least 2.5% after COVID-19, and the damage will reach about trillion dollars. The biggest damage was for the oil-exporting countries. The economic growth rate of such countries is expected to decrease by at least 1%.
According to the OSCE report, world economic growth will decrease to 2.4% that was predicted as 2.9%, mainly due to declining world trade. The developing economies should also expect the signifi cant fi nancial losses.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has released an updated eco-nomic review that shows that due to the spread of the coronavirus, China’s economic growth will slow to 4.9%, the eurozone to 0.8% and the US to 1.9%[2].
According to Bloomberg, the world economic growth will decline by 1.2% in 2020. According to the re-port, the economic result could include recessions in the US, the Eurozone, Japan and China, with a total loss of $ 2.7 trillion [3].
According to a Rabo Bank study, global economic growth will be 1.6% in 2020 and 3.2% in 2021. Rabo Bank also suggested a risk scenario in which the economic growth in China would fall to 0.2% and in the world to 0.7% [4].
Goldman Sachs expects the world economy to shrink by 1% in 2020, further reducing the global economy than the 2009 fi nancial crisis [5].
Fitch Ratings has almost halved its 2020 baseline estimate, falling from 2.5% to 1.3%, which is $ 850 bil-lion less than the previous estimate [6].
Certainly, the main economic shocks were received by the countries with the highest rates of COVID-19 prevalence, followed by the countries, which economies are most dependent on tourism, oil and other ex-ports.
The Georgian government took the preventive measures against the virus in January-February without delay. In early June, Europe’s leading independent travel agency (EBD), created to promote and popular-ize culture and tourism in Europe, they ranked Tbilisi as the safest destination and the fi rst city ouy of the 20 safest travel destinations in Europe. The information rating published by the organization also included the city of Batumi, which took the 7th place. In addition to Tbilisi and Batumi, the EBD named the safest travel destinations for the period: Corfu, Zagreb, Warsaw, Vienna, Vilnius, Gdansk, Riga and Zagreb [7]. The international attitude towards Georgia is maintained at the moment. The National Geographic, one of the most infl uential travel publications in the world, named Georgia, Svaneti region, among the 25 best travel destinations in the world in 2021, which should be visited by tourists in the post-pandemic period [8].
COVID-19 has also had a signifi cant impact on the international trade. Georgia has close economic rela-tions with the European Union, which is 1/3 of the export market. The share of Azerbaijan in exports is
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also signifi cant, with the movement of goods being restricted, but the trade turnover did not stop and in January-February, 2020 the share of exports was 17.2%, China’s share in exports, although in January-February and amounted to 12.4%. In third place is Russia, which share in exports was 11.5%. According to the Ministry of Finance, Georgia’s exports in January and February, 2020 decreased compared to the same period last year. In January, the difference was only 0.46%, but already in February, Georgia’s exports decreased signifi cantly _ by 17.9%. In June, the ambiguous negative trend continued, with a slight increase in the autumn [9].
The remittances are an important indicator for assessing Georgia’s economic independence. The share of remittances in Georgia’s GDP is 13.5%. According to the National Bank of Georgia, the amount of remit-tances in the country in February, 2020 amounted to 137.3 million US dollars. The growth rate in January was 8.6%. The remittances from the EU account for 41.7% of total remittances. Georgia receives the most remittances from EU countries from Italy (15.8%) and Greece (12%). A signifi cant 10.4% share comes from the US. The remittances from Russia (20.9%) and Israel (10.5%) account for about 1/3 of total re-mittances. Although the total remittances have not decreased dramatically, such a spread of pandemics in Europe and America is likely to have a severe negative impact by the end of the year.
According to the Georgian Business Association (BAG) survey, at the beginning of the pandemic, about 47.2% of private Georgian companies thought that layoffs were inevitable, while the other half, 50.9%, did not intend to expand. The Georgian Business Association unites more than 70 large companies, includ-ing banks, petrol stations and large supermarket chains, construction and communications companies. The expectations of the surveyed members of the Georgian Business Association regarding employment in the framework of the quarterly survey of the BAG index have signifi cantly deteriorated. The BAG employment barometer, which refl ects the expected changes in the level of employment among the members of the as-sociation, became negative in the fi rst quarter of 2020 and amounted to (-46.7) points. After the removal of the restrictions, the value of the indicator has signifi cantly improved and is more or less fl uctuating.
The negative impact of the pandemic led to a 4% slowdown in economic growth in the country, with budget revenues falling to 1.8 billion GEL, and the current expenditures falling to 300 billion GEL. In addition, the new expenditures related to social, economic support and management of COVID-19 will be added to the expenditure part of the budget, which was set at GEL 3.9 billion under the anti-crisis plan. It is noteworthy that for the fi rst time on April 14, 2020, $ 3 billion was allocated from the international partners for the country’s economy. Infl ows were carried out in the following period as well.
On February 26, one month before the fi rst fact was confi rmed in the country, on January 28, the Georgian government launched the fi ght against COVID-19, which was carried out in two directions _ to save the health and lives of citizens and the Georgian economy.
The following measures were taken in the spring of 2020 within the framework of the anti-crisis plan of the Government of Georgia:Hired workers, who lost their jobs or were left on unpaid leave received GEL 1,200 in assistance for GEL 200 per month for 6 months _ a total of 350,000 citizens received GEL 460 million;For each retained job, the employer received a state subsidy for 6 months;Salary in the amount of GEL 750 was fully exempt from income tax;Employees or self-employed people in the `informal sector~ received a one-time assistance in the amount of 300 GEL;
In an average of 6 months, the families received an additional 600 GEL in assistance with a social rat-ing score of 65,000-1,000, which benefi ts about 70,000 families and 190,000 citizens;
104
Assistance will be provided to people with the severe disabilities and children _ about 40,000 citizens;The introduction of the pension indexation rule from January, 2021, ensures that the pensions of all pensioners will increase not less than the infl ation rate, ie price increases will not affect the size of the real pension. For retirees aged 70 and older, infl ation will be added up to 80% of real economic growth, mean-ing that annual pension growth will be higher than infl ation regardless of infl ation and economic growth parameters. Accordingly, the pension increase will not be less than GEL 20, and for pensioners aged 70 and older _ less than GEL 25. It should be noted that the pension of the citizens of the last category has been increased from 220 GEL to 250 GEL from July 1, 2020.
In addition, more than 1.2 million households were funded with a full 3-month utility bill. Electricity, water and cleaning bills were fi nanced for more than 670 thousand families. The state insured the price increase for 9 main products, on which contracts were signed with major importing companies. The citizens were also given the opportunity to defer payment of the loan for 3 months with state aid. The similar actions are planned from November this year to next spring [11].
4,500 tourism-related business entities have deferred 4 months of property and income taxes until Novem-ber 1, 2020. The small hotels will be subsidized by the state for 80% of the 6-month interest rate on a bank loan. The car importers had a 90-day period of customs clearance until September 1, which was used by 38,000 importers. And 7,000 legal entities were given the opportunity to restructure the loan.
As the part of caring for the private sector, an automatic VAT refund mechanism has been launched and exceed VAT refunds have been doubled, amounting to an additional GEL 600 million in compensation this year. An additional 500 million GEL was allocated to support commercial businesses for commercial banks.
The terms of co-fi nancing in the state program `Produce in Georgia~ have changed, which affected:Increase the loan / leasing co-fi nancing period from 24 to 36 months;Change in the co-fi nancing interest rate mechanism;
Increase in the type of activity;Lowering the minimum loan / leasing limit;Increase in working capital fi nancing.
As the part of the care for the village, a grant of up to 30,000 GEL was allocated for the project `Financing of AgroCredit _ Annual Crops~. In addition, the interest rate on loans issued to the agricultural sector was fully fi nanced under the estimated total loan amount of 50 million GEL (the number of benefi ciaries are 5000) and reclamation activities were supported [10].
Therefore, the effective measures in the fi ght against the pandemic have given us the following results:Georgia’s economy has been fully operated since June, which is associated with positive expectations;Georgia is the best example of a successful fi ght against COVID-19 in the region, but Azerbaijan is in a better position at the moment:
In Russia _ 2,162,503 infected, 37,538 dead (5th place);
In Turkey _ 467,730 infected, 12,840 dead (24th place);
In Armenia _ 130 870 infected, 2 068 dead (51st place);
In Azerbaijan _ 102,396 infected, 1,224 dead (62nd place).According to the international rating, Georgia has been named as the best tourist destination;Foreign exchange infl ows were performed in the form of international assistance;
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The National Bank carried out the moderate and periodic foreign exchange interventions at its foreign exchange auction in May, which strengthened the GEL exchange rate by 21 Tetri against one dollar, i.e. from 3.19 GEL to 2.98 GEL. The same should happen now, though it is less likely.
The Prime Minister of Georgia, Mr. Giorgi Gakharia, has been working on a plan to quickly emerge from the economic crisis in Georgia and is currently holding the intensive consultations with a number of leading expert groups around the world. Among them are well-known experts from the Universities of Cambridge and London, who express their readiness to help our country emerge from the crisis and achieve rapid eco-nomic recovery.
3. Conclusion
In general, the pandemic has drastically shaken the everyday social and economic patterns of world societies. Consequently, the economists have focused on its economic impact and what central banks and governments must do to respond to the unusual disruption of both supply and demand at the same time. It is clear that the consequences of the pandemic will be `serious~ and its spread will have the biggest blow to small and medium-sized businesses, and this catastrophic circumstance will pose a serious threat to the stability of the global economy. Therefore, the experts predict that the coronavirus will cause the global recession of the world economy.
References_______________________________________________________________________________________1. https:/www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries; 2. https://www.oecd.org/economic-outlook/ 3. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-coronavirus-pandemic-globaleconomic-risk/ 4. https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2020/march/global-economic-outlook/5. https://fortune.com/2020/03/20/coronavirus-economic-predictions-goldman-sachs-recession-
gdp2q-2020/ 6. https://www.fi tchratings.com/site/pr/10114929 7. ghn.ge 8. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/.../best-of-the-world-2021; 9. www.mof.ge/export_importis_informacia;10. employer.ge _ Anti-crisis economic plan11. https://stopcov.ge/ka/daxmarebebi
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sab Wo Ta kav Si ris mo der ni za ci is mcde lo be bi da mi si Ta nam de vi po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri ga mow ve ve bi
edi Ser gve ne ta Ze
is to ri is doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis
pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
1991 wlis 25 de kem bers msof lio po li ti kur ru ka ze gaq ra sab Wo Ta kav Si ri.
dRes we ren imis Se sa xeb, rom 1985 wli saT vis sab Wo Ta kav Sir Si iyo mZi me eko no mi ku ri mdgo-
ma re o ba. et yo ba es asec iyo.
1953 wlis 3 marts gar da ic va la yve la dro is udi de si po li ti ko si sam xed ro stra te gi da ru se Tis me pat ro ne io seb sta li ni. im dRes ve da iw yo krem lSi brZo la pir ve lo bi saT vis. mas Si Tav da pir ve lad da wi na ur da ssrk mi nis trTa sab Wos Tav mjdo ma ris pir ve li mo ad gi-
le lav ren ti be ria, ro mel mac, ro gorc wya ro e bi mow mo ben, miz nad da i sa xa sta li ni se u li sab Wo Ta kav Si ris po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis sis te mu ri mo der ni za cia.
krem lis par ti u li no men kla tu ra am re for mebs ve ra na i rad ver mo iT men da, rad ga nac amiT maT ec le bo daT xe li dan Za la uf le ba. ami to mac am dad ge ni le be bis mi Re bi dan sul ra Rac or kvi ra Si par ti ul ma bo seb ma 1953 wlis 26 iv niss da a pa tim res l. be ria da ga u sa mar Tleb-
lad ma Sin ve dax vri tes. xe li suf le ba Si mo vi da n. xruS Co vi.
sab Wo Ta kav Sir Si da iw yo qo neb ri vi di fe ren ci a cia da mdi dar Ta fe nis Ca mo ya li be be ba, ro me lic Zi ri Ta dad par ti u li no men kla tu ri sa da maT Tan da ax lo e bu li ada mi a ne bi sa gan Sed ge bo da.
sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis ko laf sze mi u Ti Teb da isic, rom po li ti kur-
eko no mi kur kri zis Si aR moC nda sab Wo Ta xe li suf le bis bur ji suk-i.
am ri gad, xruS Co vis mmar Tve lo bis daw ye bis Ta na ve iw yo Ca mo ya li be ba sab Wo Ta ko mu nis tu-
ri-ko rum pi re bul ma po li ti kur-eko no mi kur ma si te mam, ro me lic grZel de bo da mis dan-
gre vam de. sa u ba ri imis Se sa xeb, rom sab Wo Ta sis te ma da an gria uc xo e Tis spec sam sa xu reb ma ar Se e sa ba me ba si nam dvi les. sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te ma ga ix rwna da da in gra swo red par ti u li no men kla tu ris po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri da xe lov nu rad uzo mod ga be-ri li sa xel mwi fo bi u rok ra ti u li apa ra tis deg ra da ci is Se de gad.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: sab Wo Ta kav Si ri; ru se Ti; be ria; sta li ni; xruS Co vi; krem li; po li ti ku-
ri; eko no mi ku ri.
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1991 wlis 25 de kem bers msof lio po li ti kur ru ka ze gaq ra sab Wo Ta kav Si ri. krem lis qon-
gu ri dan da eS va dro Sa, ro me lic sa moc da a Ti wlis man Zil ze azan za reb da msof li os. pla-
ne ta ze am sim bo los qveS myo fi e.w. so ci a lis tu ri po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis sa-xel mwi fos mo na wi le o bis ga re Se ar wyde bo da ar cer Ti mniS vne lo va ni sa kiT xi.
dRes we ren imis Se sa xeb, rom 1985 wli saT vis sab Wo Ta kav Sir Si iyo mZi me eko no mi ku ri mdgo-
ma re o ba. et yo ba es asec iyo vi na i dan Tu sab Wo Ta kav Si ris pir vel da uka nas knel pre zi-
dents m. gor ba Covs ver wmu ne biT. mas, rom ar da ew yo e.w. `gar daq mna, sa ja ro o ba da de mok-
ra ti za cia igi `taxts~ Se i nar Cu neb da mxo lod 15 we li.
po li ti ka mec ni e re bi sa da az rov ne bis ur Tu le si sfe roa, ro me lic gzas la bi rin Teb Si mi-ik vlevs. amis das tu ria ssrk yo fi li sa ga reo saq me Ta mi nis tris a. gro mi kos sik vdi lis win co ta xniT ad re naT qva mi: `me rom si mar Tle, dav we ro Cems me mu a reb Si mTe li msof lio ga dab run de ba`.
1953 wlis 3 marts gar da ic va la yve la dro is udi de si po li ti ko si sam xed ro stra te gi da ru se Tis me pat ro ne io seb sta li ni. im dRes ve da iw yo krem lSi brZo la pir ve lo bi saT vis. mas Si Tav da pir ve lad da wi na ur da ssrk mi nis trTa sab Wos Tav mjdo ma ris pir ve li mo ad gi-
le lav ren ti be ria, ro mel mac, ro gorc wya ro e bi mow mo ben, miz nad da i sa xa sta li ni se u li sab Wo Ta kav Si ris po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis sis te mu ri mo der ni za cia. lav ren ti be ri am mi si Svi lis s. be ri as mow mo biT, mo iT xo va par ti is sa gan ge bo yri lo ba, ro mel ze dac ck-s yve la wevrs rep re si eb Si pi rad mo na wi le o ba ze un da wa red gi na an ga ri Si. imav dro u-
lad man da iw yo sis te mu ri cvli le be bi, rac ro gorc Sem deg gan vi Ta re bul ma mov le neb ma uC ve na naC qa re vi iyo da Zi re u lad ewi na aR mde ge bo da par ti u li no men kla tu ris in te re-
sebs [Ci la Ca va, 2011:35].
be ri as prog ra mis mi xed viT sab Wo Ta sis te mis po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri cvli le be bis Se-de gad: 1. un da mom xda ri yo `ci vi omis~ po li ti ka ze ua ris Tqma da amis pir ve li na Te li ma ga li Ti un da yo fi li yo ger ma ni is ga er Ti a ne ba [Судоплатов, 1997: 416_418]. 2. Sem ci re bu-
li yo dam sje li, rep re si u li zo me bi, rac ga mo xa tu li un da yo fi li yo am nis ti iT. da pa tim-
re bu leb ze iZu le bi sa da fi zi ku ri ze wo lis Sew yve tiT, spe ci a lu ri kre be bis Sez Rud viT, ius ti ci is sa mi nis tro sad mi ГУЛАГ (gu la geb-is) ga da ce miT da uda na Sa u lo msxver plTa re a bi li ta ci iT [Сухомлинов, 2003: 11_12] 3. mom xda ri yo qvey nis par ti u li uf ro so bis sa me-ur neo saq me eb Si Ca re vis lik vi da cia. re a lu ri Za la uf le ba ga das ce mo da sab Wo ebs, xo lo par ti as Se nar Cu ne bo da mxo lod ide o lo gi u ri fun qcia [Берия, 1994: 34] 4. res pub li kebs mis ce mo daT sru li su ve re ni te ti [Шепилов, 1997, 13];. erov nu li res pub li ke bis xel mZRva-
ne le bad dae niS naT ad gi lob ri vi war mo mad gen le bi [Сухомлинов, 2003: 268]; res pub li keb Si saq mis war moe ba ga da su li yo ad gi lob riv eneb ze, Seq mni li yo erov nu li sam xed ro na wi le bi [Ко курин, Пожаров, 1996: 132_164]. 5. kol me ur ne o be bi sa da sab Wo Ta me ur ne o be bis dau S le-
lad ga ex snaT gza fer me ru li me ur ne o be bi saT vis. mi e caT sa Su a le ba maT Tvis, rom da em-
tki ce bi naT kon ku ren ci is far gleb Si ma Ti upi ra te so ba. ga e uq me bi naT sa pas por to Sez-
Rud ve bi, ro me lic exe bo da sof lis mcxov reb lebs [Берия, 1994; 41_42].
mar Tlac sta li nis sik vdi lis Ta na ve be ri as ini ci a ti viT ga moc xad da am nis tia, mox da gu-
la ge bis lik vi da cia, ga uq mda Sss-Tan ar se bu li sa gan ge bo kre be bi, da iw yo uda na Sa u lo msxver plTa re a bi li ta ci is pro ce si[Реабилитация, 2000]. 1953 wlis 12 iv niss skkp ck-is pre zi di um ma mi i Ro ga daw yve ti le ba: `erov nul res pub li keb Si saq mis war mo e bis ga das vlis Se sa xeb ad gi lob riv eneb ze~ da sa i dum lo dad ge ni le ba: `so ci a lis tu ri mSe neb lo bis ga-
108
far To e bis Se sa xeb gdr-Si`, ro me lic ga ni xi le bo da, ro go gorc pir ve li na bi ji ger ma ni is de mok ra ti u li res pub li ki sa da ger ma ni is fe de ra ci u li res pub li kis ga er Ti a ne bis gza-
ze[Судоплатов 1997: 416-418].
krem lis par ti u li no men kla tu ra am re for mebs ve ra na i rad ver mo iT men da, rad ga nac amiT maT ec le bo daT xe li dan Za la uf le ba. ami to mac am dad ge ni le be bis mi Re bi dan sul ra Rac or kvi ra Si par ti ul ma bo seb ma 1953 wlis 26 iv niss da a pa tim res l. be ria da ro gorc wya ro-
Ta um rav le so ba mow mobs ga u sa mar Tleb lad ma Sin ve dax vri tes [Документы, 1989: 166_176]. xe li suf le bis sa da ve e bi xel Si ai Ro ko mu nis tur ma par ti ul ma no men kla tu ram, ro mel mac ima ve wlis seq tem ber Si skkp ck-is ple num ze `sa mar Tleb ri vad~ ga a for ma sa xel mwi fo ga-dat ri a le ba da skkp cen ta ru li ko mi te tis pir vel mdiv nad da niS na ga dat ri a le bis or ga-
ni za to ri da su lis Cam dgme li ni ki ta xruS Co vi. ro mel mac ga mo i ye na ra Ta vi si in te re se-
bi saT vis jer Ta nam de bo bi dan mox sna sab Wo Ta kav Si ris mi nis trTa sab Wos Tav mjdo ma re g. ma len ko vi, Sem deg ki Ta vad da e uf la mis Ta nam de bo bas.
sab Wo Ta kav Si ri ise Ti sa xel mwi fo iyo, sa dac ide o lo gia iyo um Tav re si ami to mac skkp ck-s pir vel ma mdi van ma xruS Cov ma Ta vi si xal xi, rom le bic mas ex ma re bod nen sa xel mwi fo ga dat ri a le ba Si da niS na mo wi na ve ide o lo gi ur po zi ci eb ze. ase ma ga li Tad sa ti u ko vi gaz. `prav dis~ re daq to rad, xo lo ili Ce vi ck-s mdiv nad ide o lo gi is dar gSi.
faq tob ri vad es iyo mo ri gi war ma te bu li sa xel mwi fo ga dat ri a le ba ru se Tis sa im pe ra to-
ro kar ze, ro me lic ni a dags um za deb da mo rig ana lo gi ur ga dat ri a le bas.
xe li suf le ba Si mo su li uzar ma za ri im pe ri is mmar Tve li n. xruS Co vi mix vda, rom mas sWir-
de bo da sa ku Ta ri ad gi lis da ka ve ba ara mar to sab Wo Ta kav Sir Si, ara med msof lio po li-
ti ka Sic. ami to mac man sas wra fod da iw yo msof lio mSvi do bis po li ti kis ide o lo gi za cia da pa ra le lu rad da iw yo ar mi is Sem ci re bis pro ce si. Tu 1953 wlis 1 mar ti saT vis sab Wo Ta ar mi is ric xob ri vi ra o de no ba Se ad gen da 5,4 mln kacs, 1960-ia ni wle bis da saw yi si saT vis igi Sem cir da 2,4 mln ada mi a nam de [Военные архивы России, 1993:290-295].
Tav da pir ve lad krem lis mas xa ram Seq mna STa beW di le ba, rom igi mih yve bo da re for ma to-
rul kurss. wya ro e bis mow mo biT, n. xruS Co vi 1956-1957 ww. ga ni xi lav da gdr-sa da gdr-s kon fe de ra ci is sa fuZ vel ze ga er Ti a ne bis Se saZ leb lo bas. krem lma TiT qos da ga nac xa da Tan xmo ba ia po ni as Tan er Tad ga e yo ku ri li is kun Zu le bi da ga nac xa da mzyad yof na na to-Si Ses vlis Se sa xeb [Сорокин К. Вступал ли СССР в НАТО // Правда, 1989.31 декабря; Платошкин Н. Жаркое лето 1953 года в Германии. М., 2004. С. 377].
skkp me-20 yri lo ba ze xruS Cov ma mo a xer xa da sta li nis te biT ga da te nil dar baz Si da iw-
yo sta li nis zRvar ga da su li kri ti ka. yri lo bis de le ga te bi im de nad iy vnen da Si ne bul ni sab Wo Ta mmar Tve lo bis rep re si u li mmar Tve lo bis rep re si u li xa si a TiT, rom gu Sin del-
ma sta li nis xat ze mloc vel ma par ti u li eli ti sa da ge ne ra li te tis war mo mad gen lTa gan er Tma maT gan mac ver ga be da pro tes tis xma maR la gac xa de ba. yve la mor Ci lad da e Tan xma krem lis axal `gri Sa ot ra pi evs`.
n. xruS Cov ma sta li nis pi rov ne bis kri ti kiT faq tob ri vad da iw yo im to tis me To du ri moW-
ra, ro mel ze dac sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te ma ij da. qve ya na Si er Tba Sad da iw-
yo ko rum pi re bu li po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri bi u rok ra ti is Ca mo ya li be ba.
ze mod Tqmu lis na Tel ma ga liTs war mo ad gen da is, rom sab Wo Ta sa zo ga do e ba Si qo ne bis Zi-re ul dag ro ve bas em sa xu re bo da iu ve lu ri na war mis re a li za cia. ma ga li Tad Tu 1960 wels
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ga i yi da 84 mln. ma ne Tis sa i u ve li ro na war mi, 1965 wels man 107 mln. ma ne Ti Se ad gi na. 1970 wli saT vis ma Ti ra o de no ba 533 mln ma ne Tam de ga i zar da. 1980 wels mis ma ra o de no bam 4637 mln-s mi aR wia. anu sab Wo Ta kav Sir Si mTli a nad 15 wlis gan mav lo ba Si iu ve lu ri na war mis ga yid va 45-jer ga i zar da [Народное хозяйство СССР, 1989:130].
sab Wo Ta wyo bi le ba Si mo po ve bul qo ne bas iyo fo da: ka no ni e rad da kri mi na lu rad. imi saT-
vis rom Ta vi da eR wwi aT sta li nu ri ste re o ti pe bi sa gan da da e ka no ne bi naT dag ro vi li sim-did re ko mu nis tur ma no mek la tu ram in te li gen ci is fe ni sa da ko mu nis tu ri no mek la tu-
ris war mo mad gen le bi saT vis da a we sa ma Ra li ho no ra re bi.
ma ga li Tad Jur nal `ogo ni o kis~ re daq tor ma Ta vi si Txzu le be bis pir ve li to mi saT vis ai-Ro 750000 ma ne Tis ho no ra ri. mi si Txzu le ba ni ki Se ad gen da xuT toms. ma Sa sa da me sa er To jam Si mi Re bu li hqon da 380000 ma ne Tam de.
1950-ia ni wle bis me o re na xev ri dan sab Wo Ta sis te ma Si ar na xu lad ga i Sa la ko ruf cia amis mka fio ga mo xa tu le ba iyo is, rom mos ko vis cen tra lu ri ma Ra zi e bis di req to rebs _ kol-
covs da vo do vo zovs sa mar Tal dam cav ma or ga no eb ma Cxre ki sas aR mo u Ci nes sa i dum lod ga-da na xu li 650 aTa si ma ne Ti; gaC dnen ara le ga li sab Wo Ta vaW ro bis dar gis mi li o ne re bi. mag. uni ver maR `so kol ni ke bis~ xel mRva ne li flob da 1 mln. ma neTs. ko ruf ci am mo ic va ko mu-
nis tu ri eli ta _ kras no da ris sam xa reo ra i ko mis mdi vans a. tra ra das sax lis sxven Si ina xe-bo da 450 aTa si man. fa ru li mi li o ne re bi iy vnen xel mZRva ne li par ti u li da sab Wo Ta mu Sa-
ke bi: ssrk sa ga reo vaW ro bis mi nis tris mo ad gi le suS ko vi da Tev zis mrew ve lo bis mi nis tri iS ko vi. Se sa ba mi sad maT mi er mi ta ce bis, mi we re bi sa da ma qi na ci e bis gziT dag ro vi li Tan xa Se ad gen da 1, 5 ml. da 6 mln. ma ne Ti.
sab Wo Ta kav Sir Si da iw yo qo neb ri vi di fe ren ci a cia da mdi dar Ta fe nis Ca mo ya li be be ba, ro me lic Zi ri Ta dad par ti u li no mek la tu ri sa da maT Tan da ax lo e bu li ada mi a ne bi sa gan Sed ge bo da. 1980-ia ne bis Sua xa neb Si ssrk-Si cxov rob da 280 mln. ada mi a ni. Sem nax vel sa la-
ro eb Si im dro i saT vis iyo 198 ml. ana ba ri, ro mel ze dac ina xe bo da da ax lo e biT 300 mlrd. ma ne Ti. aqe dan 1000 ma ne Tam de de po zi te bi mo iT vli da da ax lo e biT 111 mln. Sem nax vel wig-naks, ro mel ze dac ina xe bo da 40 mlrd. ma ne Ti. xo lo mo sax le o bis ay va ve bu li na wil ze iyo 87 mln. ana ba ri 260 mlrd. ma ne TiT.Народное хозяйство СССР, 1990: 48].
sab Wo Ta mo qa la qis cxov re bis umaR les gan ma pi ro be bel niS nad iT vle bo da av to man qa nis Se Ze na. sta tis ti kis mi xed viT, 30 wlis man Zil ze qar xne bis mi er sa kuT riv qve ya na Si ga yi-du li iyo 30 mln. man qa na. rac imas niS nav da, rom igi hyav da mo sax le o bis 10-15%-s, da nar-
Ce ni 85-90%-isaT vis es `bed ni e re ba~ mi uw vdo me li iyo. ma Sa sa da me qve ya na Si Ca mo ya lib da ko rum pi re bul Ta kla si, ro mel mac da ag ro va ka no ni e ri Tu uka no no gziT di di qo ne ba da ax la un do daT mi si da ka no ne ba. ro de sac ame ri kis pre zi den tma r. re i gan ma mi iw via kon-
sul ta ci i saT vis is ra el Si emig ri re bu li sab Wo Ta mec ni e ri i. zem co vi da hkiT xa Tu ra Za-le bi Se iZ le ba iyos so ci a lu ri da say rde ni li be ra lu ri re for me bis ga ta re bi sa sab Wo Ta kav Sir Si. Se kiT xvis ad re sa ti ar da fiq re bu la ise mi u go `Crdi lo va ne bi`, anu kri mi na li-
te te bi, rom le bic in gli su rad JRer da, ro gorc `gan gste re bi`.
ko ruf cia mZin va reb da sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri cxov re bis yve la sfe ro Si. im-dro in de li sab Wo Ta kav Si ris ge ne ra lu ri pro ku ra tu ris sam Zeb ros sis xlis sa mar Tlis mTa va ri sa ma ar Tve los uf ros ma ara o raz rov nad ga nac xa da, rom `Tev zis saq mis ~ Zi e bis Se de gad igi mi vi da skkp ck-is wevr sa kav Si ro Tev zis mrew ve lo bis mi nis tris ka bi ne tam-
de[Алидин В.И. 2001: 372 _ 373]. xo lo `tre gu bo vis saq mem~ uC ve na rom mas Si mo na wi le ob da
110
mos kov Si vaW ro ba Si mo mu Sa ve 300 aTa si mu Sa ki[Гуров, 1995: 59]. aqe dan cxa dad Cans, rom Seq-mni li iyo e.w. jaW vi, ro mel Sic Car Tul ni iy vnen umaR le si sa xel mwi fo da par ti ul or ga-
no eb Si mo mu Sa ve ada mi a ne bi.
si tu a ci is ga um jo be se bas ver axer xeb da is, rom ko ruf ci i sa da sxva das xva da na Sa u lo be-
bis ga mo skkp ri ge bi dan ga ric xul iq na mi li o nam de ka ci. zog jer po lit bi u ros wev re bic `axer xeb dnen~ da na sa u lo be bis Ca de nas, ma ga li Tad kul tu ris mi nis trma fur ce vam sa ku-
Ta ri saxls mo ax ma ra di di Te at ris re a bi li ta ci i saT vis ar se bu li ma sa le bi, ris tvi sac mas mi u Ti Tes am xa na geb ma. man arc aci da arc ac xe la da gab ra ze bul ma par ti ul bo sebs iq ve mi u go: `sa nam Cem ken ga mo iS verT xels, ma nam Tavs Se xe deT`
ise ga ix rwna mmar Tve li par tia, rom yvel gan ix did nen fuls, ra Ta gam xda riyv nen ada mi a ne bi skkp wev re bi. Ta nam de bo be bi saT vis di fe ren ci re bu li iyo Tan xe bi. qa laq ko mis mdiv no ba Rir da na xe va ri mi li o ni ma ne Ti, Si na gan saq me Ta sam mar Tve los uf ro so ba 300 aTa si, xo lo sa xel mwi-
fo av to in speq ci a Si mu Sa o bis daw ye ba sa mi aTa si [Гуров,1995: 62]. saq me iqam de mi vi da, rom 70_ 80 wleb Si kri mi na lur sam ya ros Ta vi si in te re se bis gam ta reb le bi hyav da yvel gan da yve la fer Si _ ra i o nu li, sa qa la qo, sa ol qo, sab Wo Ta da par ti ul xe li suf le beb Si. ka tas tro fa iyo ima-Sic, rom am ada mi a ne bi sa gan bev ri Sem deg gax dnen mi nis trTa sab Wo sa da skkp ck-is wev re bi.
eko no mi ku ri ko ruf cia mZvin va reb da sa ga reo vaW ro ba Si. me oT xe di sa u ku nis gan mav lo ba Si 1961-1985 wleb Si ssrk-m uc xo eT Si Se is yi da 150 mln. do la ris sof lis me ur ne o bis pro-
duq te bi. Tu ro gor mim di na re ob da es pro ce si kar gad ga moC nda m. gor ba Co vis sit yva Si 1986 wels: `Cven vux diT aSS 160 do lars erT to na xor bal Si, xo lo ssrk-Si igi Rirs 111. ase rom 50 oq ros ma neTs vkar gavT Cven yo vel to na ze~ [gaz. ko mu nis ti]. uka nas kne li mo na-
ce me biT sab Wo Ta xor blis ma fia saz Rvar ga reT xor bals yi du lob da 225 do la rad. ma Sin, ro de sac igi ve xor ba li sab Wo eT Si Rir da 100 ma ne Ti. amis mi ze zi, ro gorc aR vniS neT iyo xor blis im por tis sis te ma Si sa xel mwi fo struq tu ru li ma fi is Ca mo ya li be ba.
ase Ti eko no mi ku ri ma fi e bi Ca mo ya lib da sa xal xo me ur ne o bis yve la sfe ro Si.
1980-ia ni wle bis Sua xa neb Si ssrk-Si mo i po ve bo da mTe li msof li os al ma sis meo Txe di. sa xel mwi fom jer ki dev 1960 wels ga a for ma Ta nam Srom lo bis xel Se kru le ba am sfe ro-
Si in gli sur fir ma `de bris Tan`. ris Se de ga dac ssrk-m ga i ta na saz Rvar ga reT 4,8 mlrd. sa va lu to ma ne Tis al ma si. xo lo `de bris ma~ mxo lod ori 1977-1978 wlis gan mav lo ba Si is ra el Si ga yi du li sab Wo Ta al ma se bis Se de gad mi i Ro 2,6 mlrd. do la ri. saq me Sem deg Si mdgo ma re ob da, rom al ma si as jer ia fi Rir da, vid re bri li an ti. ami to mac xe li suf le bam bev rjer aR Zra sa kiT xi ad gil ze ga e ke Te bi naT bri li an te bi. sa kiT xi ver ga di o da da var-
de bo da imis sa ba biT, rom Cven Tvis xel say re li ar aris bri li an te bis war mo e bis gan vi Ta-
re ba. aqac mTa va ri mi ze zi sa xel mwi fo Ci nov nik Ta mra val ric xo va ni ar mia iyo, ro me lic Cab mu li iyo sxva das xva saz Rvar ga re Tis fir meb Tan ko ruf ci ul ga ri ge beb Si.
sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis ko laf sze mi u Ti Teb da isic, rom po li ti kur-
eko no mi ku ri kri zis Si aR moC nda sab Wo Ta xe li suf le bis bur ji suk-i. amis da ma das tu re be-
lia is, rom am meT val yu re da dam sje li or ga nos war mo mad ge ne leb ma ma sob ri vad iw yes gaq-ce va-ga da bar ge ba mo wi na aR mde gis ba nak Si. Za li an mag rad mu Sa ob da da sav le Tis agen tu ra. ma ga li Tad su ki-s ge ne ra li wer da: `yo fil ma ame ri kel ma mzve ra ve bi am bob dnen. Tqven kar-
gi bi We bi xarT. Cven vi ciT, rom gqon daT war ma te be bi da gaqvT uf le ba ia ma yoT.....mag ram mo va dro da ga i gebT, ro go ri agen tu ra hyav da css da sa xel mwi fo de par ta ments Tqven Tan ze moT`[Дроздов, 2005: 246].
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css im yo fe bo da yvel gan sab Wo Ta sis te mis yve la uban ze: suk-Si, krem lSi, sa mec ni e ro-
kvle viT in sti tu teb Si. sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis gaxr w nis Se de gad Se-aR wia css-m ara mar to sab Wo Ta kav Si ri sa da var Sa vis xel Sek ru le bis sa daz ver vo sam sa xu-
reb Si, ara med ma Ti meS ve o biT ma ni pu li reb da gi gan tu ri mas Sta be biT[Швец, 1994:. 9].
sab Wo Ta mmar Tve lo bis sis te mis po li ti kur-eko no mi kur da sa mar Tleb riv kri zis ze mi u-
Ti Teb da is faq tic, rom ro de sac da sav leT Si gaC nda e.w. `sic ru is de teq to ri~ sab Wo Ta kav Si ris Si na gan saq me Ta sa mi nis tro Si gaC nda idea Se e ta naT es mow yo bi lo ba maT `Se i a ra-
Re ba Si~ da mi siT esar geb laT ara mar to sa ku Ta ri Ta nam Srom le bis Se mow me bi sas, ara med im ada mi a ne bi sad mic, vinc eW vmi ta ni li iyo or ma gi cxov re bis wes Si. mag ram zem dgo mi sab Wo Ta po li ti ku ri or ga no e bis mi Ti Te be bis ga mo, mu Sa o ba am mxriv Se Ce re bu li iq na, xo lo sab-Wo Ta sic ru is de teq to ris Sem qmne li ga uS ves Si na gan saq me Ta sa mi nis tro dan[Млечин, 2006: 305].
pa ra doq sia, mag ram faq ti, rom suk-s ar hqon da sa ku Ta ri usaf rTxo e bis sam sa xu ri.
Sem Txve viT ar iyo, rom 1980-ian wleb Si sab Wo Ta ka Sir Si xum rob dnen, rom css-os mos kov Si aqvs sa mi re zi den tu ra: er Ti-aSS sa el Co, me o re-gen Sta bis mTa var sam mar Tve lo Si da me sa-me-su ki[ Королев, 1990: 29].
yo ve li ve am pro ce se bis Se de gi iyo, rom po li ti kur-eko no mi kur ma da so cia lur ma gax-rwni le bam mo ic va mTli a nad ze da fe ne bi. qvey ni sa da mos ko vis eli ta ik ri be bo da res to-
ran `ar xan gelsk`-Si, sa dac ga dab mu lad dRe e bi sa da Ra me e bis imar Te bo da Ta vaw yve ti li Rre o be bi da or gi e bi.
am ri gad, xruS Co vis mmar Tve lo bis daw ye bis Ta na ve iw yo Ca mo ya li be ba sab Wo Ta ko mu nis tu-
ri-ko rum pi re bu li po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri si te mis, ro me lic grZel de bo da mis dan gre-
vam de.
am Tan da Ta no biT xrwna di po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te mis sa Ta ve Si id ga sskp ck da mi-si po lit bi u ro uzar ma za ri par ti u li no mek la tu riT, ro mel sac ar sur da da arc Se eZ-lo sis te mis mo der ni za cia. cvli le bebs sWir de bo da moq ni li, go ne ba max vi li da re a lo-
ba Si Ta vi dan bo lom de gar kve u li axal gaz rdu li ener gi is po li ti ko se bi. rom le bic Tu ga moC de bod nen deg ra di re bu li sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi kur sis te mis mi er sas ti kad idev ne bod nen. vi na i dan re for me bi ewi na aR mde ge bo da par ti u li po li ti ku ri ko mu nis tu-
ri no mek la tu ris in te re sebs.
is mis kiT xva, riT gan sxvav de bo da sta li nis Sem dgo mi sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te ma sta li nu ri sis te mi sa gan? vfiq robT araf riT ub ra lod Se ic va la xma ma Ra li lo-
zun gi `sta li nu rad~ ux ma u ro lo zun giT `sta li nu rad-us ta li nod~ im `mci re o de ni~ gan-
sxva ve biT, rom sa Ta ve Si id gnen ge ni o sis ma giv rad go ne ba sus ti xel mZRva ne le bi, xo lo Sem-sru le be le bi iy vnen ko rum pi re bu li ko mu nis tu ri no men kla tu ris war mo mad gen le bi.
am ri gad, sa u ba ri imis Se sa xeb, rom sab Wo Ta sis te ma da an gria uc xo e Tis spec sam sa xu reb ma ar Se e sa ba me ba si nam dvi les. sab Wo Ta po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri sis te ma ga ix rwna da da in gra swo red par ti u li no mek la tu ris po li ti kur-eko no mi ku ri da xe lov nu rad uzo mod ga be-ri li sa xel mwi fo bi u rok ra ti u li apa ra tis deg ra da ci is Se de gad.
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li te ra tu ra:
_______________________________________________________________________________________1. r. Ci la Ca va. lav ren ti be ri as va Ji mog viT xrobs. Tb., 2011.2. Алидин В.И. Государственная безопасность и время. 1951_1986. 2-е изд. 2001.3. . Мой отец Лаврентий Берия. М., 1994. 4. Военные архивы России. Вып.1. М., 1993. С. 280, 283,295. Заседания Верховного Совета СССР
пятого созыва. Четвертая сессия. 14_15 января 1960. Стенографический отчет. М., 1960. 5. Гуров А.И. Красная мафия. М., 1995. 6. Документы генерал-лейтенанта Строкача о подготовке Берией заговора в 1952 году // Новая и
новейшая история. 1989. № 3. 7. Дроздов Ю.И. Вымысел исключен. Записки начальника нелегальной разведки КГБ СССР. М.,
2005. 8. Кокурин А.И. Пожаров А.И. II Исторический архив. 1996. № 4..9. Королев В. `Секреты~ секретных служб // Огонек. 1990. № 43. 10. Млечин Л. Андропов. М., 2006. 11. Народное хозяйство СССР. 1922_1982 гг. Юбилейный статистический сборник. М., 1983. 12. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 г. 13. Реабилитация: ка к это было? Документы Президиума ЦК КПСС и другие материалы. T.1. Март
1953 _ февраль 1956. М., 200014. Сухомлинов А. Кто вы, Лаврентий Берия? 15. Судоплатов П. Разведка и Кремль. Записки нежелательного свидетеля. М., 1997. 16. Сухомлинов А. Кто вы, Лаврентий Берия? Неизвестные страницы уголовного дела. М., 2003. 17. Шепилов Д.Т. Воспоминания II Вопросы истории, 1998. № 8. 18. Швец Ю. Все разведки мира близнецы-братья. Бывший советский разведчик отвечает на вопросы
`Московских новостей~ // Московские новости. 1994. № 19.8 _ 15 мая.19. gaz. ko mu nis ti. 1986. 20. Сорокин К. Вступал ли СССР в НАТО // Правда, 1989.31 декабря; Платошкин Н. Жаркое лето 1953
года в Германии. М., 2004.
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ATTEMPTS TO MODERNIZE THE SOVIET UNION AND ITS ACCOMPANYING POLITICAL-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
Edisher GvenetadzeProfessor,
New Higher Education Institute, Georgia
Abstract
The presented article deals with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and political-economic problems ac-companying this process. Immediately after Stalin’s death, Beria initiated an amnesty, liquidated the Gulag, abolished the special meetings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and began the process of rehabilitating in-nocent victims. The Kremlin party nomenclature could not tolerate these reforms in any way, therefore, just two weeks after the adoption of decrees, the party bosses arrested L. Beria. By criticizing Stalin’s personal-ity, N. Khrushchev literally began to methodically cut the branch on which the Soviet political-economic system sat. Corrupt political-economic bureaucracy began to form in the country at once and it pervaded in all spheres of Soviet political and economic life.
Thus, as soon as Khrushchev came to power, the Soviet communist-corrupt political-economic system be-gan to form, which lasted until its overthrow. The rumors that the Soviet system was destroyed by foreign special services are not true.
Key words: Soviet Union, economic problems, corruption, collapse of the system.
1. Introduction
On December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union disappeared from the world political map. A fl ag that has been making the world rattle for seventy years has fl own from the Kremlin. No important issues would have been resolved on the planet without the participation of the so called socialist political-economic system state being under this symbol.
Today it is written that by 1985 the Soviet Union was in a diffi cult economic situation. This seems to have been so if we trust the fi rst and last president of the Soviet Union, M. Gorbachev. If he did not start the so-called `transformation, publicity and democratization, he would keep the ‘throne’ for only 15 years.
Politics is the most diffi cult fi eld of science and thinking that fi nds its way into the labyrinths. This is con-fi rmed by the statement of the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A. Gromyko’s before death, it was said: `If I write the truth in my memoirs, the whole world will turn over.~
2. Historical Background
On March 3, 1953, Joseph Stalin, the greatest politician, military strategist of all time and owner of Rus-sia, died. On that same day, fi ghting for supremacy at the Kremlin began. Firstly, Lavrenty Beria has been promoted, the fi rst deputy chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, who, according to sources, aimed to systematically modernize the political and economic system of the Stalinist Soviet Union. Lavrenti Beria under his son S. Beria’s testimony demanded special conference of the party, at which all members of the
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Central Committee were to report on their personal participation in the repression. At the same time, he ini-tiated systemic changes, which, as the subsequent events showed, were hasty and fundamentally opposed to the interests of the party nomenclature.
According to Beria’s program, as a result of the political and economic changes of the Soviet system: 1. The policy of the Cold War should have been abandoned and the fi rst clear example of this should have been the unifi cation of Germany. 2. To reduce the punitive, repressive measures that should have been expressed by amnesty. By the cessation of coercion and physical pressure on detainees, the restriction of special assemblies, the transfer of the Gulag to the Ministry of Justice, and the rehabilitation of innocent victims. 3. To liquidate interfere of the party leadership of the country in the economic affairs. Real power should be transferred to the councils, while the party retained only an ideological function. 4. Republics would be given full sovereignty. To appoint local representatives as leaders of national republics; In the republics, the proceedings should be transferred to the local languages; to form national military units. 5. To pave the way for farms without disrupting collective farms and Soviet farms. To give them opportunity to prove their superiority within the competition. Abolish passport restrictions on villagers.
Indeed, immediately after Stalin’s death, Beria initiated an amnesty, liquidated the Gulag, abolished the special meetings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and began the process of rehabilitating innocent victims [Rehabilitation, 2000]. On June 12, 1953, the presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union passed a resolution `on the transfer of proceedings in the national languages at the na-tional republics~ and a secret resolution: on the expansion of socialist construction in the GDR~, which was considered the fi rst step towards unifi cation of the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany...
The Kremlin party nomenclature could not tolerate these reforms in any way, as this would deprive them of power. Therefore, just two weeks after the adoption of these decrees, the party bosses arrested L. Beria on June 26, 1953 and, as most sources testify, was immediately shot. The government was taken over by the Communist Party nomenclature, which in September of the same year `legally~ staged a coup d’etat at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and appointed Nikita Khrushchev, the organizer and instigator of the coup, as the fi rst secretary of the Central Committee. Who for his own interests, fi rstly dismissed the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union G. Malenkov and then took over the post himself.
The Soviet Union was a state where ideology was paramount, which is why Khrushchev, the fi rst secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, appointed his people, who helped him in the coup, to take advanced ideological positions. So for example Satyukov as the editor of Pravda~, and Ilichev as the secretary of the Central Committee in the fi eld of ideology.
In fact, it was another successful coup d’etat at the Russian imperial court, paving the way for another similar coup.
The ruler of a huge empire, N. Khrushchev, who came to power, realized that he needed to take his place not only in the Soviet Union but also in world politics. That is why he immediately started ideologization the politics of world peace and at the same time began the process of reducing the army. If by March 1, 1953 the Soviet Army numbered 5.4 million men, by the early 1960s it had decreased to 2.4 million men. At fi rst, the Kremlin clown gave the impression that he was following a reformist course. According to the sources, N. Khrushchev during 1956-1957 considered the possibility of unifi cation on the basis of the GDR and the GDR confederation. The Kremlin allegedly agreed to secede from the Kuril Islands with Japan and announced its intention to join NATO.
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At the 20th congress of the CPSU, Khrushchev succeeded and began to criticize Stalin in a hall full of Stalinists. The delegates to the congress were so intimidated by the repressive nature of the repressive rule of the Soviet government that one of the representatives of the party elite and generals who prayed on Sta-lin’s icon yesterday could not dare to speak out in protest. Everyone obediently agreed with the Kremlin’s new `Grisha Otrapiev~.
By criticizing Stalin’s personality, N. Khrushchev literally began to methodically cut the branch on which the Soviet political-economic system sat. Corrupt political-economic bureaucracy began to form in the country at once.
A clear example of the above mentioned was the sale of jewelry to the basic accumulation of property in Soviet society. For example, if in 1960 84 million rouble jewelry was sold; in 1965 it amounted 107 mil-lion roubles. By 1970, their number had grown to 533 million rouble. In 1980, its number reached to 4637 million. In other words, the sales of jewelry in the Soviet Union increased 45 times in 15 years.
Property acquired under the Soviet establishment was divided into: legal and criminal. In order to get rid of Stalinist stereotypes and legitimize the accumulated wealth, the communist nomenclature imposed high honorarium on the intellectuals and the representatives of the communist nomenclature.
For example, the editor of `Ogonyok~ magazine received a fee of 750,000 rouble for the fi rst volume of his work. His writings consisted of fi ve volumes. He therefore received totally 380,000 rouble.
Corruption has rampant in the Soviet system since the second half of the 1950s. A clear indication of this was that during a search of the directors of Moscow’s central stores, Koltsov and Vodovozov, law enforce-ment offi cers found 650,000 rubles secretly confi scated; Millionaires in the fi eld of illegal Soviet trade emerged. For example, the head of the university `Sokolniks~ owned 1 million Rouble. Corruption has engulfed the communist elite _ Krasnodar Regional District Committee Secretary A. Trarada kept 450 thousand Rouble in the attic of his house. The secret millionaires were leading party and Soviet workers: Sushkov, the USSR Deputy Foreign Minister, and Ishkov, the Fish Industry Minister. Accordingly, the amount accumulated by them through seizures, correspondence and machinations was 1.5 million and 6 million. Rubles.
3. Property differentiation and the formation
In the Soviet Union, property differentiation and the formation of the wealthy began, consisting mainly of party nomenclature and people close to them. In the mid-1980s, there were 280 million people living in the USSR. The savings boxes at that time were 198 ml. The deposit on which was kept about 300 billion Rubles. From these, deposits up to 1,000 Roubles amounted to about 111 million. A savings book on which $ 40 billion was kept and on the prosperous part of the population was 87 million deposits with 260 billion Roubles.
The purchase of a car was considered to be the highest condition of the life of a Soviet citizen. According to statistics, 30 million cars were sold by factories in their own country in 30 years. Which meant that it was owned by 10-15% of the population, for the other 85-90% this `happiness~ was unattainable. That is why a class of corrupt people was formed in the country, which accumulated a large amount of property, legally or illegally, and now they wanted to legalize it. When the President of the United States R. Reagan invited a Soviet scientist I. Zemtsov, who had immigrated to Israel, for a consultation and asked which forces could be a social pillar for liberal reforms in the Soviet Union. The addressee of the question did not think much
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and answered `shadows~, or criminals, which in English sounded like `gangsters~.
Corruption pervaded all spheres of Soviet political and economic life. The head of the Main Criminal Investigation Division of the Prosecutor General’s Offi ce of the Soviet Union unequivocally stated that as a result of the `fi sh case~ he came to the offi ce of the Minister of the Fisheries Industry, a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. And the `Tregubov case~ showed that 300 thousand workers working in trade in Moscow participated in it. It is clear from this that there was so-called chain in which people work-ing ate higher state and party bodies were involved.
The situation could not be improved by the fact that up to a million people were expelled from the ranks of the CPSU due to corruption and various crimes. Sometimes members of the political bureau also `man-aged~ to commit crimes, for example, Minister of Culture Furtseva used the materials available for the rehabilitation of the Bolshoi Theater in his own house, as indicated by his comrades. He angrily replied to the party bosses: `Before you reach out to me, look at yourself.~
The ruling party was so corrupt that money was paid everywhere to make people members of the CPSU. The amounts for the positions were differentiated. The secretariat of the city committee cost half a million rubles, the head of the interior department -300 thousand, and the start of work in the state auto inspection three thousand. It got to the point that in the 70s and 80s, the criminal world had its interests pursued every-where and in everything _ in region, city, district, Soviet and party governments. It was also a disaster that many of these people later became members of the Council of Ministers and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Economic corruption lingered in foreign trade. For a quarter of a century, from 1961 to 1985, the USSR bought 150 million euro abroad. Dollar agricultural products. How this process went, was well shown in M. Gorbachev’s words in 1986: `We pay 160 US dollar to the USA for per ton of wheat, while in the USSR it costs 111. So we lose 50 gold roubles per ton~. According to the latest data, the Soviet wheat mafi a was buying wheat abroad for $ 225. While the same wheat in the Soviet Union cost 100 rubles. The reason for this, as we have mentioned, was the establishment of a state structural mafi a in the wheat import system.
Such economic mafi as have formed in all areas of the national economy.
In the mid-1980s, a quarter of the world’s diamonds were mined in the USSR. The state signed a coopera-tion agreement with the English fi rm `De Brice~ in this fi eld in 1960. As a result, the USSR scored 4.8 bil-lion rouble diamonds abroad. `De Brice~ earned $ 2.6 billion as a result of Soviet diamonds sold in Israel in 1977-1978 alone. The point was that diamond crystals were a hundred times cheaper than a diamond. That is why the government has repeatedly raised the issue of making diamonds on the spot. The issue could not be resolved on the pretext that it is not in our interest to develop diamond production. Here, the main reason was the large army of state offi cials involved in corrupt deals with various foreign fi rms.
The collapse of the Soviet political-economic system was also indicated by the fact that the State Security Committee, the tower of the Soviet government, was in a political-economic crisis. This is evidenced by the fact that the representatives of this supervisory and punitive body began to fl ee en masse to the enemy camp. The Western agency worked very hard. For example, the State Security Committee general wrote: `Former American spies said you are good guys. We know that you have had success and you have the right to be proud..... But the time will come and you will understand what kind of agency the CIA and the State Department had above you~.
The CIA was present everywhere in all parts of the Soviet system: in the State Security Committee, in the Kremlin, in scientifi c research institutes…. As a result of the collapse of the Soviet political-economic
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system, the CIA not only penetrated the intelligence services of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, but also manipulated them on a giant scale.
The political-economic and legal crisis of the Soviet system of government was also indicated by the fact that when the so-called `lie detector~ in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union came up with the idea to include this device in their `weapons~ and use it not only to check their own employees, but also to people who were suspected of a double lifestyle. But due to the instructions of the superior Soviet politi-cal bodies, the work was stopped in this regard, and the creator of the Soviet lie detector was fi red from the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
It is paradox, but the fact that the State Security Committee did not have its own security service.
It was no coincidence that in Soviet Union in the 1980s it was joked that the CIA had three residences in Moscow: one at the US Embassy, the second at the General Staff, and the third at the State Security Com-mittee.
The result of all these processes was that political-economic and social corruption pervaded the entire upper population layer. The elite of the country and Moscow gathered in the restaurant `Arkhangelsk~, where for days and nights were held decapitated circles and orgies.
4. Conclusion
Thus, as soon as Khrushchev came to power, the Soviet communist-corrupt political-economic system began to form, which lasted until its overthrow.
At the head of this gradually decaying political-economic system was the Central Committee of the Com-munist Party and its Political bureau with a huge party nomenclature that neither wanted nor could modern-ize the system. The changes required fl exible, mind-blowing, and in reality some youth energy politicians from beginning to end. Who, if they appeared, were severely persecuted by the degraded Soviet political-economic system. Whereas the reforms were against the interests of the party’s political communist no-menclature.
The question is, how did the post-Stalin Soviet-political-economic system differ from the Stalinist system? We do not think that the loud slogan `Stalin~ was changed to the silent slogan `Stalinist-Stalin~ with the slightest difference that the genius was headed by weak leaders and the performers were representatives of the corrupt communist nomenclature.
Thus, t he rumors that the Soviet system was destroyed by foreign special services are not true. The Soviet political-economic system depraved and collapsed as a result of the degradation of the political-economic-political and artifi cially infl ated state bureaucracy.
References_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Chilachava R., The son of Lavrenti Beria tells us.Tbilisi, 2011.2. Алидин В.И. Государственная безопасность и время. 1951_1986. 2-е изд. 2001.3. Мой отец Лаврентий Берия. М., 1994. 4. Военные архивы России. Вып.1. М., 1993. С. 280, 283,295. Заседания Верховного Совета СССР
пятого созыва. Четвертая сессия. 14_15 января 1960. Стенографический отчет. М., 1960. 5. Гуров А.И. Красная мафия. М., 1995. 6. Документы генерал-лейтенанта Строкача о подготовке Берией заговора в 1952 году // Новая и
новейшая история. 1989. № 3.
118
7. Дроздов Ю.И. Вымысел исключен. Записки начальника нелегальной разведки КГБ СССР. М., 2005.
8. Кокурин А.И. Пожаров А.И. II Исторический архив. 1996. № 4..9. Королев В. `Секреты~ секретных служб // Огонек. 1990. № 43. 10. Млечин Л. Андропов. М., 2006. 11. Народное хозяйство СССР. 1922_1982 гг. Юбилейный статистический сборник. М., 1983. 12. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 г. 13. Реабилитация: ка к это было? Документы Президиума ЦК КПСС и другие материалы. T.1. Март
1953 _ февраль 1956. М., 200014. Сухомлинов А. Кто вы, Лаврентий Берия? 15. Судоплатов П. Разведка и Кремль. Записки нежелательного свидетеля. М., 1997. 16. Сухомлинов А. Кто вы, Лаврентий Берия? Неизвестные страницы уголовного дела. М., 2003. 17. Шепилов Д.Т. Воспоминания II Вопросы истории, 1998. № 8. 18. Швец Ю. Все разведки мира близнецы-братья. Бывший советский разведчик отвечает на вопросы
`Московских новостей~ // Московские новости. 1994. № 19.8 _ 15 мая.19. Newspaper `Communist~ 1986. 20. Сорокин К. Вступал ли СССР в НАТО // Правда, 1989.31 декабря; Платошкин Н. Жаркое лето
1953 года в Германии. М., 2004.
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da Ci ne Tis erT-erT yve la ze xal mxra val qa laq vu han Si. vi ru si swra fad mo e do Ci ne Tis mWid rod da sax le bul re gi o nebs, ris ga moc Ci ne Tis xe li suf le ba iZu le bu li Se iq mna ga e-ta re bi na mkac ri zo me bi vi ru sis Se sa Ce reb lad. Ci ne Tis xe li suf le bam vi ru sis Se sa xeb sa-ja ro gan cxa de ba ga a ke Ta 2020 wlis ian vris bo los, ro de sac vi ru si uk ve swra fad vrcel-
de bo da, ro gorc Ci ne Tis me zo bel qvey neb Si, ase ve da sav leT Si. jan dac vis msof lio or ga-
ni za ci am axa li da a va de ba ma le ve mi iC nia, ro gorc up re ce den to glo ba lu ri pan de mia. sa-gan ga So mdgo ma re o bis ga mo jan dac vis msof lio or ga ni za cia iZu le bu li Se iq mna msof lio mas Sta bis sa gan ge bo mdgo ma re o ba ga mo ec xa de bi na 2020 wlis 30 ian vars. (Yang Yang, Hongru Zhang & Xiang Chen, 2020)
vi ru sis swra fi gav rce le bis ga mo 2020 wlis mar tSi aSS da ev ro pa uk ve pan de mi is epi cen-
tri gax da. bev ri qve ya na iZu le bu li Se iq mna mkac ri Sez Rud ve bi da e we se bi na ga da ad gi le-
ba ze da ada mi a ne bis mo bi lo ba ze. 2020 wlis mar tSi vi ru sis gav rce le ba da das tur da 190 qve ya na Si, ris ga moc da i xu ra di di ra o de no biT sa war mo da da wes da ga da ad gi le ba ze mkac-
ri Sez Rud ve bi. biz ne se bis da sa war mo e bis da xur vis ga mo, 2020 wlis ap ri lis mo na ce me biT
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da za ral da msof lio sa mu Sao Za lis 81 %. (Colin Charles Williams, 2020).
pan de mi am ga mo iw via sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro mi mos vlis swra fi Se ne le ba. bev rma qve ya nam da-
a we sa ak rZal ve bi mog za u ro ba ze, Ca ke ta saz Rvre bi da Se mo i Ro mkac ri sa ka ran ti no zo me bi, ris ga moc sa er Ta So ri so da Si da tu riz mi mkveT rad Sem cir da. mkveT rad Sem cir da mog za-
ur Ta ra o de no ba msof li o Si da erT dros tu ris te biT ga da We di li ev ro pu li qa la qe bi da ca ri el da.
pan de mi is gav rce le bis ga mo, ev ro pu li qvey nis li de re bi sa ja rod mo u wo deb dnen mog za-
u rebs, rom dab ru ne bu liy vnen Ta vi anT sam Sob lo Si da Se ew yvi taT mog za u ro ba msof li os sxva das xva re gi on Si. ma ga li Tad, 2020 wlis 23 marts bri ta ne Tis sa ga reo saq me Ta mi nis-trma mo u wo da bri ta nel tu ris tebs, rom dab ru ne bu liy vnen sam Sob lo Si. (Stefan Gössling, Daniel Scott & Michael Hall, 2020).
sa er Ta So ri so mog za u ro ba sul uf ro rTul de ba saz Rvre bis Ca ket vis, ae ro por te bis da-
xur vis, fre ne bis Se Ce re bis da mkac ri Sez Rud ve bis Se mo Re bis ga mo.
msof lio ru ka ze wi Te li da yvi Te li fe riT aR niS nu lia qvey ne bi, rom leb mac mog za u ro-
ba ze Sez Rud ve bi da a we ses ko ro na vi ru sis gav rce le bis ga mo.
pan de mi is ze gav le na ev ro pis tu ris tur in dus tri a ze
pan de mi am di di za ra li mi a ye na ev ro pis tu ris tul in dus tri as da faq tob ri vad mi si ga Ce-re ba ga mo iw via. Tu ga vi Tav lis wi nebT im faqts, rom tu riz mi aris ev ro pu li eko no mi kis di di seg men ti, ma Sin uke Te sad ga vi az rebT imas, Tu ra di di ra o de no bis mu Sa xel ma da kar-
121
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
ga sa mu Sao pan de mi is Se de gad. 2016 wlis sta tis ti ku ri mo na ce me bis Ta nax mad, tu riz mis in dus tri a Si da saq me bu li iyo ev ro kav Si ris sa mu Sao Za lis 9.5 %, ker Zod, 13.6 mi li o ni ada mi a ni. rTu li mdgo ma re o bis ga mo, Sro mis sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci am mo iT xo va kon-
kre tu li zo me bis gan xor ci e le ba mTav ro bis mxri dan mSro mel Ta uf le be bis da sa ca vad da eko no mi ki sa da da saq me bis sti mu li re bi saT vis. Sro mis sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za cia mo iT-
xov da sa xel mwi fo e bis gan swra fi da ko or di ni re bu li po li ti kis ga ta re bas: da za ra le-
bul Ta so ci a lu ri dac vis Se mo Re bas, da saq me bis Se nar Cu ne bis sti mu li re bas da da za ra-
le bu li sa war mo e bis Tvis fi nan su ri da sa ga da sa xa do Se Ra va Te bis Se mo Re bas. Sro mis sa-er Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci is dek la ra ci is Ta nax mad, da saq me bu li xal xi sa da ma Ti oja xis wev re bis jan mrTe lo bis dac va mTa va ri pri o ri te ti un da yo fi li yo yve la qvey ni saT vis. gan sa kuT re bu li yu rad Re ba un da da eT mo Ti To e ul sa xel mwi fos da ba li Se mo sav le bis mqo ne da so ci a lu rad da uc ve li mSro me le bi saT vis (ILO, 2020).
ev ro pa, ro me lic ko ro na vi ru sis swra fi gav rce le bis ga mo, pan de mi is epi cen tri gax da, ga-daw yvi ta kon kre tu li zo me bi mi e Ro mSro mel Ta uf le be bis da sa ca vad. ev ro ko mi si am 100 mi li ad ri ev ros ode no bis dax ma re ba ga mo yo umu Se var Ta da sax ma reb lad. ev ro ko mi si am ev ro kav Si ris wevr sa xel mwi fo ebs ses xi ga mo u yo, rom maq si ma lu rad da ec vaT da saq me bu-
le bi sam sa xu ri dan gan Ta vi suf le bis da Se mo sav lis da kar gvis Sem Txve va Si. sxva das xva sa-xel mwi fos li de reb ma ga daw yvi tes ro gorc da za ra le bu li tu ris tu li kom pa ni e bi saT vis, ase ve tu ris tul in dus tri a Si da saq me bu li xal xi saT vis up re ce den to mok le va di a ni fi-
nan su ri dax ma re ba ga e wi aT.
mTa va ri prob le ma ima Si mdgo ma re obs, rom ev ro pa Si aris di di ra o de no biT da u re gis tri-
re be li sa war mo e bi, ris ga moc maT ar Se uZ li aT mok le va di a ni fi nan su ri mxar da We ris mi-Re ba. gan sa kuT re biT tu riz mis in dus tri a Si aris di di ra o de no biT ase Ti sa war mo e bi. Zi-ri Ta dad maT ricxvs mi e kuT vne ba mci re biz ne si, ma ga li Tad pli aJ ze da saq me bu li xal xi, ara li cen zi re bu li gi de bi, mci re sa o ja xo sas tum ro e bi, res tor ne bi da ma Ra zi e bi. xSir Sem Txve va Si, maT mci re saw yi si ka pi ta li sWir de baT da xSi rad ari an sa o ja xo biz ne sis war-
mo mad gen le bi. (Williams, 2017) es da u re gis tri re be li sa war mo e bi ver mi i Re ben ve ra na ir dax ma rebs mTav ro bis mxri dan.
me o re mxriv, ev ro pa Si aris ase ve ise Ti re gis tri re bu li sa war mo e bi, rom le bic ar ax de nen yve la tran saq ci e bis dek la ri re bas. am sa war mo ebs sa Su a le ba eq ne baT mi i Ron mxar da We ra mxo lod ma Ti dek la ri re bu li brun vis do ni sa da dek la ri re bu li Ta nam Srom le bis ra o de-
no bis Se sa ba mi sad. 2013 wels ev ro kav Sir Si Ca ta re bu li ga mo kiT xvis Ta nax mad, oci dan erT Ta nam Sro mels (5 %) ar hqon da ga for me bu li sa mu Sao xel Sek ru le ba. ev ro kav Sir Si da u re-
gis tri re be li saq mi a no ba gan sa kuT re biT gav rce le bu lia tu riz mis in dus tri a Si. ada mi a-
ne bi, rom le bic da u re gis ti re bel Sro miT saq mi a no bas ewe vi an, ver SeZ le ben mok le va di a ni fi nan su ri dax ma re bis mi Re bas da ase ve Se saZ loa ver mi i Ron ve ra na i ri so ci a lu ri dax ma-
re ba mTav ro bis mxri dan. (Colin Charles Williams, 2020)
pan de mi is ze gav le na sa qar Tve los tu ris tul in dus tri a ze
bo lo aT wle u le bis gan mvlo ba Si sa qar Tve lo Si Se i niS ne bo da tu ris tu li in dus tri is swra fi gan vi Ta re ba. sa qar Tve los mTav ro bam di di Za lis xme va ga i Ro da di di fi nan su ri re sur se bi da xar ja tu ris tu li in fras truq tu ris ga sa vi Ta reb lad. Tu ga viT va lis wi nebT im faqts, rom tu riz mi sa qar Tve los mTli a ni Si da pro duq tis da ax lo e biT 11%-s age ne ri-
122
rebs, ma Sin miv xvde biT Tu ra did rols Ta ma Sobs es dar gi qvey nis eko no mi kur cxov re ba Si. bo lo wle bis gan mav lo ba Si sa qar Tve lo Si Se i niS ne bo da vi zi tor Ta zrdis ten den cia. sul uf ro me ti tu ris ti da vi zi to ri ga mo xa tav da sa qar Tve lo Ti da in te re se bas da mog za u-
rob da qvey nis sxva das xva re gi o neb Si. sa qar Tve los tu riz mis erov nu li ad mi nis tra ci is mo na ce me bis mi xed viT, msof li o Si ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi is gav rce le bis Sem deg mkveT-
rad Sem cir da vi zi tor Ta ra o de no ba qve ya na Si, rac sa saz Rvro kon tro lis gam kac re biT da saz Rvre bis Ca ket viT iyo ga mow ve u li.
ko ro na vi rus ma mo mak vdi ne be li dat ryma mi a ye na sa qar Tve los tu ris tul in dus tri as: da-
i xu ra ua ra vi mu ze u mi, ti ris tu li kom pa nia, da ca ri el da sas tum ro e bi, ga uq mda ara er Ti avi a re i si, da i xu ra sam To-saT xi la mu ro ku ror te bi. mkveT rad Sem ci re bu li vi zi to re bi sa da tu ris te bis ga mo tu ris tu li kom pa ni e bi da sas tum ro e bi iZu le bu li Se iq mnen Sve bu le-
ba Si ga eS vaT Ta vi an Ti Ta nam Srom le bi. tu riz mis seq tor Si da saq me bu li ada mi a ne bis um rav-
le so ba umu Se va ri dar Ca. (Ti na Tin mo si aS vi li, 2020).
mkveT rad Sem cir da Sa vi zRvis sa na pi ro ze dam sve ne bel Ta ra o de no bac, ra mac di di fi nan-
su ri za ra li mi a ye na gan sa kuT re biT aWa ris qa la qebs. Sa viz Rvis pi ra ku ror te bi da ca ri-
el da da ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi is gav rce le bis Sem deg tu ris te bis qro ni kul nak le bo bas ga nic dis. ba Tu mi sa, qo bu le Tis da Sa vi zRvis pi ra qa la qe bis sas tum ro e bis ume te so ba, vi-zi to re bi sa da tu ris te bis Sem ci re bis ga mo, iZu le bu li Se iq mna mkveT rad Se em ci re bi na Ta nam Sro mel Ta ra o de no ba.
sas tum ro e bis biz nes Si da saq me bu li ada mi a ne bi ac xa de ben, rom mdgo ma re o ba mar Tlac kri-
ti ku lia da dax ma re bi saT vis sa qar Tve los mTav ro bas mi mar Ta ven. isi ni mo iT xo ven sa qar-
Tve los mTav ro bi sa gan in di vi du a lur -sa mar Tleb ri vi aq tis mi Re bas tu riz mis sfe ro Si da saq me bul or ga ni za ci e bis, kom pa ni e bis da sas tum ro e bis mxar da We ris miz niT. (lu ka per-
ta ia, 2020)
das kvna
msof li o Si Seq mni li mZi me mdgo ma re o bis ga mo, sa Wi roa ro gorc cal ke ul ma qvey neb ma, ase-ve sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci eb ma Se i mu Sa on kri zi si dan tu riz mis ga moy va nis mka fio stra-
te gi u li xed va da kri zi sis mar Tvis stra te gia. pan de mia Tu did xans gag rZel da, man Se iZ-le ba mo mak vdi ne be li dar tyma mi a ye nos gan sa kuT re biT im qvey nebs, ro mel Ta eko no mi ka ar aris di ver si fi ci re bu li da mxo lod erT dar gze, tu riz mze aris da mo ki de bu li. ase Ti qvey ne bi se ri o zu lad da za ral de bi an pan de mi is ga mo, vi na i dan tu riz mis seq tor Si Sem ci-
re bu li Se mo sav le bi mci re da sa Su a lo biz nes sac did fi nan sur za rals mi a ye nebs.
literatura:
Colin Charles Williams (2020) Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on Europe’s tourism industry: Addressing tourism enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jtr.2395 Yang Yang, Hongru Zhang & Xiang Chen ( 2020) Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147856/ ILO (2020) COVID‐19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO,
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https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefi ngnote/wcms_738753.pdf Williams, C. C. (2017). Entrepreneurship in the informal sector: An institutional perspective. London, England: RoutledgeStefan Gössling, Daniel Scott & Michael Hall (2020) Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708 Ti na Tin mo si aS vi li (2020) ko ro na e pi de mia _ tes ti sa qar Tve los tu riz mis sfe ros Tvis, https://publika.ge/article/koronaepidemia-testi-saqartvelos-turizmis-sferostvis/ lu ka per ta ia (2020) ko ro na vi ru sis fon ze sas tum ro eb Si jav Sne bi Sem cir da _ in dus tria dax ma re bas iT xovs, https://netgazeti.ge/news/431488/
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NEGATIVE IMPACT OF CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON TOURISM
Valeri Modebadze Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor.
Georgian University of the Patriarchate, Georgia.
Abstract
The aim of the article is to present a devastating impact on the global economy of COVID-19. The pan-demic caused a rapid slowdown in international air traffi c. Many countries have imposed travel bans, closed borders and introduced strict quarantine measures, which has drastically reduced international and domestic tourism. The number of travelers in the world has sharply decreased and European cities, which were once crowded with tourists, have been totally emptied. The pandemic infl icted great damage on the the European tourism industry and literally forced it to stop. The coronavirus has struck a deadly blow to Georgia’s tourism industry: many museums, touristic companies and hotels have been closed, a large num-ber of fl ights have been canceled, and ski resorts have been closed.
Key words: tourism industry, COVID-19 epidemics, strict restrictions, European and Georgian tourism industry.
1. Introduction
Numerous epidemics or pandemics have spread around the world in recent decades, although none of them have had such a devastating impact on the global economy as COVID-19. The spread of Coronavirus has caused catastrophic damage especially to the tourism sector.
In mid-December 2019, a new infectious disease _ coronavirus _ spread in Wuhan, one of the most popu-lous cities in China. The virus quickly spread to densely populated areas of China, forcing the Chinese government to take strict measures to stop the virus. Chinese authorities made a public statement about the virus in late January 2020, when the virus was already spreading rapidly in China’s neighboring countries as well as in the West. The World Health Organization soon classifi ed the new disease as an unprecedented global pandemic. Due to the state of emergency, the World Health Organization was forced to declare a world-wide state of emergency on January 30, 2020. (Yang Yang, Hongru Zhang & Xiang Chen, 2020)
Due to the rapid spread of the virus in March 2020, the US and Europe have already become the epicenter of the pandemic. Many countries have been forced to impose strict restrictions on movement and mobility of people. In March 2020, the spread of the virus was confi rmed in 190 countries, which led to the closure of a large number of enterprises and the imposition of strict restrictions on movement. Business and enter-prise closures in April 2020 affected 81% of the world workforce. (Colin Charles Williams, 2020)
The pandemic caused a rapid slowdown in international air traffi c. Many countries have imposed travel bans, closed borders and introduced strict quarantine measures, which has drastically reduced international and domestic tourism. The number of travelers in the world has sharply decreased and European cities, which were once crowded with tourists, have been totally emptied.
Due to the spread of the pandemic, the leaders of the European countries publicly called on travelers to return to their homeland and stop traveling to different regions of the world. For example, on March 23, 2020, the British Foreign Secretary called on British tourists to return to their homeland. (Stefan Gössling, Daniel Scott & Michael Hall, 2020)
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International travel is becoming increasingly diffi cult due to the closure of borders, the closure of airports, the suspension of fl ights and the introduction of strict restrictions.
The world map above shows in red and yellow colors those countries that have imposed travel re-strictions due to the spread of the coronavirus.
2. The impact of the pandemic on the European tourism industry
The pandemic infl icted great damage on the the European tourism industry and literally forced it to stop. If we take into account the fact that tourism is a large segment of the European economy, then we can better understand the scale of damage that pandemic has infl icted on the large number of workers that became unemployed do due the spread of coronavirus. According to 2016 statistics, the tourism industry employed 9.5% of the EU workforce, namely 13.6 million people. Due to the diffi cult situation, the International La-bor Organization has called for concrete measures to be taken by the governments to protect workers’ rights and to stimulate the economy and employment. The International Labor Organization called on states to pursue rapid and coordinated policies: to introduce social protection for victims, to encourage employment retention, and to provide fi nancial and tax benefi ts to affected enterprises. According to a declaration by the International Labor Organization, protecting the health of employed people and their families should be a top priority for all countries. Particular attention should be paid to low-income and vulnerable workers in each state (ILO, 2020).
Europe, which has become the epicenter of the pandemic due to the rapid spread of the coronavirus, has decided to take concrete measures to protect workers’ rights. The European Commission has allocated € 100 billion in aid to the unemployed people. The European Commission has provided loans to EU member
126
states to protect workers as much as possible in the event of dismissal and loss of income. Leaders from different states decided to provide unprecedented short-term fi nancial assistance to the touristic companies, as well as to the people employed in the tourism industry.
The main problem is that there are a large number of unregistered enterprises in Europe,and because of this, they are unable to receive short-term fi nancial support. Especially in the tourism industry there are a large number of such enterprises. Most of them include small businesses, such as people working on the beach, unlicensed guides, small family hotels, restaurants and shops. In many cases, they need a small start-up capital and are often family businesses. (Williams, 2017) These unregistered enterprises will not receive any assistance from the government.
On the other hand, there are also registered enterprises in Europe that do not declare all transactions. These enterprises will be able to receive support only according to the level of their declared turnover and for their declared employees. According to a survey conducted in the EU in 2013, one in twenty employees (5%) did not have an employment contract. Unregistered activities in the EU are particularly prevalent in the tourism industry. People who engage in unregistered labor activities will not be able to receive short-term fi nancial assistance and may also not receive any social assistance from the government. (Colin Charles Williams, 2020)
3. Impact of the pandemic on the Georgian tourism industry
The last decades have seen the rapid development of the tourism industry in Georgia. The Government of Georgia has made great efforts and spent large fi nancial resources to develop tourism infrastructure. If we take into account the fact that tourism generates about 11% of Georgia’s GDP, then we will understand what a big role this sector plays in the economic life of the country. In recent years, Georgia has seen a growing trend of visitors. More and more tourists and visitors expressed interest in Georgia and traveled to different regions of the country. According to the Georgian National Tourism Administration, the number of visitors to the country has sharply decreased since the spread of the coronavirus pandemic in the world, due to the tightening of border controls and cclosure of borders.
The coronavirus has struck a deadly blow to Georgia’s tourism industry: many museums, touristic compa-nies and hotels have been closed, a large number of fl ights have been canceled, and ski resorts have been closed. Due to the drastically reduced number of visitors and tourists, travel companies and hotels have been forced to fi re their workers. Most of the people, previously employed in the tourism sector, still re-main unemployed. (Tinatin Mosiashvili, 2020)
The number of tourists on the Black Sea coast has also sharply decreased, which has caused great fi nan-cial losses, especially in the cities of Adjara. Black Sea resorts have been emptied and are experiencing a chronic shortage of tourists following the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. Most of the hotels in Batumi, Kobuleti and the Black Sea cities have been forced to reduce their staff sharply due to declining visitors and tourists.
People working in the hotel business say that the situation is really critical and they are appealing to the Georgian government for help. They demand from the Georgian government to adopt an individual legal act in order to support organizations, companies and hotels employed in the tourism sector. (Luka Pertaia, 2020)
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4. Conclusion
Due to the diffi cult situation in the world, it is necessary for both individual countries and international organizations to develop a clear vision for saving tourism and a crisis management strategy. If the pan-demic lasts for a long time, it can deal a deadly blow, especially to those countries, the economies of which are not diversifi ed and depend only on one sector, tourism. Such countries will be severely affected by the pandemic, as reduced incomes in the tourism sector will also cause large fi nancial losses to small and medium-sized businesses.
References____________________________________________________________________________1. Colin Charles Williams (2020) Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on Europe’s tourism industry:
Addressing tourism enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jtr.2395
2. Yang Yang, Hongru Zhang & Xiang Chen ( 2020) Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147856/
3. ILO (2020) COVID‐19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefi ngnote/wcms_738753.pdf
4. Williams, C. C. (2017). Entrepreneurship in the informal sector: An institutional perspective. London, England: Routledge
5. Stefan Gössling, Daniel Scott & Michael Hall (2020) Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
6. Tinatin Mosiashvili (2020) Coronavirus epidemic _ a test for the fi eld of tourism in Georgia, https://publika.ge/article/koronaepidemia-testi-saqartvelos-turizmis-sferostvis/
7. Luka partaia (2020) Bookings in the hotels have dropped due to the coronavirus _ the industry is asking for help, https://netgazeti.ge/news/431488/
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sa war mos fi nan sur mdgra do ba ze moq me diSi da da ga re faq to re bi COVID-19 pan de mi is pi ro beb Si
ma riam zu bi aS vi li
eko no mi kis doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis afilirebuli pro fe so ri
ni no mRvde la Ze
saqarTvelos teqtnikuri universitetis doq to ran ti
ab straq ti
sta tia exe ba sam rew ve lo sa war mo Ta fi nan su ri mdgra do bis uz run vel yo fis zo gi erT sa-kiT xebs. rogrc cno bi lia, qve ya na Si sa baz ro ur Ti er To be bis gan vi Ta re bam ga na pi ro ba sa war mo e bis fi nan su ri ro lis amaR le ba. sa war mos fi nan su ri re sur se bis mdgo ma re o ba is mniS vne lo va ni faq to ria, ro me lic gan saz Rvravs mi si saq mi a no bis Se de gebs. sa kiT xis Ses-wav lam dag var wmu na, rom sa qar Tve los sam rew ve lo sa war mo eb Si sa me ur neo saq mi a no bis Se-de ge bi ara sa xar bi e loa, mra val ma sa war mom saq mi a no ba da as ru la uar yo fi Ti fi nan su ri Se de ge biT. ga mom di na re aqe dan, Zi ri Ta di mi za nia sa war mo e bis mxri dan fi nan se bis mar Tvi-
sad mi swo ri mid go me bis for mi re ba.
imi saT vis, rom sa war mo gan vi Tar des sa baz ro eko no mi kis pi ro beb Si da ar da uS vas mi si ga-kot re ba, sa Wi roa fi nan se bis mar Tvis cod na, au ci le be lia sa war mos saq mi a no ba ze moq me di yve la faq to ris ga mov le na. un da ga mov lin des ro gorc Si da, ise ga re faq to re bi.
sa war mos sa baz ro mdgo ma re o bis Se fa se bi saT vis aq ti u rad ga mo i ye ne ba `SWOT~_ ana li zi da `PEST~-ana li zi. mo ce mu li me To de biT Ca ta re bu li ana li zis Se de ge biT Se saZ le be lia ga mov lin des is mniS vne lo va ni prob le me bi, rom le bic exe ba kon kre tu li kom pa ni is sa fi-
nan so po li ti kas da stra te gi as.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: fi nan su ri re sur si; an ga ri Si; ana li zi; fi nan su ri mdgra do ba.
Covid-19 pan de mi am da ar Rvia mra va li sam rew ve lo sa war mos Cve u leb ri vi saq mi a no bis riT-
mi. aman iZu le bu li ga xa da me war me e bi mo na xon is xer xe bi, rom le bi Tac ope ra ti u lad gas-ce men pa suxs am ga mow ve vas.
sam rew ve lo sa war mo eb Si Covid-19 pan de mi iT ga mow ve u li cvli le be bi se ri o zu li ope ra-
ci u li, so ci a lu ri da fi nan su ri uar yo fi Ti Se de ge bis mom ta nia. es ai Zu lebs me war me ebs ga da xe don mar Tvis ris kebs da axal pi ro beb Si saq mi a no bis me To debs. amav dro u lad, au-
ci le be lia ma Ti mxri dan maq si ma lu ri ori en ta cia mo mav lis biz nes ze, ris Tvi sac sa Wi roa axa li teq no lo gi u ri ga daw yve ti le be bi. ase Ti stra te gia ara mxo lod aa maR lebs biz ne-
sis mdgra do bas, da i cavs war mo e bas da uz run vel yofs kri zi sis dros mo mu Sa ve Ta dac vas, ara med Si nar Cu nebs kon ku ren tul upi ra te so bas, rac gaz rdis biz nes, ro de sac eko no mi ka da iw yebs aR mav lo bas.
aseT ara or di na lur si tu a ci a Si gan sa kuT re biT mniS vne lo va nia fi nan su ri mdgra do-
129
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bis Se nar Cu ne ba. sa war mos fi nan su ri mdgra do ba Se iZ le ba iyos ab su lu tu rad sta bi lu-
ri, nor ma lu rad sta bi lu ri, aras ta bi lu ri da kri ti ku li [1]. sa war mos una ri dro u lad gan xor ci e los ga dax de bi, da a fi nan sos Ta vi si saq mi a no ba, adas tu rebs mis karg (mdgrad) fi nan sur mdgo ma re o bas. imi saT vis, rom sa war mom Se i nar Cu nos ar se bu li fi nan su ri mdgo-
ma re o ba pan de mi is pi ro beb Si da ar da uS vas mi si ga kot re ba, sa Wi roa fi nan se bis mar Tvis cod na, cod na imi sa, Tu ro go ria ka pi ta lis struq tu ra mi si Se mad gen lo bi sa da war moq-
mnis wya ro e bis mi xed viT, ra wi li uka via mas Si sa ku Tar sax srebs da ra wi li _ mo zi duls.
am gva rad, fi nan su ri mdgra do ba ga mo xa tavs Se mo sav le bis xar jze sta bi lu rad ga da me te-
bas da re sur se bis iseT mdgo ma re o bas, ro me lic uz run vel yofs or ga ni za ci is fu la di sax sre biT Ta vi suf lad ma nev ri re bas da ma Ti efeq tu rad ga mo ye ne bis gziT xels uw yobs war mo e bis da re a li za ci is, ga far To e bis da ga nax le bis Se u fer xe bel pro cess. igi ga mo-
xa tavs sa ku Ta ri da na ses xi ka pi ta lis Se sa ba mi so bas, ga mo xa tavs sa war mos mim di na re, sa-in ves ti cio da sa fi nan so saq mi a no bis Se de gad sa ku Ta ri ka pi ta lis dag ro ve bis tem pebs, or ga ni za ci is mo bi lur da imo bi li ze bu li sax sre bis Se sa ba mi so bas, ma ra ge biT sak ma ri sad uz run vel yo fas sa ku Ta ri sax sre biT.
qar Tul da uc xo ur eko no mi kur li te ra tu ra Si [1,2,3,4] aR we ri lia or ga ni za ci is fi nan su-
ri mdgra do bis Se fa se bis me To di ka da mi si uz run vel yo fis Ro nis Zi e be bi, Tum ca maT gan yve la Ro nis Zi e ba ar aris mi sa Re bi kon kre tu li sa war mo saT vis. aR sa niS na via, rom fi nan-
su ri mdgra do bis ana li zi saT vis Se mo Ta va ze bu lia Zal ze bev ri maC ve ne be li, ro mel Ta gan zo gi er Ti dub li re ben er Ti me o res, rac Se iZ le ba ga ur kvev lo bis mi ze zic ki gax des.
ga va a na li zoT fi nan su ri mdgra do ba ss `qar Tu li lu di kom pa ni is~ ma ga liT ze. cxril 1-Si mo ce mu lia sa zo ga do e bis saq mi a no bis fi nan su ri Se de gis Zi ri Ta di maC ve neb le bi.
cxri li 1. ss `qar Tu li lu di kom psni as~ Zi ri Ta di maC ve neb le bi 2018-2019 ww. (aT.la ri)
maC ve neb le bi 2018 w. 2019w. ab so lu tu ri cvli le ba
zrdis (Sem ci re bis) tem pi %
mo ge ba re a li za ci i dan 38,106 35,417 _ 8,689 _ 7,1
wmin da mo ge ba 7,375 (3,712) -
ga yid ve bis ren ta be lo ba 0,43 0,42 -0,01 0,98
wya ro. kom pa ni is bu Ral tru li an ga riS ge ba
ss `qar Tu li lu di kom pa ni as~ saq mi a no bis Zi ri Ta di maC ve neb le bis ana li zis sa fuZ vel ze Se iZ le ba iT qvas, rom 2019 wels mo ge ba re a li za ci i dan wi na 2018 wel Tan Se da re biT Sem cir-
da 7,1 pro cen tu li pun qtiT, rac ab so lu tur cif reb Si ud ris 8,689 aT.lars, ga yid ve bis ren ta be lo ba Sem cir da 2%-iT. vfiq robT es adas tu rebs kom pa ni is fi nan su ri mdgra do bis Sem ci re bas.
sa war mos fi nan su ri mdgra do bis ana li zi tra di ci u lad tar de ba ab so lu tu ri da Se far-
de bi Ti maC ve neb le bis Se fa se bis sa fuZ vel ze. ana li zi saT vis in for ma ci is wya roa sa zo ga-
do e bis fi nan su ri an ga riS ge ba.
130
ss `qar Tu li lu di kom pa ni as~ ab so lu tu ri maC ve neb le bis ana li zi, fi nan su ri mdgra do bis ti pis ga sar kve vad war mod ge ni lia cxril 2-Si, sa i da nac ir kve va, rom 2019 wels sa war mo Si sa ku Ta ri sab ru na vi sax sre bi Sem cir da wi na 2018 wel Tan Se da re biT 19,5 pro cen tu li pun-
qtiT, rac ab so lu tur ric xveb Si ga mo i xa ta 4,529 aT.la riT. ra RaT qma un da es ga mow ve u-
lia aR niS nul sa a na li zo pe ri od Si re a li za ci i dan mo ge bis Sem ci re biT, rac ukav Sir de ba re a li za ci i dan amo na ge bis Sem ci re bas 2019 wels wi na wel Tan Se da re biT 4,033 aT.la riT.
cxri li 2. ss qar Tu li lu di kom pa ni as~ fi nan su ri mdgra do bis ab so lu tu ri maC ve neb le bi
maC ve neb le bi 2018 w. 2019 w ab so lu tu ri
cvli le ba
cvli le bis tem po, %
sa ku Ta ri sab ru na-
vi sa Su a le be bi23,324 18,795 -4,529 -19,5
ma ra ge bi 17,808 16,126 -1,682 -9,5
fi nan su ri mdgra-
do bis ti piaram dgra di
wya ro. kom pa ni is bu Ral tru li an ga riS ge ba
fi nan su ri mdgra do bis Se far de bi Ti maC ve neb le bi axa si a Te ben or ga ni za ci is aq ti ve bis struq tu ras da maT mdgo ma re o bas, ma Ti da far vis wya ro e biT (pa si ve bis) uz run vel yo fas, ase ve ma Ti ga mo ye ne bis efeq tu ro bas [5]. or ga ni za ci is fi nan su ri mdgra do bis ko e fi ci en-
te bis ana li zi war mod ge ni lia cxril 3-Si.
ss `qar Tu li lu di kom pa ni as~ ara aqvs Se saZ leb lo ba sab ru na vi sa Su a le be bi Se av sos sa ku-
Ta ri wya ro e biT. sa ku Ta ri ka pi ta lis ma nev ri re bis ko e fi ci en ti mniS vne lov nad Ca mor Ce ba nor mas, igi qve da do nis na xe vars Se ad gens. sa an ga ri So pe ri od Si na ses xi wya ro e bi aRe ma te-
ba sa ku Ta ri wya ros qve da zRvars, xo lo ze da zRvars Ca mor Ce ba mxo lod 0,01 pro cen tu li pun qtiT. am gva rad, mcir de ba sa war mos fi nan su ri mdgra do ba.
sak vle vi kom pa ni is fi nan su ri mdgra do bis amaR le ba Se saZ le be lia wmin da mo ge bis mi Re biT da mi si zrdiT, rom lis si di de zec gav le nas ax dens mo ge ba re a li za ci i dan. wmin da mo ge-
bis zrda gaz rdis sa ku Tar sab ru nav sax srebs, da Se sa ba mi sad aa maR lebs kom pa ni is fi nan-
sur mdgra do bas. re a li za ci i dan mo ge bis gaz rda ki Se saZ le be lia ga yid ve bi dan amo na ge bis gaz rdiT da kom pa ni is xar je bis Sem ci re biT.
cxri li 3. ss `qar Tu li lu di kom pa ni as~ fi nan su ri mdgra do bis Se far de bi Ti maC ve neb le-
bis ana li zi
maC ve neb le bi 2018 w. 2019 w. sa re ko men da cio mniS vne lo be bi
av to no mi is ko e fi-
ci en ti0,5 0,48 >0,5
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№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
na ses xi sa Su a le be bis xved ri Ti wi li
0,52 0,49 0,4 _ 0,5
na ses xi da sa ku ta ri sa Su a le be bis Se sa ba-mi so bis ko e fi ci en ti
0,81 0,86 0,8 _ 1,0
in ves ti ci e bis da-
far vis ko e fi ci en ti0,8 0,8 0,6 _ 0,8
sa ku Ta ri ka pi ta lis ma nev ri re bis ko e fi-
ci en ti
0,34 0,3 0,6 _ 0,8
sa ku Ta ri sax sre biT uz run vel yo fis ko-
e fi ci en ti
0,57 0,4 >0,1
ma ra ge biT uz run-
vel yo fis ko e fi ci-
en ti
0,3 0,3 >0,5 _ 0,8
ss `qar Tu li lu di kom pa ni as~ kom pa ni is xel mZRva ne lo ba da in te re se bu lia pe ri o du lad Ca a ta ros ga dax di su na ri a no bis ana li zi, im miz niT, ra Ta ga mo av li nos da aR mof xvras sa-war mos fi nan sur saq mi a no ba Si ne ga ti u ri Se de ge bi, rac dRes sa er To eko no mi kur prob-
le ma Ta ricxvs mi e kuT vne ba. Se sa ba mi sad, fi nan su ri mdgra do bis da ba li do ne adas tu rebs sa war mos sax sre bis uqon lo bas mim di na re saq mi a no bis ga nax le bi saT vis da kre di to reb Tan an ga riS swo re bis uu na ro bas, ra sac Se saZ loa moh yves ga kot re ba. ama ve dros, fi nan su ri mdgra do bis ma Ra li do ne Se iZ le ba niS nav des ara e feq tur mar Tvas.
ze mo aR niS nu li dan ga mom di na re, fi nan su ri mdgra do bis saz Rvre bis gan saz Rvra Za li an mniS vne lo va ni eko no mi ku ri amo ca naa. fi nan su ri mdgra do bis do nis gan saz Rvris mi za niT au ci le be lia mas ze mom qme di faq to re bis ga mov le na. yve la faq to ri, rom le bic moq me de-
ben sa war mos saq mi a no ba ze Se iZ le ba da i yos or jgu fad:
1. Si da faq to re bi;
2. ga re faq to re bi.
faq tor Ta pir vel jgufs mi e kuT vne ba war mo e bis teq no lo gi ur pro ces Tan uSu a lod da-
kav Si re bu li faq to re bi.
gan vi xi loT Si da faq to re bis ar si, rom le bic gav le nas ax de nen sa war mo Ta fi nan sur mdgra do ba ze:
1. ma te ri a lur-teq ni ku ri faq to re bi xels uw yo ben war mo e bis teq no lo gi is mo der ni za-
ci is da pro duq ci is ga sa Re bis miz niT axa li Se saZ leb lo be bis dro u lad da nax vas;
2. Sro mi Ti faq to re bi ga ni saz Rvre ba ada mi a nis pi ra di Tvi se be bis da in di vi du a lu ri Ta-
vi se bu re be bis gaT va lis wi ne biT per so na lis da ka ve bu li Ta nam de bo bis Se sa ba mi sad;
132
3. fi nan su ri faq to re bi. sa war mos fi nan su ri mdgra do ba da mo ki de bu lia aq ti ve bis mar-
Tvis or ga ni za ci a ze. ima ze Tu ram de nia amoq me de bu li Zi ri Ta di sa Su a le ba, ra si di di saa da ra sa xi saa ma ra ge bi.
sa war mos fi nan sur mdgra do ba ze mom qme di ga re faq to rebs mi e kuT vne ba:
eko no mi ku ri faq to re bi. or ga ni za ci is mo ge bis mi Re bis unar ze, pir vel rig Si, gav le-
nas ax dens mTli a nad qvey nis eko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o ba. eko no mi ku ri zrdis tem pis Sem ci-
re ba ne ga ti u rad ai sa xe ba sa qon li sa da mom sa xu re bis mwar mo e bel sa wa ro meb ze, xo lo mi si tem pis zrda da de bi Tad cvlis si tu a ci as. ga re si tu a ci e bis ana li zis dros kon kre tul ma sa war mom un da Se a fa sos Sem de gi eko no ki ku ri maC ve neb le bi: kre dit ze pro cen tis ga nak ve-Ti, va lu tis kur si, in fla ci is do ne da sxv.
po li ti ku ri faq to re bi. mo ce mul jgufs mi e kuT vne ba sa ka non mdeb lo da sa xel mwi fo xa si a Tis sxva das xva faq to re bi, rom leb sac Se uZ li aT gav le na mo ax di non or ga ni za ci-
is saq mi a no ba ze. pir vel lig Si, es aris sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo ba Si, an ti mo no po li ur ka non mdeb lo ba Si cvli le be bi; fu lad-sak re di to po li ti ka; sa xel mwi fo xe li suf le bis yve la do ne ze Ca ta re bu li ar Cev ne bi; mTav ro bis ur Ti er To be bi uc xo qvey neb Tan da sxv.
teq no lo gi u ri faq to re bi. mo ce mul jgufs mi e kuT vne ba uka nas knel aT wle ul Si mom-
xda ri aR mo Ce ne bi da re vi lu ci u ri teq no lo gi u ri cvli le be bi, ma ga li Tad, ada mi a nis Sro mis man qa ne biT Sec vla; tran spor tis, kav Sir gab mu lo bis da sxva Ta axa li sa xe e bi.
so ci o kul tu ru li faq to re bi aya li be ben Ta na med ro ve ada mi a nis cxov re bis stils, mu Sa o bis stils da mo iT xov nas, da praq ti ku lad mniS vne lo van gav le nas ax de nen kom pa ni a-
ze. Ta na med ro ve ten den ci e bi gan saz Rvra ven mom xma reb lis tips, ase ve mo sax le o bas aRuZ-
ravs moT xov nebs axal sa qo nel ze da mom sa xu re ba ze.
Si da da ga re sfe ros Se sa xeb sak ma od far To in for ma ci is mi Re bis Sem deg Se saZ le be lia mi-si sin Te zi sce na ris Seq mnis me To diT.
sce na ri _ sak vle vi obi eq tis gan vi Ta re bis yve la Se saZ lo va ri an te bis aR we ra wi nas war mo-
ce mul pi ro beb Si. mo ce mu li me To dis sa Su a le biT Se saZ loa Si da da ga re sfe ros yve la ze mniS vne lo va ni faq to re bis ga mov le na, ro me lic au ci leb lad un da ga iT va lis wi nos kom pa-
ni am.
sa war mos sa baz ro mdgo ma re o bis Se fa se bi saT vis yve la ze gav rce le bu li me To de bia:
- SWOT ana li zi;
- PEST ana li zi.
pir ve li me To dis ar si mdgo ma re obs or ga ni za ci is mo ma val saq mi a no ba Si Zli e ri da sus ti mxa re e bis ga mov le na Si (Si da sfe ros faq to re bi) or ga ni za ci is Se saZ leb lo be bi sa da saf-
rTxe e bis gaT va lis wi ne biT (ga re sfe ros faq to re bi), SWOT mat ri cis age bis dax ma re biT.
me o re me To dis ar si mdgo ma re obs ga re sfe ros po li ti ku ri da eko no mi ku ri, so ci a lu ri da teq ni ku ri faq to re bis ga mov le na Si, rom le bic gav le nas ax de nen or ga ni za ci is stra te-
gi ul gan vi Ta re ba ze. mo ce mu li me To do Cve u leb riv ga mo i ye ne ba SWOT ana li zis Ca ta re-
bis Sem deg or ga ni za ci is Si da sfe ros uf ro de ta lu rad Ses wav li saT vis.
ze mo aR niS nul me To debs So ris Zi ri Ta di gan sxva ve ba mdgo ma re obs ima Si, rom PEST ana li-
ziT Se saZ le be lia mTli a nad baz ris Ses wav la, ama ve dros SWOT ana li zi sa war mos mdgo ma-
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№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
re o bas ga ni xi lavs baz ris pi ro beb Si, ama Tu im pro duq tis ide as da kon cep ci as.
ori ve me To diT Ca ta re bu li ana li zis Se de ge biT Se saZ le be lia ga mo vav li noT is mniS vne-lo va ni prob le me bi, rom le bic exe ba kom pa ni is sa fi nan so po li ti kas da stra te gi as. mo-
ce mu li me To de bi mi mar Tu lia kon ku ren tu na ri a no bis amaR le ba ze, axa li par tni o re bis mo zid va ze, Sro mi Ti re sur se bis ga mo ye ne bis amaR le ba ze da ma te ri a lur-teq ni ku ri ba zis ga um jo be se ba ze.
am gva rad, or ga ni za ci is fi nan su ri mdgra do bis ana li zis Ca ta re ba sak ma od Sro ma te va di pro ce sia, ram de na dac fi nan su ri mdgra do bis ana li zi tar de ba fun qci o ni re bad sa war mo-
Si, da Se sa ba mi sad igi eq vem de ba re ba mud miv cvli le bebs, ro gorc ga re mxri dan, ase ve Si da sfe ros mxri da nac.
li te ra tu ra:
____________________________________________________________________________1. Wi la Ze i. fi nan su ri ana li zi (fi nan su ri an ga riS ge bis ana li zi), sa xel mZRva ne li, Tb. 2018,
393 gv; 2. Бланк И.А. Финансовый менеджмент: Учебный курс. _ К.: Ника-Центр, Эльга, 2014. _ 528 с. 3. Бороненкова С.А., Мельник М.В. Комплексный финансовый анализ в управлении предприятием.
_ М.: ФОРУМ: ИНФРА-М, 2016. _ С. 253. 4. Ефимова О.В. Финансовый анализ. _ М.: Бухгалтерский учет, 2016. _ 514 с. 5. Петрова Е. Ю., Филатова Е. В. Актуальность коэффициентного метода оценки финансовой
устойчивости // Вестник НГИЭИ, 2015. №1 (44). С. 65-68.
134
ACTING ON THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
FACTORS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Mariam ZubiashviliDoctor of Economncs, Professor
Nino MghvdeladzePhD Student, Georgian Technical University
Abstract
The article addresses some of the issues of ensuring the fi nancial sustainability of i ndustrial enterprises. As it is known, the development of market relations in the country has led to an increase in the fi nancial role of enterprises. The condition of the fi nancial resources of the enterprise is an important factor that determines the results of its activities. The study of the issue assured us that the results of economic activities in the industrial enterprises of Georgia are unfavorable, many enterprises have ended their activities with nega-tive fi nancial results. Therefore, the main goal is to form the right approaches to fi nancial management by enterprises.
In order for an enterprise to develop in a market economy and to prevent its bankruptcy, knowledge of fi nancial management is required, it is necessary to identify all the factors affecting the activity of the en-terprise. Both internal and external factors must be identifi ed.
~SWOT~ analysis and `PEST~ analysis are actively used to assess the market situation of the enterprise. The results of the analysis conducted by the given methods can reveal the signifi cant problems related to the fi nancial policy and strategy of a particular company.
Key words: industrial enterprise, sustainability, fi nancial resources, management, market analysis.
1. Introduction
Covid-19 pandemic changed many industrial enterprises usual working rhythm, because of this, employers were forced to fi nd those ways, which they could use to operatively reply to this challenge.
Changes, which were provoked by Covid-19 pandemic cause serious operational, social and fi nancial nega-tive results in industrial enterprises. This forces employers to look at the organizing risks and working methods in the new conditions. At the same time, it is necessary for them to be maximally oriented toward the business of the future, for which new technological solutions are needed. This kind of strategy not only upgrades business steadiness, defenses production and secures workers during crisis, also it will keep spe-cifi c superiority, which will increase business, when economy will rise.
2. Presentation of the main research material
In this kind of extraordinary situation, it is specifi cally important to keep fi nancial steadiness. Financial steadiness of enterprise may be absolutely stable, normally stable, unstable and critical [1]. The ability of
135
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enterprise, realize payments in time, fi nance its own business, confi rms its good (steady) fi nancial status. To keep existing fi nancial status during pandemic and not to allow it to bankrupt, it is necessary to know fi nancial management and capital structure, with its composition and forming sources, which part is its own resource and which is hauled.
Thus, fi nancial sustainability manifests a steady surplus at the expense of revenue and a state of resources that ensures that the organization is free to maneuver in cash and facilitates the smooth process of produc-tion and sale, expansion and renewal through their effi cient use. It represents capital structure. Also, it represents current, investment and fi nancial capital formation speed of the organization, mobile and immo-bilized resource accordance of the organization and enough reserve ensuring of its own resources.
Financial statement estimation methodology and ensuring activities of organisation is described in Geor-gian and foreign economic literature [1,2,3,4], although not all of activities are acceptable to the concrete enterprise. It is noteworthy that too many indicators are proposed for fi nancial sustainability analysis, some of which duplicate each other, which may even lead to uncertainty.
Let’s analyze the fi nancial sustainability on the example of JSC `Georgian Beer Company~. Table 1 shows the main indicators of the fi nancial result of the society’s activities.
Table 1. The main indicators of JSC `Georgian Beer Company~ 2018-2019 years
Indicators 2018 2019 Absolute change Increase (decrease) rate%
Profi t from sales 38,106 35,417 -8,689 -7,1
Net profi t 7,375 (3,712) - -
Profi tability of sales 0,43 0,42 -0,01 0,98
Source. Company Accounting
Based on the analysis of the main indicators of the activity of JSC Georgian Beer Company~, it can be said that the profi t from sales in 2019 decreased by 7.1 percentage points compared to the previous 2018, which is equivalent to GEL 8,689 thousand in absolute terms, sales profi tability decreased by 2%. We think this confi rms the decline in the fi nancial sustainability of the company.
The analysis of the fi nancial sustainability of an enterprise is traditionally conducted on the basis of esti-mates of absolute and relative ratios. The source of information for analysis is the fi nancial statements of the public.
The analysis of the absolute indicators of JSC `Georgian Beer Company~ to fi nd out the type of fi nancial sustainability is presented in Table 2, which shows that in 2019 the company’s own working capital de-creased by 19.5 percentage points compared to the previous 2018, which was expressed in absolute terms by 4.529 thousand GEL. Somehow, this is due to the decrease in sales profi t in the mentioned analytical
136
period, which is related to the decrease in sales profi ts in 2019 compared to the previous year by 4,033 thousand GEL.
Table 2. Absolute indicators of fi nancial sustainability of JSC `Georgian Beer Company~
Indicators 2018 2019 AbsoluteChange
Change rate, %
Own working capital 23,324 18,795 -4,529 -19,5
Reserves 17,808 16,126 -1,682 -9,5
Type of fi nancial sustainability unstable
Source. Company Accounting.
Ratios of fi nancial sustainability characterize the structure of the assets of the organization and their condi-tion, the sources of their coverage (liabilities), as well as the effectiveness of their use [5]. The analysis of the fi nancial sustainability ratios of the organization is presented in Table 3.
JSC `Georgian Beer Company~ does not have the opportunity to replenish working capital with its own sources. The equity maneuver ratio is signifi cantly below the norm, it is half of the lower level. During the reporting period, borrowed sources exceed the lower limit of their own source, while the upper limit lags behind by only 0.01 percentage points. Thus, the fi nancial sustainability of the enterprise is reduced.
The fi nancial sustainability of a research company can be enhanced by making a net profi t and increasing it, the magnitude of which is affected by the profi t from sales. An increase in net profi t will increase its own working capital, and consequently increase the fi nancial sustainability of the company. Sales profi ts can be increased by increasing sales profi ts and reducing company costs.
Table 3. Analysis of fi nancial sustainability ratios of JSC ‘’Georgian Beer Company’’
Indicators 2018 2019 Recommended values
Autonomy coeffi cient 0,5 0,48 >0,5
Share of the borrowed funds 0,52 0,49 0,4 _ 0,5
Conformity ratio of borrowed and its own assets
0,81 0,86 0,8 _ 1,0
Investment repayment ratio 0,8 0,8 0,6 _ 0,8
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Equity Maneuver Ratio 0,34 0,3 0,6 _ 0,8
Own funds provision ratio 0,57 0,4 >0,1
Stock supply ratio 0,3 0,3 >0,5 _ 0,8
The management of JSC `Georgian Beer Company~ is interested in periodically conducting a solvency analysis in order to identify and eliminate the negative effects on the fi nancial activities of the enterprise, which today is one of the common economic problems. Consequently, the low level of fi nancial stability confi rms the lack of funds for the enterprise to renew its current activities and the inability to settle with creditors, which may lead to bankruptcy. At the same time, high levels of fi nancial sustainability can mean ineffi cient management.
Given the above, defi ning the limits of fi nancial sustainability is a very important economic task. In order to determine the level of fi nancial sustainability, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting it. All the factors that affect the activity of the enterprise can be divided into two groups:
1. Internal factors;
2. External factors.
The fi rst group of factors includes factors directly related to the technological process of production.
Consider the essence of the internal factors that affect the fi nancial sustainability of enterprises:
1. Material-technical factors contribute to the timely discovery of new opportunities for the moderniza-tion of production technology and the sale of products;
2. Labor factors are determined taking into account the personal qualities and individual characteristics of the person in accordance with the position held by the staff;
3. Financial factors. The fi nancial viability of the enterprise depends on the asset management organiza-tion. On how much the fi xed asset is activated, what size it is and what kind of supplies it is.
External factors affecting the fi nancial sustainability of the enterprise include:
Economic factors. The ability of an organization to make a profi t is primarily infl uenced by the eco-nomic situation of the country as a whole. A slowdown in economic growth will have a negative impact on enterprises producing goods and services, while an increase in its pace will positively change the situation. When analyzing external situations, a particular enterprise should assess the following economic indica-tors: interest rate on credit, exchange rate, infl ation rate, etc.
Political factors. This group includes various factors of legislative and state nature that can infl uence the activities of the organization. In the fi rst league, these are changes in tax legislation, antitrust legisla-tion; Monetary policy; Elections held at all levels of state government; Government relations with foreign countries, etc.
Technological factors. To this group belong the discoveries of the last decade and the revolutionary
138
technological changes, for example, the replacement of human labor with machines; transport, communica-tions and others.
Sociocultural factors shape the modern human lifestyle, work style and demand, and in practice have a signifi cant impact on the company. Modern trends determine the type of customer, as well as motivate the population to demand new goods and services.
After receiving a fairly extensive information about the internal and external sphere, it is possible to syn-thesize it by the method of creating a scenario.
Scenario _ a description of all possible options for the development of the research object under the given conditions. This method may reveal the most important factors in the internal and external sphere, which must be taken into account by the company.
The most common methods for assessing the market position of an enterprise are:- SWOT analysis- PEST analysis
The essence of the fi rst method is to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the future activities of the organization (internal factors) considering the capabilities and threats of the organization (external factors), with the help of building a SWOT matrix.
The essence of the second method lies in identifying the political and economic, social and technical factors of the external sphere that infl uence the strategic development of the organization. This method is usually used to conduct a more detailed study of an organization’s internal scope after conducting a SWOT analysis.
The main difference between the above methods is that with PEST analysis it is possible to study the whole market, at the same time SWOT analysis examines the state of the enterprise in the market conditions, the idea and concept of this or that product.
3. Conclusion
The results of the analysis conducted by both methods can reveal the important problems related to the company’s fi nancial policy and strategy. These methods are aimed at increasing competitiveness, attracting new partners, increasing the use of labor resources and improving the material and technical base.
Thus, conducting a fi nancial sustainability analysis of an organization is quite a time-consuming process, as the fi nancial sustainability analysis is conducted in a functioning enterprise, and consequently it is subject to constant changes, both externally and internally.
References____________________________________________________________________________1. Chiladze I. Financial Analysis (Financial Reporting Analysis), Manual, Tb. 2018, 393 p;2. Blank I.A. Financial Management: Training Course. _ K.: Nika-Center, Elga, 2014. p.528 3. Boronenkova S.A., Melnik M.V. Comprehensive fi nancial analysis in enterprise management. _ M.:
FORUM: INFRA-M, 2016. -_ P. 253.4. Efi mova O.V. The fi nancial analysis. _ M.: Accounting, 2016. -_ 514 p.5. Petrova E. Yu., Filatova E. V. Relevance of the coeffi cient estimation method fi nancial stability // Bulletin
of NGIEI, 2015. No.1 (44). S. 65-68.
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vi Seg ra dis qvey ne bi ko vid-19 pan de mi is ga mow ve ve bis wi na Se
Tea am ni aS vi li
is to ri is doq to ri,
qar Tul-ame ri ku li uni ver si te tis
sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bi sa da
dip lo ma ti is pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
vi Seg ra dis jgu fis Seq mnis Sem deg, wev rma qvey neb ma mniS vne lo va ni er Tob li vi Ro nis Zi e be-
bi ga na xor ci e les da sak ma od kar gad SeZ les ko or di ni re ba.
2020 wlis ga zaf xul ze ko vid-19 pan de mi is ga mow ve ve bis da saZ le vad, vi Seg ra dis qvey neb-ma ga daw yvi tes mi e RoT ro gorc in di vi du a lu ri, ase ve er Tob ri vi sa moq me do geg me bi da mWid ro kav Sir Si mo ex di naT prob le meb Tan gam kla ve ba.
vi Seg ra dis qvey neb ma ope ra ti u lad mi i Res `Se ka ve bis sa moq me do geg ma~, sa dac ga iT va lis-
wi nes po li ti ku ri, eko no mi ku ri da ada mi a nu ri faq to re bi. pan de mi is da saZ le vad prog ra-
me bi aa moq me des, ro gorc ev ro pis kav Si ris far gleb Si, ase ve oT xe u lis ga daw yve ti le be bis do ne ze. pan de mi am ki dev er Txel dag va na xa, rom vi Seg ra di mi u xe da vad ev ro pis kav Si ris wev ro bi sa, xSi rad xel mZRva ne lobs jgu fis far gleb Si Se mu Sa ve bu li po li ti kiT.
sta ti a Si Zi ri Ta di aq cen ti ga ke Te bu lia ro gorc Ta na med ro ve o bis yve la ze did ga mow-
ve va _ pan de mi a ze, ase ve sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bis Te mas Tan uSu a lod kav Sir Si myof vi Seg ra dis jgu fis fun qci o na lur gan vi Ta re ba ze.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: ev ro pis kav Si ri; pan de mia; sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bi; vi Seg ra dis jgu fi.
vi Seg ra dis jgu fis Seq mnis Sem deg (1991 w.), wev ri qvey ne bi mTel rig sa kiT xeb Si ko or di-
ni re bu lad da er Tma ne Tis ga moc di le bis ga zi a re biT moq me de ben. maT er Tob liv Ro nis-
Zi e bebs sa fuZ vlad udevs Se Tan xme ba po lo neTs, un greTs, Ce xeT sa da slo va keTs So ris sa er To sta te gi e bis Se mu Sa ve bis Se sa xeb prob le ma tu ri sa kiT xe bis ga da saW re lad. 90-ian wleb Si vi Seg ra dis wev re bis sa er To da Ti To e u lis mi zans war mo ad gen da to ta li ta riz-
mTan aso ci re bu li mem kvid re o bis daZ le va da axa li wes ri gis mSe neb lo ba de mok ra ti i dan daw ye bu li Ta na med ro ve sa baz ro eko no mi ki Ta da ada mi a nis uf le be biT dam Tav re bu li. isi ni cdi lob dnen ro gorc `Zve li ev ro pu li~ ga moc di le bis ga zi a re bas, ase ve `axa li ev-ro pu li~ sa zo ga do e bi saT vis mi sa Re bi re for me bis Se mu Sa ve bas. vi Seg ra dis sa er Ta So ri so fon dis Ca mo ya li be biT, ga er Ti a ne bis saq mi a no ba me tad pro duq ti u li da re gi o nis do ne-
ze av to ri te tu li gax da. Tum ca, in sti tu ci u ri gan vi Ta re bis Tval saz ri siT, viS ge ra dis jgu fi im etap ze ev ro kav Si ris mas Sta bebs ver aR wev da da gan vi Ta re bis aseT do ne ze pre-
ten zia arc hqon da. vi Seg ra dis qvey ne bis mTa var mi zans ev ro-at lan ti kur siv rce Si in teg-
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ra cia war mo ad gen da, ris Tvi sac Ti To e u li qve ya na po li ti ku ri, eko no mi ku ri da sa zo ga-
do eb ri vi tran sfor ma ci is mi mar Tu le biT mu Sa ob da.
2020 wlis ga zaf xul ze ko vid-19 pan de mi is ga mow ve ve bis da saZ le vad, vi Seg ra dis qvey neb-ma ga daw yvi tes mi e RoT ro gorc in di vi du a lu ri, ase ve er Tob ri vi sa moq me do geg me bi da mWid ro kav Sir Si mo ex di naT prob le meb Tan gam kla ve ba.
ev ro pis yve la sxva qvey nis msgav sad, vi Seg ra dis qvey neb Sic Se aR wia ko vid -19 pan de mi am. sam xreT da da sav leT ev ro pis na wi le bis gan gan sxva ve biT, aq pir vel etap ze Se saZ le be li gax da vi ru sis feT qe ba di gav rce le bis pre ven cia. mTe li ri gi Ro nis Zi e be bis gan xor ci e-
le bis Sem deg da pan de mi is so ci a lur-eko no mi kur Se de geb ze day rdno biT, po lo ne Ti, Ce-xe Ti, slo va ke Ti da un gre Ti ga zaf xul-zaf xul ze prob le mas Tan mi mar Te ba Si po zi ci o ni-
re ben. mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom kri zi se bis me nej men ti maT stra te gi u lad ar yofs, ar se bobs gar kve u li gan sxva ve be bi bri u se lis fi nan sur pa ke teb Tan mi mar Te ba Si. aq ve isic un da aRi-
niS nos, rom er Te u li Sem Txve ve bis ga mok le biT, or ga ni za ci is Tvis kvlav mniS vne lo va nad aRiq me ba oT xi qvey nis ev ro pul po li ti ka Si Car Tva da uf ro me tic, far To eko no mi ku ri ur Ti er To be bis uz run vel sa yo fad Se Tan xme bu li ga mo sav lis Zi e ba.
ev ro kav Si ris fi nan su ri dax ma re bis pa ke te bi, ise ve ro gorc mo la pa ra ke be bi mra val wli-
an fi nan sur Car Co ze (MFF), pan de mi is dros vi Seg ra dis wev re bis ev ro pu li po li ti kis yu rad Re bis cen trSi mo eq ca. am Te mis gar Se mo dis ku si am in te res Ta So ris gan sxva ve be bi saw yis etap ze ve ga mo av li na. po lo ne Ti da slo va ke Ti (mci re di daT qme biT) mxars uWe ren fran gul-ger ma nul wi na da de bas da ev ro kav Si ris ko mi si is ini ci a ti vas 750 mi li ar di ev-ros re kon struq ci is fon dis Se sa xeb. 2020 wlis Se mod go mis Se fa se be biT, es ori aR mo sav-
leT ev ro pu li sa xel mwi fo fon dis po ten ci ur be ne fi ci a rad Ca iT va la. ev ro kav Si ris ~mo-
ma va li Ta o bis~ aR niS nu li in stru men ti war mod ge ni li sa xiT mkac rad ga ak ri ti kes Ce xeT ma da un greT ma. mi ze zad ar da sa xe le bu la mxo lod is, rom maT Se da re biT nak le bi Tan xa Sex-vde bo daT (slo va keTs Se eZ lo TiT qmis im de ni ve gran ti sa da ga ran ti is mi Re ba ram de nic un greTs, ro me lic mas ze or jer di dia) an, Ce xe Tis Sem Txve va Si sa va ra u do kon tri bu to-
ro ba. uf ro me tic, pra Ra da bu da peS ti, sxva sa kiT xeb Tan er Tad, uar yo fi Tad afa seb dnen Tan xe bis ga mo yo fi saT vis dad ge nil kri te ri u mebs. slo va ke Tis eko no mi kis mi nis tri da vi ce pre mi e ri ri Card su li ki mi u Ti Teb da, rom `ev ro kav Si ris fi nan se bis zrda ma re gu li-
re be li po li ti kis Tval saz ri siT uaz ro baa~ (1.1), Tum ca mxars uWer da re kon struq ci is fonds sa ku Ta ri qvey nis in te re se bis gaT va lis wi ne biT. mi u xe da vad imi sa rom, vi Seg ra dis qvey neb Si mo wi na ve po li ti ku ri Za le bi uk ma yo fi le bas Ri ad afiq si reb dnen, amas maT So-
ris uTan xmo e ba ma inc ar ga mo uw ve via. 2020 wlis iv ni sis da saw yis Si led nic Si, vi Seg ra dis sa mit ze da er Ti Tvis Sem deg ki var Sa va Si, mox da az rTa Se je re ba, rom lis Ta nax ma dac _ oT xi ve qve ya na er Tgu li rCe bo da sa re kon struq cio fon dis `sa mar Tli a ni~ Se Tan xme bis (1.2). mag ram mTa var gzav nils is war mo ad gen da, rom _ sam xre Tis mdi da ri qvey ne bi ar un da fi nan sde bo des ev ro kav Si ris aR mo sav leT na wi lis nak le bad SeZ le bu li qvey ne bis xar jze. vi Seg ra dis wev reb ma ase ve ga moT qves da in te re se ba gan vi Ta re ba di fi nan su ri na ka de bis me-ti moq ni lo bis mi saR we vad (mTli a ni erov nu li Se mo sav lis da ma te biT 8-9 pro cen ti po lo-
ne Ti sa da slo va ke Tis gran te bi sa da `mo ma va li Ta o bis~ gran te bis sa Su a le biT). ase rom, Tu vi Seg ra di ar Sor de ba ev ro kav Si ris fi nan sur sa kiT xebs, es mxo lod imi tom xde ba rom `MFF`-sa (mra val wli a ni fi nan su ri Car Co) da re kon struq ci is fon dTan mo la pa ra ke be bis far gleb Si, gaT va lis wi ne bu lia Si da ba zar Tan da kav Si re bu li sa er To in te re sis Te me bi. zo ga dad un da iT qvas, rom am gva ri da mo ki de bu le ba anu sa er To in te re seb ze upi ra te so-
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bis mi ni We ba, vi Seg ra dis jgu fi saT vis 90-ian wleb Sic da ma xa si a Te be li iyo, ga mo nak li sad da va sa xe leb diT slo va keTs (vla di mir me Ci a ris mTav ro ba), ro me lic erT etap ze ga e Ti Sa vi Seg ra dis wev re bis kurss.
ro gorc aR vniS neT, epi de mi is ga moc xa de bis Sem deg vi Seg ra dis qvey neb Si swra fad gan xor-
ci el da `Se ka ve bis sa moq me do geg ma`, mox da saz Rvre bis Ca ket va da ga moc xad da e.w. `lok-
da u ni`. amis pa ra le lu rad da iw yo fi nan su ri sta bi li za ci is pa ke tebs Se mu Sa ve ba. Se da re-
bi Ti sta bi lu ro bis miR we vis Sem deg ki, Tu ga mo nak lis Sem Txvebs ar mi vi RebT mxed ve lo-
ba Si, vi Seg ra dis wev re bi ga da vid nen kri zi sis mar Tvis axal me nej men tze. eko no mi ki sa da sa ga reo po li ti kis kom pleq su rad Se fa se bis sa fuZ vel ze ga mo ik ve Ta gar kve u li da de bi Ti prog no ze bi. ase ve, ro gorc ze moT gan vi xi leT, sa kiT xe bis Se je re ba mox da ev ro kav Si ris sxva wev reb Tan mom dev no eta pis geg me bis Se sa xeb.
rac Se e xe ba vi Seg ra dis qvey ne bis Si da po li ti kur vi Ta re bas, pir ve li tal Ris Sem deg mniS vne lo va ni cvli le be bi nak le bad Se sam Cne vi iyo, mmar Tve li par ti e bis re i tin ge bi ki TiT qmis Se nar Cu ne bu li. es ga na pi ro ba im faq tma, rom jgu fis wev rebs epi de mi o lo gi ur fron tze met-nak le bi war ma te be bi hqon daT miR we u li. Tu ga dav xe davT msof lio sta tis-
ti kas am mi mar Tu le biT, zo ga dad po li ti kur lan dSaf teb Si da qvey neb Si sa dac ar Cev ne bi iyo Ca niS nu li, mmar Tve li par ti e bis re i tin ge bi Zi ri Ta dad Se nar Cun da an ga um jo bes da. es ga na pi ro ba ara im de nad ko vi dis mar Tvis me nej men tis ma Ral ma do nem, ram de na dac sa-zo ga do e beb Si war moq mnil ma axal ma fsi qo-so ci a lur ma faq to reb ma. ume tes Sem Txve va Si mo qa la qe e ba ope ra ti u lad mi i Res sa xel mwi fo dax ma re ba da da pi re bac prog ra me bis eta-
pob ri vad ga um jo be se ba ze, ra mac ma nam de arar se bu li po zi ti u ri gan wyo ba Seq mna moq me di xe li suf le be bis mi marT. ko vi dis Se da re biT efeq tur ma kon trol ma vi Seg ra dis qvey ne bis ram de ni me aras ta bi lu ri re in tin gis mqo ne po li ti kos sac ki `Se um su bu qa mdgo ma re o ba`. po li ti ku ri aq ti vo ba ki pir ve li dan me o re tal Ram de kvlav ga mo coc xlda, ra zec vi Seg-ra dis wev reb Si ar Cev ne bis Ca ta re bis Se saZ leb lo ba met yve lebs. sxva da sxva sa in for ma cio wya ro eb Si Sev xvde biT li de re bis Se fa se bebs, rom ma Ti re i tin gi ga da ar Ci na ko vid-19 mar-
Tvis xa rix sma. ra sac al baT nak le bad vit yo diT po lo nel po li ti kos an Jei du da ze, ro-
me lic arc ko vi dam de uCi o da av to ri tets da ar Cev ne bis me o re tu ris Se de ge biT dar Ca po lo ne Tis pre zi den tis Ta nam de bo ba ze (iv li si, 2020).
eq sper te bi aR niS nav dnen, rom ko vi dis Se ka ve biT mi Re bu li bo nu si Se iZ le ba ad vi lad da-
kar gu li yo, Tu Sem dgo mi tal Ri sas an eko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o bis Se sam su bu qeb lad dam-
xma re Ro nis Zi e bebs ar ga a ta reb dnen. vi Seg ra dis qvey neb Si, gan sa kuT re biT pan de mi is dros, da fiq sir da eq spor tze ori en ta ci is ma Ra li do ne, ro me lic eko no mi kis mTa va ri Se-mad ge ne li na wi lia. Ce xe Tis res pub li kis, un gre Ti sa da slo va ke Tis eq spor ti Se ad gens sam me oT xeds, po lo neT Si es maC ve ne be li 55%-ia (2.1). am mo na ce mis ana li zis sa fuZ vel ze eko-
no mi kis eq sper te bi fiq ro ben, rom ev ro pis re kon struq ci is fon dis mTa va ri be ne fi ci a ri swo rad po lo ne Ti gax de ba. ve nis eko no mi kis kvle vis in sti tu tis (WIIW) in for ma ci is Ta-
nax mad, eko no mi ku ri kri zi si pan de mi is Sem deg ev ro pis sam xreT na wil Si uf ro sag rZno bi iq ne ba vid re vi Seg ra dis qvey neb Si.
2020 wlis iv nis Si slo va ke Tis pre mi er-mi nis tris igor ma to vi Cis vi zi ti sas pra Ra Si, dRis wes ri gis Te mebs So ris Ce xeT sa da slo va keTs So ris sxva das xva do ne ze kav Si re bis ga far-
To ve ba ga mo ik ve Ta. Ce xe Tis pre mi er mi nis trma an drei ba biS ma `post-ko vi du ri eko no mi ku-
ri mdgo ma re o bis~ gan xil vi sas aR niS na, rom _ ~aR dge nis fon dis~ kri te ri u me bi mor ge bu-
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lia im qvey neb ze, rom le bic ar ga mo ir Ce vi an ise Ti ve pa su xis mgeb lo biT Zi ri Ta di sa kiT xe-
bis mi marT _ va li, sa bi u je to dis cip li na da umu Sev ro bis prob le ma, ro gorc vi Seg ra dis oT xe u li. man ase ve das Zi na, rom vi Seg ra dis jgu fis wev re bi Tu er Tad imu Sa ve ben, prob-
le meb Tan gam kla ve ba ar ga u Wir de baT (3).~ aq ve un da iT qvas, rom Ce xe Ti sa da un gre Tis li-
de re bi ara mxo lod am Sem Txve va Si, ara med zo ga dad ga mo ir Ce vi an ev ro kav Si ris po li ti kis mi marT kri ti kiT. Tum ca, ara mxo lod es ori li de ri, ara med vi Seg ra dis qvey ne bis po li-
ti ku ri eli te bis na wi li cdi lobs qu le bis Ca we ras ev ro kav Si ris mi marT skep ti ku rad gan-wyo bil sa zo ga do e beb Si da mud mi vad `bri u se lis di req ti ul tons~ us va men xazs.
vi Seg ra dis qvey nebs gan sxva ve bu li Se xe du le be bi aqvT ev ro kav Si ris re kons truq ci is geg-mis mi marT, rac qmnis mci re diT wi na aR mde go bas jgu fis Sig niT, mag ram ara prin ci pul da-
pi ris pi re bas. am da sxva sa kiT xeb ze frag men tu li Se u Tan xmeb lo ba mig vi Ti Tebs vi Seg ra-
dis jgu fis mTa var ga mow ve va ze: isi ni mra va li Tval saz ri siT gva nan er Tma neTs da ama ve dros, bo lo pe ri od Si maT So ris gan sxva ve be bic ga mo ik ve Ta, mag ram TiT qmis yo vel Tvis ma inc axer xe ben pro ce du rul kon sen su sam de mis vlas. Ce xi po li to lo gi ia kub eber li amis Ta o ba ze aR niS navs _ `zus tad imi tom, rom es oT xi qve ya na Za li an hgavs er Tma neTs, maT So ris ara for ma lu ri kon taq ti kar gad mu Sa obs. po li ti kur do ne ze sa er To in te re se bis war mod ge na rTul de ba mxo lod imi tom, rom ar Cev ne bis Sem deg li de re bi ic vle bi an da mas-Tan er Tad po li ti ku ri ori en ta ci e bic...~ (4.1.).
vi Seg ra dis jgu fis Ca mo ya li be bis Sem deg, mTa var mi zans tran sfor ma ci u li pro ce se bis (met-nak le bi war ma te biT) gan xor ci e le ba da ev ro-at lan ti kur siv rce Si in teg ra cia war-
mo ad gen da. ro de sac das rul da in teg ra cia, vi Seg ra dis wev rebs So ris gaC nda kri ti ku li da mo ki de bu le ba gan sa kuT re biT ev ro kav Si ris po li ti kis mi marT. 2014-2015 wli dan az rTa sxva das xva o ba ga mo ik ve Ta mig ra ci is sa kiT xis, mo ne ta ru li da sa fi nan so po li ti kis, sa ga-reo po li ti ki sa da sxva Te meb ze. ia kub eber li amis Ta o ba ze aR niS navs rom _ `2010 wli dan vi Seg ra di aS ka rad ya lib de bo da, ro gorc an ga riS ga sa we vi Za la da aq ti u ri mo Ta ma Se ev-ro kav Sir Si. am jgu fi dan yo vel Tvis ar se bobs er Ti, ro me lic or ga ni za ci is (na to, ev ro-
kav Si ri) po li ti kas ar eTan xme ba~ (4.2.). aR sa niS na via, rom kri ti ka mig ra ci is po li ti kis mi marT da Se sa ba mi si qme de be bi vi Seg ra dis wev re bis na wils arc ko vi dis pi ro beb Si Se uw-
yve tia (gan sa kuT re biT un gre Ti).
vi Seg ra dis jguf Si az rTa sxva das xva o ba prin ci pu li sa kiT xe bis mi marT pan de mi is me o re tal Ris dro sac ga mo ik ve Ta. ma Sin ro de sac ger ma ni is dax ma re bas po lo neT ma ua riT upa-
su xa, un greT ma kri ti ka ga am Zaf ra, Ce xeT ma moT xov na ga zar da, xo lo slo va keT ma zo mi e ri po zi cia da i ka va. me o re tal Ra sak ma od rTu li aR moC nda vi Seg ra dis qvey ne bis Tvis, wev re-
bi cdi lo ben yve la im Ro nis Zi e be bis eta pob ri vad ga ta re bas, ra sac aq to ri sa xel mwi fo e bi mi mar Ta ven _ `lok da u ni`, vaq ci na ci is or ga ni ze ba, mo qa la qe e bis sxvad sxva sa xiT dax ma re-
ba da a.S. am sa kiT xSi Se da re biT li de robs un gre Ti _ kri zi sis Se de gad da za ra le bu li kom pa ni e bis lik vi du ro bis aR mof xvris, kon ver ti re ba di ses xe bis, sa xel mwi fo dax ma re bis prog ra mis ga far To ve bi sa da vaq ci nis Se Ze nis ope ra ti u lo bis mxriv.
Se ja me bis Tvis aR vniS nav diT, rom pan de mia jer ar das ru le bu la, me sa me tal Ra sa da mis Se de geb ze sxva das xva az ri ar se bobs. Se sa ba mi sad, kva li fi ci u ri sa mec ni e ro kvle va da Se-fa se be bi pan de mi is das ru le bis Sem deg ga keT de ba, ra sac Cvenc Cve ni sa mec ni e ro kvle viT Se vu er Tde biT.
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literatura da internet resursebi:
____________________________________________________________________________1. Kai-Olaf Lang, Visegrád und die Pandemie: Zwischen bilanz und europapoliti sche Folgen SWP-Aktuell
2020/A 61, Juli 2020, 4 Seiten, Sti ft ung Wissenschaft und Politi k, 20202. Kilian Kirchgeßner, EU-Wiederaufbauplan Visegrad-Staaten suchen gemeinsame Position https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/eu-wiederaufbauplan-visegrad-staaten-suchen-gemeinsame.795.
de.html?dram:article_id=4784113.3. Cezary Bazydlo, Warum die Tschechen ihre Liebe zur EU neu entdecken https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/osteuropa/politik/eu-skepsis-tschechien-durch-corona-pandemie-
gemildert-100.html4. 4. Florian Kellermann, Koronapandemie in Polen Hilfe aus Deutschland _ nein, danke! https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/coronapandemie-in-polen-hilfe-aus-deutschland-nein-danke.795.
de.html?dram:article_id=4873225. Auch Tschechien zurück im Lockdown, Stand: 27.12.2020 https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/lockdown-tschechien-101.html6. Tea am ni aS vi li, ev ro in teg ra cia da tran sfor ma ci is ga mow ve ve bi aR mo sav leT ev ro pis
qvey neb Si, pro eq tis far gleb Si sa mec ni e ro sta tia, stu, 2019.7. Tea am ni aS vi li, tran sfor ma ci is ga mow ve vei po lo neT Si, pro eq tis far gleb Si sa mec ni e-
ro sta tia_ stu, 2019.
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THE VI SEGRAD COUNTRIES FACE THE CHALLENGES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Tea AmniashviliGeorgian-American University
International Relations and DiplomacyProfessor of the fi eld
Abstract
The article highlights the measures taken by the Visegrad countries during the pandemics. To overcome the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020, the Visegrad countries decided to adopt both individual and joint action plans and work closely with them to address the problems. EU fi nancial assis-tance packages, as well as negotiations on a multiannual fi nancial framework (MFF), came to the forefront of Visegrad members’ European policies during the pandemic. As for the domestic po litical situation in the Visegrad countries, signifi cant changes were less noticeable after the fi rst wave, and the ratings of the ruling parties were almost maintained. Differences of opinion in the Visegrad group on fundamental issues were also evident during the second wave of the pandemic.
Key words: Visegrad Countries, pandemic, action plan, fi nancial assistance, political situation.
1. Introduction
Since the establishment of the Visegrad Group (1991), member states have been acting in a coordinated manner and sharing their experiences on a number of issues. Their joint activities are based on an agreement between Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to develop common strategies to address problematic issues. In the 1990s, the common goal of all Visegrad members was to overcome the legacy associated with totalitarianism and to build a new order ranging from democracy to a modern market economy and human rights. They tried to share the `old European~ experience, as well as to develop reforms acceptable to the `new European~ society. With the establishment of the Visegrad International Foundation, the activities of the Union became highly productive and authoritative at the regional level. However, in terms of institutional development, the Visegrad Group could not reach the scale of the EU at that stage and had no claim to such a level of development. The main goal of the Visegrad countries was to integrate into the Euro-Atlantic space, for which each country worked towards political, economic and social transformation.
2. Presentation of the main research material
To overcome the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020, the Visegrad countries decided to adopt both individual and joint action plans and work closely with them to address the problems. Like all other European countries, the Covid-19 pandemic has spread to the Visegrad countries. Unlike parts of southern and western Europe, it became possible to prevent the virus from exploding in the fi rst place. Following a series of measures and based on the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, Poland,
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the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary are positioning themselves on the problem in the spring-summer. Although crisis management does not divide them strategically, there are some differences with regard to Brussels fi nancial packages. It should also be noted that, with the exception of a few cases, it is still important for the organization to involve the four countries in European politics and, moreover, to seek an agreed solution to ensure broad economic relations.
EU fi nancial assistance packages, as well as negotiations on a multiannual fi nancial framework (MFF), came to the forefront of Visegrad members’ European policies during the pandemic. The discussion around this topic revealed differences of interest from the outset. Poland and Slovakia (with small reservations) support the Franco-German proposal and the EU Commission’s initiative for a € 750 billion reconstruction fund. By fall 2020 estimates, these were considered potential benefi ciaries of the two Eastern European State Funds. This instrument of the `next generation~ of the European Union has been strongly criticized by the Czech Republic and Hungary. The reason given was not just that they would meet for a relatively small amount of money (Slovakia could receive almost as much grant and guarantee as Hungary, which is twice as big as it is) or, in the case of the Czech Republic, an estimated contribution. Moreover, Prague and Budapest, among other issues, negatively assessed the criteria for allocating funds. Slovak Economy Min-ister and Deputy Prime Minister Richard Sulik pointed out that `the increase in EU fi nances is pointless in terms of regulatory policy~ (1.1), but supported the Reconstruction Fund in the interests of his own country. Although the leading political forces in the Visegrad countries openly expressed their dissatisfaction, this did not cause any disagreement between them. In early June 2020, at the Visegrad Summit in Lednitsa and a month later in Warsaw, a consensus was reached that all four countries would abide by the `Fair~ agree-ment on the Reconstruction Fund (1.2). But the main message was that _ the rich countries of the South should not be funded at the expense of the less affl uent countries of the eastern part of the EU. Visegrad members also expressed interest in achieving greater fl exibility in emerging fi nancial fl ows (an additional 8-9 percent of gross national income through grants from Poland and Slovakia and `next generation~ grants). So, if Visegrad does not shy away from EU fi nancial matters, it is only because, in the negotiations with the MFF (Multiannual Financial Framework) and the Reconstruction Fund, topics of common interest related to the internal market are taken into account. In general, it should be noted that such an attitude, or preference for common interests, was characteristic of the Visegrad group in the 90s, with the exception of Slovakia (Vladimir Mechiar’s government), which at one point cut off the course of the Visegrad members.
As we have mentioned, after the announcement of the epidemic, a `containment action plan~ was quickly implemented in the Visegrad countries, the borders were closed and the so-called Lockdown. In parallel, fi -nancial stabilization packages were developed. Even after achieving relative stability, if we do not take into account the exceptional cases, the members of Visegrad moved to a new management of the crisis. Based on the comprehensive assessment of the economy and foreign policy, some positive forecasts were identi-fi ed. Also, as discussed above, issues were agreed with other EU members on plans for the next phase.
As for the domestic political situation in the Visegrad countries, signifi cant changes were less noticeable af-ter the fi rst wave, and the ratings of the ruling parties were almost maintained. This was due to the fact that the members of the group had more or less success on the epidemiological front. If we look at the world sta-tistics in this direction, in general in the political landscapes and countries where elections were scheduled, the ratings of the ruling parties were mostly maintained or improved. This was due not so much to the high level of management of Covid as to the new psycho-social factors emerging in the societies. In most cases, the citizens promptly received state aid and the promise of gradual improvement of the programs, which created a previously non-existent positive attitude towards the current authorities. Covid’s relatively effec-tive control has `alleviated the situation~ even for some politicians with unstable ratings in the Visegrad
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countries. Political activism was revived from the fi rst to the second wave, as evidenced by the possibility of holding elections among the members of Visegrad. In various news sources we will meet the assessments of the leaders that their rating was saved by the quality of Covid-19 management. Which is probably less to say about Polish politician Andrzej Duda, who did not complain about his authority even before Kovac and remained in the post of President of Poland as a result of the second round of elections (July, 2020).
Experts point out that the bonus earned by keeping the covidium could easily be lost if they did not take auxiliary measures during the subsequent wave or to alleviate the economic situation. In the Visegrad coun-tries, especially during the pandemic, there was a high level of export orientation, which is a major com-ponent of the economy. Exports of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia account for three quarters, compared with 55% in Poland (2.1). Based on the analysis of this data, economic experts think that Poland will become the main benefi ciary of the European Reconstruction Fund. According to the Vienna Institute for Economic Research (WIIW), the economic crisis will be more pronounced in southern Europe after the pandemic than in the Visegrad countries.
During the visit of the Prime Minister of Slovakia Igor MatoviaSi to Prague in June 2020, the expansion of ties between the Czech Republic and Slovakia at various levels was highlighted. The Czech Prime Minister, Andrei Babi., In his review of the `post-Covid economic situation~, noted that the criteria of the `Recov-ery Fund~ are tailored to countries that do not have the same responsibility for key issues _ debt, budget discipline and unemployment as the Visegrad Four. He added that if the members of the Visegrad Group work together, it will not be diffi cult to deal with problems (3). It should also be noted that the leaders of the Czech Republic and Hungary, not only in this case, but also in general, are critical of EU policy. However, not only these two leaders, but also some of the political elites of the Visegrad countries are trying to score points in societies skeptical of the EU and constantly emphasize the `Brussels directive tone~.
The Visegrad countries have differing views on the EU’s reconstruction plan, creating little opposition within the group but no principled controversy. Fragmentary disagreement on these and other issues points to the main challenge of the Visegrad Group: They are similar in many ways, and at the same time, differ-ences between them have emerged recently, but they almost always manage to reach a procedural consen-sus. Czech political scientist Jakub Eberl says: `Precisely because these four countries are very similar, informal contact between them works well. It is diffi cult to represent common interests at the political level only because after the elections the leaders change and with it the political orientations ...~ (4.1.).
Since the formation of the Visegrad Group, the main goal has been the implementation of transformation processes (more or less successfully) and integration into the Euro-Atlantic space. When the integration was completed, a critical attitude emerged among the Visegrad members, especially towards EU policy. From 2014-2015, differences of opinion were expressed on the issue of migration, monetary and fi nancial policy, foreign policy and other topics. `Since 2010, Visegrad has clearly emerged as an accountable force and an active player in the EU,~ said Eberub Eberl. There is always someone from this group who does not agree with the policy of the organization (NATO, EU)~ (4.2.). It should be noted that criticism of mi-gration policy and appropriate actions by some Visegrad members did not cease even in Covid (especially Hungary).
Differences of opinion in the Visegrad group on fundamental issues were also evident during the second wave of the pandemic. While Poland refused German aid, Hungary sharpened its criticism, the Czech Re-public increased demand, and Slovakia took a moderate position. The second wave turned out to be quite diffi cult for the Visegrad countries, the members trying to carry out all the measures that the actor states apply _ `lockdown~, organizing vaccinations, various forms of assistance to citizens, etc. Leading the way
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in this regard is Hungary _ in terms of liquidity elimination of companies affected by the crisis, convertible loans, expansion of the state aid program and the promptness of the purchase of vaccines.
3. Conclusion
To summarize, the pandemic is not over yet, there are different opinions on the third wave and its consequences. Accordingly, qualifi ed scientifi c research and assessments will be done after the pandemic is completed, which we will also join with our scientifi c research.
References____________________________________________________________________________1. Kai-Olaf Lang, Visegrád und die Pandemie: Zwischen bilanz und europapoliti sche Folgen SWP-Aktuell
2020/A 61, Juli 2020, 4 Seiten, Sti ft ung Wissenschaft und Politi k, 2020.2. Kilian Kirchgeßner, EU-Wiederaufbauplan Visegrad-Staaten suchen gemeinsame Position https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/eu-wiederaufbauplan-visegrad-staaten-suchen-gemeinsame.795.
de.html?dram:article_id=4784113.3. Cezary Bazydlo, Warum die Tschechen ihre Liebe zur EU neu entdecken https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/osteuropa/politik/eu-skepsis-tschechien-durch-corona-pandemie-
gemildert-100.html4. 4. Florian Kellermann, Koronapandemie in Polen Hilfe aus Deutschland _ nein, danke! https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/coronapandemie-in-polen-hilfe-aus-deutschland-nein-danke.795.
de.html?dram:article_id=4873225. Auch Tschechien zurück im Lockdown, Stand: 27.12.2020 https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/lockdown-tschechien-101.html6. Tea Amniashvili, European Integration and the Challenges of Transformation in Eastern European
countries, a scientifi c article within the project, GTU, 2019.7. Tea Amniashvili, The Challenge of Transformation in Poland, Scientifi c Article within the Project _ STU,
2019.
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COVID-19 pan de mi is ga mow ve ve bi tu riz mis in dus tri is mi marT
ma na na ala daS vi li
biz ne sis ad mi nis tri re bis doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
kvle vis mi za nia covid -19 pan de mi is Se de ge bis ga mov le na tu riz mis in dus tri is seq tor ze da Zi ri Ta di ga mow ve ve bis gan xil va.
gan xi lu lia is eko no mi ku ri So ki, ro me lic ko ro na vi rus ma ga mo iw via tu riz mis seq tor-
ze. tu riz mis dar gi aR moC nda srul ko laf sSi, TiT qmis 100%-iT Se Cer da tu riz mis in dus-
tri is seq to ri (gan Tav se bis, kve bis, tran spor tis da sxv.,).
naS rom Si aR niS nu lia, rom pan de mi is das ru le bis Sem dgom msof lio Zve le bu rad ve Rar ic xov rebs, tu ris te bi da iw ye ben iseT ad gi leb ze mog za u ro bas, sa dac maq si ma lu rad iq-ne ba usaf rTxo e bis zo me bi da cu li da ga dat vir Tu li ad gi le bis nac vlad upi ra te so bas mi a ni We ben ise Ti ad gi le bis mo na xu le bas da das ve ne bas, sa dac me ti Ria siv rce e bia da so-
ci a lu ri dis tan ci re bis sa Su a le baa gaz rdi li. sa qar Tve los tu riz mis seq to ri pir vel etap ze geg mavs Si da tu riz mis amoq me de bas da usaf rTxo tu ris tu li zo ne bis Seq mnas, aq ki au ci le be lia uf ro aq ti u rad mox des eko, ag ro, mTis, sa Tav ga da sav lo, ga ma jan sa Re be li da sof lis tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis xel Sew yo ba, rac sof lis me ur ne o bis, tu riz mis gan vi-Ta re ba sa da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis dac vas gu lis xmobs, sof lis tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bas ki mra va li da de bi Ti efeq tis mo ta na Se uZ lia, ro gorc sof lis Tvis, ase ve re gi o ni sa da sa-bo lo od qvey ni saT vis.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: pan de mia, tu ris tu li usaf rTxo e ba, tu riz mis in dus tria
tu riz mi rom msof lio eko no mi kis erT-er Ti wam yva ni dar gia, er Txel ki dev dag va na xa Ta-
na med ro ve msof lio pan de mi am. re a lo ba, rom lis wi na Sec dRes mTe li msof lio aR moC nda, Za li an mZi mea. COVID-19-is Se de gad msof li o Si tu riz mis gan vi Ta re ba aR moC nda srul ko-
laf sSi. mniS vne lov nad da za ral da tu riz mis in dus tri is seq to ri. msof lio tu riz mis in dus tri am da kar ga 3 tri li o ni ev ro da 330 mi li o ni sa mu Sao ad gi li. msof lio mi e mar-
Te ba re ce si i sa ken. msof lio tu ris tu li or ga ni za ci is prog no ze bi, rom 2030 wli saT vis sa er Ta So ri so tu ris te bis ra o de no ba 1, 8 mi li ards mi aR wevs, mi Tad rCe ba.
usaf rTxo e bis sa kiT xe bi yo vel Tvis au ci le be li pi ro ba iyo mog za u ro ba sa da tu riz mSi. mag ram usaf rTxo e bis sa kiT xeb ma gan sa kuT re bu li mniS vne lo ba mi i Ro bo lo ori aT wle u-
lis man Zil ze, ro de sac gaZ li er da bu neb ri vi ka tas tro fe bi, pan de mia da epi de mi e bi, rac iw vevs tu riz mze moT xov nis Sem ci re bas.[ala daS vi li, 2020:338]
pan de mia ber Znu li sit yvaa da da a va de bis msof li os ge og ra fi ul are al Si gav rce le bas niS navs da sit yva pandemos`-idan mom di na re obs. Pan _ niS navs yve las, demos~ ki _ mo sax le-
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o bas. aR niS nu li cne bi dan ga mom di na re obs, rom in feq cia Se saZ le be lia msof li os mo sax-
le o bis udi des na wils Se e xos. msof li os ax sovs sxva das xva pan de mi e bi, rom leb mac msof-
lio is to ri a Si Sa vi kva li da to va, mag., Sa vi Wi ri, ro me lic Sua sa u ku ne eb Si (1346-1353) mZvin va reb da da 60 mlrd. ada mi a nis si coc xle Se i wi ra. 1870 wels msof li os yva vi li mo e-
do, ro mel mac 2 mln-mde si coc xle, anu da a va de bul Ta gan yo ve li me-8 da i Ru pa, xo lo bav-Svebs So ris sik vdi li a no ba 30% iyo. 1918-1920 wleb Si es pa nu ri gri pi, ro me lic es pa ne Ti-
dan gav rcel da e.w. es pan ka~ _ es pa nu ri gri pi gaC nda. avad myo fo bam msof lio mo sax le o bis 20-40% mo ic va da 17-dan 100 mln-mde si coc xle Se i wi ra. 1981 wels msof lio Ses Zra axa li aiv-in feq ci is, anu spi dis (AIDS) ga mo Ce nam. ro gorc spe ci a lis te bi am bo ben, igi us wra fe-
sad vrcel de ba _ dRe Si 16 aT. ada mi a ni msof li o Si da ma Ra li sik vdi li a no bi Tac xa si aT-
de ba. msof li os ax sovs ko ro na vi rus Ta oja xi, ro me lic cno bi lia SARS 1 da SARS 2-is sa xe liT, ro me lic war mod ge ni lia mwva ve res pi ra ci u li sin dro miT, aR mo Ce ni li iq na azi-
a Si 2002 wels da gav rcel da 26 qve ya na Si, ga mov le ni li iq na 8098 Sem Txve va, maT So ris 774 gar dac va le bis. Sem deg e.w. Ro ris gri pi H1N1, 2009 wels,ro mel mac 100 000 _ 400 aTa sam de ada mi a nis si coc xle Se i wi ra. 2012 wels Sua aR mo sav leT Si gav rcel da mwva ve res pi ra ci-
u li sin dro mi MERS, in feq ci is wya rod iT vle bi an aq le me bi _ eg vip te Si, oman Si, ya tar-
sa da sa u dis ara beT Si aq le me bi dan ga mo yo fi li MERS-CoV-is Sta me bi, ada mi a nis Sta me bis iden tu ria, dan fi cir da 2490 ada mi a ni da gar da ic va la 858. 2020 wlis 11 marts msof lio jan mrTe lo bis or ga ni za ci am axa li ko ro na vi ru sis COVID-19-is gav rce le ba pan de mi ad ga-mo ac xa da. 4-5 Tve Si msof li o Si 2020 wlis no embrs Tvis mo na ce me biT da in fi cir da 72 109 884 ada mi a ni, da i Ru pa 1 611 637 ada mi a ni (es maC ve neb le bi yo vel dRi u rad ic vle ba mZvin va re pan de mi is pi ro beb Si). vi ru si gav rcel da da ax lo e biT 210 qve ya na Si. ar se bul ma pan de mi eb ma uar yo fi Ti gav le na iqo nia qvey ne bis eko no mi kur gan vi Ta re ba ze. 2020 wlis pan de mi is ga mo glo ba lu ri msof lio eko no mi ka bo lo 12 wlis gan mav lo ba Si Se iZ le ba re kor du lad Se-nel des. msof lio mSp-s fi nan su ri da na kar ge bi ko ro na vi ru sis gan 1 trln-mdea. 2020 wels msof lio eko no mi kis zrdis tem pi 2,6%-dan 1%-mde Se nel da.
pan de mi am mo ax di na mTe li msof li os pa ra li ze ba. igi Se e xo eko no mi kis TiTqms yve la dargs. mag ram maT gan yve la ze mgrZno bi a re tu riz mis dar gi aR moC nda, ro mel mac sru li ko laf si ga ni ca da, ra sac sxva dar geb Tan Se da re biT aR dge nis me ti dro das Wir de ba. ga Ce re bu lia tu riz mis in dus tri is mTe li seq to ri, maT So ris: gan Tav se bis, kve bis, tran spor tis da tu riz mis in dus tri is sxva das xva or ga ni za ci e bi. so ci a lu ri fo ni da umu Sev ro ba ka tas-
tro fu lad iz rde ba. Ca ke ti li saz Rvre bis ga mo sa er Ta So ri so tu riz mi TiT qmis 100%-iT Se Cer da, Tu ar Cav TvliT ram de ni me qve ya nas. aR niS nu li si tu a ci is prog no ze bis dad ge na jer ki dev Zne lia, rad gan pan de mia ar das ru le bu la.
ro go ria msof lio tu riz mis ba ro met ri.
sa er Ta So ri so tu ris te bis Ca mos vla (Ra mis gam Te vi) Sem cir da 65% 2020 wlis pir vel na-xe var Si ima ve ga su li pe ri o dis maC ve neb lis Se sa ba mi sad, xo lo iv ni sis Tve Si 93% -iT iyo Sem ci re bu li.
mi u xe da vad Tan da Ta no biT gax sni sa, zaf xu lis se zo nis ar se bo bi sa, mo sa lod ne li iv ni sis Tvis ga um jo be se ba TiT qmis Se um Cne ve li iyo. ase ve aR niS nu lia sa er Ta So ri so moT xov nis Sem ci re ba Zi ri Tad gam yvan baz reb ze, ro go ri caa ame ri kis Se er Te bu li Sta te bi da Ci ne Ti. Tum ca zo gi erT ba zar ze, ro go ri caa saf ran ge Ti da ger ma nia, iv ni sis Tve Si aC ve na moT xov-
150
nis gar kve u li ga um jo be se ba.
sa er Ta So ri so tu riz mis aR dge na kvlav rCe ba pa su xis ga re Se. Si da tu riz mze moT xov na iz-
rde ba. bev ri di di ba za ri, ro go ri caa Ci ne Ti da ru se Ti xsni an sa ha e ro siv rces, mag ram iv li sis Tve Si da ax lo e biT 90% -iT aR wevs 2019 wlis do nes. sa ma gi e rod mxar da We ri li iq na ru se Tis Si da fre ne bi, ra mac ga mo iw via Si da mog za u ro bis gaz rda.
mZi med da za ral da tu riz mis in dus tri is seq to ri.
Covid-19 da avi a kom pa ni is Ca var dne bi
sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro tran spor tis aso ci a ci is (IATA) fi nan sur ma prog noz ma, ro me lic iv nis Si ga mo aq vey na, aC ve na, rom avi a kom pa ni e bi glo ba lu rad 2020 wlis gan mav lo ba Si 84,3 mi li ard do lars da kar ga ven, wmin da mo ge bis zRvriT -20,1%. man ase ve aR niS na, rom Se mo-
sa va li 50% -iT Sem cir de ba. 2021 wels da na kar ge bi Sem cir de ba 15,8 mi li ard do la ram de.
IATA_ s ge ne ra lur ma da aR mas ru le bel ma di req tor ma aR niS na, rom fi nan su rad, 2020 we li yve la ze cu di we li dar Ce ba sa a vi a cio is to ri a Si. sa Su a lod, am wlis za ra li 84.3 mi li ard do lars mi aR wevs. bev ri avi a kom pa nia ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi is dros ga kot rda an ga kot-
re bis zRvar zea. qve moT Ca moT vli lia msof li o Si ko ro na vi rus Tan da kav Si re bu li yve la-
ze di di avi a kom pa ni e bis ga kot re bis ram de ni me ma ga li Ti.
dRe i saT vis Ci le Si LATAM aris yve la ze msxvi li avi a kom pa nia, ro mel mac ma is Si Se i ta na ga kot re bis dac vis sa kiT xi pan de mi is ga mo. LATAM ac xa debs, rom is ver ga ag rZe lebs fre-
nas, rad gan ga kot re bis sa sa mar Tlo Si va le bis res truq tu ri ze bas mo ax dens.
vir ji nia av stra lia: TiT qmis 20 wlis mu Sa o bis Sem deg, Virgin Australia _ qvey nis si di diT me o re avi a kom pa nia _ Se i ta na gan cxa de ba ne ba yof lo bi Ti ad mi nis tra ci is Tvis, ga kot re bis res truq tu ri za ci is Se sa xeb. es yve la ze di di avi a kom pa ni aa, ro me lic av stra li is is to-
ri a Si iS le ba.
bri ta nu li re gi o nu li avi a kom pa nia Flybe-s mi u xe da vad mTav ro bis dax ma re bi sa, ver mo a-
xer xa ga dar Ce na da Se i ta na ga nac xa di ga kot re bis Se sa xeb.
29 wlis mu Sa o bis Sem deg, Miami Air International_ ma Se i ta na gan cxa de ba, Sem deg ki Sew yvi ta ope ra ci e bi.
stu mar Tmoy va re o bis seq to ris loq da u ni
pan de mi is ga mo Ca ket vam gav le na mo ax di na tu riz mis in dus tri a ze mTel msof li o Si, xo lo sas tum ros seq to ri yve la ze me tad da za ral da. glo ba lu ri stu mar Tmoy va re o bis mo na-
ce me bis kom pa nia STR_ ma 2020 wlis pir ve li kvar tlis sta tu si Se a da ra 2019 wlis maC ve-neb lebs, sas tum ro e bis dat vir Tvis maC ve neb le bi ita li a Si 96% -iT, Ci neT Si 68% -iT, did bri ta neT Si 67% -iT, aSS-Si 59% -iT da sin ga pur Si 48% -iT Sem cir da.
eW vga re Sea, rom sas tum ros in dus tri am se ri o zu li dar tyma ga ni ca da pan de mi is ga mo.
aR niS nu li si tu a ci i dan ga mom di na re, bren du li da gi gan tu ri sas tum ro e bi tu riz mis aR-
dge nis pir vel etap ze sag rZnob lad da kar gavs vi zi to rebs da aq tu a lu ri gax de ba pa ta ra sas tum ro e bis ro li, sa dac uf ro ad vi lia usaf rTxo e bi sa da hi gi e nis nor me bis dac va. sas-
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tum ro eb Si Sem cir de ba `front _offi ce~ _ is pi ra di kon taq te bi da maT Ca a nac vle ben on la in plat for me bis mom sa xu re be bi. vid re gi gan tu ri sas tum ro e bi ga dav len mom sa xu re bis axal sa xe ze, sa o ja xo tu ris tu li sas tum ro e bis mflo be lebs ki dev uf ro ga u ad vil de baT bi ne-bis ga qi ra ve ba da isi ni gar kve u li pe ri o dis gan mav lo ba Si sak ma od karg mo ge ba sac na xa ven, rad ga nac bi na Si uf ro ad vi lia so ci a lu ri dis tan ci is dac va da usaf rTxo e bis zo me bis Se nar Cu ne ba.
sas tum ro e bi pir vel xa neb Si Se ec de bi an fa se bis dag de bas da eq sper te bis va ra u diT, bev ri sas tum ro da tu ris tu li kom pa nia sa er Tod ga uq mde ba, kiT xvis niS nis qveS dad ge ba Car-
te ru li fre ne bi, ase ve aRar gan xor ci el de ba aqam de Za li an po pu la ru li kru i ze bi di di la i ne re biT. Se saZ le be lia fe xi mo i ki dos e. w. iaf ma kru i zeb ma pa ta ra xo mal de biT, oRond im Sem Txve va Si, Tu mox de ba ka i u te bis er Tma ne Tis gan da So re ba, TviT xo mal dis Se sa ba mi si ga da geg ma re ba teq ni ku rad, sxva das xva por teb Si mi ni ma lu rad Ses vla.
rad ga nac pan de mi am ga mo iw via qvey ne bis saz Rvre bis Ca ket va, gax da in fla ci u ri pro ce-
se bis zrdis da fi nan su ri da na zo ge bis mniS vne lov nad Sem ci re bis mi ze zi. es niS navs, rom saz Rvre bis gax snis Sem Txve va Sic ki ada mi a nebs ar eq ne baT mog za u ro bi saT vis sa Wi ro fi-
nan su ri Se saZ leb lo ba. msof li o tu ris tu li or ga ni za ci is eq sper te bis ana li ziT, Se saZ-le be lia, rom tu riz mis aR dge nis pir vel etap ze igi mxold mdid re bi saT vis gax des xel-
say re li, xo lo Sem dgom etap ze ia fi fre ne bi xels Se uw yobs ma sob ri vi mog za u ro be bis aR-
dge nas.
eq sper te bis mo saz re biT, Se ic vle ba tu ris tu li pa ke te bis pro fi li da tu ris te bis men-ta li te tic, moT xov na ga iz rde ba tu riz mis ise Ti mi mar Tu le be bi, ro go ri caa: sam kur na-
lo-ga ma jan sa Re be li da sa me di ci no tu riz mi, eko, ag ro da sof lis tu riz mi, anu tu riz-
mis ise Ti mi mar Tu le be bi, ro me lic da kav Si re bu lia das ve ne ba sa da rek re a ci as Tan, ase ve das ve ne ba Ria siv rce eb Tan.
tu ris te bi did yu rad Re bas ga a max vi le ben usaf rTxo e ba ze, sa ni ta rul-epi de mi o lo gi ur mdgo ma re o ba ze, rac tu ris tu li pa ke tis sa mom xma reb lo Tvi se bis Zi ri Ta di moT xov ni-
le baa. mog za u rebs mo u wevT msof lio jan mrTe lo bis or ga ni za ci is mi er ga moq vey ne bu li pro to ko le bis gaT va lis wi ne ba, sa dac si suf Ta ve da pi ra di hi gi e na mog za u ris Tvis pri-
or te ti iq ne ba.
tu riz mis ki dev er Txel Car Tva mo iT xovs zo mebs, rom le bic uz run vel yo fen xal xis usaf-
rTxo e bas da grZno ben Tavs usaf rTxod mog za u ro bis mi marT. msof lio mog za u ro bi sa da tu riz mis sab Wos (WTTC) mi er glo ba lu ri usaf rTxo e bis da hi gi e nis Stam pe bi mi e ni Wa im qvey nebs, rom le bic aC ve ne ben Ta vi anT val de bu le bas, gax snan tu riz mis seq to ri, ko ro na-
vi ru sis ga mo jan mrTe le bis Se de gad.
WTTC Seq mna usaf rTxo mog za u ro bis mar ka, rom leb mac mi i Res jan mrTe lo bi sa da hi gi e nis glo ba lu ri stan dar ti ze bu li pro to ko le bi _ imi saT vis, rom mom xma reb lebs Se eZ le baT ga na xor ci e lon `usaf rTxo mog za u ro ba`.
tu riz mis in dus tri is uf le ba mo sil pi rebs, ro go ri caa sas tum ro e bi, res tor ne bi, avi a-kom pa ni e bi, sak ru i zo xa ze bi, tu ro pe ra to re bi, at raq ci o ne bi, mok le va di a ni da qi ra ve ba, man qa ne bis da qi ra ve ba, ga re sa vaW ro, tran spor ti re ba da ae ro por te bi, WTTC _ s mi er aR-
we ri li jan mrTe lo bi sa da hi gi e nis pro to ko le bis ga mo ye ne biT SeZ le ben tu ris tTa mom-
sa xu re bas.
152
ro gorc uk ve aR vniS neT, pan de mi is das ru le bis Sem dgom msof lio Zve le bu rad ve Rar ic-
xov rebs, tu ris te bi da iw ye ben iseT ad gi leb ze mog za u ro bas, sa dac maq si ma lu rad iq ne ba usaf rTxo e bis zo me bi da cu li da ga dat vir Tu li ad gi le bis nac vlad upi ra te so bas mi-a ni We ben ise Ti ad gi le bis mo na xu le bas da das ve ne bas, sa dac me ti Ria siv rce e bia da so-
ci a lu ri dis tan ci re bis sa Su a le baa gaz rdi li. sa qar Tve los tu riz mis seq to ri pir vel etap ze geg mavs Si da tu riz mis amoq me de bas da usaf rTxo tu ris tu li zo ne bis Seq mnas, aq ki au ci le be lia uf ro aq ti u rad mox des eko, ag ro, mTis, sa Tav ga da sav lo, ga ma jan sa Re be-
li da sof lis tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis xel Sew yo ba, rac sof lis me ur ne o bi sa da tu riz mis si ner gi as da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis dac vas gu lis xmobs, sof lis tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bas ki mra va li da de bi Ti efeq tis mo ta na Se uZ lia ro gorc sof lis Tvis, ase ve re gi o ni sa da sa bo-
lo od qvey ni saT vis.
pan de mi is daZ le vis Sem dgom eko no mi ku ri prob le me bis da saZ le vad ga dam wyve ti ro li glo ba lu rad sa xel mwi fos eni We ba, ro mel mac, pir vel rig Si, dax ma re ba un da ga u wi os mci-
re da sa Su a lo biz ne sis me war me ebs, rom le bic, wi na aR mdeg Sem Txve va Si, ver ga ag rZe le ben ar se bo bas. ase ve un da mox des Si da tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis sti mu li re ba sa val de bu lo usaf rTxo e bi sa da sa ni ta ru li nor me bis dac vis re ko men da ci e bis gaT va lis wi ne biT, ase ve au ci le be lia sa ga da sa xa do po li ti kis li be ra li za cia, es iq ne ba ga da sa xa de bis Sem ci re-
ba Tu ga da va de ba da au ci leb lo bis Sem Txve va Si mox snac ki, ase ve sa ban ko ses xe bis res-
truq tu ri za ci ac. me war me e bi saT vis pir da pi ri dax ma re bis (fi nan su ri) ga we vis Sem Txve-
va Si ki au ci le be lia pir da pi ri da ara pir da pi ri biz nes su bi eq te bis nus xis gaT va lis wi-
ne ba, iq ne ba es sas tum ro e bi, tu ris tu li obi eq te bi, sat ran por to sa Su a le be bi, gi de bi, tu ro pe ra to re bi, cif ru li teq no lo gi is mim wo deb le bi, kve bis obi eq te bi da a.S.. ase ve sa yu rad Re boa, swo rad Se ir Ces is tu ris tu li des ti na ci e bi, sa dac in fras truq tu ru li prob le me bis mog va re bis gziT, maq si ma lu rad iq ne ba Se saZ le be li tu ris tu li obi eq te bis ga dat vir Tvis aR mof xvra, ri Tac mo xer xde ba mi si av Ten tu ro bi sa da gam ta ru na ri a no bis prin ci pis aR dge na, mdgra di gan vi Ta re bis prin ci pe bis dac va, rac sa Su a le bas mog vcems, zus tad Ses rul des sa xel mwi fo sa ni ta rul-hi gi e nu ri usaf rTxo e bis dac vis nor me bis re-
ko men da ci e bi.
pan de mi is das ru le bis Sem deg sa Wi roa yve la qve ya nam kri zi si dan ga mos vlis Ta vi si sa ku-
Ta ri gza un da eZe bos, ra Ta dro u lad aRad gi nos eko no mi ka da mdgo ma re o bi dan nak le bi da na xar jiT ga mo vi des. tu ris tu li baz ris mo Ta ma Se e bad ki dar Ce bi an isi ni, vi sac eyo fa Za la, Ta vi Se i nar Cu nos da kri zi si dan ara Tu nak le bi da na xar je biT ga mo vi des, ara med ki-de vac gaZ li er des da amas yve la fers mo ax dens gaZ li e re bu li usaf rTxo e bis dac viT.
mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom tu riz mi nel-ne la dab run de ba zo gi erT mi mar Tu le ba Si, UNWTO_ s tu riz mis eq sper tTa pa ne lis wev rTa ume te so ba sa er Ta So ri so tu riz mis aR dge nas mxo-
lod 2021 wlis me o re na xev ris Tvis elis, ra sac moh yve ba isi ni, vinc mo ma va li wlis pir vel na wil Si dab ru ne bas mo e lis.
amas Tan, jer ki dev ar se bobs SeS fo Te ba san do in for ma ci is nak le bo ba sa da eko no mi ku-
ri ga re mos ga u a re se bas Tan da kav Si re biT, rac sa mom xma reb lo ndo bis faq to re bad ai sa-xe ba, gan sa kuT re biT mog za u ro bis po ten ci u ri axa li Sez Rud ve bis ga mo, rad gan sam ya ro Covid-19 me o re tal Ras mo e re va. dab ru ne bul ma dam sve neb leb ma ko ro na vi ru sis `me o re tal Ras Tan~ da kav Si re biT SeS fo Te ba ga mo iw via msof lio tu riz mis in dus tri a Si.
pan de mi is das ru le bis Sem deg msof lio tu ris tu li or ga ni za ci is sce na re bis mi xed viT
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eta pob ri vad un da mox des tu riz mis seq to ris aR dge na, ker Zod, tu riz mis in dus tria un-
da gan vi Tar des tu riz mis in fras truq tu ra Si grZel va di a ni in ves ti ci e bis wa xa li se bis gziT. ma ga li Tad, erov nu li par kis in fras truq tu ra Si in ves ti ci e bis mo zid va da cif ru-
li pro eq te bis gan vi Ta re ba erT-er Ti mniS vne lo va ni niS nu lia tu riz mis aR dge nis pir vel etap ze. ase ve di di yu rad Re ba da eT mo ba tu riz mis usaf rTxo e bis sa kiT xebs.
UNWTO-m co ta xnis win ga mo aq vey na stra te gi u li sa xel mZRva ne lo tu riz mis seq to ris pa su xis mgeb lo bis aR sad ge nad, ro mel Sic mo ce mu lia ar se bu li si tu a ci i dan pa su xis mgeb-
lo bis aR dge ni sa da usaf rTxo tu riz mis Seq mnis gze bi. igi asa xavs sa moq me do 5 punqts: sa-zo ga do eb ri vi jan mrTe lo ba, so ci a lu ri Car Tu lo ba, bi om ra val fe rov ne bis dac va, kli-
ma tis Ser bi le ba, mwva ne eko no mi ka.
msof lio tu ris tu li or ga ni za ci is re ko men da ci iT, upi ra te so ba mi e ni We ba Se da re biT da bal bi u je ti a ni pa ke tu ri tu ris Se Ta va ze bas mom xma reb le bis Tvis, ra sac pos tkri zi sul pe ri od Si Se iZ le ba di di mniS vne lo ba hqon des. erT-er Ti re ko men da ci aa, rom kri zi sis pe-ri od Si ve sa qar Tve los mTav ro bam awar mo os sa in for ma cio kam pa nia. ma ga li Tad, por tu-
ga li am uk ve da iw yo kam pa ni e bi, rom lis mTa va ri gzav ni lia _ ar ga a uq mo Sve u le ba, ga da de mog za u ro ba. ase Ti gzav ni le biT qvey ne bi aq ti u rad ax de nen ko mu ni ka ci as tu ro pe ra to-
reb Tan, po ten ci ur in ves to reb Tan. ase Ti kam pa nia yo vel Tvis sa sar geb loa.
UNWTO-s sce na ris sa fuZ vel ze ga moq vey nda 2020 wlis sa er TSo ri so mog za u ro bis Sem ci-
re ba 58%-dan 78%-mde.
mim di na re sce na ri ase Tia:
• 2021-2024 wle bis sce na re bi mi u Ti Tebs, rom ga far To e bu li Sez Rud ve bis mox sna gan xor-
ci el de ba 2021 wlis me o re na xe var Si, va ra u dis sa fuZ vel ze.
mniS vne lo va ni cvli le ba pan de mi is evo lu ci a sa da mog za u ris ndo bis ga um jo be se ba da Zi-ri Ta di lif tin gi wlis Sua ric xveb Si iq ne ba Se saZ le be li,
amis mi u xe da vad, 2019 wlis do ne ze dab ru ne ba sa er Ta So ri so Ca mos vlas 2½-dan 4 wlam de das Wir de ba.
aR niS nu li sce na re bis mi xed viT, sa er Ta So ri so sa ha e ro moT xov na nel-ne la aR dge ba, mag-ram 2019 wlis mo na ce mebs ma inc ver mi u ax lov de ba.
Cve ni qvey nis Se saZ leb lo be bi tu riz mis Tval saz ri siT, sak ma od di dia. mra val fe ro va ni bu neb ri vi re sur si, suf Ta ha e ri, na tu ra lu ri sak ve bi, mi ne ra lu ri wyle bi _ se ri o zu li pres peq ti vaa. sa qar Tve los Si da tu riz mis di di wi li mo dis oTx, xuT, Svid var skvla vi an sas tum ro eb ze, Tum ca dRes am sas tum ro eb Si mo Tav se bul ni ari an in fi ci re bu le bi. sa er Ta-
So ri so or ga ni za ci e bis prog no ze bi tu riz mis aR dge nas Tan da kav Si re biT, 2022-2024 wlam-
de da ma i me de be li ar aris. da zus te biT arc ara vin icis, ras ga a ke Te ben vi rus ga da ta ni li, an mis gan da Si ne bu li ada mi a ne bi, ami to mac sa zo ga do e bis mid go me bi, geg me bi, sur vi le bi da me To de bi mog za u ro bas Tan da kav Si re biT Se ic vle ba, da ama ze uk ve aRa ra vin da obs. amas adas tu rebs is ga re mo e bac rom , ada mi a nebs Se er yaT fsi qi ka. gar da u va lia, er Ti mxriv, ise-Ti cvli le be bi, rom le bic sa mo mav lod Se e xe ba xal xmra val tu ris tul ad gi lebs, rad gan maT mi marT mkveT rad Se ic vle ba in te re si. me o re mxriv, ada mi a ne bi post-ko ro na vi ru sul pe ri od Si imog za u re ben ara de da qa la qeb Si, ara med pa ta ra sof lebs, da bebs da qa la qebs mo i na xu le ben, sa dac is to ria, kul tu ra da tra di ci e bi Ca a nac vlebs mTa var tu ris tul
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Rir sSe sa niS na o beb sa da Zeg lebs. ada mi a ne bi ume te sad suf Ta ha er ze das ve ne bas mi a ni We-ben upi ra te so bas, vid re qa la qis xma urs da av to mo bi le bis ga dat vir Tul moZ ra o bas, ase rom ma ga li Tad ame ri ka Si in te re si uf ro ga iz rde ba alas ka sa da mon ta nas mi mar Tu le biT, vid re Tun dac Ci ka gos mi marT. imog za u re ben fa re ris kun Zu leb ze da ara mal di veb ze. anu axa li tren di mog za u rebs So ris gax de ba is mar Sru te bi, rom le bic rTu lad mi sad go mia, sa dac me ti bu ne ba, av Ten tu ro ba da rac mTa va ria, nak le bi ada mi a nia.
10 wlis Sem deg mog za u ris sa xe Se saZ loa gax des TviT mfri na vis bi le Ti _ amis Se sa xe bac aris va ra u de bi da sis te ma sa va ra u dod imu Sa vebs ase: ter mi na lis vi de o ka me reb Si da in sta-
li re bu li bi o met ri u li prog ra ma amo ic nobs da Se sa ba mi so ba Si iq ne ba ma xa si a Teb leb Tan, rac mog za ur Ta um rav le so bas sa Su a le bas mis cems Se u fer xeb lad ga i a ron sa re gis tra cio dax li. rac Se e xe ba Ta vad fre nas, mgzav rebs Se saZ loa da ma te bi Ti Tan xis ga dax da mo u wi oT hi gi e nu ri sa Su a le be bis Tvis. ase ve bor tze `hi gi e nu ri kla sis~ da ma te ba sac va ra u do ben.
das kvnis sa xiT Se iZ le ba iT qvas, rom ga e ros msof lio tu riz mis or ga ni za ci is aR mas ru le-
be li sab Wos 112-e sxdo mis far gleb Si, ro me lic Tbi lis Si 2020 wlis seq tem ber Si ga i mar Ta, sa xel mwi fos mxri dan Zi ri Tad val de bu le bad tu riz mis seq to ris swra fi aR dge na, sa in-ves ti cio ga re mos Seq mna da usaf rTxo e bis zo me bis gam kac re ba mi iC nia, rac, Cve ni az riT, op ti mis tu ri gan wyo bis Sem qmne lia.
li te ra tu ra:
_______________________________________________________________________________________1. ala daS vi li m., _ `tu riz mis usaf rTxo e ba`, Tb.,2020 ga mom cem lo ba me ri di a ni, 338 gv.2. msof li os tu ris tu li or ga ni za ci is pro to ko le bi
iner net-re sur se bi:
_______________________________________________________________________________________3. Unwto.org -Georgian Tourism Industry 2020-2024 https://www.unwto.org/tourism-covid-194. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/10/08/pandemic-sidelined-un-holds-world-tourism-
meeting-in-the-republic-of-georgia/?sh=1bfbcf5f5cd5. www.gnta.ge6. https://www.unwto.org/global/press-release/2019-01-21/international-tourist-arrivals-reach-14-billion-
two-years-ahead-forecasts#:~:text=International%20tourist%20arrivals%20up%206,registered%20in%20the%20global%20economy.
7. https://www.unwto.org/global/press-release/2018-01-15/2017-international-tourism-results-highest-seven-years
8. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
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THE CHALLENGES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC TO THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
Manana AladashviliProfessor,
New Higher Education Institute, Georgia
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to identify the effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the tourism industry sector and to address the key challenges.
The economic shock caused by the coronavirus to the tourism sector is discussed. The tourism sector turned out to be in complete collapse, the tourism industry sector (accommodation, food, transport, etc.) stopped almost 100%.
The paper notes that once the pandemic is over, the world will no longer be the same as it used to be, tour-ists will start traveling to places where safety measures will be maximized, preferring to visit and relax in places with more open spaces and increased social distance instead of crowded places. In the fi rst stage, the Georgian tourism sector plans to launch domestic tourism and create safe tourist zones, and here it is neces-sary to more actively promote eco, agro, mountain, adventure, recreational and rural tourism development, which means synergy of agriculture and tourism and protection of rural resources. Development can have many positive effects for the countryside, as well as for the region and ultimately the country.
Keywords: pandemic, tourism safety, tourism industry
1. Introduction
The fact that tourism is one of the leading sectors of the world economy has once again shown us the mod-ern world pandemic. The reality that the whole world is facing today is very grim. As a result of COVID _ 19, the development of tourism in the world turned into a complete collapse. The tourism industry sector has been signifi cantly affected. The world tourism industry has lost 3 trillion euros and 330 million jobs. The world is heading for a recession. The World Tourism Organization predicts that the number of interna-tional tourists will reach 1.8 billion by 2030 remains a myth.
Safety issues have always been a necessary condition in travel and tourism. But security issues have taken on special signifi cance over the last two decades, when natural disasters, pandemics and epidemics have intensifi ed, leading to declining demand for tourism. [Aladashvili, 2020: 338].
Pandemic is a Greek word and means the spread of the disease in the geographical area of the world and the word is derived from `pandemos~. Pan _ means everyone, `demos~ _ the population. It follows from this notion that infection can affect most of the world’s population. The world remembers various pan-demics that left a black mark on world history, such as the Black Death, which raged in the Middle Ages (1346_1353) and claimed the lives of 60 billion people. In 1870, the fl ower of the world came to life, killing up to 2 million people, or every 8th of those infected, and the mortality rate among children was 30%. In 1918-1920, the Spanish fl u, which spread from Spain to the so-called. `Spain~ _ Spanish fl u has
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appeared. The disease has affected 20-40% of the world’s population and claimed 17 to 100 million lives. In 1981, the world was shaken by the emergence of a new HIV infection, or AIDS. According to experts, it spreads the fastest _ 16 ten a day. Man is characterized by a world and high mortality. The world remem-bers the family of coronaviruses known as SARS 1 and SARS 2, which is represented by acute respiratory syndrome, was discovered in Asia in 2002 and spread to 26 countries, with 8098 cases detected, including 774 deaths. Then the so-called Swine fl u H1N1, 2009, which killed between 100,000 and 400,000 people. Acute Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) was reported in the Middle East in 2012. Camels are considered to be the source of infection _ MERS-CoV strains isolated from camels in Egypt, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia are identical to human strains. The spread of the new coronavirus COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic. In 4-5 months, the world reported 72,109,884 people as of November 2020, killing 1,611,637 people (these fi gures change daily in the face of a raging pandemic). The virus has spread to about 210 countries. Existing pandemics have had a negative impact on the economic development of countries. Due to the 2020 pandemic, the global world economy could slow to a record high in the last 12 years. The fi nancial losses of world GDP from coronavirus are up to 1 trillion. In 2020, the growth rate of the world economy slowed from 2.6% to 1%. The pandemic has paralyzed the whole world. It has affected almost every sector of the economy. But the most sensitive of them turned out to be the tourism sector, which suffered a complete collapse, which will take more time to recover than other industries. The whole sector of the tourism industry is parked, including: various organizations in the accommodation, food, transport and tourism industries. Social background and unemployment are rising catastrophically. Due to closed borders, international tourism has been suspended by almost 100%, except for a few countries. Predicting this situation is still diffi cult because the pandemic is not over.
2. What is the World Tourism Barometer?
International tourist arrivals (overnight stays) decreased by 65% in the fi rst half of 2020 compared to the same period last year, while in June they were reduced by 93%.
Despite the gradual opening, with the existence of the summer season, the expected improvement in June was almost unnoticed. There has also been a decline in international demand in major emerging markets such as the United States and China. However, some markets, such as France and Germany, showed some improvement in demand in June.
The resumption of international tourism remains unanswered. Demand for domestic tourism is growing. Many large markets such as China and Russia are opening up airspace, but in July it will reach about 90% of 2019 levels. Instead domestic fl ights to Russia were supported, which led to an increase in domestic travel.
The tourism industry sector was severely affected.
3. Covid-19 and airline failures
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) fi nancial forecast released in June showed that airlines would lose $ 84.3 billion globally by 2020, with a net profi t margin of -20.1%. He also noted that revenue will be reduced by 50%. In 2021, losses will be reduced to $ 15.8 billion.
The CEO and CEO of IATA noted that fi nancially, 2020 will remain the worst year in aviation history. On average, this year’s losses will reach $ 84.3 billion. Many airlines have gone bankrupt or are on the verge
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of bankruptcy during the Coronavirus pandemic. Listed below are some examples of coronavirus-related bankruptcies of some of the largest airlines in the world.
LATAM is currently the largest airline in Chile, which fi led for bankruptcy in May due to a pandemic. LATAM says it will not be able to continue fl ying because it will restructure its debts in bankruptcy court.
Virginia Australia: After nearly 20 years of operation, Virgin Australia _ the country’s second largest airline _ has fi led for voluntary administration to fi le for bankruptcy restructuring. It is the largest airline in the history of Australia.
The British regional airline Flybe, despite government assistance, was unable to survive and fi led for bank-ruptcy.
After 29 years of operation, Miami Air International fi led an application and then discontinued operations.
4. Lockdown of the Hospitality Sector
The closure due to the pandemic has affected the tourism industry worldwide, with the hotel sector being hit hardest. Global hospitality data company STR compared fi rst-quarter 2020 status to 2019, with hotel occupancy rates up 96% in Italy, 68% in China, 67% in the UK, 59% in the US and 48% in Singapore. Decreased by.
There is no doubt that the hotel industry has been hit hard by the pandemic.
Given this situation, branded and giant hotels in the fi rst stage of tourism recovery will signifi cantly lose visitors and the role of small hotels will become relevant, where it is easier to comply with safety and hygiene norms. The hotels will reduce their personal contacts at the front-offi ce and will be replaced by online platform services. Before giant hotels move to a new type of service, family-run hotel owners will fi nd it even easier to rent apartments, and they will also see a pretty good profi t over a period of time, as the apartment is easier to maintain social distance and maintain security measures.
Hotels will initially try to lower prices, and experts predict that many hotels and travel companies will be canceled altogether, charter fl ights will be called into question, and hitherto very popular cruises with large liners will no longer be carried out. It is possible to stand on e. w. Cheap cruises with small ships, but in the event that the cabins are separated from each other, the appropriate replanning of the ship itself is technically, with minimal access to the various ports.
As the pandemic led to the closure of countries’ borders, it became the cause of rising infl ation and a signifi cant reduction in fi nancial savings. This means that even if the borders are opened, people will not have the fi nancial means to travel. According to the analysis of the experts of the World Tourism Organization, it is possible that in the fi rst stage of the restoration of tourism it will become favorable only for the rich, and in the next stage cheaper fl ights will help to restore mass travel.
According to experts, the profi le of tourist packages and the mentality of tourists will change, the demand will increase for such areas of tourism as: health and medical tourism, eco, agro and rural tourism, or tourism related to leisure and recreation, as well as recreation.
Tourists will pay great attention to safety, sanitary-epidemiological situation, which is the main requirement for the consumer properties of the tourist package. Travelers will have to follow the protocols published by the World Health Organization where cleanliness and personal hygiene will be a priority for the traveler.
The re-engagement of tourism requires measures to ensure the safety of people and make them feel safe
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towards travel. Global by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
Safety and hygiene stamps have been awarded to countries that show their commitment to open up the tourism sector as a result of coronavirus recovery.
The WTTC has created a safe travel brand that has adopted globally standardized health and hygiene protocols _ to enable users to travel safely.
Authorities in the tourism industry, such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, cruise lines, tour operators, attractions, short-term rental, car rental, outdoor trade, transportation and airports, using the health and hygiene services provided by the WTTC.
As we have already mentioned, after the end of the pandemic, the world can no longer live as before, tourists will start traveling to places where there will be maximum security measures and instead of crowded places, they will prefer to visit and relax in places with more open spaces and increased social distance. In the fi rst stage, the Georgian tourism sector plans to launch domestic tourism and create safe tourist zones, and here it is necessary to more actively promote eco, agro, mountain, adventure, recreational and rural tourism development, which means synergy of agriculture and tourism and protection of natural resources. Development can have many positive effects for the countryside, as well as for the region and ultimately the country.
A crucial role in overcoming economic problems after overcoming a pandemic is given globally to the state, which must fi rst and foremost help small and medium-sized business entrepreneurs who otherwise would not be able to survive. The development of domestic tourism should also be stimulated by taking into account the recommendations of mandatory safety and sanitary norms, it is also necessary to liberalize tax policy, be it tax cuts or deferrals and even abolish them if necessary, as well as restructuring bank loans. In case of direct (fi nancial) assistance to entrepreneurs, it is necessary to consider the list of direct and indirect business entities, be they hotels, tourist facilities, vehicles, guides, tour operators, digital technology suppliers, food outlets, etc. It is also important to choose correctly Those tourist destinations, where by solving infrastructural problems, it will be possible to eliminate the overload of tourist facilities as much as possible, thus restoring its principle of authenticity and permeability, adhering to the principles of sustainable development, which will allow us to comply with state sanitary-hygienic recommendations.
After the end of the pandemic, all countries need to fi nd their own way out of the crisis in order to restore the economy in time and get out of the situation at a lower cost. The players of the tourism market will be those who have the strength to maintain themselves and come out of the crisis not only at a lower cost, but even stronger, and will do so with enhanced security.
While tourism is slowly returning in some areas, most members of the UNWTO Tourism Expert Panel expect international tourism to recover only in the second half of 2021, followed by those who expect a return in the fi rst half of next year.
However, there are still concerns about the lack of credible information and the deteriorating economic environment, which are refl ected in consumer confi dence factors, especially due to potential new travel restrictions as the world moves into the second wave of Covid-19. The returning holidaymakers have raised concerns about the `second wave~ of the coronavirus in the world tourism industry.
After the end of the pandemic, according to the scenarios of the World Tourism Organization, the tourism sector should be gradually restored, in particular, the tourism industry should be developed by encouraging long-term investments in tourism infrastructure. For example, attracting investment in national park
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infrastructure and developing digital projects is one of the important milestones in the fi rst phase of tourism recovery. Much attention will also be paid to tourism safety issues.
The UNWTO recently published a Strategic Guide to Restoring Responsibility in the Tourism Sector, which outlines ways to recover from the current situation and create safe tourism. It outlines 5 points of action: public health, social inclusion, biodiversity conservation, climate mitigation, green economy.
On the recommendation of the World Tourism Organization, preference will be given to offering relatively low-budget package tours to customers, which can be of great importance in the post-crisis period. One of the recommendations is for the Georgian government to launch an information campaign during the crisis. For example, Portugal has already started campaigns, the main message of which is _ do not cancel the party, postpone the trip ... With such messages, countries are actively communicating with tour operators, potential investors. Such a campaign is always benefi cial.
Based on the UNWTO scenario, a reduction in international travel by 2020 from 58% to 78% was published.
5. The current scenario is as follows:
Scenarios for 2021-2024 indicate that the extension of the extended restrictions will take place in the second half of 2021.
Signifi cant changes in pandemic evolution and improved traveler confi dence and major lifting will be pos-sible by mid-year;
Nevertheless, returning to 2019 levels will take 2 to 4 years for an international arrival.
According to these scenarios, international air demand is slowly recovering, but still can not approach the 2019 data.
The opportunities of our country in terms of tourism are quite large. Diverse natural resources, fresh air, natural food, mineral waters _ are serious prospects. A large share of Georgia’s domestic tourism comes from four-, fi ve-, and seven-star hotels, although today there are infected people accommodated in these hotels. The forecasts of international organizations regarding the restoration of tourism in 2022-2024 are not promising. No one knows exactly what the infected or intimidated people will do, so public attitudes, plans, desires and methods regarding travel will change, and no one will argue about that anymore. This is confi rmed by the fact that people are shaken psyche. On the one hand, changes are inevitable that will affect crowded tourist destinations in the future, as interest in them will change dramatically. On the other hand, people in the post-coronavirus period will travel not to the capitals but to small villages, towns and cities where history, culture and traditions will replace the main tourist attractions and monuments. People most-ly prefer to relax in the fresh air rather than the noise of the city and the congested traffi c, so for example in America the interest will increase more in the direction of Alaska and Montana than even towards Chicago. Travel to the Faroe Islands and not the Maldives. That is, the new trend among travelers will be those routes that are diffi cult to access, where there is more nature, authenticity and, most importantly, fewer people.
After 10 years, the face of the traveler may become a plane ticket _ there are speculations about this and the system is likely to work like this: the biometric software installed in the terminal camcorders will recognize and conform to the features that will allow most travelers to pass the check-in counter smoothly. As for the fl ight itself, passengers may have to pay extra for hygiene items. It is also suggested to add a `hygiene class~ on board.
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6. Conclusion
In conclusion, in the framework of the 112th session of the Executive Board of the UN World Tourism Organization, held in Tbilisi in September 2020, the main commitment of the state is to quickly restore the tourism sector, create an investment environment and tighten security measures, which in our opinion creates optimism.
References____________________________________________________________________________1. Aladashvili M., _ `Tourism Security~, Tbilisi, 2020 Meridian Publishing House, 338 p.2. Protocols of the World Tourism Organization3. Unwto.org -Georgian Tourism Industry 2020-2024 https://www.unwto.org/tourism-covid-194. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/10/08/pandemic-sidelined-un-holds-world-tourism-
meeting-in-the-republic-of-georgia/?sh=1bfbcf5f5cd5. www.gnta.ge6. https://www.unwto.org/global/press-release/2019-01-21/international-tourist-arrivals-reach-14-billion-
two-years-ahead-forecasts#:~:text=International%20tourist%20arrivals%20up%206,registered%20in%20the%20global%20economy.
7. https://www.unwto.org/global/press-release/2018-01-15/2017-international-tourism-results-highest-seven-years
8. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020
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ro go ria biz ne sis cxov re ba COVID-19-Tan er Tad da ro go ri iq ne ba biz ne si xval?
ni no ma zi aS vi li
eko no mi kis doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis aso ci re bu li pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
Covid-19-ma ara mxo lod Sec va la sa zo ga do e bis qce va, Se xe du le be bi da yo vel dRi u ri rit-
mi, ara med, Zi re u lad gar daq mna biz ne sis ro li da mi si ke Te bis me To de bi.
biz nes saq mi a no ba Se a Ce ra sas tum ro e bis da sak ve bis sfe ros war mo mad gen le bis 66%-ma, vaW ro bis seq to ris 57%-ma, mSe neb lo bis seq to ris 53%-ma da sxva mom sa xu re bis seq to ris 50%-ma. xo lo war mo e bis da sof lis me ur ne o bis seq to ris war mo mad gen le bis ume te so bam Se a Ce ra an Se am ci ra war mo e bis mo cu lo ba.
sa qar Tve lo Si, ise, ro gorc msof li o Si, ga ta re bu li Ro nis Zi e be bis mas Sta be bi iz rde ba da iT va lis wi nebs bevr Se Ra vaTs: biz ne sis da beg vris Sem su bu qe ba, sa ga da sa xa do ga nak ve Te-
bis Sem ci re ba, ga da sa xa de bis ga da va de ba an dro e biT ga uq me ba (e.w. tax holiday), maT So ri saa, biz nes gran teb sa Tu sa xel mwi fo ses xeb sa da do ta ci eb ze wvdo ma, dro e biT umu Se var Ta da TviT da saq me bul Ta mxar da We ra da a.S.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: biz ne sis da beg vra, sa ga da sa xa do ga nak ve Te bi, biz nes gran te bi Tu sa-xel mwi fo do ta ci e bi, glo ba lu ri kri zi si, ste iq hol de re bi.
Covid-19-ma ara mxo lod Sec va la sa zo ga do e bis qce va, Se xe du le be bi da yo vel dRi u ri rit-
mi, ara med, Zi re u lad gar daq mna biz ne sis ro li da mi si ke Te bis me To de bi. ga re mo, ro me lic gvqon da vi ru sam de da gvaqvs dRes, fun da men tu rad gan sxva ve bu lia. Covid-19-iT ga mow ve u-
li kri zi sis mas Sta be bi ma Ral niS nuls aR wevs, Tum ca zus ti Se fa se ba, ro go ria pan de mi is gav le na biz nes ze, SuZ le be lia, rad gan ar vi ciT, sad aris pi ki da ro dis dad ge ba igi. dRes dar wmu ne biT Seg viZ lia mxo lod imis Tqma, rom kri zis ma mo ic va yve la in dus tria, sfe ro Tu dar gi da, sam wu xa rod, biz nes Si dRes ga ur kvev lo ba uf ro me tia, vid re gar kve u li mo-
lo di ne bi.
mi u xe da vad ami sa, mi ax lo e biT ma inc uk ve cno bi lia is prob le me bi, rac pan de mi is pi ro-
beb Si Se eq mna biz ness. kom pa nia `fra i su o Ter ha us ku pers sa qar Tve lom~ (PwC sa qar Tve lo) Ca a ta ra kvle ve bi, rom lis mi xed viT, yo vel me-10 kom pa ni a ze mets mo u wia da saq me bul Ta ra o de no bis Sem ci re ba, xo lo yo vel me-5 kom pa ni as _ Ta nam Srom le bis uxel fa so Sve bu le-
ba Si gaS ve ba.
seq to rul Wril Si, biz nes saq mi a no ba Se a Ce ra sas tum ro e bis da sak ve bis sfe ros war mo mad-
gen le bis 66%-ma, vaW ro bis seq to ris 57%-ma, mSe neb lo bis seq to ris 53%-ma da sxva mom sa-
xu re bis seq to ris 50%-ma. xo lo war mo e bis da sof lis me ur ne o bis seq to ris war mo mad gen-
le bis ume te so bam Se a Ce ra an Se am ci ra war mo e bis mo cu lo ba. Ta vi si saq mi a no bis spe ci fi-
ki dan ga mom di na re, ICT seq tor ma yve la ze mar ti vad SeZ lo axal re a lo bas Tan adap ta cia.
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pan de mi is dros yve la ze da za ra le bu li seq to ria sas tum ro da sa res tor no biz ne si, ro-
mel Ta 78%-ma da a fiq si ra Se mo sav le bis 50%_ ze me tiT Sem ci re ba. mas mos devs tran spor-
ti re bis da da saw yo be bis seq to ri (69%), sxva sa xis mom sa xu re ba (68%) da vaW ro ba (66%). sof lis me ur ne o bis da war mo e bis seq tor Si moq me di kom pa ni e bis da ax lo e biT 40%-ma aR-
niS na Se mo sav lis 50%-ze me tiT Sem ci re ba, rac Se da re biT da ba lia sxva seq to reb Tan Se-da re biT. biz ne se bis mxo lod 5%-s ar hqo nia Se mo sav lis Sem ci re ba 2020 wlis mar tsa da ap ril Si. kom pa ni is zo mis mi xed viT, res pon den tTa pa su xe bis Ses wav lis mi xed viT, 50%-ze me tiT Se mo sav lis Sem ci re ba yve la ze me tad Se e xo mik ro TviT da saq me bu lebs (69%), Sem deg mik ro (2-9 da saq me bu li) kom pa ni ebs (64%), maT mos devs mci re zo mis kom pa ni e bi (60%), sa Su-
a lo zo mis kom pa ni e bi (54%) da bo los di di zo mis kom pa ni e bi (52%).
kvle vis Se de ge bis ana li zi dan ik ve Te ba, rom ga mo kiT xu li kom pa ni e bis 27%-s sru lad (100%) mo u wia Ta nam Srom le bis ga Ta vi suf le ba. Ta nam Srom le bis Sem ci re bis yve la ze da-
ba li maC ve ne be li Se i niS ne ba sof lis me ur ne o bis, ICT da war mo e bis seq to reb Si, xo lo yve la ze ma Ra li sas tum ro eb sa da res tor neb Si (46%), sxva sa xis mom sa xu re bis (40%) da tran spor ti re bis da da saw yo be bis (28%) seq to reb Si. rac Se e xe ba ga Ta vi suf le bu li Ta-
nam Srom le bis pro fe si ebs, yve la ze me ti Ta nam Sro me li ga Ta vi suf lda ga yid ve bis da mom-
sa xu re bis po zi ci i dan (38.7%), mas mos devs biz ne si da ad mi nis tri re ba (10.5%), mSe neb lo ba (10%), war mo e ba da ga da mu Sa ve ba (8.3%) da tran spor ti re ba (8.1%).
biz ne sis dRe van de li sa mu Sao pro ce si pi ro bi Tad Seg viZ lia Si da da ga re faq to re bad dav yoT. Si da faq to re bi dan Se iZ le ba ga mov yoT ram de ni me mTa va ri sa kiT xi: ro gor Se ic-
va la biz ne sis sa mu Sao ga re mo da ra ti pis unar-Cve ve bis au ci leb lo ba gaC nda? ro go ria biz ne sis xed va da mo ma va li, axa li, e.w. mo mav lis ser vi se bis Tu sa qon lis Seq mna-Ca mo ya li-
be ba Si? ra ga sa ta re be li Ro nis Zi e be bi, aq ti vo be bi aqvs biz ness prek ri zi sul, kri zi sul da pos tkri zi sul eta peb ze? dRes, pan de mi is pi ro beb Si, mkveT rad vxe davT teq no lo gi e bis gav le nas sa zo ga do e bi sa Tu biz ne sis dRis wes rig ze, rac imis wi na pi ro baa, rom biz ne sis ke Te bis zo gi er Ti mniS vne lo va ni as peq ti sa mu da mod Se ic vle ba da nak le bad sa va ra u doa, da ub run des kri zi sam de ar se bul sta tus-kvos.
ga re faq to re bis Tval saz ri siT, biz ne si sru lad aris da mo ki de bu li mTav ro bis mi er ga-dad gmul im na bi jeb ze, rac gu lis xmobs biz ne sis mxar da sa We rad ga ta re bul Ro nis Zi e bebs. sa qar Tve lo Si, ise, ro gorc msof li o Si, ga ta re bu li Ro nis Zi e be bis mas Sta be bi iz rde ba da iT va lis wi nebs bevr Se Ra vaTs: biz ne sis da beg vris Sem su bu qe ba, sa ga da sa xa do ga nak ve Te-
bis Sem ci re ba, ga da sa xa de bis ga da va de ba an dro e biT ga uq me ba (e.w. tax holiday), maT So ri saa, biz nes gran teb sa Tu sa xel mwi fo ses xeb sa da do ta ci eb ze wvdo ma, dro e biT umu Se var Ta da TviT da saq me bul Ta mxar da We ra da a.S.
mTli a no ba Si, `Covid -19 sti mu lu siT~ cno bi li pa ke ti mo i cavs or mniS vne lo van mo ments: fis ka lur mxa res da fi nan sur mxa res. bo lo wle bis man Zil ze, sa qar Tve los xe li suf le-
bis gac xa de bul mi zans war mo ad gens ise Ti sa ga da sa xa do po li ti kis Se mu Sa ve ba, ro me lic mo em sa xu re ba qve ya na Si ad gi lob ri vi da uc xo u ri in ves ti ci e bis zrdas, biz ne sis daw ye bi sa da gan vi Ta re bis xel Sew yo bas, mim zid ve li da xel say re li sa ga da sa xa do ga re mos uz run-
vel yo fas.
un da aRi niS nos, rom Covid-19-is pan de mi is pi ro beb Si, sa qar Tve los mTav ro bam biz ne sis da-
sa ca vad ga na xor ci e la sa ga da sa xa do ini eq cia da pos tkri zi sul na wil Sic da a a non sa mniS-vne lo va ni Ro nis Zi e be bis ga ta re ba. Tum ca Se saZ loa, mTav ro bis mgrZno be lo ba da prag ma-
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tiz mi biz nes Tan mi mar Te biT zog jer dag vi a ne bu li an/ da ara sak ma ri si iyos. ma ga li Tad, es exe ba da we se bu li sa ga da sa xa do Se Ra va Te bis mas Sta bebs da pe ri ods.
Covid-19-is pan de mi is pi ro beb Si, xe li suf le bis mTa va ri amo ca naa, uk ve mi Re bu li da mi sa-Re bi dar tyme bis Sem su bu qe ba ro gorc mok le va di an, ase ve grZel va di an Wril Si. xe li suf-
le bam un da das vas swo ri kiT xve bi, ga a ke Tos swo ri aq cen te bi da mi i Ros, ro gorc ope ra ti-
u li, ase ve stra te gi u li ga daw yve ti le be bi, rad gan qa o sur ma ga daw yve ti le beb ma, es iq ne ba in di vi du a lur, or ga ni za ci ul Tu sa ja ro do ne ze, Se saZ loa ima ze me ti zi a ni ga mo iw vi os, vid re uk ve gvaqvs.
eko no mi ku ri Ta nam Srom lo bi sa da gan vi Ta re bis or ga ni za ci am (OECD) Ca a ta ra kvle va _ qvey ne bis mi er sa ga da sa xa do po li ti kis Ro nis Zi e beb Si cvli le be bis Se sa xeb, ro gorc pa-su xi ar se bu li ga mow ve vis _ pan de mi is wi na aR mdeg. kvle vis far gleb Si ga a na liz da 100-ze me ti qvey nis mo na ce me bi, iden ti fi cir da mTav ro be bis mi er ga dad gmu li Ti To e u li na bi ji biz ne sis da sa ca vad, ro gorc pa su xi Covid-19-iT ga mow ve ul kri zis ze. pa su xe bi asa xavs in-for ma ci as mTav ro be bis mi er fis ka lu ri po li ti kis kuT xiT ga dad gmu li na bi je bis Se sa xeb 2020 wlis ap ri lis mdgo ma re o biT. ram de nad sak ma ri sad em sa xu re ba Covid-19-iT ga mow ve u-
li kri zi sis wi na aR mdeg ga ta re bu li Ro nis Zi e be bi biz ne sis ga dar Ce nas? ram de nad le gi ti-
mu ria biz ne sis pa To si da moT xov na, _ mTav ro bis mxri dan mniS vne lo va ni da ra di ka lu ri Ro nis Zi e be bis ga ta re ba?
qar Tul biz ness (maT So ris biz nes ga er Ti a ne bebs) aqvs gan cda, rom xe li suf le bis mi er ope ra ti u lad ga ta re bu li Ro nis Zi e be bi zRva Si wve Tia, amas ase ve mow mobs gan vi Ta re bu li sa xel mwi fo e bis mi er ga dad gmu li mra va lal go riT mi a ni na bi je bi. mok le va di an per speq ti-
va Si mniS vne lo va nia, xe li suf le bam uz run vel yos biz ne sis lik vi du ro ba da Se saZ leb lo-
ba, maq si ma lu rad Se i nar Cu nos sa mu Sao ad gi le bi. uf ro zus tad rom Se va fa soT, so ci a-
lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo bis kuT xiT, mok le va di an etap ze biz ne si Se i nar Cu nebs sa mu Sao Za las, xo lo grZel va di an etap ze au ci leb lad mox de ba sa mu Sao ga re mo sa da unar-Cve ve bis ga daw-
yo ba, rac cal sa xad ga mo iw vevs da saq me ba Si mniS vne lo va ni cvli le be bis gan xor ci e le bas, rad gan, ro gorc uk ve aR vniS neT, biz ne sis xva lin de li for ma aRa ras dros iq ne ba gu Sin-
de lis ana lo gi. Se sa ba mi sad, am etap ze xe li suf le bam fis ka lu ri po li ti kis ga da fa se biT un da mis ces biz ness trav me bis Sem su bu qe bis Se saZ leb lo ba, xo lo mo Su Se bis pro ce si ra pe ri o diT gag rZel de ba, amas dro gviC ve nebs.
pan de mi is pe ri od Si biz ne sis ga dar Ce nis kuT xiT gan sa kuT re bu li ro li iTa ma Sa in for-
ma ci ul ma teq no lo gi eb ma, maTs So ris ki Rrub lo van ma _ e.w. qla ud (cloud) teq no lo gi am. qla ud teq no lo gia axa li ar aris, is da ax lo e biT 20 we lia uk ve Seq mni lia da far Tod ga-mo i ye ne ba msof li o Si. qla u di aR moC nda erT-er Ti Zi ri Ta di teq no lo gi u ri ga daw yve ta, ro mel mac pan de mi is pe ri od Si biz ne sis fun qci o ni re bas Se uw yo xe li.
qar Tu li sa bu Ral tro da me ne je ru li aR ric xvis prog ra ma `ba lan sic~ qla ud teq no lo-
gi aa. ba lan siT sru lad aris Se saZ le be li ga yid ve bis aR ric xva, ma ra ge bis mar Tva, mSe neb-lo bi sa da war mo e bis aR ric xva. prog ra mas aqvs mo la ris in ter fe i si e.w. po si. ase ve Seq mni-lia kon kre tu li sfe ros Tvis mniS vne lo va ni fun qci o na li. ma ga li Tad, geg ma-faq tu ris ana li zi mSe neb lo bis Tvis, re cep te biT aR ric xva war mo e bis Tvis, zed na de be bis ga mar ti ve-
bu li da mu Sa ve ba vaW ro bis Tvis da a.S.mom xma reb le bis mxar da We ris ser vi sis Tvis ba lanss aqvs prog ra ma Si Ca Se ne bu li la iv Ca ti, rom lis sa Su a le bi Tac, mxar da We ris gun di xaz zea yo vel sa mu Sao dRes di lis 9-dan sa Ra mos 6 sa a Tam de. mom xma reb le bis Se fa se biT, mxar da-
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We ris ase Ti for ma, bev rad uf ro moq ni li da efeq tu ria, vid re, me i le bi da sa te le fo no za re bi.
COVID-19-is pan de mi am ai Zu la mci re da sa Su a lo au di to ru li fir me bi kli en teb Tan mu-
Sa o bis prin ci pe bi ga da e sin jaT _ ic vle ba mo ma val Si saq mi a no bis gan xor ci e le bis gze bi. wi nam de ba re sta tia Tav da pir ve lad ga moq vey nda 2020 wlis ma is Si Jur nal `Accounting and Business-is~ Ci nur ga mo ce ma Si. COVID-19-is pan de mi am cxov re bis yve la sfe ro ze iqo nia gav-le na. da i xu ra ofi se bi da ax la bev rad me ti ada mi a ni mu Sa obs dis tan ci u rad vid re odes-
me. di di re sur se bis mqo ne kor po ra ci eb ma da di di zo mis bu Ral trul ma fir meb ma swra fi re a gi re ba mo ax di nes, Tum ca mci re da sa Su a lo au di to rul fir meb ze (SMP) gav le na jer ki dev araa mka fio da ga mok ve Ti li.
`Cven Cav deT in ves ti cia ise Ti sa ko mu ni ka cio sis te mis da ner gva Si, ro go ri caa Velox. mo-
bi lur ze am ap li ka ci is Ca mot vir Tvis Se de gad, Sev ZlebT kli en teb Tan ko mu ni ka ci as ne-bis mi e ri ad gi li dan.~ `vi na i dan, au di to ris saq mi a no bis xa si a Ti dan ga mom di na re, xSi rad au ci le be lia kli en tTan ad gil ze mis vla, SMP-ebis um rav le so ba, ro mel Ta Se sa xe bac me maqvs in for ma cia, iye nebs au di to rul prog ra mul uz run vel yo fas,~ am bobs alan Can gi, OA Assurance-is dam fuZ ne be li da mmar Tve li di req to ri. `ase, rom SMP-ebis Sem Txve va Si, ofis Si Ta nam Srom le bis yof nis ga re Se ma inc aris Se saZ le be li saq mi saT vis Ta vis gar Tme-
va.~ Tum ca, igi aR niS navs, rom mTa var prob le mad Se saZ loa dar Ces Se fer xe be bi kli en teb-
Tan ur Ti er To bi sa da ko res pon den ci i sas. aseT Sem Txve veb Si Can gi re ko me da ci as uwevs ur Ti er To bis cif rul for ma ze ga das vlas. `ga mo i ye neT sa xel mwi fos mi er mo ce mu li gran te bi da Tqve ni biz nes-pro ce se bi ga da iy va neT cif rul for mat Si. ase ve Se sa fe ri si droa kom pa ni eb ma iz ru non Ta nam Sro mel Ta unar-Cve ve bis ga u jo be se ba ze,~ am bobs igi. `sa-dac aris kri zi si, iq aris Se saZ leb lo bac.~
`Cven sa ca lo vaW ro biT da ka ve bul kli en tebs vu wev diT re ko men da ci as da e ner gaT on la-
in vaW ro ba, ra Ta SeZ le bo daT Ta vi an Ti pro duq ci is war ma te biT re a li ze ba,~ am bobs igi. `ax la ki uk ve vur CevT da ner gon Rrub lo van sis te ma ze da fuZ ne bu li prog ra mu li uz run-
vel yo fa.~ mi si mTa va ri rCe va stu mar-mas pin Zlo bis, kve bi sa da sas me le bi sa da sa ca lo vaW-ro bis seq to ris kli en te bis mi marT aris fu la di na ka de bis maq si ma lu rad Se nar Cu ne ba. es Se saZ loa ima sac niS nav des, rom igi im fir mebs, rom leb mac mo ce mul vi Ta re ba Si TiT qmis Sew yvi tes fun qci o ni re ba, ur Cevs, rom Ta nam Srom lebs sTxo von am pe ri od Si ga mo i ye nen ma-Ti kuT vni li yo vel wli u ri fa si a ni Sve bu le ba da Sem deg ufa so Sve bu le bac. igi ag reT ve gvTa va zobs led lor deb Tan (mi wis ija riT gam ce mi pi re bi), mom wo deb leb sa da ban keb Tan awar mo on mo la pa ra ke ba. `sTxo veT fa sis dak le ba. Se saZ loa isi nic msgavs rTul si tu a ci a-
Si ari an da amis ga ke Te ba maT Tvi sac pro duq ti sa Tu mom sa xu re bis ga yid vis Se saZ leb lo ba iyos,~ aR niS navs igi. `er Ti ram, ra sac maT ka te go ri u lad vur Cev aris, rom ar Sew yvi ton Ta vi an Ti pro duq ti sa Tu mom sa xu re bis rek la mi re ba da po pu la ri za cia, sa zo ga do e bam un-
da ico des, rom isi ni ar se bo ben da un da hqon deT in for ma cia imis Se sa xeb, Tu ri si Se Ta va-
ze ba Se uZ li aT sxva das xva kom pa ni ebs maT Tvis.~ _ am bobs Can gi.
po lo ne li re for ma to ris le Sek bal ce ro vi Cis az riT, pan de mi is kon teq stSi eko no mi ka ze sa ub ri sas, mi si mok le va di a ni da grZel va di a ni Se de ge bi un da gan vas xva voT. `mok le va di-
a ni Se de ge bi uk ve sa xe zea _ eko no mi ku ri var dna, maT So ris po lo neT sa da sa qar Tve lo-
Si. saq me exe ba ara Ta vad pan de mi as, ara med po li ti kis re a gi re bas pan de mi a ze, maT So ri saa izo la ci is zo me bi da sxva, ase ve gar kve ul sa qo nel ze, ro go ric tu riz mis mom xma re bel Ta
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moT xov nis mkveT ri kle baa`, _ ga nac xa da man. bal ce ro vi Ci aR niS navs, rom eko no mi kis gax-sna Za li an mniS vne lo va nia, Tum ca es un da mox des eta pob ri vad epi de mi is ris ke bis an epi-de mi is ga nax le bis ris ke bis da gar kve u li usaf rTxo e bis zo me bis gaT va lis wi ne biT. `sa Wi-roa gar kve u li av to ma tu ri fis ka lu ri sta bi li za to re bis amoq me de ba. mag ram amas gar da, sa Wi roa sif rTxi le, win da xe du le ba, un da gvax sov des ras mi aR wia sa qar Tve lom _ zo mi er mSp-s, sta bi lu ro bas da ndo bas. vfiq rob, ndo ba Za li an mniS vne lo va nia ga jan sa Re bis Tvis. rac Se e xe ba mo ne ta rul po li ti kas, pir vel rig Si, gan vi xi lav di lik vi du ro bis prob le-
mebs ko mer ci ul ban keb Si, Tum ca uars vit yo di msxvil mo ne ta rul sti mu li re ba ze, ro-
go ri caa ra o de nob ri vi Sem su bu qe ba (QE). vi ci, rom sa qar Tve lo sak ma od war ma te bu lia, mag ram gar kve u li tvir Te bi kvlav rCe ba, rom le bic un da mo ix snas. da mTe li po li ti ka mi-mar Tu li un da iyos ndo bis gaz rda ze ker Zo struq tu reb Tan mi mar Te ba Si, vi na i dan swo-
red es faq to re bi ga daw yvets, ram de nad swra fad mox de ba ga jan sa Re ba~ ,_ ga nac xa da le Sek bal ce ro viC ma.
ko ro na vi ru sis mi er ga mow ve ul ma kri zis ma yve las aC ve na, rom zo gi er Ti li de ri sxva li-
de reb ze uke Te sad mu Sa obs. Forbes-is TqmiT, me To de bi, rom leb sac msof lio li de re bi ar se bu li kri zi sis da saZ le vad iye ne ben, biz ne sis Tvi sac sa in te re so da ga mo sa de gia. es me To de bi kom pa ni ebs da ex ma re ba axal re a lo bas Tan adap ti re ba sa da baz ris im wi lis da sa-
ka veb lad, rom le bic Se da re biT sus tma kon ku ren teb ma ga a Ta vi suf les. li de rebs xSi rad uke Te si mo mav lis ime di re a lo bis swo rad aR qmis unars ukar gavs. es bu neb ri via, Tum ca msgav si kri zi sis pi ro beb Si es mid go ma kom pa ni e bis Tvis me tad sa ris koa.
Forbes wers, rom biz nes li de reb ma wi na aR mde go ba un da ga u wi on sa ku Tar Tav Si iseT grZno-
bebs, ro go ri caa, bra zi, re a lo bis uar yo fa da ara ra ci o na lu ro ba. Covid 19-is pan de mi is pi ro beb Si sa u ke Te so stra te gia re a lo bis aRi a re ba da Tva lis gas wo re baa. biz nes li de re-
bi ar un da ga eq cnen si mar Tles da ra ci o na lu rad Se a fa son is re a lo ba, rom lis wi na Sec kom pa nia dgas. re a lo bis ga a na li ze bis Sem deg au ci le be lia stra te gi is Ca mo ya li be ba da mi si da u yov neb liv aR sru le ba. rac uf ro swra fad va fiq si rebT Sec do mas, miT uf ro swra-
fad Seg viZ lia mi si uar yo fi Ti Se de ge bis ga mos wo re ba.
sa kon sul ta cio kom pa nia `TBC Capital~-is Se da re biT op ti mis tu ri sce na ris mi xed viT mo-
sa lod ne lia, rom 2020 wels sa qar Tve los eko no mi ka ga i zar dos 1.7-2.5% far gleb Si. ima ve kom pa ni is stre su li sce na ris Ta nax mad: mSp-is zrdis po zi ti ur pa ra met reb ze dab ru ne ba Se saZ le be lia mxo lod me oT xe kvar tal Si, zo ga dad ki sa qar Tve los eko no mi ka 2020 wels re ce si is mdgo ma re o ba Si aR moC nde ba.
dRe i saT vis wam yvan da av to ri te tul eq sper teb sac ki uWirT ma Ra li si zus tiT gan saz-
Rvron mo sa lod ne li Se de ge bis sim Zi me da re a lu ri Se de ge bi yve la Se saZ lo pa ra met rSi. isi ni Se mo i far gle bi an mxo lod mra val do ni a ni sce na re bis va ra u de biT, rad gan ko ro na-
vi ru su li pan de mi is Se de gad eko no mi kur ma saq mi a no bam mra val dar gSi ga ni ca da dar tyma.
`TBC Capital~-is oRond stre su li sce na ri ase Tia: sa qar Tve lo Si zaf xu lis se zo nis mniS-vne lo va ni da na kar ge bi ga mo iw ve ven tu riz mis gan Se mo sav lis da ax lo e biT 50%-n da na kargs (do lar Si). xo lo tu riz mi dan, sa qon lis eq spor ti dan, fu la di gzav ni le bi dan, pir da pi ri uc xo u ri in ves ti ci i dan da im por ti dan mTli a ni ja mu ri za ra li iq ne ba da ax lo e biT 450 mi li o ni aSS do la ri. im kom pa ni e bis Tvis, rom le bic tu riz mTan da kav Si re bul saq mi a no-
bas ewe vi an (res tor ne bis CaT vliT), sa qar Tve los mTav ro bam qo ne bis da sa Se mo sav lo ga-da sa xa dis ga dax da ga da a va da. mTe li sa qar Tve los mas Sta biT sas tum ro e bi, ro mel Ta mo-
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cu lo ba 4-dan 50 nom ram dea, mi i Re ben sa ban ko ses xis pro cen tis 6-Tvi an Ta na da fi nan se bas. qvey nis mas Sta biT, es pro eq ti mo i cavs da ax lo e biT 2,000 sas tum ros, rom le bic pan de mi is Se de gad Se saZ le be lia ga nic di an mniS vne lo van fi nan sur za rals. sam wu xa rod, na wils ar eyo fa sak ma ri si re sur si da Za la, cod na da pro fe si o na liz mi imi saT vi sa, rom ga dar Ces da gax des sxva ze uke Te si. amav dro u lad, ro gorc we si, mZi me si tu a ci eb Si ga dar Ce bi an da imar jve ben mxo lod pro fe si o na le bi.
ase rom, Tu da ven do biT maT prog no zebs, di di ime de bi ar un da da vam ya roT ima ze, rom uax-
les va deb Si tu riz mi xels Se uw yobs sa res tor no biz ne sis swraf wa mo we vas, amav dro u lad ma le gax de ba cno bi li, rom brZo la ga dar Ce nis Tvis grZel de ba.uf ro me tic, grZel va di-
a ni sta tis ti ka gviC ve nebs, rom rTul ga re mo Si ax lad gax sni li res tor ne bis 70-dan 90% -mde erT we li wad Si ixu re ba. da amis mi ze zi is xde ba, rom me pat ro ne eb ma ver ga iT va les sa ku Ta ri Se saZ leb lo be bi, ga da it vir Tvnen ses xe biT, air Ci es wa ru ma te be li lo ka cia, mo-
ax di nes ga u mar Teb lad War bi in ves ti re ba, an Za li an Zvi rad iqi ra ves sa Tav so e bi da a.S. xo-
lo for sma Jo rul si tu a ci eb Si, ro go ri caa am Ja mad, obi eq te bi xSir Sem Txve va Si ixu re bi an uf ro swra fad, vid re Cve u leb riv. uk ve dRes, imi saT vis, rom ga dar Cnen da xe li Se uw yon Ta vi anT biz ness, sa qar Tve lo Si, ise ve ro gorc sxva qvey neb Si, zo gi er Ti res to ra ni aq ti u-
rad Ca er To ker Ze bis mi wo de bis ser vis Si an mu Sa obs spe ci a lu ri fan jris sa Su a le biT take away (ga ce mis) re Jim Si. amas Tan, un da gves mo des, rom mxo lod mi wo de bis prin ci piT mu Sa o-
ba yve la Sem Txve va Si sru lad ver aa naz Ra u rebs za rals.
praq ti kac mow mobs, imi saT vis rom miR we ul iq nas kli en te bis vi zi te bis kom pen sa cia, mi-wo de ba un da ga i zar dos da ga da a War bos 6-7 jer, teq ni ku ra dac es ar aris ad vi li, rad gan in fras truq tu ru la dac sas wra fo daa sa Wi ro mom za de ba _ es ki Sek ve Te bis ope ra to re bia, ga ce mis per so na li da ku ri e re bic da sak ve bis Se fuT vis ma sa le bi caa. gar da ami sa, tra-
di ci ul res tor nebs mo u wevT kon ku ren cia ga u wi on swra fi kve bis obi eq te bis saW mlis mi-wo de bis sam sa xu re bebs, rom leb sac sak ma od kar gad aqvT mo wes ri ge bu li mom xma re bel Ta mom sa xu re bis me qa niz mi.
amas Tan, ase Ti Se saZ leb lo ba, ro gorc erT _ er Ti ga mo sas vle li, sa Su a le bas aZ levs res-
to rans re a gi re ba mo ax di nos ar se bul vi Ta re ba ze da ga dar Ces, ro ca sxva Se iZ le ba ga kot-
rdes ki dec. ra Tqma un da, ami saT vis di di Za lis xme vaa sa Wi ro, mom xma re bel Ta moT xvni le-
bis Ses wav la da sa me war meo fxi a no ba. ase ve, Se iZ le ba az ri hqon des imas, rom qar Tvel ma res to ra to reb ma in ter ne tiT Se is wav lon im uc xo qvey nis ga moc di le ba, rom leb Sic uk ve axal vi Ta re ba Si, pan de mi is fon ze mox da mi wo de bis bu mi, rad gan ko ro na vi ru sis pi ro be bi ada mi a nebs uner ga ven mi ta ni li saW mlis ge mos da ku ri e ru li mom sa xu re ba iZens po pu la ro-
bas ka ran ti ni sa da pan de mi iT ga mow ve u li Si Se bis ga mo.
ro gor un da ga dar Ces biz ne si pan de mi is pi ro beb Si _ kve bis obi eq te bis mflo be leb ma ram-
de ni me pun qti a ni geg ma Se i mu Sa ves. mo iT xo ven, Ta nam Srom lebs, sa xel mwi fom, xel fa sis 50% ga da u xa dos, mo ax di nos sa res tor no biz ne sis Tvis aRe bu li pro cen tis sub si di re ba da ga u wi os Se Ra va Ti ko mu na lur ga da sa xa deb Si. ro gorc seq to ris war mo mad gen le bi ac-
xa de ben, ga zaf xu lis Sem deg, 28 no em be ris dad ge ni le biT mi Re bu li ak rZal ve bi, maT Tvis dam Rup ve lia da isi ni mi ta nis ser vi siT au ci le bel xar jeb sac ver da fa ra ven. ka fe-ba re-
bi sa da res tor ne bis xel mZRva ne leb ma mi mar Tva pre mi er-mi nistrs ga ug zav nes.
ro gor aa ri dos biz nes ma Ta vi ma sob riv daT xov nebs da gver dSi da ud ges Ta nam Srom lebs, ama ve dros da ic vas kom pa ni is mo ma va li? ro gor Se i nar Cu nos Se mo sa va li mom xma reb lis
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Sem ci re bu li moT xov nis fon ze, ase Ti ga mow ve ve bis dro sac ki kri zis me nej men tis uk ve kar gad ga moc di li we se bi moq me debs.
pir ve li, or ga ni za ci e bi, rom le bic kri ziss efeq tu rad um klav de bi an, mi si ga dav lis Sem deg uf ro Zli e ri re pu ta ci i Ta da Zli e ri ur Ti er To be biT dab run de bi an ba zar ze. miz nob ri-
vi au di to ri e bi _ Ta nam Srom le bi, par tni o re bi, mom wo deb le bi, mom xma reb le bi, ste iq hol-
de re bi_ eZe ben gam Wvir va lo bas, sic xa des da re gu la rul ko mu ni ka ci as. ma Sin ro ca biz ne si prob le mis ga daW ris gzebs eZebs, un da ico des, rom nam dvi lad ara vin elo de ba maT gan yve-la fer ze pa su xis qo nas. rac mTa va ri da mniS vne lo va nia, aris me si jis, faq te bis, kor po ra ti-
u li qme de beb sa da gan vi Ta re beb ze si ax le e bis ko mu ni ka ci is ur ye o ba da mud mi vo ba.
me o re, mom za de ba, rCe ba yve la ze mniS vne lo van rgo lad kri zi si Si ur ye vi re pu ta ci iT na-vi ga ci i saT vis. sce na re bis da geg ma, COVID-19-is mok le dro is efeq ti da grZel va da Si _ ukan dab ru ne bis stra te gia aris kri ti ku li imis Tvis, rom biz ne si, ara mxo lod, ga da ur-
Ces kri ziss, ara med ukan dab ru ne bis Sem deg swra fad da ub run des nor mas da ga ag rZe los gan vi Ta re ba. ga ur kvev lo bis do ne am Sem Txve va Si niS navs, rom biz ness mo u wevs upa su xos swra fad cva le bad ga re mos maT ir gvliv, mag ram es ar niS navs, rom maT ar Se uZ li aT sce na-
re bis da geg mva. sa Wi roa uw yve tad fas de bo des ris ke bi da cxa di iyos, rom isi ni ake Te ben yve la fers, rac Se uZ li aT.
das kvna
COVID 19-is pan de mi iT ga mow ve u li kri zi sis mi er qvey nis eko no mi ka sa da ada mi a ne bis ke-Til dRe o ba ze mi ye ne bu li zi a ni jer ki dev mzar dia. sa xel mwi fo e bis mxri dan ada mi an Ta si coc xlis ga dar Ce nis da pan de mi is gav rce le bis pre ven ci is Tvis ga ta re bul ma zo meb ma _ maT So ris, saz Rvre bis Ca ket vam, qa la qebs So ris moZ ra o bis ak rZal vam, sa gan ge bo mdgo-
ma re o bis ga moc xa de bam da eko no mi ku ri saq mi a no bis Sez Rud vam, _ mniS vne lo va ni dar tyma mi a ye na msof li os qvey ne bis eko no mi kur gan vi Ta re bas. sxva das xva sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni-
za ci is das kvniT, 2020 wels glo ba lu ri eko no mi ka mkveT rad Sem cir de ba, 3%-iT ma inc, rac 2008-2009 wle bis glo ba lur kri zis ze uf ro cu di maC ve ne be lia. rac Se e xe ba sa qaT ve los mTli a ni Si da pro duq tis re a lur zrdas, na va ra u de via, rom 2020 wlis Tvis ad gi li eq ne ba ra di ka lur Sem ci re bas da is -4.0%-iT da e ce ma. ga su li aT wle u le bis gan mav lo ba Si ga mo ik-
ve Ta uk ve me sa me se ri o zu li glo ba lu ri eko no mi ku ri kri zi si, mag ram aras dros, Ta na med-
ro ve msof lio is to ri a Si pan de mi as ar ga mo uw ve via am de nad far To mas Sta bi a ni kri zi su li mov le ne bi. am mxriv sa qar Tve los eko no mi ka Si mo sa lod ne li si tu a ci i sa da ten den ci e bis zus ti prog no zi re ba na ad re via. es Se saZ le be li gax de ba mxo lod ram de ni me Tve Si, ofi ci-
a lu ri mo na ce me bis sa fuZ vel ze.
li te ra tu ra:
____________________________________________________________________________1. Jur na li `for bsi`, ma i sis no me ri
2. de i vid ho, Jur na lis ti, Tar gma ni mom za de bu lia ACCA-is wev ri `Accounting and Business Magazine`-is ne bar TviT
3. mzia gi gu aS vi li, `pan de mia da eko no mi ku ri kri zi si. ras ve lo doT sa res tor no in dus-
tri a Si?`4. anu ki cxov re ba Ze, kri zi sis me nej men ti pan de mi is dros.
168
WHAT IS THE BUSINESS LIFE LIKE IN THE STANDING OF COVID-19 AND WHAT WILL THE BUSINESS
BE LIKE TOMORROW?
Nino MaziashviliDoctor of Economics,
Associate Professor at New Higher education Institute
Abstract
The aim of the article is to analyze the problems faced by businesses in the pandemic period. Covid-19 has fundamentally transformed the role of the business and the methods of doing it. Today, in the current standing of pandemic, we see a sharp impact of technology on the society and the business agenda, which is a prerequisite for some important aspects of doing business to change forever, and it is most probably unlikely that is might return to the pre-crisis status quo. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced small and medium-sized audit fi rms to rethink and reconsider the principles of working with clients _ changing the way they would operate in the future.
How can a business avoid mass layoffs and stand side by side with employees while protecting the future of the company? How to maintain revenue in the face of the reduced customer demand? In the fi rst place, the organizations that deal with the crisis effectively will return to the market with a stronger reputation and stronger relationships after its transition. Second, training remains the most important link in navigating a crisis with an unshakable reputation.
Key words: pandemic business environment, post-crisis stages, fi scal and fi nancial policy, tax protection
1. Introduction
Covid-19 not only changed the behavior, the attitudes and the daily rhythm of the society, but also funda-mentally transformed the role of the business and the methods of doing it. The environment we had before the virus and the one we are having today are fundamentally different. The scale of the crisis caused by Covid-19 has reached the mark to high, but it is impossible to accurately assess the impact of the pandemic on business because we do not know where it peaks and when it will peak. Today we can only say with certainty that the crisis has affected all industries, fi elds or directions and, unfortunately, uncertainty in business today is more than certain expectations.
Nevertheless, the problems faced by businesses in the pandemic are already well known. The company `PricewaterhouseCoopers Georgia~ (PwC Georgia) conducted a survey, according to which more than one of 10 companies had to reduce the number of employees, and every fi fth company _ to lay off employees on unpaid leave.
2. Analysis of the main research material
In the sectoral terms, business activities were suspended by 66% of the hotel and catering sector, by 57% of the trade sector, by 53% of the construction sector and by 50% of the other services sector. And most of the
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representatives of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors stopped or reduced the volume of production. Due to the specifi cs of its activities, the ICT sector has been able to adapt to the new reality most easily.
The most affected sector during the pandemic is the hotel and the restaurant business, 78% of which re-ported a reduction in the revenue of more than 50%. It is followed by the transportation and the warehous-ing sector (69%), other services (68%) and the trade (66%). About 40% of the companies operating in the agricultural and the manufacturing sectors reported revenue reductions of more than 50%, which is relatively low compared to other sectors. Only 5% of businesses did not have revenue cuts in March and April 2020. According to the company size, according to the survey of the respondents, the decrease in the revenue by more than 50% mostly affected micro self-employed (69%), followed by micro (2-9 employ-ees) companies (64%), followed by small companies (60%), medium-sized companies (54%) and fi nally large companies (52%).
The analysis of the survey results shows that 27% of the surveyed companies had to fully (100%) lay off employees. The lowest staff reductions were observed in the agriculture, ICT and manufacturing sectors, while the highest in hotels and restaurants (46%), other services (40%) and transportation and warehousing (28%). As for the professions of dismissed employees, most employees were dismissed from the position of sales and services (38.7%), followed by business and administration (10.5%), construction (10%), manu-facturing and processing (8.3%), and transportation (8.1%).
The current work process of the business can be conditionally divided into internal and external factors. From the internal factors we can single out several key issues: How has the business work environment changed and what type of skills have become necessary? What is the vision of the business and the future, of creation and development of the new, so-called future services or goods? What measures and activities does the business have in pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis stages? Today, in the current standing of pan-demic, we see a sharp impact of technology on the society and the business agenda, which is a prerequisite for some important aspects of doing business to change forever, and it is most probably unlikely that is might return to the pre-crisis status quo.
In terms of the external factors, the business is fully dependent on the steps taken by the government to implement the measures taken in order to support the business. In Georgia, as in the entire world, the scale of measures is growing and provides many benefi ts: easing business taxation, reducing tax rates, deferring or temporarily abolishing taxes (so-called tax holiday), including access to business grants or government loans and grants, temporary support for the unemployed and the self-employed, etc.
Overall, the package known as Covid-19 Incentive includes two important points: the fi scal side and the fi nancial side. In recent years, the stated goal of the government of Georgia is to develop a tax policy that will serve to increase local and foreign investment in the country, to promote business start-up and develop-ment, and to provide the most attractive and favorable tax environment.
It should be noted that during the Covid-19 pandemic, the government of Georgia provided for the injected tax protection in order to save the businesses, and announced application of the signifi cant measures in the post-crisis sector. However, the government sensitivity and the pragmatism towards business may some-times be delayed and / or insuffi cient. For example, this refers to the scale and the period of the tax breaks imposed.
Taking into account the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic, the main task of the government is to miti-gate the already received strikes and those, which are going to be received, in both short_ and long-term vision. The government needs to ask the right questions, to provide for the right emphasis, and to make both
170
operational and strategic decisions, because chaotic decisions, whether at the individual, the organizational, or the public level, may do more harm than good.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has conducted the survey _ on changes in tax policy measures by the countries in response to the current challenge _ the pandemic. In the framework of the survey the data from more than 100 countries have been analyzed and all the steps taken by the governments in order to protect businesses in response to the Covid-19 crisis have been identifi ed. The responses refl ect information on the steps taken by the governments in terms of the fi scal policy as of April 2020. How well do the measures taken against the Covid-19 crisis serve to save the business? How legitimate is the pathos of the business as well as the demand _ to refer to important and radical measures on behalf of the government?
Georgian business (including business associations) has a feeling that the measures taken by the govern-ment are a drop in the ocean, as evidenced by the multi-algorithmic steps taken by developed countries. In the short run, it is important for the government to ensure business liquidity and the ability to retain jobs as much as possible. To be more precise, in terms of the social responsibility, in the short run the business will retain its workforce, while in the long run the work environment as well as the skills and the abilities will inevitably change, which will inevitably lead to signifi cant changes in employment, as we have already mentioned. Consequently, at this stage, the government should re-evaluate fi scal policy to enable busi-nesses to alleviate their injuries, and time will tell how long the healing process will last.
During the pandemic, information technologies played a special role in saving the business, including the so-called cloud technology. Cloud technology is not new, it has been created for about 20 years and is widely used in the world. Cloud turned out to be one of the major technological solutions that facilitated the operation of the business during the pandemic period.
Georgian accounting and managerial accounting program `Balance~ is also cloud technology. The balance sheet is fully capable of accounting for sales, inventory management, construction and production account-ing. The program has a cashier interface called Posy. Important functionality for a specifi c fi eld is also de-signed. For example, plan-fact analysis for construction, prescription accounting for production, simplifi ed bill processing for trade, etc. Balance Live Customer Service has a built-in app that allows the support team to be online every business day from 9am to 6pm. According to the users, this form of support is much more fl exible and effi cient than e-mails and phone calls.
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced small and medium-sized audit fi rms to rethink and reconsider the principles of working with clients _ changing the way they would operate in the future. This article was originally published in May 2020 in the Chinese Edition of the Magazine Accounting and Business. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all parts of the life. Offi ces have been closed and now many more people have been working remotely than ever before. Large-resource corporations and large-scale accounting fi rms have responded quickly, although the impact on SMEs is still unclear.
`We are investing in the communication system such as Velox. By downloading this app to your mobile phone, we will be able to communicate with clients from anywhere~. `Because of the nature of the audi-tor’s business, it is often necessary to reach out to the client. Most SMPs I have information about use the audit software~, _ said Alan Chang, the Founder and the Managing Director of OA Assurance. `Thus, in the case of SMPs, it is still possible to get a job without the presence of the personnel in the offi ce~. In such cases, Chang recommends switching to a digital form of relationship. `Use the grants provided by the state and convert your business processes into digital format. It is also a good time for companies to take care of improving the skills of their employees~, _ he said. Where there is a crisis, there is an opportunity as well~.
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`We recommend retail customers to introduce online trading in order to successfully sell their products~, he stated. `Now we recommend the introduction of the cloud-based software~. His main advice to clients in the fi eld of the hospitality, food and beverage and retail sectors is to maximize the cash fl ow. This may also mean that he advises the fi rms that have almost ceased to operate in the given situation to ask employees to take their annual paid leave during this period and then non-paid leave as well. He also offers to negoti-ate with the landlords, the suppliers and the banks. `Ask for a price reduction. They may be in a similarly diffi cult situation, and doing so may be an opportunity for them to sell a product or service~, he said. `One of the things I strongly advise them is not to stop advertising and promoting their products or services, the public should know that they exist and should be aware of what the different companies can offer them~, _ Chang proposed.
According to Polish reformer Leszek Balcerowicz, when talking about economics in the context of the pandemic, one must distinguish between its short-term and long-term consequences. `Short-term results are already in sight _ an economic downturn, among them in Poland and Georgia as well. The issue is not the pandemic itself, but the policy response to the pandemic, including isolation measures and other goods, such as a sharp decline in demand from the part of the tourism customers~, _ he stated. Balcerowicz notes that opening up of the economy is very important, although this should be done step by step considering the risks of the epidemic or the risks of the epidemic renewal and the certain security measures. `It is neces-sary to activate certain automatic fi scal stabilizers. But in addition, we need to be careful and prudent, and we must remember what Georgia has achieved _ a moderate GDP, stability and confi dence. I think trust is very important for recovery. As for monetary policy, I would fi rst discuss liquidity problems in commer-cial banks, although I would refuse major monetary stimulus such as quantitative easing (QE). I know that Georgia is quite successful, but there are still some burdens that need to be removed. And the whole policy should be aimed at increasing trust in private institutions, because it is these factors that determine how quickly recovery will take place~, _ said Leszek Balcerowicz.
The crisis caused by the coronavirus has shown everyone that some leaders work better than other leaders. According to Forbes, the methods applied for by world leaders in order to overcome the current crisis are also interesting and useful for the business. These methods will help the companies to adapt to new realities and to capture the market share that has been released by the relatively weak competitors. The leaders often lose hope for a better perception of reality in the hope of a better future. This is natural, but in a crisis like this, this approach is very risky for the companies to take on.
Forbes writes that business leaders need to resist feelings such as anger, denial of reality, and irrationality. The best strategy in the Covid 19 pandemic is to recognize reality and to face it. The business leaders should not run away from the truth and shall rationally evaluate the challenge that the company is facing. After analyzing that reality, it is necessary to formulate a strategy and to implement it immediately. The faster we fi x the mistake, the faster we can improve its negative consequences.
According to the relatively optimistic scenario of the consulting company TBC Capital, the Georgian economy is expected to grow in the range of 1.7-2.5% in 2020. According to the stressful scenario of the same company: GDP growth can return to positive parameters only in the fourth quarter, and the Georgian economy in 2020 in general fi nds itself in a state of recession.
As of today, even leading and authoritative experts fi nd it diffi cult to determine with high accuracy the severity of the expected results and the actual results in all the possible parameters. They are limited to the assumptions of multilevel scenarios, as economic activity has been hit in many areas as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.
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But the stressful scenario for TBC Capital is the following: Signifi cant losses during the summer season in Georgia will result in a loss of about 50% of revenue from tourism (in USD). For the companies involved in tourism (including the restaurants), the government of Georgia has deferred the property and the income taxes, with hotels ranging from 4 to 50 rooms throughout Georgia receiving 6-month bank loan co-fi nanc-ing. This project involves about 2,000 hotels that could suffer signifi cant fi nancial losses as a result of the pandemic. Unfortunately, some do not have enough resources and strength, knowledge and professional-ism to survive and become better than others. At the same time, only professionals usually survive and win in the diffi cult situations.
Thus, if we rely on their predictions, we should not have high hopes that tourism in the nearest future will help the restaurant business to grow rapidly, at the same time, it will soon become known that the fi ght for survival still goes on. Moreover, long-term statistics show that 70 to 90% of newly opened restaurants close down in a diffi cult environment in one year. And the reason for this is that the owners could not assess properly their own capabilities, were overburdened with the loans, chose the unsuccessful location, made a faulty excess investment, or rented storerooms too expensive, and so on. And in the force-majeure situa-tions like the present one, objects often close down faster than usual. Already today, in order to survive and promote their business, in Georgia, as well as in other countries, some restaurants are actively involved in the delivery service or work through a special window in take away mode. However, we must understand that working based on the principle of delivery only in all the cases cannot fully compensate for the loss.
The practice also shows that in order to compensate for the customer visits, delivery must be increased and exceeded 6-7 times, technically this is not easy either, as infrastructurally urgent training is required _ these include booking operators, delivery staff and couriers, and buying food packing materials. In ad-dition, traditional restaurants will have to compete with the fast-food catering services that have a fairly well-regulated customer service mechanism.
However, such an opportunity, as one of the outputs, allows the restaurant to react to the current situation and to survive when others may even go bankrupt. Of course, this requires a lot of effort, study of the con-sumer needs and entrepreneurial fl exibility. It may also make sense for Georgian restaurateurs to explore online the experiences of the foreign country in which a delivery boom has already taken place amid a new pandemic, as the conditions of the coronavirus instill in people the taste of the food delivered, and the cou-rier services are gaining popularity due to the quarantine and the pandemics.
How to survive a business in the conditions of the pandemic _ Food business owners have developed a multi-point plan. The demand that the employees should be paid 50% of their salary by the state, that the interest of the loan taken for the restaurant business should be subsidized, and the utility payment allow-ances should be provided. According to the representatives of the sector, after the spring, the bans adopted by the Decree as of November 28 are disastrous for them and they will not be able to cover the necessary expenses with the delivery service. The heads of cafes and restaurants sent an appeal to the Prime Minister.
How can a business avoid mass layoffs and stand side by side with employees while protecting the future of the company? How to maintain revenue in the face of the reduced customer demand, even in the face of such challenges, already well-experienced rules of the crisis management apply.
In the fi rst place, the organizations that deal with the crisis effectively will return to the market with a stronger reputation and stronger relationships after its transition. Target audiences _ employees, partners, suppliers, customers, stakeholders _ seek transparency, clarity and regular communication. While busi-nesses are looking for ways to solve a problem, they should know that no one really expects them to have a response to everything. What is the main thing and of utmost importance _ is the steadfast and constant
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communication of news, messages, facts, corporate actions and developments.
Second, training remains the most important link in navigating a crisis with an unshakable reputation. Scenario planning, COVID-19 short-term effect, and long-term return strategy are critical to ensure that businesses not only survive the crisis, but return to normal standing quickly and continue to grow after returning. The level of uncertainty in this case means that businesses will have to respond to the rapidly changing environment around them, but that does not mean they cannot plan scenarios. You need to con-stantly evaluate the risks and be clear that they are doing everything they can.
3. Conclusion
The damage caused by the pandemic crisis of the COVID-19 to the country’s economy and the human well-being is still increasing. The measures taken by the states in order to save lives and to prevent the spread of pandemics _ including closing borders, banning traffi c between the cities, declaring a state of emergency and restricting the economic activity _ have dealt a signifi cant blow to the economic develop-ment of the countries around the world. According to the various international organizations, the global economy will shrink sharply in 2020, by at least 3%, which is worse than the global crisis of 2008-2009. As for the real growth of Georgia’s GDP, it is expected that by 2020 there will be a radical decline and it will fall by -4.0%. The third serious global economic crisis has erupted in the past decades, but never before in the modern world has a pandemic caused such a large-scale crisis. In this regard, it is too early to accurately predict the expected situation and trends in the Georgian economy. This will be possible in just a few months, based on the offi cial data.
References:
_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Forbes Magazine, May issue2. David Ho, Journalist, translation prepared with the permission of Accounting and Business Magazine _
member of ACCA3. Mzia Giguashvili, `Pandemic and Economic Crisis. What can we expect in the restaurant industry?~4. Anuki Tskhovrebadze, Crisis Management during the Pandemic
174
m ci re biz ne sis ro li COVID 19-is ga mow ve ve bis pi ro beb Si
ma ia ge laS vi li
eko no mi kis doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis aso ci re bu li
pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
eko no mi kis erT-er Ti mniS vne lo va ni ele men ti da yve la ze aq ti u ri for ma mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re baa. mi u xe da vad bo lo wleb Si mci re me war me ob ri vi aq ti vo bis gaZ li e re bi sa sa-qar Tve los re gi o neb Si mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bis zrdis tem pe bi, Tan da Ta no biT ece ma. prob le me bi ga mow ve u lia qve ya na Si ar se bu li mZi me, so ci al-eko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o biT, ro mel sac da e ma ta pan de mi iT ga mow ve u li za ra li da sa bo lo od mo sax le o bis udi de si na-wi li Sim Slis zRvar ze aR moC nda. saq sta tis mo na ce me biT, da saq me bul Ta ja mu ri ra o de no-
ba mci re zo mis sa war mo eb Si bo lo xuT we li wad Si 6,6%-iT aris Sem ci re bu li.
mTav ro bis ini ci a ti viT mci re biz nes Si da wes da da beg vris Se Ra va Ti a ni re Ji mi da ga mar-
tiv da fi zi ku ri pi re bis re gis tra ci ac, mag ram am ga mar ti ve bam prob le me bic war moS va. ker Zod, mci re biz ne sis daw ye bis msur ve leb Si aR moC nda arak va li fi ci u ri kad ri da erT wlam de va da Si ga kot re biT isev ixu re ba. amas ema te ba me o re gar Tu le bu li prob le mac, san qci e bis arar se bo bis ga mo me war me rCe ba re gis tri re bu lad, Se de gad ki uar yo fiT sta-
tis ti kas vi RebT.
am Ja min del ma kri zis ma aC ve na, mTav ro bis re a gi re ba COVID-19-is pan de mi a ze. ker Zod, xe-li suf le ba eca da biz ne sis dax ma re bas sxva das xva me qa niz me biT, Tum ca mci re di da ara e-
feq tu ri Se de giT. dRe is Tvis mci re biz ne sis seq to ri rTu li pe ri o de bis wi na Sea. sa fuZ-
vels pan de mi is Se de gad ma Ti biz ne sis dro e bi Ti Sew yve ta war mo ad gens.
aR sa niS na via is faq tic, rom kri zi sam dec po li ti ku ri si ji u tis da ukom pro mi so bis Sem-Txve veb ma qve ya na eko no mi kur stag na ci a Si mo aq cia. kvlav iz rde ba sa ga reo va le bis val-
de bu le be bi. va lis mom sa xu re ba prob le ma ar aris, ro ca qve ya na mdgra dia da Se mo sa va li ga aC nia. aR niS nu li dan ga mom di na re, mniS vne lov nad mi maC nia am vi Ta re ba Si xe li suf le bi sa da biz nes seq to ris war mo mad gen le bis Ta nam Srom lo ba imoq me don er Tob li vad, ra Ta ga-um klav dnen, ro gorc eko no mi kur kri ziss, ase ve pan de mi is Se de gad ga mow ve ul mo sa lod-
nel saf rTxe ebs.
Zi ri Ta di sit yve bi: mci re biz ne si, stag na cia, baz ris seg men ti, eko no mi ku ri mo der ni za cia, in di vi du a lu ri me war me
qvey nis eko no mi ka Si erT-er Ti mniS vne lo va ni ele men ti da yve la ze aq ti u ri for ma mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re baa, ro me lic ama ve dros ino va ci u ri ga da wyve ti le be bis ka ta li za to-
ri caa. mci re biz ne sis me war me Ta Zi ri Tad ma xa si aTeb lad mi si moq ni lo ba gve sa xe ba, vi na-i dan ba za ri mud mi vad cva le ba dia, Se sa ba mi sad biz ne sic, rac Se iZ le ba swa ra fad da mi ni-ma lu ri da na kar ge biT un da mo er gos axal pi ro bebs. aR niS nul Tan da kav Si re biT, mniS vne-lo va nia ar se bul mdgo ma re o ba Si mci re biz ne sis di na mi kis da ana li zis Ses wav la, rad gan
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maT ma Se us wav le lo bam ar ga mo iw vi os eko no mi ku ri zrdis Se fer xe ba da stag na cia. Se sa ba-mi sad, ana li zi ga mo av lens gan vi Ta re bi saT vis xel Sem Slel faq to rebs da Sem dgom Si sa ku-
Ta ri Tu sa er Ta So ri so ga moc di le bis sa fuZ vel ze Se mu Sav de ba ma Ti aR mof xvris gze bi.
pro fe sor i. mes xi as mi xed viT, `biz ne si aris da mo u ki de be li, sa ku Ta ri ris kiT gan xor ci e-
le bu li saq mi a no ba, ro me lic mi mar Tu lia mo ge bis sis te ma tur mi Re ba ze qo ne bis ga mo ye ne-
bis sa qon lis ga yid vis, sa mu Sa os Ses ru le bis an mi si mom sa xu re bis ga we vis gziT, im pi re bis mi er, rom le bic da re gis tri re bul ni ari an dad ge ni li we sis Ta nax mad. [mes xia, 2011.:21]
pro fe so re bi g. ade iS vi li da r. asa Ti a ni mi iC ne ven, rom me war me o ba cal ke u li su bi eq tis an su bi eq tTa jgu fis da mo u ki de be li saq mi a no baa, rom lis mi za nia ma te ri a lu ri dov la-
Tis, in te leq tis, fa si a ni mom sa xu re bis war mo e ba da re a li za cia da amiT mo ge bis mi Re ba. [ade iS vi li, 1998:132]
aR sa niS na via, rom mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re ba ne bis mi e ri qvey nis eko no mi ka Si da, maT So-
ris, gan sa kuT re biT sa qar Tve lo Si, xels uw yobs eko no mi ku ri sis te mis gar daq mnas, ro-
gorc mak ro, ise mik ro do ne ze, rad gan ker Zo seq tor Si war mo e bu li sa qon li sa da mom sa xu-
re bis TiT qmis na xe vars da axa li sa mu Sao ad gi le bis 2/3-dan 3/4-mde qmnis mci re biz ne si da amiT am ci rebs umu Sev ro bis do nes.[mci re da sa Su a lo me war me o bis po li ti ka ze 2010]. ami-tom, sa xel mwi fo yo vel Tvis da in te re se bu li un da iyos mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re biT. sa-qar Tve los ka non mdeb lo bis sa fuZ vel ze mci re biz ne sis kla si fi ka ci a Si Se dis is sa war mo, ro mel Ta wli u ri brun va 0,5 mln. lars aRe ma te ba oci da saq me bu liT. rad gan mci re biz ne si eko no mi ku ri mo de lis war ma te bis maC ve ne be lia, ami tom sa qar Tve los mTav ro bam mci re me-war me ebs Se uq mna yo vel mxriv sa Se Ra va To sa ga da sa xa do pi ro be bi. bo lo wleb Si mTav ro bis ini ci a ti viT mniS vne lo va ni re for me bi ga tar da mci re biz ne sis wa xa li se bi sa da xel Sew yo-
bis miz niT da cvli le ba Za la Si Se vi da 2015 wlis 1 iv li si dan. da beg vris Se Ra va Ti a ni re Ji-
mis Se sa xeb sa ga da sa xa do 1%-ia ni tvir Ti mci re biz ne sis mqo ne 120 aTa sam de me war me fi zi-
kur pirs Se e xo. mar Ta lia ga da sa xa de bis Se Ra va Teb Tan er Tad ga mar ti ve bu lia fi zi ku ri pi re bis re gis tra ci ac, mag ram am ga mar ti ve bam Se sa ba mi si prob le me bic war mo iS va. ker Zod, mci re biz ne sis daw ye bis msur ve le bis ra o de no bam ima ta, ro mel Tac ar ga aC ndaT sa Ta na do cod na da unar-Cve ve bi imi sa, rom re a lu rad mzad yo fi liy vnen sa baz ro ur Ti er To bi saT-
vis, rad gan mci re me war me eb ma ara mar to un da Se av son baz ris seg men ti, ara med un da ga aZ-li e ros ki dec da gar kve u li ro li Se as ru los qvey nis ke Til dRe o bis do nis amaR le ba Si. aR niS nu li mdgo ma re o bi dan ga mom di na re, ver ak ma yo fi lebs stan dar tebs da Se sa ba mi sad erT wlam de va da Si ga kot re biT isev ixu re ba. amas ema te ba me o re gar Tu le bu li prob le mac san qci e bis arar se bo bis ga mo, me war me rCe ba re gis tri re bu lad, vi na i dan sa ga da sa xa do sam-sa xu ris ga re Se ar ixu re ba da sWir de ba gar kve u li Tve e bi. me sa me prob le mad ki uar yo fiT sta tis ti kas vi RebT, rad gan bun do va nia aq ti u ri sa war mo e bis ric xvi.
mim di na re etap ze Covid-19-ma eko no mi ka Si Zi re u lad gar daq mna biz ne sis ro li. kri zi sis mas Sta beb ma up re ce den to niS nuls mi aR wia. xe li suf le bis mTa va ri amo ca na swo red mi-Re bu li da mi sa Re bi dar tyme bis Sem su bu qe baa, rad gan Se saZ loa ima ze me ti zi a ni mi vi RoT eko no mi ka Si vid re es Covid-19-iT gvaqvs. ga ur kve ve li saf rTxe e bis Se de gebs da de ta lur Se fa se bebs ki Sev ZlebT mom dev no ori-sa mi wlis Sem deg. am Ja min del ma kri zis ma aC ve na, mTav ro bis re a gi re ba COVID-19-is pan de mi a ze. ker Zod, xe li suf le ba eca da biz ne sis dax-
ma re bas sxva das xva me qa niz miT, Tum ca mci re di da ara e feq tu ri Se de giT. dRe is Tvis mci re
176
biz ne sis seq to ri rTu li pe ri o de bis wi na Sea. ma Ti di di na wi li kri ti kul vi Ta re ba Sia, ver axer xe ben Zi ri Ta dad ses xis mom sa xu re bas, xel fa se bis da ga da sa xa de bis ga dax das, da a.S. sa fuZ vels pan de mi is Se de gad ma Ti biz ne sis dro e bi Ti Sew yve ta war mo ad gens.
sa qar Tve lo Si me war me e bi mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bas sof lis me ur ne o bis mi mar Tu le ba-
Si xe da ven. ma Ti az riT, saw yis etaps Si da baz ris sa mom xma reb lo sa qon liT mo ma ra ge ba un-
da war mo ad gen des, Tum ca xazs us va men sa xel mwi fos mxri dan pa si u ro bas, rad gan am sfe ro-
Si mci re biz ne sis mniS vne lo va ni Se saZ leb lo be bi cu dad ga mo i ye ne ba praq ti ka Si. ker Zod, ad gi lob ri vi war mo e bu li pro duq cia Ca nac vle bu lia im por tu li sa qon liT. aR sa niS na via isic, rom mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bis Tval saz riT, me war me mci re sa war mo e bis ume te so ba Se da re biT mar ti vi da pri mi ti u lia. mag ram mdgra di wvli li Se aqvT in klu zi u ri eko no mi-
ku ri zrdis uz run vel yo fa Si. bo lo wleb Si gan sa kuT re biT aq tu a lu ria mci re me war me ob-
ri vi aq ti vo bis gaZ li e re ba, Tum ca sa qar Tve los re gi o neb Si mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bis zrdis tem pe bi, Tan da Ta no biT ece ma. prob le me bi ga mow ve u lia qve ya na Si ar se bu li mZi me so ci al-eko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o biT. eko no mi kur mdgo ma re o bas da e ma ta pan de mi iT ga mow-
ve u li za ra li, ro mel mac sa bo lo od mo sax le o bis udi de si na wi li Sim Slis zRvar ze aR mo-
a Ci na.
sa qar Tve lo Si mci re da sa Su a lo zo mis sa war mo e bi Se ad ge nen eko no mi ku ri su bi eq te bis 99,7%-s. maT gan 98,4%-170942 sa war mo mi e kuT vne ba mci re zo mis sa war mo ebs, xo lo 1,3% _ 2258 _ sa Su a lo zo mis. mci re biz nes Si mi u xe da vad mTav ro bis mi er gar kve u li Ro nis Zi e be-
bis ga ta re bi sa, qve ya na kvlav ima ve ga mow ve ve bis wi na Se dgas. saq sta tis 2019 wlis mo na ce-
me bis sa fuZ vel ze, biz nes Si moq me di 160 aTa si moq me di sa war mo dan 150 aTa si mci re biz ne-
sis sta tu sis ma ta re be lia, sa war mo e bis 2017 wlis mo na ce me biT mci re zo mis sa war mo e bis wi li da saq me ba Si 42%-s Se ad gens, 2018 wels-41%-s, xo lo 2019 wels-mci re biz nes Si da saq-
me bul Ta ra o de no ba gaz rdi lia 2%-iT da 43 pro cen ti Se ad gi na. [www.geostat.ge, 2019]
wya ro: sa qar Tve los sta tis ti kis erov nu li sam sa xu ri
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2019 wlis 1 Te ber vlis mo na ce me biT eko no mi ka Si mci re biz ne sis Se mo sav le bis wli u ri brun va 108,5076,5 mln.lars Se ad gen da da da saq me bul Ta da ax lo e biT 50% wlis gan mav lo-
ba Si 3000 la ris Se mo sav las iReb da.[sax. 2020:13] es iZ le va gaZ li ere bis Se saZ leb lo bebs Seq mnan sa mu Sao ad gi le bi kri zi sul si tu a ci eb Sic ki da na wi lob riv au naz Ra u ron Zi ri Ta-
di Sem ci re bis Se de ge bi.
aR sa niS na via is faq tic, rom kri zi sam dec po li ti ku ri si ji u tis da ukom pro mi so bis Sem-Txve veb ma qve ya na eko no mi kur stag na ci a Si mo aq cia. mci re biz ne sis ara Tu gan vi Ta re ba, ara med in klu zia xde ba, ro me lic in sti tu ci ur mxar da We ras sa Wi ro ebs. qvey nis eko no mi-
ka Si am rTu li da mra val mxri vi kri zi su li vi Ta re bi dan, sam wu xa rod, uax lo es mo ma val Si ar Cans per speq ti va po li ti ku ri, eko no mi ku ri da ko ro na vi ru sis dam Tav re bis. Ti To e u li maT ga ni Ta vi se bur mu ta ci as ga nic dis da vfiq rob ar xde ba mo sax le o bis sa si ke Tod. mim-di na re 2021 wlis bi u je ti gaT va lis wi ne bu lia 18.400 mln. la riT. zrdis na wi li ko vi dis xar jebs ekuT vnis. gas tum re ba ki sa ga reo va le bis aRe biT iq ne ba gaT va lis wi ne bu li, ri Tac 2021 wlis bo los Tvis va li 33.670 mln. la ris ode no biT dag rov de ba. va lis mom sa xu re ba prob le ma ar aris ro ca qve ya na mdgra dia da Se mo sa va li ga aC nia. Se sa ba mi sad, sa qar Tve-
los Tvis es val de bu le be bi eko no mi ku ri kri zi sis mo mas wa ve be lia.
aR niS nu li dan ga mom di na re, mniS vne lov nad mi maC nia am vi Ta re ba Si xe li suf le bi sa da biz-
nes seq to ris war mo mad gen le bis Ta nam Srom lo ba imoq me don er Tob li vad, ra Ta ga um klav-
dnen, ro gorc eko no mi kur kri ziss, ase ve pan de mi is Se de gad ga mow ve ul mo sa lod nel saf-
rTxe ebs.
li te ra tu ra: ____________________________________________________________________________1. ade iS vi li g.,asa Ti a ni r., eko no mi ku ri Te o ria. Tb. 1998. gv.132.2. mes xia i., biz ne sis sa fuZ vle bi Tsu, 2011. gv.213. sa ma daS vi li u.,di ver si fi ka cia_ sa qar Tve los eko no mi ku ri zrdis ka ta li za to ri.
Tb.,2016, gv 454. sa ma daS vi li u., mci re biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bis di na mi ka da Sez Ru du lo bis mi ze ze bi sa qar-
Tve lo Si. sa er Ta So ri so sa mec ni e ro kon fe ren cia glo ba li za ci is ga mow ve ve bi eko no mi-
ka sa da biz nes Si. Tb.1-2 no em be ri, 2019. Sro me bis kre bu li (gv, 342-350)5. sa xelmZR. mci re da sa Su a lo biz ne sis Tvis. eko no mi ku ri po li ti kis kvle vis cen tri 2020
gv,13 6. ev ro ko mi sia 2010: di a lo gi `mci re da sa Su a lo me war me o bis po li ti ka ze~ aR mo sav leT
par tni o ro bis mra val mxri vi for ma tis far gleb Si (Dialogue on `SME Policy~ with regard to the multilateral framework of the Eastern Partnership
7. Горфинкель В.Я. `Малый бизнес~: учебное пособие _ М.: КНОРУС, 2009, 336 с., стр. 219-220.8. qvey nis da xa si a Te ba mci re biz ne sis aq tis mi xed viT: sa qar Tve lo mss po li ti kis in deq si
aR mo sav leT par tni o ro bis qvey ne bi 2016 ev ro pis mci re biz ne sis aq tis gan xor ci e le bis Se fa se ba. gv.9.
9. sa qar Tve los sta tis ti kis erov nu li sam sa xu ri 2019_ www. geostat.ge10. https://www.interpressnews.ge11. eugeorgia.info/ka/article/501/12. www.imedinews.ge
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THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID 19 CHALLENGES
Maia Gelashvili Associate Professor,
New Higher Education Institute
Abstract
Small business development is one of the most important elements and the most active form of the econo-my. Despite the strengthening of small entrepreneurial activity in the regions of Georgia in recent years, the growth rate of small business development is gradually declining. The problems are caused by the diffi cult socio-economic situation in the country which was compounded by the damage as a result of the pandemic and eventually the majority of the population faced the problem of hunger. According to Geostat, the total number of employees in small enterprises has decreased by 6.6% in the last fi ve years. At the initiative of the government, a preferential tax regime was introduced in small businesses and the registration of indi-viduals was simplifi ed, but this simplifi cation also caused problems. In particular, those who want to start a small business turn out to be unqualifi ed staff and their businesses close down again with bankruptcy within a year. In addition, a second complicated problem appeared: due to the lack of sanctions, the closed down enterprises still remain registered and as a result we receive negative statistics.
The current crisis has shown the government responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the government tried to help businesses through various mechanisms, however with small and ineffective re-sults. Today, the small business sector is facing diffi cult times due to the temporary termination of busi-nesses as a result of the pandemic.
It is noteworthy that even before the crisis, cases of political stubbornness and uncompromisingness led the country to economic stagnation. Foreign debt liabilities continue to rise. Debt service is not a problem when a country is sustainable and has income.
Therefore, in this situation, I consider it important that the government and the business sector work to-gether to deal with both the economic crisis and the potential dangers posed by the pandemic.
Keywords: Small Business, Stagnation, Market Segment, Economic Modernization, Individual Entrepre-neur
1. Introduction
One of the most important elements and the most active form in the country’s economy is the develop-ment of small business, which is also a catalyst for innovative solutions. The main characteristic of small business entrepreneurs is its fl exibility, as the market is constantly changing, the business must adapt to new conditions as quickly as possible and with minimal losses. In this regard, it is important to study the dynamics and analysis of small businesses in the current situation, as their ignorance may lead to stunted economic growth and stagnation. Accordingly, the analysis will identify the factors hindering development and the ways to eliminate them based on our own or international experience.
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2. Presentation of the main research materialAccording to Professor I. Meskhia, Business is an independent, risk-taking activity aimed at the systematic acquisition of profi ts through the sale of goods for the use of property, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in accordance with established rules. [Meskhia, 2011.:21] Professors G. Adeishvili and R. Asatiani believe that entrepreneurship is an independent activity of a sepa-rate entity or group of entities, which aims to produce and sell material wealth, intellect, paid services and thus make a profi t. [Adeishvili, 1998: 132] It should be noted that the development of small business in the economy of any country, especially in Georgia, contributes to the transformation of the economic system at both macro and micro levels, as it ac-counts for almost half of the goods and services produced in the private sector and creates 2/3 to 3/4 of new jobs and reduces the unemployment rate. [Small and Medium Entrepreneurship Policy 2010]. Therefore, the state should always be interested in small business development. According to the legislation of Georgia, the classifi cation of small business includes those enterprises with more than twenty employees and with an annual turnover of 0.5 million GEL. As small business is an indicator of the success of the economic model, the Georgian government has created preferential tax conditions for small entrepreneurs. In recent years, signifi cant reforms have been initiated by the government to encourage and promote small businesses, and the change went into effect on July 1, 2015. The 1% preferential tax regime affected up to 120,000 small business entrepreneurs. In addition to preferential tax regime, the registration of physical persons has also been simplifi ed, but this simplifi cation has also caused problems. In particular, the number of small business start-ups has increased, who did not have the proper knowledge and skills to be actu-ally ready for the market, as small entrepreneurs not only have to fi ll the market segment, but also have to strengthen and play a role in raising the country’s prosperity. Due to this situation, these start-up businesses fail to meet the standards and therefore close down again with bankruptcy within one year. In addition, there is another problem: due to the lack of sanctions, the entrepreneur remains registered after closure, as they do not close down offi cially without tax service and these formalities take several months. The other problem is the negative statistics, as the number of active enterprises is vague. At this stage, Covid-19 has fundamentally transformed the role of business in the economy. The scale of the crisis has reached an un-precedented level. The main task of the government is to mitigate the blows received and avoid expected, because they may cause more damage to the economy than Covid-19. We will be able to see the results of the uncertain threats and detailed assessments in the next two or three years. The current crisis has shown the government responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the government tried to help busi-nesses through various mechanisms, however with small and ineffective results. Today, the small business sector is facing diffi cult times. Most of them are in critical condition, unable to pay loans, salaries, taxes, etc. The reason is the temporary termination of the businesses as a result of the pandemic. Entrepreneurs in Georgia see the development of small businesses in the fi eld of agriculture. According to their point of view, the initial stage should be the supply of consumer goods to the domestic market, although they emphasize passivity of the state, as signifi cant small business opportunities in this area are poorly used in practice. In particular, locally produced products are replaced by imported goods.It should also be noted that in terms of small business development, most of the small enterprises are relatively simple and primitive. But they make a sustainable contribution to ensuring inclusive economic growth. In recent years, the strengthening of small entrepreneurial activity is especially relevant. However, the growth rate of small business development in the regions of Georgia is gradually declining. The prob-lems are caused by the diffi cult socio-economic situation in the country. The economic situation was com-pounded by the damage caused by the pandemic, which eventually caused most of the population facing starvation. Small and medium enterprises in Georgia make up 99.7% of economic entities. 98.4% -170942
180
of them belong to small enterprises, and 1.3% _ 2258 _ medium-sized enterprises. Despite some measures taken by the government in small businesses, the country still faces the same challenges. [www.geostat.ge, 2019] According to Geostat data from 2019, out of 160 thousand operating enterprises in the business, 150 thousand have the status of small businesses, according to the data of enterprises in 2017, the share of small enterprises in employment is 42%, in 2018 -41%, and in 2019 _ the number of employees in small businesses has increased By 2% and amounted to 43 per cent. [www.geostat.ge, 2019]
Source: National Statistics Offi ce of Georgia
3. Conclusion
According to the data of February 1, 2019, the annual turnover of small business income in the economy was 108,5076.5 million GEL and about 50% of employees were earning 3000 GEL during the year. 2020: 13] This provides empowerment opportunities to create jobs even in crisis situations and partially offset the consequences of major reductions. It is also noteworthy that even before the crisis, cases of political stubbornness and uncompromisingness plunged the country into economic stagnation. It is not small business development but inclusion that requires institutional support. From this diffi cult and versatile crisis situation in the country’s economy, unfortunately, there is no prospect of the end of the political, economic and corona virus crisis in the near future. Each of them undergoes its own mutation and I think it does not happen for the benefi t of the population. The current budget for 2021 envisages 18,400 million GEL. Part of the increase consists of the Covid’s expenses. The budget will be accumulated through foreign debts which means owing 33.670 million GEL by the end of 2021. Debt service is not a problem when the country is sustainable and has income. Therefore, for Georgia, these commitments are the signs of economic crisis.
From my point of view, the cooperation between the government and the representatives of the business sector to act jointly to deal with both the economic crisis and the impending threats posed by the pandemic is important.
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References____________________________________________________________________________1. Adeishvili G., Asatiani R., Economic Theory. Tb. 1998. p.132.2. Meskhia I., Fundamentals of Business TSU, 2011. p.213. Samadashvili U., Diversifi cation _ Catalyst of Georgia’s economic growth. Tb., 2016, p.454. Samadashvili U., Dynamics of Small Business Development and Reasons for Restrictions in Georgia.
International Scientifi c Conference Challenges of Globalization in Economics and Business. Tb.1-2 November, 2019. Collection of works (pp. 342-350)
5. Manual for small and medium scale businesses. Economic Policy Research Center 2020, p, 136. European Commission 2010: Dialogue on SME Policy in the Multilateral Format of the Eastern Partnership
(Dialogue on SME Policy) with regard to the multilateral framework of the Eastern Partnership7. Горфинкель В.Я. `Small business~: educational skills _ M .: KNORUS, 2009, 336 p., P. 219-220.8. Country Characterization by Small Business Act: Georgia MSC Policy Index Eastern Partnership
Countries 2016 European Small Business Act Implementation Assessment. P.9.9. National Statistics Offi ce of Georgia 2019_ www. geostat.ge10. https://www.interpressnews.ge11. eugeorgia.info/ka/article/501/12. www.imedinews.ge
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ga da uW re li prob le me bi sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To beb Si ko vid-19-mde da ko vi dis pi ro beb Sic
(ga da uW re li prob le ma Crdi lo-aR mo sav leT azi is qvey neb Si-`doq do~ da aSS-s po zi cia)
na na ci xis Ta vi
is to ri is doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis aso ci re bu li pro fe so ri
Ta mar ko pa le iS vi li
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis afi li re bu li asis ten ti
ab straq ti
doq dos prob le ma di di xa nia awu xebs ori ve ko re as da prob le mis mog va re bas mo la pa ra ke-
be bis, mrgva li ma gi dis an sa mec ni e ro kon fe ren ci e bis sa Su a le biT cdi lobs.
doq dos sa kiT xTan da kav Si re biT sam xreT da Crdi lo eT ko re is er TmniS vne lo va ni po zi-
ci is mi u xe da vad, re gi on Si ar se bobs di di sa xel mwi fo e bi, rom leb sac aqvT sa ku Ta ri in te-
re se bi (rad gan doq dos prob le ma scil de ba ko rea-ia po ni is ur Ti er To bebs), ro go ri caa Ci ne Ti, ia po nia, ru se Ti da Se er Te bu li Sta te bi, ro mel Ta So ri sac un da ga i mar Tos mo la-
pa ra ke be bi.
am sa kiT xis ga daW ris Sem de gi Se saZ lo na bi ji, al baT, ori ko re is ga er Ti a ne ba un da iyos, rac ase ve di di xnis gan mav lo ba Si iyo dRis wes rig Si sam xreT ko re is aka de mi ur wre eb Si.
doq dos prob le mis mog va re ba, ra Tqma un da, Za li an sag rZno bia, mag ram Crdi lo eT da sam-xreT ko re is da ax lo e bis ten den ci e bi da aSS-s ro li am da ax lo e ba Si gar kve ul imeds iZ le-
va, rom sa kiT xi ko re is sa sar geb lod mog var de ba mo ma val Si.
amas Tan, rac, al baT, uf ro ma le mox de ba, esaa ori ko re is ga er Ti a ne ba, da ara doq dos kun Zu le bis ofi ci a lu ri ga da ce ma ko re i saT vis, rac kvlav sa ka ma To Te maa. amas Tan, Crdi-
lo-aR mo sav leT azi is fon dis mi er or ga ni ze bul 2018 wlis kon fe ren ci a ze mkvlev reb ma aR niS nes, rom sa kiT xi _ doq dos prob le ma _ un da ga daw ydes mo la pa ra ke be bis gziT, oTx qve ya nas _ ia po ni as, Ci neTs, ru seT sa da Se er Te bul Sta tebs So ris.
doq dos prob le ma scil de ba te ri to ri ul prob le mas ori ve ko re is sa xel mwi fos Tval-
saz ri siT da es ukav Sir de ba ko re u li iden tu ro bis dac vis sa kiTxs, rac ko re e le bis erov nu li er Ti a no bis sa fuZ ve lia. amas Tan, es sa kiT xi sul uf ro am Zi mebs ur Ti er To bebs Crdi lo-aR mo sav leT azi is qvey neb sa da msof li os ze sa xel mwi fo ebs So ris. Se er Te bu li Sta te bi ga mo sa vals xe davs go niv rul kom pro mis Si.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: doq do; ko rea; ga er Ti a ne ba; mo la pa ra ke be bi.
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Ta na med ro ve sam ya ro Si ofi ci a lu rad ori ko rea ar se bobs, Crdi lo e Ti _ ko mu nis tu ri da sam xre Ti _ ka pi ta lis tu ri. mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom ko re is is to ria aTas wle u lebs iT vlis aras dros yo fi la ise Ti pre ce de ti, rom qvey nis Crdi lo e Ti da sam xre Ti na wi le bi er Tma-
ne Tis gan ga Ti Su li yo fi li yo. swo red ide o lo gi ur ma gan sxva ve beb ma da sxva da ma te biT-
ma faq to reb ma iqo nia gav le na ima ze, rom er Ti qvey nis ori mxa re gan sxva ve bu lad gan vi-Tar da, maT So ris dip lo ma ti u ri, sa in for ma cio Tu sam xed ro omi dRem de mim di na re obs, xo lo sxva das xvag va ri mas Sta bis sa saz Rvro Se ta ke be bi Cve u leb riv mov le nad aRiq me ba. eq sper te bis Se fa se biT, dRem de Cans ko re is sam xreT na wil Si mcxov re bi ada mi a ne bis pat-
ri o tiz mi, qvey nis siy va ru li da mis da mi rwme na. Se saZ loa swo red am Tvi se beb ma iqo nia is, rom dRes ko re is sam xre Ti na wi li sa zo ga do eb ri vi sfe ros yve la dar gSi mo wi na ve po zi ci-
eb zea, vid re Crdi lo e Ti.
sam xreT ko rea 2010 wlis mo na ce me biT, msof lio qvey ne bis de mok ra ti is in deq sis mi xed-
viT, sru li de mok ra ti is mqo ne qve ya na Ta ric xvSi mox vda da is us wrebs iseT qvey nebs, ro-
go ri caa ia po nia, saf ran ge Ti, ita lia. mec ni e re bi Se niS na ven imas, rom ram de ni me aTe ul wel Si sam xreT ko re am, ro gorc erT_er Tma uRa ri bes ma qve ya nam aseT war ma te bas, ara mxo-
lod eko no mi ku ri ara med de mok ra ti is gan vi Ta re bis Tval saz ri si Tac mi aR wia. ga mow ve ve-
bis kuT xiT yve la ze di dia te ri to ri u li mTli a no bi sa (ko re is ga yo fi li sa xel mwi fo) da iden to bis dac vis prob le ma aR mo sav leT azi a Si. qvey nis sa mo mav lo per speq ti ve bic swo-
red am ga mow ve ve bis pa su xeb zea da mo ki de bu li, rac sam xreT ko re is ara mxo lod xe li suf-
le bis in te re seb Sia, ara med mTe li mo sax le o bis.
yve la fe ri 1905 wels da iw yo, ro de sac ia po no am ru seT Tan omi mo i go, man ga daw yvi ta ko-
re is dap yro ba. ia po ni is in te ress, eq sper te bis ana li ziT, sam xreT ko rea war mo ad gen da, rad gan is bu neb ri vi Tu sxva pi ro be bis ga mo me tad uf ro xel say re li te ri to ri aa, vid re Crdi lo e Ti.
ia po ni am ko rea 1910 wels uk ve mTli a nad da ip yro. ro gorc war sul Si gan vi Ta re bu li mov-
le ne bi gviC ve nebs, dap yro bi li ko re is sam xre Ti na wi li ga mud me biT ajan ye be bi Ta da par-
ti za nu li brZo le biT ga mo ir Ce o da, ra sac ver it yod nen Crdi lo e TiT mde ba re re gi o neb-
ze. eq sper te bis Se fa se biT, dRem de Cans ko re is sam xreT na wil Si mcxov re bi ada mi a ne bis pat ri o tiz mi, qvey nis siy va ru li da mis da mi rwme na. Se saZ loa swo red am Tvi se beb ma iqo nia is, rom dRes ko re is sam xre Ti na wi li sa zo ga do eb ri vi sfe ros yve la dar gSi mo wi na ve po-
zi ci eb zea, vid re Crdi lo e Ti.
Crdi lo eT ko re a Si mcxov re bi mo qa la qe e bis ar se bul po li ti kur kul tu ras isic da e ma ta, rom 1945 wels, ro de sac ia po ni am me o re msof lio om Si ka pi tu la cia ga mo ac xa da, ko re is Crdi lo eT na wi li sru lad da i ka va sab Wo Ta ar mi am. ame ri kam, bri ta neT ma da Ci neT ma sta-
li nis am gva ri qme de bis sa pa su xod Za li an ma le, sam xreT ko re is oku pa cia mo ax di nes. mok le is to ri u li mi mo xil va swo red aq srul de ba, da sav leT ma am gziT ga da u ke ta 38-e pa ra lel-
ze ko mu nis tebs gza, Crdi lo e Tis Sem deg sam xre Tis ke nac, rom ar daZ ru liy vnen.
mec ni e re bi Se niS na ven imas, rom ram de ni me aTe ul wel Si sam xreT ko re am, ro gorc erT-er-
Tma uRa ri bes ma qve ya nam aseT war ma te bas, ara mxo lod eko no mi ku ri ara med de mok ra ti is gan vi Ta re bis Tval saz ri si Tac mi aR wia.
sam xre Ti ko rea, ofi ci a lu rad ko re is res pub li ka, upi ro bo li de ria, ro gorc `azi is vef xve bis~ qvey nebs, ase ve zo ga dad, e.w. axal in dus tri ul qvey nebs So ri sac. ko rea aR mo-
sav leT azi a Si, ko re is na xe var kun Zu lis sam xreT na wil Si mde ba re obs. sa xe li ko rea mom-
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di na re obs ko ri os sa me fo dan. qve ya nas ga aC nia sax me le To as tro no mi u li saz Rva ri Crdi-
lo eT ko re as Tan (Crdi lo e TiT, ga dis 38-e pa ra lel ze) da saz Rvao saz Rvre bi ia po ni a sa (aR mo sav le TiT) da Ci neT Tan (da sav le TiT). me tad sa in te re soa is faq ti, rom ko re a sa da ia po ni as So ris mde ba re ia po ni is zRvas sam xreT ko re a Si aR mo sav le Tis zRvad mo ix se ni e-
ben. ko re is mxa ris gan cxa de biT sa xe li `ia po ni is zRva~ msof lio sa zo ga do e bas Tavs ia-po ni is im pe ri am mo ax via. 1910-1945 wleb Si ko re a Si ad gi li hqon da ia po ni is in ter ven ci as. ami tom ko re is mTav ro bis po zi cia zRvis sa xel wo de bas Tan da kav Si re biT ar iq na gaT va lis-
wi ne bu li, ro ca 1929 wels sa er Ta So ri so hid rog ra fi ul ma sa zo ga do e bam ga mo aq vey na pub-
li ka cia `oke a ne e bi sa da zRve bis saz Rvre bi`.
Tum ca un da aRi niS nos, rom sa xel wo de ba `aR mo sav le Tis zRva~ da ax lo e biT 2000 wels iT-
vlis da bevr Zvel ru ka ze gvxde ba. mag., mar ko po los mog za u ro bis ru ka ze, va xuS ti ba to-
niS vi lis mi er Tar gmnil msof li os po li ti kur ru ka ze da sxv. am Ja mad, es sa kiT xi kvlav gan xil vis sa kiT xia: 2017 wlis ap ril Si mo na ko Si, aR niS nu li or ga ni za ci is Stab-bi na Si mo-
ew yo Sex ved ra, sa dac mxa re ebs 3 we li mis ces Se sa Tan xmeb lad. aR sa niS na via is faq tic, rom Za li an bevr qve ya na Si ga mo ce mul ru keb sa da glo bu seb ze, ase ve; Googl Maps-is, Bing. Maps-is, National Geographic-is cif rul ru keb ze, ori ve sa xel wo de baa da ta ni li.
ko re is dRe van de li sa ga reo ga mow ve va esaa dok dos-tok to (igi ve li an ku ris klde e bi) kun Zu le bis ga da uW re li sa kiT xi, ro me lic Se iZ le ba iT qvas, sa u ku ne ze me ti xa nia,rac ko-
re ul sa zo ga do e bas awu xebs. dRe sac es sa kiT xi aq tu a lu ria da ka ma Tis sa ga nia ia po ni is zRvis Tav da pir ve li sa xel wo de bis _ `aR mo sav le Tis zRvis~ dab ru ne bas Tan er Tad. ori ve ko re is sa xel mwi fo (mi u xe da vad er Tma ne Ti sad mi mtru li gan wyo bi sa) _ Crdi lo e Ti da sam-xre Ti Se Tan xme bu lia ima Si, rom dok dos kun Zu le bi odiT gan ko re is kuT vni le baa, mxo lod 1910 wlis Sem deg, rac ia po ni am da ip yro ko rea, ia po ni am aR niS nu li kun Zu le bi Ta vi sad ga-mo ac xa da. da dRe sac mi aC nia, rom doq dos (tok tos) kun Zu le bi ia po ni as ekuT vnis. ia po nu-
rad mas ta ke Si mas kun Zu lebs uwo de ben.
omi, ra Tqma un da, ga mo ric xu lia. ia po nia da sam xreT ko rea ax lo eko no mi ku ri par tni o re-
bi ari an da di dad ga um jo bes da maT So ris ur Ti er To be bis bo lo wleb Si. wels aRi niS ne ba dip lo ma ti u ri kav Si ris 40 wlis iu bi le da ime di hqon daT, rom ia po ni is mi er ko re is ko-
lo ni za ci is sas ti ki 1910-1945 wle bis mo go ne be bi Tan da Tan qre bo da.
~me ar mes mis, ra tom ac xa de ben ia po ne le bi kun Zu lebs Ta vi sad ax la, ro de sac maT am de-
ni xnis gan mav lo ba Si Cven va kon tro lebT. es TiT qos maT surT is to ri a Si dab run dnen da ko re is xe lax la ko lo ni za cia mo ax di non.~ _ Tqva park sung-sok ma ad gi lob ri vi mrCe ve-
li, ro me lic ko le geb Tan er Tad mi vi da ia po ni is sa el Cos Tan pro tes tis niS nad. is erT _ erT jguf Tan iyo _ is to ri ko se bi dan daw ye bu li yo fil ko man do e bam de _ rom le bic ia po-
ni is sa el Co Si mi di od nen, ra Ta ga mo e xa taT Ta vi an Ti ris xva. `Cven amas uf ro se ri o zu lad vu yu rebT, vid re Crdi lo eT ko re is bir Tvul saf rTxes`-Tqva erT-er Tma pro tes tan tma-
king hong qol ma ,-`Cven igi ve xal xi varT, rac Crdi lo eT ko re a Si da Cven Seg viZ lia da va-
re gu li roT ur Ti er To be bi er Tma neT Tan. mag ram ia po nia sxva qve ya naa da igi gvip yrob da Cven sxva das xva dros war sul dro e ba Si,`-Tqva man.
doq do ze, anu ta ke Si ma ze, ro gorc kun Zu leb ze, ia po ni a Si cno bi lia da va mra val-
wli a ni da gam Ri zi a ne be li, rac ar Rvevs sam xreT ko re as Tan uke Tes ur Ti er To bebs. kun Zu le bi So re u li da da u sax le bu lia da or qve ya nas So ris na xe var gza ze mde ba re obs. mag ram isi ni mdi dar sa Tev zao ad gi leb ze ari an gan Tav se bu li da am re gi on Si ase ve bevrs
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la pa ra ko ben po ten ci u ri ga zis sa ba do eb ze. da va kvlav gaC nda mas Sem deg, rac ia po ni is el Cma sam xreT ko re a Si se ul Si ga mar Tul pres kon fe ren ci a ze aRad gi na to ki os mxri dan is to ri u li da sa mar Tleb ri vi sar Ce li.
amis Sem dgom ko re is ris xvam piks mi aR wia, ro de sac ia po ni is Si ma nes pre feq tu ram mi i Ro ka-no ni, ro me lic 1905 wli dan doq dos kun Zu leb ze mi si ofi ci a lu ri mflo be lo bis 100 wlis iu bi les ix se ni ebs. ima ve wels ia po ni am da iw yo Ta vi si ko lo ni u ri mmar Tve lo bis kon so li-
da cia ko re is na xe var kun Zul ze. sam xreT ko re is mTav ro ba am bobs, rom ia po ni is es na bi je bi se ri o zul zi ans aye nebs or qve ya nas So ris me gob rul ur Ti er To bebs.
`es ar aris mxo lod te ri to ri u li sa kiT xi, mag ram aris mxo lod Cve ni erov nu li gan Ta-
vi suf le bis is to ri is uar yo fa, ise ve ro gorc ia po ni is war su li ag re si is ga mar Tle ba`, _ Tqva erov nu li uSiS ro e bis sab Wos Tav jdo ma rem Cung don gma. sam xreT ko rea ac xa debs, rom is mi i Rebs zo mebs mi si kon tro lis ga saZ li e reb lad kun Zu leb ze, rom le bic am Ja mad da ka ve bu lia saz Rvao po li ci is raz miT.
ase ve di di mcde lo be bia uke Te si re gi o nu li Ta nam Srom lo bi sa da ur Ti erT ga ge bis gan vi-Ta re bi saT vis. sam xreT ko rea ac xa debs, rom surs ga ag rZe los me gob ru li kav Si re bis gan-vi Ta re ba. ur Ti er To be bi am re gi on Si Za li an myi fea da is to ri u li da ve bi yve la ze rTu li ga mow ve vaa, ro mel sac Cven vxvde biT`, _ am bobs rai iung-ho Crdi lo-aR mo sav leT azi is Ta-
nam Srom lo bis sap re zi den to ko mi te tis Sex ved ris Se sa xeb. igi gu lis xmob da ara mxo lod ia po ni as Tan ur Ti er To bebs, ara med Ci neT Tan emo ci ur, is to ri ul da pi ris pi re bas, rac ase ve ko re is su ve re ni te tis ken iS le ba.
re gi o nis mTav ro be bi bevrs la pa ra ko ben eko no mi ku ri in teg ra ci i sa da Ta namS rom lo bis sa Wi ro e ba ze. mag ram war su lis Zve li da pi ris pi re be bi dRe van de lo bas sul uf ro me tad afer xebs. sa me zob lo Si mde ba re gi gan te bi, Ci ne Ti da ia po nia, er Tma neTs isev Zve li Se fa-
se be biT ud ge bi an, Zi ri Ta di prob le ma ki xal xis gan sax le baa. am kuT xiT sam xreT ko re is prob le ma Su a gul Si maT Tvis ara sa si a mov nod aris wa moW ri li (Scanlon, 2005).
doq do-s sa kiT xi Se ad gen da aka de mi u ri ga mo Zi e bis po pu la rul are als, ro gorc ko re a Si, ase ve ia po ni a Si, mag ram ram de ni me kvle vam ga a far To va ma Ti kvle vis pa ra met ri kiT xva ze, Tu vin aris am kun Zu lis ka no ni e ri mflo be li. ro go ric ar un da iyos ka no ni e ri pre ten-
zi e bi doq dos Tan mi mar Te ba Si, doq dos sa kiT xi ga far Tov da, rom igi war mo ad gens mniS-vne lo van po li ti kur aq cents ori ve qvey nis sa Si nao saq me eb Si da rCe ba yov lis mom cvel da ga ma Ri zi a ne bel Te mad ko rea-ia po ni is ur Ti er To beb Si. am rTu li sa kiT xis sru li ga ge ba Se uZ le be lia mxo lod sa mar Tleb ri vi da is to ri u li ar gu men te bis sa Su a le biT. doq dos aka de mi u ri ga Su qe bi sas ar se bu li wi na aR mde go be bis ga da lax vis miz niT, gar kve u li mec ni-
e re bi cdi lo ben da ad gi non di na mi ka, rom li Tac eq stra le ga lur ma da eq stra is to ri ul ma faq to reb ma mo ax di nes ur Ti er Tqme de ba da ga ar Tu les es sa da vo sa kiT xi (Kozisek David, Them and Us: Constructing South Korean National Identity through the Liancourt Rocks Dispute, 2016:1-18).
mag ram mi u xe da vad bev ri mcde lo bi sa da am sa kiT xis mra val sxva das xva for mat Si wa moW-
ra-gan xil vi sa, dRe sac araa miR we u li Se Tan xme ba. miT ume tes, rom sam xreT ko re is gar Se-
mo ar se bu li qvey ne bis daj gu fe ba, sru li ad araa da in te re se bu li am prob le mis sam xreT ko re is sa sar geb lod ga daW ris. pi ri qiT, doq dos sa kiT xi yve la am yvey ni saT vis in te re sis sfe ros war mo ad gens da cdi lo ben sa ku Ta ri sar geb lis mig ne bas. es qvey ne bia: ia po nia, Ci-ne Ti, ru se Ti da Crdi lo eT ko rea, Tum ca Crdi lo eT ko re is Tvi sac dok dos sa kiT xi Zal-
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zed mniS vne lo va nia, rom igi ga da iW ras ko re is sa sar geb lod (ra Tqma un da, Crdi lo eT ko-
re is egi diT da mi si gav le niT).
er Ta der Ti qve ya na, vinc sam xreT ko re as am kuT xiT mxars da u Wers, esaa ame ri kis Se er Te-
bu li Sta te bi. Cvenc swo red ami tom avir Ci eT es sa kiT xi sak vle vad, Tu ro go ria aSS-s po-
zi cia doq dos prob le mas Tan mi mar Te ba Si. 2018 wels, iv lis Si ga i mar Ta aR mo sav leT azi is qvey ne bis is to ri is fon di sa da ev rok li os or ga ni za ci is mi er or ga ni ze bu li kon fe ren cia `is to ri is swav le ba saz Rvre bis miR ma msof li os gar Se mo`, erT-er Ti sa kiT xi da de ba te bi doq dos prob le mas mi eZ Rvna. is to ri kos ma da ze moT aR niS nu li fon dis war mo mad ge nel ma, sam xreT ko re el ma nam sang gum aR niS nul kon fe ren ci a ze war mod ge nil mox se ne ba Si ia po ni-
is Se xe du le be bi is to ri is prob le meb ze~ xa zi ga us va ga mo kiT xvas, ro me lic Ca tar da 2018 wlis 18 iv niss ori ve qve ya na Si sa kiT xze-ra tom gaqvT cu di war mod ge na ia po ni a ze (sam xreT ko re e le bi saT vis) da sam xreT ko re a ze (ia po ne le bi saT vis). sam xreT ko re is ga mo kiT xul-
Ta 65.3%-ma aR niS na Ta vi si uar yo fi Ti da mo ki de bu le ba ia po ni as Tan da kav Si re biT doq dos te ri to ri u li kon fliq tis ga mo. xo lo ia po ne le bis 27.6%-ma igi ve ga i me o ra ko re e leb Tan mi mar Te ba Si ( Polina Campbell Teaching the Borderless History around the World, 2016:19-22).
aR niS nul kon fe ren ci a ze TiT qmis yve la mo na wi le sam xreT ko re is mxri dan pir da pir Tu iri bad Se e xo doq dos prob le mas. sa bo lo od, das kvnis sa xiT ga mo ik ve Ta, rom mi u xe da vad sam xreT da Crdi lo eT ko re is er TmniS vne lo va ni po zi ci i sa doq dos sa kiT xTan da kav Si-
re biT, ar se bo ben di di sa xel mwi fo e bi Ta vi an Ti in te re se biT re gi on Si (rad gan doq dos prob le ma scil de ba ko rea-ia po ni is ur Ti er To bebs), ro go re bi caa: Ci ne Ti, ia po nia, ru se-
Ti da aSS, ro mel Ta So ri sac un da ga i mar Tos mo la pa ra ke ba aR niS nul sa kiT xze. am sa kiT-
xis Se saZ lo ga daw yve tis Sem dgo mi eta pi al baT un da iyos ori ko re is ga er Ti a ne ba, rac ase ve dRis wes rig Si dgas uk ve di di xa nia sam xreT ko re is aka de mi ur wre eb Si. Crdi lo eT da sam xreT ko re is ga er Ti a ne ba _ am sce nars pe kin Si sif rTxi liT eki de bi an, rad gan ar se bobs udi de si San si, rom ga er Ti a ne bu li ko rea ame ri kul po lus ze aR moC nde ba. da Tu Crdi lo-
eT ko re is Tvis bir Tvu li sta tu sis Ca mor Tme va ori qvey nis ga er Ti a ne bis mi ze zi gax da, sam xre Ti Cay la pavs Crdi lo eTs da ara pi ri qiT.
aSS re gi on Si Zli er sa te lits mi Rebs, Ci ne Tis ge o po li ti ku ri mdgo ma re o ba ki ga u a res-
de ba. ax la Ci ne Tis Tvis mniS vne lo va nia, rom pro ce sebs ar Ca mor Ces da Crdi lo eT ko rea Se i nar Cu nos, ro gorc Zli e ri an ti a me ri ku li sa xel mwi fo. Crdi lo eT da sam xreT ko re as So ris ur Ti er To bis da re gu li re ba su lac ar aZ levs xels ia po ni as, rom lis mTav ro bas ar surs mi i Ros sam ya ros Tan in teg ri re bu li, Zli e ri da Ci ne Tis mo kav Si re Crdi lo eT ko-
rea. ia po ni is da Ci ne Tis ur Ti er To be bi, rbi lad rom vTqvaT, sa xar bi e lo ar aris da yve la ge o po li ti ku ri sce na ri, ro me lic re gi on Si Ci neTs ga aZ li e rebs, ia po ni as da a sus tebs. am Sem Txve va Si, ia po nu ri mxa re iZu le bu li iq ne ba, ki dev uf ro me tad gax des da mo ki de bu li ame ri ka ze.
ru se Tis Tvis Crdi lo eT ko re is prob le mis ga daW ra mniS vne lo va nia, rad gan is re gi on Si karg sa vaW ro par tni or sa da Ci neT Tan ur Ti er To bis dam ba lan se bels Se i Zens. ru se Tis mTav ro ba So re ul aR mo sav leT Si Crdi lo eT ko re as Tan da ma kav Si re be li sa av to mo bi lo xi dis aSe ne bas geg mavs, ro mel zec di di ode no bis tvir Tis ga da ta na iq ne ba Se saZ le be li. ax la Crdi lo eT ko re i dan ru seT Si (an pi ri qiT) sax me le To gziT tvir Tis ga da ta na mxo-
lod Ci ne Tis gav li Taa Se saZ le be li, Ta nac am tvir Tma 23 gam Sve bi pun qti un da ga i a ros, rac aZ vi rebs da ar Tu lebs pro cess.
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me o re mxriv, Crdi lo eT da sam xreT ko re is ga er Ti a ne ba xels ar aZ levs arc ru seTs, rad-
gan pro a me ri ku li ko re is ar se bo ba ma Tac saf rTxes uq mnis. sce na ris ne bis mi e ri gan vi Ta-
re ba, gar kve ul wi lad, xels aZ levs sam xreT ko re as. is an ga ni a ra Re bul mSvi do bi an me zo-
bels mi i Rebs ,an Ta vis gav le na Si mo aq vcevs Crdi lo eT ko re as da ki dev uf ro ga i may rebs par tni o rul ur Ti er To bas aSS-sTan. me o re mxriv, ga er Ti a ne bis Sem Txve va Si dam Zim de ba mi si eko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o ba.
am fon ze dok dos prob le mis mog va re ba, ra Tqma un da Za li an sa Tu oa, Tum ca bo lod ro in-
de li Crdi lo eT da sam xreT ko re is da ax lo e bis ten den ci e bi da am da ax lo e ba Si aSS-s ro-
li gar kve ul imeds iZ le va, rom sa mo mav lod es sa kiT xi ga da iW re ba ko re is sa sar geb lod. mag ram ra uf ro ad re mox de ba, ori ko re is ga er Ti ne ba, Tu dok dos kun Zu le bis ofi ci a lu-
ri mi kuT vne ba ko re i saT vis, es ki dev sa ka ma To Te maa. Tum ca ze moT aR niS nul kon fe ren ci-
a ze-Crdi lo -aR mo sav leT azi is fon dis mi er or ga ni ze bu li 2018 wels_ mkvle va re bis mi er aRi niS na, rom aR niS nu li sa kiT xi-dok dos prob le ma _ un da mog var des mo la pa ra ke be bis gziT 4 sa xel mwi fos So ris-ia po ni as, Ci neTs, ru seT sa da aSS-s So ris.
sa in te re soa, ro gor Ca mo ya lib da aSS-s po zi cia doq dos prob le ma ze. pir ve li, te ri to-
ri u li da va doq do/ta ke Si mas Tan da kav Si re biT Zi ri Ta dad war mo iS va aSS-s ara Tan mim dev-
ru li po li ti kis ga mo, doq do / ta ke Si mas mi marT 1945 wli dan 1952 wlam de. Se er Te bul ma Sta teb ma Tav da pir ve lad Se i mu Sa va kun Zu lis ko re i saT vis dab ru ne bis po li ti ka, rad gan is ko re is im na wils war mo ad gen da, ro me lic ia po ni am 1905 wels ara le ga lu ri sa Su a le be-
bis ga mo ye ne biT Se i Zi na da, ro gorc ase Ti, sa Wi ro iyo mi si ka no ni e ri mflo be lis Tvis (ko-
rea) dab ru ne ba ka i ro sa da pot sda mis dek la ra ci e bis mi xed viT. pot sda mis dek la ra ci iT gaT va lis wi ne bu li Ca ba re bis pi ro be bis mi Re bi sas, ia po nia Se Tan xmda, rom da ub ru nos is te ri to ria, ro me lic mas hqon da da ka ve bu li. gar da ami sa, aSS-s sa xel mwi fo de par ta men-
tis mi er 1947 wli dan 1949 wlis no em bram de mom za de bu li ia po ni as Tan sam Svi do bo xel Sek-
ru le bis ram de ni me sxva das xva pro eq ti ase ve iT va lis wi neb da doq dos dab ru ne bas ko re a Si.
ci vi omis gam wva ve bis fon ze, ia po ni is mi marT sa o ku pa cio po li ti kam ga ni ca da mniS vne lo-
va ni cvli le ba 1948 wlis Sem deg. aSS-s ar sur da ia po ni is mi marT sa dam sje lo po li ti kis gan xor ci e le ba. pi ri qiT, mas sur da da ex ma re bo da ia po ni as eko no mi kis aR dge na sa da re-
kon struq ci a Si.
imav dro u lad, Se er Te bul ma Sta teb ma da iw yo Ta vi si Se xe du le bi sa mebr ga da e xe da sa ku-
Tar po zi ci as doq dos sam xreT ko re i saT vis dab ru ne bis sa kiTxs imis gaT va lis wi ne biT, rom usaf rTxo e bis mdgo ma re o ba ko re is na xe var kun Zul ze mniS vne lov nad ga u a res da Ci-neT Si1949 wels ko mu nis tu ri re Ji mis ga mar jve bis Sem deg da ase ve na xe var kun Zu lis stra-
te gi u li mde ba re o bis gaT va lis wi ne bis ga mo.
san-fran cis kos 1951 wlis 8 seq tem bris sam Svi do bo xel Sek ru le ba Si ar iyo mi Ti Te bu li doq do/ta ke Si ma. ia po ni am gan mar ta, rom es ar niS navs imas, rom sam Svi do bo xel Sek ru le bam aRi a ra ia po ni is pre ten zia, rad gan es ar iT va lis wi nebs doq dos dab ru ne bas ko re a Si. Ta vis mxriv, sam xreT ko re am xaz gas miT aR niS na, rom mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom me_2 (a) mux li araa aR-
niS nu li doq dos sa mi di di kun Zu li, rom le bic un da dab ru ne bu li yo ko re a Si, igi aS ka rad ar ga mo ric xavs doq dos ko re is mci re of So ru li kun Zu le bi dan.
yo vel Sem Txve va Si, Se er Te bul ma Sta teb ma ga daw yvi ta ne it ra lu ri po zi cia mo-
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e po ve bi na doq do/ta ke Si mas sa kiT xze, imis gaT va lis wi ne biT, rom aSS _ ia po-
ni is usaf rTxo e bis xel Sek ru le bas ar Se eZ lo dok dos prob le mis mog va re ba. mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom aSS ia po ni as ur Cev da sam xreT ko re as Tan Se Tan xme bu li doq dos/ta-
ke Si mas Se sa xeb or mxri vi mo la pa ra ke be bis gziT, ma Si nac Se er Te bul ma Sta teb ma Se i nar-
Cu na ne it ra lu ri po zi cia dok dos sa kiT xTan da kav Si re biT (International Journal of Korean Studies • Vol. XIII, No. 2,2009).
sam xreT ko rea da ia po nia bu neb ri vi stra te gi u li mo kav Si re e bi ari an, ro de sac saq me ex mi-a ne ba te ri to ri u li pre ten zi e bis dac vas Ci ne Tis am bi ci e bis wi na aR mdeg. Ci ne Tis pre ten-
zia aqvs ia po ni is se na ka kis kun Zu le bis (te ri to ri u li da va se na ka kis kun Zu le bis sa kuT-
re ba Si (di a ou). ia po ni is Ci ne Tis kun Zu le bi) da ko re is gar kve u li ri fe bis Se sa xeb. xo lo Ci ne Ti mzad yof nas ga moT qvams, ga mo i ye nos eko no mi ku ri ja ri me bi Sem dgo mi po li ti ku ri miz ne bi saT vis, rac saf rTxes uq mnis ko re a sa da ia po ni as.
doq do/ta ke Si mas su ve re ni te tis sa kiT xis ga daw yve ta ga am ya rebs si tu a ci as ga dam wyve ti sa saz Rvro Se Tan xme be bi sa da ko re a sa da ia po ni as So ris Se saZ lo Ta nam Srom lo bis Tvis, am sfe ro Si ar se bu li re sur se bis sa mo mav lo mo Zi e bas Tan da kav Si re biT. ia po ni am un da wa mo-
iw yos es ini ci a ti va, rad gan mi si pre ten zi e bi doq dos sa kiT xTan da kav Si re biT nak le bad sa va ra u doa. es sa mo mav lo e.w. ga ri ge ba mo iT xovs, rom ia po nel ma li de reb ma mo i sur von kom pro mis ze was vla, ra Ta mi aR wi on Se Tan xme bas ko re as Tan. gar da ami sa, ko re is li de re-
bi un da Se e ca don Se a fa son sa ku Ta ri na ci o na lis tu ri ri to ri ka da aRi a ron ori qvey nis me gob ru li ur Ti er Tda mo ki de bu le ba. Se iZ le ba Tu ara ia po ni is da ko re is po li ti kur ma li de reb ma Se as ru lon es amo ca na da mi aR wi on Se Tan xme bas, ro me lic au ci le be lia doq do/ta ke Si ma is sa kiT xis ga da saW re lad?! mag ram isic ga saT va lis wi ne be lia, rom azi a Si ar se bu-
li ase Ti sa xis da va mra val ric xo va nia da rTu li da ar aqvT mar ti vi ga mo sa va li. na ci o na-
liz mi sa da is to ri u li wi aR svle bis kon teq stSi, es te ri to ri u li da ve bi kon fliq tis sa-SiS Se saZ leb lo bebs qmnis. am ri gad, Se iZ le ba dro dad ga iyos dis ku sia imis Ta o ba ze, aris Tu ara for mu li re bu li gar kve u li prin ci pe bi am sa kiT xe bis mSvi do bi a ni ga daw yve tis-
Tvis mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom ar se bu li po li ti ku ri da sa mar Tleb ri vi Car Co e biT, kom pro-
mi si sad Rac un da da iw yos. ia po ni a sa da ko re as So ris da va doq do / ta ke Si mas kun Zu leb ze, Se ri ge bis uni ka lu ri Se saZ leb lo baa. mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom is to ri u li kon teq stiT ma-Ti po zi ci e bi ga yo fi lia da da pi ris pi re bu li, es ori qve ya na eko no mi ku rad aris ga dax-
lar Tu li er Tma neT Si da msgavs po zi ci eb zea da pi ris pi re bu li Ci neT Tan mi mar Te ba Si, rac zrdis re gi o nu li re a lo bis cvli le bas. am ri gad, kom pro mi si ia po nia-sam xreT ko re as So-
ris uf ro pro duq ti u li iq ne ba, rom mo ag var des yve la is to ri u li mtro ba ko re a sa da ia-po ni as So ris. es sa Su a le bas mis cems ori ve qve ya nas uke Te sad mar Ton Ta vi an Ti mo ma va li ur Ti er To be bi Ci neT Tan da da i viw yon war su li da ve bi (Kim, 2009).
am gva rad, sad Re i sod doq do-ta ke Si mas prob le ma mog va re bu li ar aris ise ve, ro gor Za li-
an bev ri te ri to ri u li prob le ma sa xel mwi fo Ta So ris msof li o Si. mag ram dok dos prob-
le ma scil de ba te ri to ri ul prob le mas ori ve ko re is sa xel mwi fos Tval saz ri siT da igi ko re el Ta iden to bis dac vis sa kiTxs ukav Sir de ba, rac erov nu li er Ti a no bis sa fuZ ve lia ko re e le bis Tvis. Tum ca es sa kiT xi sul uf ro Za bavs ur Ti er To bebs Crdi lo-aR mo sav leT azi is sa xel mwi fo eb sa da msof lio ze sa xel mwi fo ebs So ris. ga mo sa vals ame ri kis Se er Te-
bu li Sta te bi go niv rul kom pro mis Si xe davs.
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li te ra tu ra:
____________________________________________________________________________1. Kim Hong Nack, the U.S. and the Territorial Dispute on Dokdo/Takeshima between Japan and Korea,
1945-1954, West Virginia University ABSTRACT, International Journal of Korean Studies • Vol. XIII, No. 2,2009
2. Kozisek David, Them and Us: Constructing South Korean National Identity through the Liancourt Rocks Dispute, Culture Mandala: Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic St udies, Vol. 12, No. 1, September-December 2016, pp1-18;
3. Nam Sang Gu (NAHF), Japanese Pavilion-Japan through the Window of Historical Issues, Teaching the Borderless History around the World, 2018, p.22. The HAHF-EUROCLIO Joint Conference on History Education;
4. Scanlon Charles, South Koreans vent fury at Japan, 18 M arch 2005, BBC News, Seoul;5. Polina Campbell,Teaching the Borderless History around the World, Culture Mandala: Bulletin of the
Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, September-December 2016, pp19-22
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THE UNRESOLVED ISSUE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BEFORE COVID-19 AND DURING `COVID SITUATION~
(The unresolved issue in North-East Asian countries on the position of Dokdo and the United States)
Nana TsikhistaviAssociated Professor,
New Higher Education Institute
Tamar KopaleishviliAffi liated Assistant,
New Higher Education Institute
Abstract
The Dokdo problem has long plagued both Koreas and is trying to solve the problem through negotiations, roundtables or scientifi c conferences.
Despite South and North Korea’s unequivocal position on the Dokdo issue, there are large states with their own interests in the region (because the Dokdo problem goes beyond Korean-Japanese relations), such as China, Japan, Russia, and the United States, among which negotiations must be held. The next possible step in resolving this issue should probably be the unifi cation of the two Koreas, which has also been on the agenda for a long time in South Korean academic circles.
Resolving the Dokdo problem, of course, is very tangible, but recent North and South Korean rapproche-ment trends, and the US role in this rapprochement, give some hope that the issue will be resolved in favor of Korea in the future.
However, what will happen sooner is_ the unifi cation of the two Koreas, or if the offi cial assignment of the Dokdo Islands to Korea is, still a controversial topic. However, at the 2018 conference, organized by the North East Asian Fund, researchers noted that the issue _ the Dokdo problem _ should be resolved through negotiations between four countries _ Japan, China, Russia and the United States.
The Dokdo problem goes beyond the territorial problem in terms of both Korean states, and it is linked to the issue of protecting Korean identity, which is the basis of national unity for Koreans. However, this is-sue is increasingly straining relations between the Northeast Asian states and the world’s superpowers. The United States sees a solution in a reasonable compromise.
Key words: International relations, Covid-19, resolve problem, Dokdo, territorial problem.
1. Introduction
In the modern world, there are offi cially two Koreas, the North _ communist and the South _ capitalist. Although Korean history spans millennia, there has never been a precedent for the northern and southern parts of the country was cut off from each other.
It was ideological differences and other additional factors that infl uenced the two sides of the same country
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to develop differently, including diplomatic, information or military war to this day, and border clashes of various scales are commonly perceived as a phenomenon.
According to experts, the patriotism, love of the country and faith in the people of South Korea would be seen. Perhaps these qualities made the southern part of Korea today more advanced in all areas of the public sphere than the North.
According to 2010 data, South Korea is among the countries with full democracies according to the World Democracy Index, and it is ahead of countries such as Japan, France and Italy.
Scientists note that in a few decades, South Korea, as one of the poorest countries, has achieved such suc-cess, not only in terms of economic but also in terms of the development of democracy. In terms of chal-lenges, the biggest problem is the protection of territorial integrity (divided state of Korea) and identity in East Asia. The future prospects of the country also depend on the answers to these challenges, which are in the interests not only of the South Korean government, but also of the entire population.
2. Presentation of the main research material
It all started in 1905, when Japan won the war with Russia, it decided to conquer Korea. According to experts, Japan was interested in South Korea, because it is a more favorable area than the North due to natural or other conditions. Japan had already completely conquered Korea in 1910. As past events show, the southern part of conquered Korea was marked by constant uprisings and guerrilla warfare, something that could not be said of the northern regions. According to experts, the patriotism, love of the country and faith in the people of South Korea can still be seen. Perhaps these qualities made the southern part of Korea today more advanced in all areas of the public sphere than the North.
Added to the existing political culture of citizens living in North Korea was the fact that in 1945, when Japan declared its capitulation in World War II, the northern part of Korea had been completely occupied by the Soviet army. The United States, Britain, and China soon invaded South Korea in response to Stalin’s actions. A brief historical overview ends here, with the West blocking the way for the Communists on the 38th parallel, then from the north to the south, so as not to sail.
Scientists note that in a few decades, South Korea, as one of the poorest countries, has achieved such suc-cess, not only in terms of economic but also in terms of the development of democracy.
South Korea, offi cially the Republic of Korea, is the undisputed leader of the `Asian Tigers~ countries, as well as the so-called Even among new industrialized countries. Korea is located in East Asia, in the south-ern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name Korea comes from the Kingdom of Koreo.
The country has a land astronomical border with North Korea (north runs along the 38th parallel) and mari-time borders with Japan (east) and China (west). More interesting is the fact that the Sea of Japan, located between Korea and Japan, is referred to as the East Sea in South Korea. According to the Korean side, the Japanese Empire gave the name `Sea of Japan~ to the world community. In 1910-1945, Japan intervened in Korea. Therefore, the Korean government’s position on the name of the sea was not taken into account when in 1929 the International Hydrographic Society published the publication `Borders of Oceans and Seas~.
However, it should be noted that the name `East Sea~ dates back to about 2000 and can be found on many old maps. E.g. On the travel map of Marco Polo, on the political map of the world translated by Vakhushti
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Batonishvili, etc. Currently, this issue is still under discussion: in April 2017 in Monaco, a meeting was held at the headquarters of the organization, where the parties were given 3 years to agree. Also noteworthy is the fact that on maps and globes published in too many countries, as well; Google Maps, Bing. Maps-is, on National Geographic digital maps, bears both names.
Korea’s current foreign challenge is the unresolved issue of the Dokdo-Tokto (same as Liankur Rocks) is-lands, which can be said to have plagued Korean society for more than a century. This issue is still relevant today and is the subject of controversy with the return of the original name of the Sea of Japan _ East Sea~. Both Korean states (despite their hostility to each other) _ the North and the South _ have agreed that the Dokdo Islands have long belonged to Korea. In addition, even today it is believed that the Dokdo (Tokto) Islands belong to Japan. In Japanese, it is called Takeshima Islands.
War, of course, is out of the question. Japan and South Korea are close economic partners and relations be-tween them have greatly improved in recent years. This year marks the 40th anniversary of the Diplomatic Union and it was hoped that the memories of the brutal 1910-1945 colonization of Korea by Japan would gradually fade.
~I do not understand why the Japanese are claiming the islands themselves now that we have controlled them for so long. It is as if they want to go back in history and re-colonize Korea. `_ said Park Sung-Sock, a local councilor who came with colleagues to the Japanese embassy in protest. He was with one of the groups _ from historians to former commandos _ who went to the Japanese embassy to express their anger. `We take this more seriously than the North Korean nuclear threat,~ said King Hong Koll, one of the Prot-estants, _ `We are the same people as in North Korea and we can normalize our relations with each other. `But Japan is another country and it has occupied us at different times in the past,~ he said.
Dokdo, or Takeshima, as an island, is known in Japan as a perennial and irritating dispute that disrupts bet-ter relations with South Korea. The islands are remote, uninhabited, and located halfway between the two countries. However, they are located in rich fi shing grounds and there is a lot of talk in this region about potential gas deposits. The dispute resurfaced after the Japanese ambassador to South Korea reopened a historic and legal lawsuit against Tokyo at a news conference in Seoul.
Korea’s anger then reached a peak when the Japanese Shemans Prefecture passed a law commemorating the 100th anniversary of its offi cial ownership of the Dokdo Islands since 1905. In the same year, Japan be-gan consolidating its colonial rule over the Korean Peninsula. The South Korean government says Japan’s moves are seriously damaging friendly relations between the two countries.
~This is not just a territorial issue, it is just a denial of our history of national liberation, as well as a justifi -cation for Japan’s past aggression,~ said Chung Dong, chairperson of the National Security Council. South Korea says it will take steps to strengthen its control over islands currently occupied by a naval police squad. There are also great efforts to develop better regional cooperation and mutual understanding. South Korea says it wants to continue developing friendly ties. `Relations in this region are very fragile and his-torical disputes are the most diffi cult challenge we face,~ said Ray Jung-ho at a meeting of the Northeast Asia-Pacifi c Presidential Cooperation Committee. He meant not only relations with Japan but also an emo-tional, historical confrontation with China, which is also collapsing towards Korean sovereignty.
The governments of the region talk a lot about the need for economic integration and cooperation. How-ever, the old controversies of the past are increasingly hindering the present. Neighboring giants, China and Japan, are still facing each other with old estimates, and the main problem is the resettlement of people. In this respect, the South Korean problem is uncomfortable for them in the middle (Scanlon, 2005).
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The Dokdo issue has been a popular area of academic inquiry in both Korea and Japan, but several studies have expanded the scope of their research to the question of who is the legal owner of this island. Whatever the legal claims against Dokdo, the Dokdo issue has expanded to include a signifi cant political focus on the domestic affairs of both countries and to remain a pervasive and irritating topic in Korea-Japan relations. A full understanding of this complex issue is impossible only through legal and historical arguments. In order to overcome the contradictions in Docto’s academic coverage, some scholars attempt to identify the dynam-ics by which extralegal and extra-historical factors interact and complicate this controversial issue (Kozisek David, Them and Us: Constructing South Korean National Identity 2016 through the Liancou: 1-1).
Nevertheless, despite many attempts and discussions on this issue in many different formats, no agreement has been reached today. Moreover, the grouping of countries around South Korea is not at all interested in solving this problem in favor of South Korea. On the contrary, the question of doxo is a fi eld of interest for all these countries and they try to fi nd their own benefi t. These countries are: Japan, China, Russia and North Korea, although even for North Korea the issue of Dokdo is very important to resolve in favor of Korea (of course, under the auspices of North Korea and its infl uence).
The only country that will support South Korea in this regard is the United States. That is why we have chosen this issue as a study of the US position on the problem of Doctrine. In July 2018, the East Asia Foundation and the Euro Clio, one of the topics and debates on Dokdo, organized a conference on `Teach-ing History beyond the World around the World~. Nam Sang Gum, a historian and representative of the aforementioned foundation, highlighted Japan’s views on the problems of history in a report presented at the conference on June 18, 2018 in both countries on the question of why you have a bad image of Japan (for South Koreans) and South Korea (For the Japanese). 65.3% of South Korean respondents indicated their negative attitude towards Japan due to the Doctrine Territorial Confl ict. In addition, 27.6% of Japa-nese repeated the same with Koreans (Polina Campbell Teaching the Borderless History around the World, 2016: 19-22).
Almost all the participants in the conference from the South Korean side directly or indirectly addressed the issue of Doctrine. Finally, it was concluded that despite the unequivocal position of South and North Korea on the issue of Doctrine, there are large states with their own interests in the region (because the Doctrine problem goes beyond Korean-Japanese relations); Such as China, Japan, Russia and the United States, which should be negotiated on this issue. The next step in resolving this issue probably should be the unifi cation of the two Koreas, which has also been on the agenda for a long time in South Korean academic circles.
Unifi cation of North and South Korea _ This scenario is being avoided in Beijing, as there is a high chance that a united Korea will fi nd itself at the American pole. In addition, if the seizure of nuclear status for North Korea has led to the unifi cation of the two countries, the South will swallow the North and not the other way around.
The US will receive a strong satellite in the region, while China’s geopolitical situation will deteriorate. Now it is important for China not to lag behind in the processes and to keep North Korea as a strong anti-American state. Regulating relations between North and South Korea does not necessarily help Japan, whose government does not want to take on North Korea, which is integrated with the world, strong and an ally of China. Relations between Japan and China are, to put it mildly, unfavorable, and all the geopolitical scenarios that will strengthen China in the region will weaken Japan. In this case, the Japanese side will be forced to become even more dependent on America.
Resolving North Korea’s problem is important for Russia as it acquires a good trading partner in the region
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and a balancer in relations with China. The Russian government plans to build a road bridge connecting the Far East with North Korea, on which a large amount of cargo will be able to be transported. It is now possible to transport cargo from North Korea to Russia (or vice versa) by land only through China, and this cargo must pass through 23 checkpoints, which makes the process more expensive and more complicated.
On the other hand, the unifi cation of North and South Korea does not help Russia either, because the ex-istence of a pro-American Korea poses a threat to them as well. Any development of the scenario will, to some extent, benefi t South Korea. It will either adopt an unarmed peaceful neighbor, or infl uence North Korea and further strengthen its partnership with the United States. On the other hand, in case of unifi ca-tion, its economic situation will worsen. Against this background, resolving the Dokdo problem is certainly very plausible, although recent North and South Korean rapprochement trends and the US role in this rap-prochement give some hope that the issue will be resolved in Korea’s favor in the future. Nevertheless, what will happen sooner, the unifi cation of the two Koreas, if the offi cial attribution of the Dokdo Islands to Korea, is another controversial topic.
However, at the above conference _ organized by the Northeast Asia Foundation in 2018 _ the research-ers noted that the issue _ the Dokdo problem _ should be resolved through negotiations between the four countries _ Japan, China, Russia and the United States.
It is interesting how the US position on the Dokdo problem was formed. First, the territorial dispute over Dokdo / Takeshima arose largely due to inconsistent US policy toward Dokdo / Takeshima from 1945 to 1952. The United States originally developed a return policy for the island to Korea, as it was part of Korea, which was acquired by Japan in 1905 through illegal means.
Moreover, as such, it was necessary for its rightful owner (Korea) to return it according to the Cairo and Potsdam Declarations. In accepting the terms of the surrender provided for in the Potsdam Declaration, Japan agreed to return the territory it had occupied. In addition, several different draft peace treaties with Japan prepared by the U.S. Department of State from 1947 to November 1949 also provided for the return of Dokdo to Korea.
Amid the escalation of the Cold War, the occupation policy towards Japan underwent a signifi cant change after 1948. The US did not want to pursue a punitive policy towards Japan. Instead, he wanted to help Japan rebuild and rebuild its economy.
At the same time, the United States began to reconsider its position on the return of Dokdo to South Korea, given that the security situation on the Korean Peninsula had deteriorated signifi cantly since the victory of the communist regime in China in 1949, as well as the strategic location of the peninsula.
The San Francisco Peace Treaty of September 8, 1951 did not specify Dokdo / Takeshima. Japan clarifi ed that this does not mean that the peace treaty recognized Japan’s claim, as it does not provide for the return of Dokdo to Korea. For its part, South Korea has emphasized that although Article 2 (a) does not mention the three major islands of Doctrine that must be returned to Korea, it clearly does not exclude Doctrine from the small offshore islands of Korea.
In any case, the United States has decided to take a neutral stance on the Dokdo / Takeshi-ma issue, given that the US-Japan Security Treaty could not address the Dokdo problem. Although the United States advised Japan to negotiate a Doctrine / Takeshima agreement with South Ko-rea, the United States maintained a neutral position on the Doctrine issue (International Journal of Korean Studies • Vol. XIII, No. 2,2009).
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South Korea and Japan are natural strategic allies when it comes to defending territorial claims against China’s ambitions. China has claims over the Japanese Senakaki Islands (territorial dispute over ownership of the Senakaki Islands (Diaou). Japan Chinese Islands) and certain Korean reefs. In addition, China is will-ing to use economic sanctions for further political purposes, posing a threat to Korea and Japan.
Resolving the Dokdo / Takeshima sovereignty issue will reinforce the situation for crucial border agree-ments and possible cooperation between Korea and Japan in the future to fi nd resources in this area. Japan should launch this initiative, as its claims on the Dokdo issue are unlikely. The future so-called the deal requires that Japanese leaders be willing to compromise in order to reach an agreement with Korea. In addi-tion, Korean leaders should try to evaluate their own nationalist rhetoric and recognize the friendly relations between the two countries.
Can the political leaders of Japan and Korea accomplish this task and reach an agreement that is necessary to resolve the Dokdo / Takeshima issue? Nevertheless, it should also be borne in mind that such disputes in Asia are numerous and complex and have no easy solution. In the context of nationalism and historical entrails, these territorial disputes create dangerous opportunities for confl ict.
3. Conclusion
Thus, it may be time to discuss whether certain principles have been formulated for the peaceful resolution of these issues despite the fact that within the existing political and legal framework, compromise must begin somewhere. The dispute between Japan and Korea over the Dokdo / Takeshima Islands is a unique opportunity for reconciliation. Although their positions are divided and contradictory in the historical con-text, the two countries are economically intertwined and face similar positions in their attachment to China, which increases the change in regional reality. Thus, a compromise between Japan and South Korea would be more productive in resolving all historical animosities between Korea and Japan. This will allow both countries to better manage their future relations with China and forget about past disputes (Kim, 2009).
Thus, today the Dokdo-Takeshima problem is not solved like many other territorial problems between states in the world. Nevertheless, the Dokdo problem goes beyond the territor ial problem in terms of both Korean states, and it has to do with the protection of Korean identity, which is the basis of national unity for Koreans. However, this issue is increasingly straining relations between the Northeast Asian states and the world superpowers. The United States sees a solution in a reasonable compromise.
References_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Kim Hong Nack, the U.S. and the Territorial Dispute on Dokdo/Takeshima between Japan and Korea,
1945-1954, West Virginia University ABSTRACT, International Journal of Korean Studies • Vol. XIII, No. 2, 2009.
2. Kozisek David, Them and Us: Constructing South Korean National Identity through the Liancourt Rocks Dispute, Culture Mandala: Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, September-December 2016, pp1-18.
3. Nam Sang Gu (NAHF), Japanese Pavilion-Japan through the Window of Historical Issues, Teaching the Borderless History around the World, 2018, p.22. The HAHF-EUROCLIO Joint Conference on History Education.
4. Scanlon Charles, South Koreans vent fury at Japan, 18 March 2005, BBC News, Seoul. Polina Campbell, Teaching the Borderless History around the World, Culture Mandala: Bulletin of the
Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, September-December 2016, pp. 19-22
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IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON STATE PROCUREMENT IN GEORGIA
Otar KikvadzeDoctor of Business Administration
Grigol Robakidze University
AbstractThe recent outbreak of the COVID 19 virus around the world, including Georgia, has escalated into a pandemic thus posing unprecedented challenges to countries and governments. Our study focuses on the restrictive measures taken in response to these challenges by the government of Georgia in the fi eld of state procurement. The study found that restrictive measures were less effective, as reduction of electronic tenders led to a doubled number of simplifi ed procurement, overextended procurement procedures and, as a result, delayed procurement items, which in most cases are objects of public convenience. Given that the pandemic is still in an active phase and the prospects for its slowdown / stopping are unreliable at least until the spring of next year, it is important that decision-makers, introducing various rules and restrictions in the fi eld of public procurement in response to force majeure, considered the recommendations developed on the basis of this study.
Keywords: pandemic, government, procurement, challenge.
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1. Introduction
The Covid-19 virus, discovered in China at the end of 2019, spread throughout the world in a few months and took the form of a pandemic. Due to the speed of its spread, most countries in the world met the pan-demic unprepared, which, consequently, led to an obvious result _ by the end of November 2020, more than 62 million people were infected and more than 1.45 million died1. The pandemic naturally had a nega-tive impact on both the economies of countries and the global economy in general, which continues to this day, as the virus is still in an active phase of spread and the prospects for access to a vaccine against the virus remain unclear. At this stage, it is diffi cult to predict the total losses, although various international organizations and fi nancial corporations estimate a decrease in global economic growth of at least 2.5%, which, in turn, is tantamount to a loss of about $ 1 trillion2.
During the pandemic, in many countries, including Georgia, a state of emergency was declared, a curfew was imposed, various restrictions were introduced, anti-crisis plans were developed, etc. Restrictions have also been extended to state procurement in Georgia, and this is an issue discussed below, including the mechanism used and its effectiveness, and the impact of the restrictions on state procurement.
2. State Procurement in Georgia
The state procurement system is one of the most important tools of public fi nance expenditure, accordingly, the proper functioning of the state procurement system signifi cantly determines the state of public fi nances in the country, the level of corruption, the competitive environment, business development opportunities, etc.
Improving and developing state procurement is an obligation under the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Agreement (DCFTA) between Georgia and the European Union and accordingly the process continues permanently. Fundamental reform of the state procurement has been carried out in Georgia since 2010, which is coordinated by the LEPL State Procurement Agency. As part of the reform, signifi cant changes were made, including to legislation, procurement instruments, monetary limits in tune with pro-curement instruments, the classifi er of the determinant of unity, which includes 272 units of unifi ed CPV3 codes, also, a unifi ed electronic state procurement system was created, through which all the main pro-cesses and documentation related to state procurement are presented in an electronic system _ the so-called `online mode~ (available to all interested parties), etc.
The amount of public fi nances spent through public procurement is growing every year. For example, in 2019, over 30% of the consolidated budget (approximately 11% of GDP) was spent on public procure-ment4, see Chart 1.
1 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/2 https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/3481133 Common Procurement Vocabulary (CPV) under EU Directive # 213/2004 https://budgetmonitor.ge/ka/purchases
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Chart No 1 Comparison of the cost of total state procurement contracts and consolidated budget volumes by year (billion GEL)
Source: State Procurement Agency; Ministry of Finance of Georgia.
As already mentioned, the volume of state procurement in the budgetary parameters of the country is quite high, and therefore, correct and effective regulation of this area is necessary, on the one hand, to ensure rational spending of public funds, and on the other, to create a healthy competitive environment, which is a key prerequisite for business development.
3. Impact of COVID 19 on State Procurement
The restrictions developed and imposed by the government in response to Covid 19 in Georgia have natu-rally affected public spending and, consequently, the public procurement process. Although some restric-tions were introduced even before the spread of the pandemic, in particular: On June 9, 2016, the Gov-ernment of Georgia adopted Resolution No. 252 `On some measures to be taken in connection with state procurement~, according to which organizations participating in state procurement were not allowed to conduct electronic procurement of the items identifi ed by classifi cation codes specifi ed in the same Resolu-tion without prior agreement with the Government of Georgia. The Resolution included 26 CPV codes of state procurement classifi ers, and this list included procurement items such as mobile phones, computers, furniture, automobiles, various types of equipment, etc. The Resolution provided for the limitation of im-proper spending of public fi nances _ mainly on `luxury~ items _ by procuring entities, and if any procur-ing entity decided to purchase expensive equipment or furniture and etc., under a tender procedure, it was required to provide appropriate justifi cation to the Government of Georgia, obtain a permit and only then announce a tender. Presumably, the adoption of this normative act was based on examples of misappropria-tion of public fi nances by various procurement entities.
In this regard, an approach was developed, according to which the government issued a new resolution at the beginning of each year, and, accordingly, since 2016, the Resolution has been amended several times, during which the classifi cation annex has been expanded, the form for fi ling with the Government Offi ce has been improved, the time frame for issuing permits has been determined, etc. Procuring entities have
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been instructed to submit market research results, along with justifi cations, with bids from at least three potential suppliers, etc. Resolution No. 650 of December 25, 2019, `On some measures to be taken in connection with state procurement~, set out the 30 CPV codes of the classifi er for state procurement to be conducted in 2020, which required prior approval. In addition, the procuring organizations were singled out, namely:
Organizations, procurement of which made under the CPV procurement codes set out in the Resolution required the approval of the government (budgetary organizations under the control / accountability of the Government of Georgia / Prime Minister; Georgian ministries and budgetary organizations subordinate to them, as well as legal entities of public law, appointed by the Prime Minister of Georgia);
Organizations that have been instructed to submit relevant information about the procurement item to the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia before the start of state procurement under the CPV codes specifi ed by the Resolution (municipalities and legal entities established by the mu-nicipality);
All other procuring organizations, that were ordered to submit information to the Georgian government prior to procurement under the CPV codes.
By Resolution No. 210 of the Government of Georgia of April 1, 2020, amendments were made to Resolu-tion No. 650 of 2019, according to which the regulation of state procurement has been radically changed and placed in a strict framework. In this case, the Resolution identifi ed 43 CPV procurement codes, which were exempted from permission and preliminary agreement, while all other CPV codes of the procurement classifi er _ 229 units _ were subject to an authorization procedure.
Such a radical change introduced by the Georgian government was naturally caused by COVID 19, which by that time was already widespread in Georgia, because of which the government was forced to limit the spending of public fi nances as much as possible and make them purposeful. The Resolution No. 454 of the Government of Georgia of July 21, 2020 was amended again (which remains in force today) and the pro-curing entities had to act under the Resolution No. 650 of 2019, in accordance with the new Annex of CPV codes to the same amendment, which this time includes 75 CPV codes of the state procurement classifi er.
It should be noted that the radical restriction in force from April 1 to July 21, 2020 revealed to have certain shortcomings, namely:
Delayed preparatory procedures required to obtain a permit
The preparation of permit documentation is in some cases problematic for certain organizations, especially when it comes to the market research procedure, according to which the procuring entity seeking an autho-rization must provide an invoice from at least 3 potential suppliers, which is often not possible as potential suppliers are reluctant to cooperate with the procuring entities when the list of procurement items is particu-larly extensive. This procedure particularly delays the whole process.
Violation of the deadline for obtaining a permit;
Since the entry into force of the above amendment, there have been a number of cases where the deadline for issuing a procurement permit (10 working days) has been violated. Which was likely due the increased number of permit requests from procuring organizations. Violation of the deadlines for issuing permits, in turn, extended the procurement period, and in some cases, citizens received late or could not receive ser-vices or other social gains provided by the state;
200
Increase in the number of urgent simplifi ed purchases;
As mentioned above, the restrictions imposed by the government Resolution apply only to procurements made through electronic procedures (electronic tender) and do not apply to simplifi ed procurements. In turn, simplifi ed procurement is one of the forms of state procurement, which involves the negotiation of procurement with one person within the monetary threshold defi ned by law (in case a procuring entity pro-cures uniform items worth up to GEL 5,000 per year), however, in addition to the above case, the simplifi ed procurement may be used in other cases as defi ned by law. In our case, particular attention should be paid to simplifi ed procurement made due to an urgent necessity. The current legislation stipulates that an urgent necessity is a case when there is a real threat to the functioning of the procuring entity and which could not have been predetermined, and / or the occurrence of which was not caused by a procuring entity, or which could signifi cantly damage the Georgian state and / or public interests, or the property of the procuring entity.1 Simplifi ed procurement on this basis, in turn, requires the prior approval of the State Procurement Agency or, in extreme cases, when the urgency of procurement does not leave room for a preliminary agreement, the procuring entity fi rst conducts the procurement and then coordinates this circumstance with the State Procurement Agency. It is noteworthy that the agreement with the State Procurement Agency is made through the corresponding module of the Unifi ed Electronic System of Public Procurement (SMP) and the response to the application is given within 3 working days. The procurement made by the procur-ing entities during the restriction period were precisely the urgent purchases (April 1 _ July 21, 2020), see Chart No 2.
Chart No 2. Dynamics of urgent procurement for the study period (April 1-July 21) 2016-2020.
Source: www.procurement.gov.ge
As demonstrated by the chart, during the study period (April 1-July 21) in 2020 2396 urgent procurement agreements were concluded, which exceeds the corresponding indicators of the previous year by at least 50%.
As for the number of tenders announced in the same period by year, it is as follows (see Chart No 3).
1Order # 13 of the Chairman of the State Procurement Agency “On defi ning the simplifi ed procurement criteria and the approval of the rule for conducting simplifi ed procurement”, Tb. 2015.
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Chart No 3. Dynamics of the number of announced electronic tenders for the study period (April 1-July 21) 2016-2020.
Source: www.procurement.gov.ge
The given chart demonstrates that the number of electronic tenders for the study period in 2020 is reduced by about 60%.
Summary
Taking into account the above, it can be concluded that the restrictions imposed by the state for a specifi c period on public procurement, which meant limiting the use of e-procurement means by prior agreement, turned out to be less effective for the following reasons:
Due to the large number of applications from procuring organizations resulting from the imposed re-strictions, the authorization terms were often violated, which especially created problems for those procur-ing organizations that did not participate in the electronic documents management program (for example, limited liability and joint stock companies, non-profi t legal entities based on state equity participation, etc.);
In some cases, due to bureaucratic barriers, procuring entities have been forced to avoid prior agree-ment with the government on e-procurement and postpone procurement as much as possible, and in case of emergency, use a simplifi ed urgent procurement form and, consequently, enter into an agreement not with the government, but with The State Procurement Agency;
During the period of the imposed restrictions, the spending of fi nancial resources by procuring organi-zations may have decreased to some extent, however, as the statistics show, urgent simplifi ed procurement has doubled at the expense of the reduced tenders;
Simplifi ed procurement during this period would not have saved as much as a procuring entity would save under an electronic tender.
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Recommendations
Develop a dedicated module on the website of the Government of Georgia to apply for permits and receive a response.
Strictly defi ne the terms for issuing a permit and change the period of validity of the permit to no more than 5 working days instead of 10 working days;
Create a market research module in the unifi ed electronic public procurement system, which, on the one hand, will simplify the process of procuring organizations, and on the other hand, identify bona fi de potential suppliers who are willing to cooperate, and in this case, the procuring organization will not have to look for potential suppliers and will not depend on their `goodwill~ to participate in the market research phase. This will be useful not only in this case, but also in case of using any means of procurement;
The Government of Georgia shall determine the methodology for adopting the above-mentioned Reso-lution, namely, on what basis the approach to adopting the Resolution changes annually, on what basis the classifi er codes (CPV) are changed, etc.
Taking these recommendations into account will not only enable us to regulate public spending through state procurement in a pandemic force majeure situation, but in all other cases make public spending even more purposeful, rational and transparent.
References_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Law of Georgia on State Procurement, Tbilisi, 2006.2. Order No. 13 of the Chairman of the State Procurement Agency On Determining Simplifi ed Procurement
Criteria and Rules for Conducting Simplifi ed Procurement~, Tb. 2015.3. Resolution No. 650 of the Government of Georgia, Tb. 2019.4. Resolution No. 90 of the Government of Georgia, Tb. 2019.5. Resolution No. 210 of the Government of Georgia, Tb. 2020.6. Resolution No. 454 of the Government of Georgia, Tb. 2020. 7. State Procurement: Methodical Instructions for the Preparatory Stage, Tb. 2010.8. Methodology for Conducting Preparatory Stage of Procurement, Public Procurement Agency, Tb., 2013.9. 250 _ Frequently Asked Questions about State Procurement, State Procurement Agency, Tb., 2015.10. Order No. 13 of August 17, 2015 of the Chairman of the State Procurement Agency `On Determining
Simplifi ed Procurement Criteria and Rules for Conducting Simplifi ed Procurement~. 11. 2019 Activity Report, State Procurement Agency, Tbilisi, 2020.12. Effective Provision in the Public Procurement System: Transparency, Accountability and Modern
Approaches to Development, Performance Audit Report, Tbilisi, 2014, March 18, p. 3.13. Kikvadze O., Makharashvili N., Dzagania M., Procurement Administration, Tb. 2017.14. Kikvadze O., Improving Public Procurement in Public Finance Administration, Tb. 2016.15. Dzagania M., Kikvadze O., Public Procurement System in Georgia, Tbilisi, 2011.
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sa qar Tve los bu neb riv-rek re a ci u li re sur se bis ro li ko ro na vi ru sis gav rce le bis pi ro beb Si
oTar fa re siS vi li
la u ra kva rac xe li
da viT ga me zar daS vi li
va len ti na mir za e vi
sa qar Tve los teq ni ku ri uni ver si te tis
i.Jor da ni as sa xe lo bis
sa qar Tve los sa war moo Za le bis
da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis Sem swav le li cen tri
ab straq ti
sta ti a Si sa qar Tve los ma ga liT ze gan xi lu lia bu neb riv-rek re a ci u li re sur se bis efeq-
ti a ni ga mo ye ne bis prob le ma bo lo dro is glo ba lur ga mow ve va ze _ ko vid-19-is epi de mi a ze re a gi re bis kon teq stSi. sxva vi ru su li da a va de be bis gan gan sxva ve biT, bo lo dros gav rce-
le bu li ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi is mkur na lo bis me To de bis Se mu Sa ve ba xde ba daC qa re bul re Jim Si. Tum ca, da a va de bis mwva ve fa zis gav lis Sem dgom pa ci en te bi iZu le bul ni ari an sak ma od did xans ga i a ron re a bi li ta ci is pe ri o di da zi a ne bu li or ga no e bi sa da or ga niz-
mis sis te me bis fun qci o ni re bis aR sad ge nad. re a bi li ta ci is pro ce sis daC qa re ba da op ti-
mi zi re ba Se saZ le be lia ga ma jan sa Re be li pro ce du re bis meS ve o biT bu neb ri vi faq to re bis ga mo ye ne bis gziT. sa qar Tve los ga aC nia sam kur na lo-ga ma jan sa Re be li tu riz mis gan vi Ta-
re bis di di po ten ci a li _ mi si bu neb ri vi faq to re bi uZ ve le si dro i dan ga mo i ye ne bo da ada-
mi a ne bis jan mrTe lo bis mkur na lo bis, pro fi laq ti ki sa da re a bi li ta ci i saT vis. qvey nis mra va li ku ror ti cno bi lia msof li o Si da sar geb lobs po pu la ro biT. sta ti a Si Se Ta va-
ze bu lia sxva qro ni ku li da a va de be biT Sep yro bi li avad myo fe bis mkur na lo bas Tan er Tad sam kur na lo-rek re a ci u li po ten ci a lis ga mo ye ne ba ase ve ada mi a ne bis Tvis, rom leb mac ga-da i ta nes ko ro na-19-is da a va de ba. ko ro na vi ru sis in feq ci is ga da ta nis Sem deg pa ci en teb ze ke Ti lis myo fe li ze moq me de ba Se iZ le ba mo ax di non sa qar Tve los ku ror teb ze ap ro bi re-
bul ma ga ma jan sa Re bel ma Ro nis Zi e beb ma, rom le bic mo i ca ven aq ti ur da pa si ur kli ma to-
Te ra pi as, spe le o Te ra pi as, ha e ri sa da mzis aba za nebs, Ter mu li da mi ne ra lu ri wyle bis (wylis da le va, sxva das xva war mo mav lo bis mi ne ra lu ri wylis aba za ne bi, in ha la cia da sxv.), mag ni tu ri qvi Se bis ga mo ye ne bas, ta la xiT mkur na lo bas da sxv.
sta ti a Si war mod ge ni li da ga a na li ze bu lia sa qar Tve los ku ror te bis Zi ri Ta di sam kur-
na lo faq to re bi. cxri leb Si mok led aR we ri lia ri gi (Se da re biT uf ro cno bi li) ku ror-
te bis fi zi kur-ge og ra fi u li ma xa si a Teb le bi, mkur na lo bis me To de bi da sa me di ci no maC-ve neb le bi. sa yu rad Re boa, rom ar aris au ci le be li ar se bu li sam kur na lo-ga ma jan sa Re be-
li da we se bu le be bis mTli a nad ga dar Tva fun qci o ni re bis axal re Jim ze, mxo lod sa Wi roa Se sa ba mi si prog ra me bis Se mu Sa ve ba ko vid-19-iT da za ra le bu li ada mi a ne bis mom sa xu re bis-
Tvis.
msof li o Si ko vid-19-iT da a va de bul Ta di di ra o de no bis da ga da ta ni li da a va de bis Sem-dgom war moq mni li mra val ric xo va ni gar Tu le be bis gaT va lis wi ne biT, mi zan Se wo ni lia sxva qvey neb mac aq ti u rad ga mo i ye non ar se bu li bu neb riv-rek re a ci u li po ten ci a li re a bi li-
204
ta ci is, ase ve mo ce mul sfe ro Si dag ro vi li ga moc di le bis ga zi a re bis miz niT, dam ya ron sa xel mwi fo Ta So ris ko mu ni ka cia am glo ba lu ri prob le mis ga da saW re lad.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: ko vid-19, re a bi li ta cia, bu neb riv-rek re a ci u li re sur se bi, tu riz mi.
Se sa va li
2020 wels ada mi an Ta cxov re bam ga ni ca da ar se bi Ti cvli le ba msof li o Si gav rce le bu li axa li ko ro na vi ru sis ko vid-19-is pan de mi is Se de gad _ kar di na lu rad Se ic va la cxov re bis we si, mniS vne lov nad da za ral da eko no mi ka da, rac mTa va ria, mi li o no biT ada mi a ni da a vad-
da am me tad se ri o zu li da bo lom de jer ki dev Se us wav le li da a va de biT. es aris mkvle li vi ru si. ara vin icis ram den xans icoc xlebs ko ro na vi ru si, ro me lic ada mi a nis si coc xlis bo lom de, ro gorc mec ni e ri eqi me bi va ra u do ben, to vebs or ga niz mis sxva das xva or ga no eb-
ze gar Tu le bebs da gan sa kuT re biT azi a nebs imu ni tets. mTel msof li o Si, rTul pi ro beb-
Si, xde ba da a va de bas Tan da kav Si re bu li prob le mis ga daW ris me To de bis Se mu Sa ve ba. glo-
ba lu ri ga mow ve vis _ ko vid-19-is pan de mi a ze re a gi re bis kon teq stSi da, upir ve les yov li-
sa, da a va de bis mra va li gar Tu le bis gaT va lis wi ne biT, mo ce mul sta ti a Si pir ve la daa bu-
neb riv-rek re a ci u li re sur se bis efeq ti a ni ga mo ye ne bis prob le mis gan xil vis mcde lo ba ada mi a ne bis jan mrTe lo bis swra fad aR dge nis miz niT.
msof lio pir ve lad aR moC nda axa li ko ro na vi ru su li in feq ci is wi na Se da Zi ri Ta di yu-
rad Re ba, bu neb ri via, eq ce va mwva ve for miT da a va de bu li ada mi a ne bis me di ka men to zu ri mkur na lo bis sa kiT xebs. mo ce mul sta ti a Si war mod ge ni li Te ma jer je ro biT ar aris ga-mok vle u li, ar aris sa mec ni e ro li te ra tu ra Si ga Su qe bu li da ar war mo ad gens far To sa-mec ni e ro dis ku si e bis Te mas. Se sa ba mi sad, ar aris Se saZ le be li ana lo gi u ri kvle ve bi sa da pub li ka ci e bis ga a na li ze ba. ga mom di na re ze mox se ne bu li dan, sta ti is Zi ri Tad mi zans war-
mo ad gens spe ci a lis te bis yu rad Re bis miq ce va xse ne bul prob le meb ze da am sfe ro Si ga-moc di le bis ga zi a re ba.
Zi ri Ta di na wi li
ci vi lu ri gan vi Ta re bis mo ce mul etap ze msof li o Si war mo iS va pla ne ta ru li mas Sta bis mTe li ri gi se ri o zu li ga mow ve ve bi, rom le bic mo iT xovs dro ul, adek va tul re a gi re-
bas. bo lod ro in del glo ba lur ga mow ve vad iq ca ko vid-19-s pan de mia, ro mel mac mo ic va TiT qmis mTe li msof lio da ga mo iw via yve la qve ya na Si eko no mi kis mkveT ri var dna da mo-
sax le o bis cxov re bis pi ro be bis ga u a re se ba. Tum ca yve la ze di di zi a ni ga mo iw via vi ru sis uSu a lo ze moq me de bam ada mi a ne bis jan mrTe lo ba ze, fi zi kur da fsi qi kur mdgo ma re o ba-
ze. me di ko se bi Ro nes ar iSu re ben mi li o no biT ada mi a nis si coc xlis ga da sar Ce nad. mTel msof li o Si daC qa re bul re Jim Si aq ti u rad mim di na re obs vaq ci ne bi sa da me di ka men te bis Zi-e ba, rom le bic SeZ le ben mZi me avad myo fe bis efeq tur mkur na lo bas da brZo las sxva das xva gar Tu le be bis wi na aR mdeg.
ko vid-19-is Tvis erT-er Ti da ma xa si a Te be li ga mor Ce u li Tvi se baa ada mi a nis or ga niz mze po li or ga nu li, mul ti faq to ru li ze moq me de ba _ vi ru si azi a nebs mTel rig sa si coc xlo mniS vne lo van or ga no eb sa da sis te mebs, iw vevs avad myo fo bis mZi me mim di na re o bas, se ri o-
205
№1-№1-2(7)2(7)20202020
zul gar Tu le bebs, gan sa kuT re biT Tu pa ci ents aqvs Tan mxle bi qro ni ku li da a va de be bi. bo lo Tve eb Si dag ro vi li mo na ce me biT dad ge ni lia, rom ko vid-19-iT da a va de bul ada mi-
a nebs, war ma te bu li mkur na lo bis Sem dgom, ar cTu iS vi a Tad, aRe niS ne baT jan mrTe lo bis prob le me bi da sa Wi ro e ben re a bi li ta ci is kur sis Ca ta re bas, or ga niz mis da zi a ne bu li or-
ga no e bi sa da sis te me bis fun qci o ni re bis aR sad ge nad. re a bi li ta ci is pro ce sis daC qa re bas da op ti mi zi re bas xels Se uw yobs ga ma jan sa Re be li pro ce du re bi bu neb ri vi faq to re bis ga mo ye ne biT. amis sa u ke Te so sa Su a le baa Se sa ba mi si pro fi lis ku ror teb ze gam gzav re ba da au ci le be li pro ce du re bis Ca ta re ba, rac da aC qa rebs ga ma jan sa Re be li efeq tis miR we vas.
sta ti is av to re bis mi er Se Ta va ze bu lia sa qar Tve los bu neb riv-rek re a ci u li re sur se bis far To speq tris ga mo ye ne bis Se saZ leb lo ba ko vid-19-is ga da ta ni li ada mi a ne bis re a bi li-
ta ci is Tvis.
sa qar Tve lo, mi u xe da vad mi si ar cTu di di far To bi sa, ga mo ir Ce va ge og ra fi u li, bu neb riv-
kli ma tu ri zo ne bis mra val fe rov ne biT, flobs mTel rig uni ka lur bu neb riv re sur sebs [Jor da nia, 2015; Lomsadze, 2019:59-75]. mTel msof li o Si, maT So ris sa qar Tve lo Si, ux so-
va ri dro i dan ga mo i ye ne bo da bu neb ri vi faq to re bi ada mi a ne bis sam kur na lod, pro fi laq-
ti ki sa da re a bi li ta ci is Tvis. sa yo vel Ta od cno bi lia qvey nis po pu la ru li ku ror te bi _ wyal tu bo, bor jo mi, abas Tu ma ni, gag ra, biW vin Ta, qo bu le Ti da sxv.
uni ka lu ri bu ne bis, mra val ric xo va ni is to ri ul-kul tu ru li Zeg le bis ar se bo bis wya lo-
biT sa qar Tve lo iq ca mi zi du lo bis cen trad vi zi to re bis Tvis mTe li msof li o dan, war ma-
te biT avi Ta rebs tu riz mis sxva das xva sa xe o bas. sa me di ci no da sam kur na lo-ga ma jan sa Re-
be li tu riz mis far gleb Si sa qar Tve los Se uZ lia Ses Ta va zos msur ve lebs ko ro na vi ru sis Sem dgo mi re a bi li ta cia, ra sac ga na pi ro bebs qve ya na Si Se sa ba mi si bu neb ri vi kom po nen te bis ar se bo ba. mo ce mu li mi mar Tu le bis gan vi Ta re bis di di po ten ci a lis flo biT, sa qar Tve lo Se iZ le ba gax des re gi o nu li ha bi am sfe ro Si [met re ve li, 2015:794-873; Paresishvili, 2017:344-348; fa re siS vi li, 2020:53-68]. qvey nis bu neb ri vi rek re a ci u li re sur se bi sa Su a le bas iZ-le va, sa Wi ro e bis Sem Txve va Si, Se Ta va ze bu li iq nes ga ma jan sa Re be li aq ti vo be bis far To speq tri da xa ris xi a ni mra val pro fi lu ri mom sa xu re ba sa me di ci no Cve ne be bis Se sa ba mi sad.
mok led gan vi xi loT sam kur na lo-ga ma jan sa Re be li tu riz mis sfe ros Se saZ leb lo be bi, ro mel Ta Se Ta va ze ba Se uZ lia qve ya nas ko vid-19-iT da a va de bul Ta Sem dgo mi re a bi li ta ci-
is Tvis.
sa qar Tve lo cno bi lia ux so va ri dro i dan Ta vi si bu neb ri vi sam kur na lo-rek re a ci u li re-
sur se biT. Se da re biT mci re te ri to ri a ze gan Tav se bu lia 11 kli ma tu ri sar tye li, da fa ru-
li mud mi vi Tov li a ni ma Ral mTa Ta mwver va le biT, Sa viz Rvis pi ra sub tro pi ke biT, dab lo-
be biT, mdi na re e bi Ta da Can Cqe re biT, mTe bi Ta da tbe biT, mi wis wi a Ri dan mCqe fa re mra va li mi ne ra lu ri wya ro Ti, ra mac ga na pi ro ba mra val ric xo va ni ku ror ti sa (100-ze me ti) da sa-ku ror to ad gi lis (180-ze me ti) ar se bo ba. 2300-ze me ti ga mov le ni li mi ne ra lu ri wya ro e-
bis dRe Ra mu ri de bi ti Se ad gens ase u lo biT mln. litrs. mi ne ra lur wylebs So ris yve la ze Ri re bu li fi zi kur-qi mi u ri Tvi se be biT ga mo ir Ce va ise Ti wya ro e bi, ro go ri caa bor jo mi da na beR la vi (vi Sis ti pis wyle bi), zva re da fa sa na u ri (esen tu kis ti pi), lu ge las uni ka lu ri qlo ri dul-kal ci u mi a ni wya li da sxv. ma Ra li Te ra pi u li efeq ti a no biT ga mo ir Ce va Ter mu-
li sul fi du ri, ra do nis, azo ti a ni, si li ci u mi a ni mi ne ra lu ri wyle bi, rom le bic ga mo i ye ne-
ba sax sre bis da a va de be bis, pe ri fe ri u li ner vu li sis te mis, ka nis, gi ne ko lo gi u ri, uro lo-
gi u ri da sxva da a va de be bis sam kur na lod [kva rac xe lia, 2015:875-1062; mes xia, 2012].
206
sa qar Tve los far To sa ku ror to qse li, ga ma jan sa Re be li aq ti vo be bis mdi da ri ar Ce va ni, sa Su a le bas aZ levs sxva das xva da a va de be biT Sep yro bil ada mi a nebs air Ci on Se sa ba mi si ku-
ror tu li mkur na lo ba. yve la msur vels, ma Ti jan mrTe lo bis mdgo ma re o bi dan ga mom di-
na re, sa Su a le ba aqvs Ca i ta ros sam kur na lo-sa re a bi li ta cio kur si ne bis mi er, Se sa ba mi si pro fi lis ku ror tze.
mkur na lo bi sa da das ve ne bis Se sa niS na vi pi ro be bi sa qar Tve los mTis kli ma tur ku ror-
teb ze gan pi ro be bu lia in so la ci is ma Ra li do niT, mzis speq tris ul tra i is fe ri na wi lis aq ti vo biT, na Te bis xan grZli vo biT, jan mrTe li kli ma tiT da zo mi e ri tem pe ra tu riT zaf-
xu lis Tve eb Si.
mniS vne lo va ni sa ku ror to zo naa Sa viz Rvis pi re Ti, sa dac mTe li wlis gan mav lo ba Si efeq-
tu ria kli ma to Te ra pia. zRvis kli ma ti, mze, uni ka lu ri mag ni tu ri qvi Se bi (ure ki), mTis ha e ri (bax ma ro) sam kur na lo ze moq me de bas ax de nen sis xlis mi moq ce va ze, sa sunTq or ga no-
eb ze, say rden-ma moZ ra ve bel apa rat ze. sa qar Tve los te ri to ri a ze ga mov le ni lia sxva das-
xva war mo mav lo bis sam kur na lo ta la xe bis sa ba do e bi (ax ta lis, ku mi sis ta la xe bi).
qvey nis mRvi me e bis sam kur na lo mik rok li ma ti mSve ni e ri sa Su a le baa sa sun Tqi or ga no e bis, imu nu ri da ner vu li sis te mis da a va de be bis sam kur na lod, rac gan sa kuT re biT mniS vne lo-
va nia ko vid-19-is ga da ta nil TaT vis.
ku ror te bi, ro gorc we si, gan la ge bu lia sa sar geb lo kli ma tis ad gi leb Si, rac xels uw yobs imu ni te tis gaZ li e re bas, or ga niz mis Si da Za le bis aR dge nas. ara nak leb mniS vne lo va nia ku-
ror tze yof niT ga mow ve u li an tis tre su li efeq ti, rac gan sa kuT re biT aq tu a lu ria ko-
vid-19 ga da ta ni li ada mi a ne bis mkur na lo bis, re a bi li ta ci i sa da das ve ne bis kon teq stSi.
Zi ri Ta di bu neb ri vi sam kur na lo faq to ris Se sa ba mi sad, rac sa fuZ vlad udevs kla si fi ka-
ci as, sa qar Tve los ku ror te bi iyo fa Sem deg ka te go ri e bad:
_ kli ma tu ri ku ror te bi, sa dac Zi ri Ta dad sam kur na lo-pro fi laq ti ku ri faq to ria kli-
ma ti (mTis, zRvis ku ror te bi, ku ror te bi mdi na re e bi sa da tbe bis na pi reb ze), xo lo mkur-
na lo bis me To debs So ri saa ae ro Te ra pia, he li o Te ra pia, Ta la so Te ra pia.
_ bal ne o lo gi u ri ku ror te bi, sa dac Zi ri Ta di sam kur na lo-pro fi laq ti ku ri faq to ria mi ne ra lu ri wya li, ro me lic ga mo i ye ne ba ro gorc ga re ga ni sa Su a le ba, da sa le vad, sxva-das xva pro ce du re bis Tvis. mkur na lo bis Zi ri Ta di me To dia bal ne o Te ra pia.
_ pe lo i du ri ku ror te bi, sa dac Zi ri Ta di sam kur na lo faq to ria, kli mat Tan da mi ne ra-
lur wyleb Tan er Tad sam kur na lo ta la xi.
_ Se re u li ti pis ku ror te bi, sa dac er Tdro u lad ar se bobs bu neb ri vi sam kur na lo faq-
to ris ram de ni me ti pi. imis gan da mo ki de bu le biT, Tu ro me li maT ga nia Zi ri Ta di, Se iZ le ba iyos: kli ma tur-bal ne o lo gi u ri, bal ne ok li ma tu ri, kli ma tur-bal neo-pe lo i du ri ku-
ror ti [kva rac xe lia, 2015:875-1062].
ga mom di na re ku ror tu li re sur se bis xa si a Ti dan, re gi o nu li gan sa kuT re bu lo bi dan da sxva faq to re bi dan, sa qar Tve los te ri to ria da yo fi lia 12 sa ku ror to-rek re a ci ul ra-
i o nad, rom le bic gan sxvav de ba ma Ti spe ci a li za ci iT, sa me di ci no da we se bu le bis struq-
tu riT da gan vi Ta re bis po ten ci a liT, ese nia: ime re Ti, ka xe Ti, sa meg re lo-ze mo sva ne Ti, qve mo qar Tli, gu ria, Si da qar Tli, ra Wa-leC xu mi da qve mo sva ne Ti, mcxe Ta-mTi a ne Ti, sam-cxe-ja va xe Ti, af xa ze Ti, aWa ra da qa la qi-ku ror ti Tbi li si.
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in for ma cia sa qar Tve los cno bi li ku ror te bis Se sa xeb, sam kur na lo pro fi lis Se sa ba mi-sad mo ce mu lia sxva das xva pub li ka ci eb Si [kva rac xe lia, 2015:875-1062; va daW ko ria, 1987; sa qar Tve los erov nu li at la si, 2012; sa qar Tve los 100 ku ror ti, 2014].
sam kur na lo-pro fi laq ti ku ri da sa re a bi li ta cio da niS nu le bis ku ror te bi dan aR sa niS-
na via: mTis kli ma tu ri ku ror te bi (ba ku ri a ni, bax ma ro, ce mi da pa ta ra ce mi, man gli si); bal ne o lo gi u ri ku ror te bi (wyal tu bo, men ji, ca i Si); zRvis pi ra kli ma tu ri ku ror te bi (ba Tu mi, qo bu le Ti, ure ki, Sek ve Ti li, Caq vi, gag ra, biW vin Ta, axa li aTo ni, so xu mi); bal-
neo-kli ma tu ri ku ror te bi (Tbi li sis bal ne o lo gi u ri ku ror ti, bor jo mi, sa ir me, na beR-
la vi); kli ma tur-bal ne o lo gi u ri ku ror te bi (abas Tu ma ni, su ra mi, So vi, le bar de); pe lo-
i du ri ku ror te bi da sxv.
gan sa kuT re bul yu rad Re bas im sa xu rebs mra val pro fi li a ni Tbi li sis bal ne o lo gi u ri ku-
ror ti _ `Tbi li si spa~ da Tbi li sis rek re a ci ul zo na Si moq me di sam kur na lo-ga ma jan sa-
Re be li vel nes ku ror ti _ `bi o li`, sa dac pa ci en tebs sa Su a le ba aqvT mi i Ron kom pleq su ri sa me di ci no da sa re a bi li ta cio mom sa xu re ba spe ci a lu rad Se mu Sa ve bu li in di vi du a lu ri prog ra miT, ro me lic mo i cavs ga ma jan sa Re bel pro ce du rebs, fsi qo lo gi u ri da fi zi ku ri re laq sa ci is me To debs, jan mrTel kve bas sam kur na lo mce na re e bis da ma te biT [er qo ma iS vi-
li, 2016:.53-68]. vel nes mi mar Tu le ba, ro me lic sul uf ro po pu la ru li xde ba msof li o Si or ga niz mze kom pleq su ri ze moq me de bis, sa si coc xlo Za le bis aR dge nis ga mo, _ gan sa kuT-
re bul mniS vne lo bas iZens ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi is pi ro beb Si.
ro gorc Cans, ze moT moy va ni li mo na ce me bi dan, sa qar Tve los sa ku ror to-ga ma jan sa Re be-
li cen tre bis qse li Zi ri Ta dad efuZ ne ba bu neb riv sam kur na lo _ ga ma jan sa Re bel faq to-
rebs da Se iZ le ba adap ti re bu li iyos axal ga mow ve vas Tan _ im ada mi a ne bis srul fa so van re a bi li ta ci as Tan, ro mel Ta jan mrTe lo ba se ri o zu lad Se ir ya ko ro na vi ru sis ga da ta nis Se de gad (mec ni e ri me di ko se bis va ra u diT, vi ru sis mu ta ci is Se de gad Se saZ le be lia gar-
Tu le beb ma Ta vi iCi nos ada mi a nis si coc xlis bo lom de). mniS vne lo va nia aRi niS nos, rom ar un da mox des moq me di sam kur na lo-ga ma jan sa Re be li da we se bu le be bis sru lad ga dar-
Tva ko vid-19-iT da za ra le bu le bis mom sa xu re ba ze. tra di ci u li pa ci en te bis mi Re ba un da gan xor ci el des uk ve ar se bul re Jim Si, xo lo ko vid vi ru siT da a va de bu le bis mom sa xu re ba un da gan xor ci el des Se sa ba mi sad Se mu Sa ve bu li prog ra me biT. ga da ta ni li ko ro na vi ru sis in feq ci is Sem dgo mi gar Tu le be bis gaT va lis wi ne biT, re a bi li ta ci is ar se bu li me To de bi da pro ce du re bi Se iv se ba sam kur na lo tan var ji Sis, fi zi ku ri da sun Tqvi Ti var ji Se bis, di e te bis spe ci a lu ri kom pleq se biT, rac ar mo iT xovs mniS vne lo van ma te ri a lur da sxva xar jebs.
ko vid-19-Tan brZo la Si rek re a ci u li re sur se bis faq tor Tan er Tad ar Se iZ le ba ar aRi-
niS nos tu ris tu li sfe ros ro li am pro ces Si. sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis ga be du li, efeq-
tu ri da ino va ci u ri mid go me bi sa da efeq ti a ni me nej men tis Se de gad epi de mi is saw yis etap-
ze tu ris tu li in dus tri is Car Tvam ko ro na vi ru sis wi na aR mdeg brZo la Si ga na pi ro ba da-
a va de bi sa da sik vdi li a no bis da ba li maC ve neb le bi. xe li suf le bis mi er mi Re bu li zo me bi efeq ti a ni aR moC nda eko no mi ku ri Tval saz ri si Tac, rad gan na wi lob riv Se nar Cun da tu-
ris tu li in dus tri is fun qci o ni re ba _ am sfe ro Si da saq me bu li per so na li ope ra ti u lad iq na ga dak va li fi ci re bu li sa ka ran ti no zo ne bis mom sa xu re ba ze.
sa qar Tve los bu neb riv-rek re a ci u li po ten ci a lis ana li zis sa fuZ vel ze, er Ti mxriv, da ko ro na vi ru sis in feq ci is wi na aR mdeg qve ya na Si ga ta re bu li aq ti vo be bis Se de gad _ me o re
208
mxriv, Se saZ le be lia Sem de gi das kvne bis ga mo ta na:
axa li ko ro na vi ru si _ ko vid-19 war mo ad gens sa SiS, nak le bad Ses wav lil vi ru sul da a va-
de bas, ro me lic mo iT xovs mas Tan sab rZo lo sa Su a le be bis mra val fe ro van ar se nals; re-
a bi li ta ci is sta di a ze avad myo fo bis mkur na lo ba efeq ti a ni iq ne ba bu neb ri vi rek re a ci-
u li re sur se bis sam kur na lo_ ga ma jan sa Re be li faq to re bis Car Tvis Se de gad; sa qar Tve-
lo flobs mniS vne lo van bu neb riv-rek re a ci ul po ten ci als ko vid-19-iT da a va de bu le bis mkur na lo bi sa da re a bi li ta ci is Tvis; sas tum ro e bi sa da tu ris tu li pro fi lis obi eq te-
bis ope ra ti u li ga dar Tva ko vid-19-iT da a va de bu le bis mom sa xu re bis struq tu rad, efeq-
ti a ni aR moC nda eko no mi ku ri Tval saz ri siT.
li te ra tu ra:
____________________________________________________________________________1. er qo ma iS vi li g., sa me di ci no vel nes ku ror te bi _ sa qar Tve los brend ko di msof li o Si~,
uni ver sa li, 2016. 2. va daW ko ria g., uS ve ri Ze g., ja li aS vi li v. sa qar Tve los ku ror te bi, Tbi li si, `sab Wo Ta
sa qar Tve lo~, 1987.3. kva rac xe lia l., mes xia i. `sam kur na lo (sa ku ror to) re sur se bi~, sa qar Tve los bu neb ri vi
re sur se bi, mo nog ra fia, t.II, sa qar Tve los mec ni e re ba Ta erov nu li aka de mia, sa qar Tve-
los teq ni ku ri uni ver si te tis sa qar Tve los sa war moo Za le bi sa da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis Sem swav le li cen tri, Tbi li si, 2015.
4. met re ve li m., `tu riz mi _ sa qar Tve los eko no mi kis pri o ri te tu li mi mar Tu le ba`, sa qar-
Tve los bu neb ri vi re sur se bi, mo nog ra fia, t.II, sa qar Tve los mec ni e re ba Ta erov nu li aka de mia, sa qar Tve los teq ni ku ri uni ver si te tis sa qar Tve los sa war moo Za le bi sa da bu-
neb ri vi re sur se bis Sem swav le li cen tri, Tbi li si, 2015.5. mes xia i., asa Ti a ni r. `sa ku ror to-rek re a ci u li re sur se bi da tu riz mi~, wig nSi: sa qar-
Tve los eko no mi ka, Tbi li si, 2012.6. Jor da nia i., lom sa Ze z., Wi Ta na va n., fa re siS vi li o. da sxv. (av tor Ta ko leq ti vi) sa qar-
Tve los bu neb ri vi re sur se bi, mo nog ra fia, t.I-II, sa qar Tve los mec ni e re ba Ta erov nu li aka de mia, sa qar Tve los teq ni ku ri uni ver si te tis sa qar Tve los sa war moo Za le bi sa da bu-
neb ri vi re sur se bis Sem swav le li cen tri, Tbi li si, 2015.7. sa qar Tve los erov nu li at la si, iv.ja va xiS vi lis sax. Tsu-s va xuS ti bag ra ti o nis ge og ra-
fi is in sti tu ti, Tbi li si, 2012.8. sa qar Tve los 100 ku ror ti, `klio~, Tbi li si, 2014.9. fa re siS vi li o., kva rac xe lia l., mir za e vi v. sa me di ci no (sa re a bi li ta cio) tu riz mis gan-
vi Ta re bis per speq ti ve bi sa qar Tve lo Si pan de mi i sa da pos tpan de mi ur pe ri od Si`, Business & Law, No.1, January-June 2020, www.b-k.ge
10. Lomsadze Z., Paresishvili O., Kvaratskhelia L. et al. `Georgian natural resources (brief review)~, Annals of Agrarian Science, Vol.17, No. 1, 2019.
11. Paresishvili O., Kvaratskhelia L., Mirzaeva V. `Rural tourism as a promising trend of small business in Georgia: topicality, capabilities, peculiarities~, Annals of Agrarian Science, Vol.15, Issue 3, 2017.
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THE ROLE OF GEORGIAN NATURAL-RECREATIONAL RESOURCES UNDER THE CONDITION OF CORONAVIRUS
SPREAD
Otar ParesishviliLaura Kvaratskhelia
Davit GamezardashviliValentina Mirzaeva
Zhordania Center Studying Productive Forcesand Natural Resources of Georgia of the
Georgian Technical University
Abstract
In 2020, human life underwent important changes as a result of the world-wide spread of a new coronavirus disease _ COVID-19 p andemic: life regulations were cardinally transformed, economy was considerably harmed, and what is principal is that millions of people came down with this rather serious and not yet completely studied disease. This is virus-killer, nobody knows how long coronavirus lives, and as medical scientists assume, it leaves complications in different organs and systems for the rest of people’s life and particularly hurts immunity. Under diffi cult conditions, methods to solve COVID-19-related problem have been elaborated throughout the world. The article is the fi rst attempt to examine the problem of effi cient using of n atural-recreational resources aimed at quick recovery of people’s health in the context of respond-ing to the global challenge _ COVID-19 pandemic and taking into consideration various complications.
The world for the fi rst time has faced a new coronavirus infection and naturally the primary focus has been given to the issues of medicinal treatment of patients with acute form of the disease. The topic of this article has not yet been studied, it is neither elucidated in scientifi c literature nor presented as a subject of wide-ranging discussions Accordingly, one cannot analyze either analogous studies or publications. Based on the above, the primary purpose of the article is to draw specialists’ attention to the problems under consid-eration and to share experience in this sphere.
Key words: pandemic, chronic diseases, natural-recreational resources, therapeutic and health-improving tourism.
1. Introduction
At this stage of civilizational development, a number of serious global-scale challenges have emerged in the world which require adequate and prompt response. COVID-19 pandemic is most recent global chal-lenge which has covered the entire world and caused severe economic slump in all the countries as well as worsening of people’s living conditions. However, the biggest harm was infl icted by the virus to human health, physical and psychic state. Medical professionals spare no pains to save human lives. All over the world, elaboration of vaccines and medicaments takes place on a fast-track basis to provide effective treat-ment for acute patient and prevent serious complications.
One of the special features of COVID-19 is its polyorganic, multifactorial effect _ the virus injures a num-ber of vital organs and systems, causes severe acute disease, serious complications, especially if a patient
210
has concomitant chronic diseases. On the basis of the information accumulated it was ascertained that not too seldom COVID-19 patients after successful treatment still have health problems and need rehabilita-tion to repair functioning of injured organs and systems of organism. The process of rehabilitation can be speeded up and optimized by means of health-improving procedures with the use of natural factors. The best possibility for this is to go to the health-resorts of suitable profi le and undertake necessary procedures to speed up the achievement of healthful effect.
The authors of the article suggest using of a wide range of available Georgian natural-recreational resources for the purpose of rehabilitation of people who underwent COVID-19.
2. Analysis of the main research material
Despite its small territory, Georgia is notable for a variety of geographic, natural-climatic zones, has a number of unique natural resources [Zhordania, 2015; Lomsadze, 2019:59-75]. From times immemorial, all over the world including Georgia, natural factors have been used to treat people, for prophylactic and rehabilitation purposes. The worldwide famous are popular Georgian resorts such as Tskaltubo, Borjomi, Abastumani, Gagra, Bichvinta, Kobuleti, etc.
Thanks to its unique nature, numerous historical and cultural monuments, Georgia has become a centre of attraction for visitors from the whole world, the country successfully develops different spheres of tourism. Within the framework of medical, therapeutic and health-improving tourism, Georgia can offer everyone wishing to take a post-coronavirus course of rehabilitation based on relevant natural components available in the country. Furthermore, having a big potential for the development of mentioned directions, Georgia can become a regional hub in this sphere [Metreveli, 2015:794-873; Paresishvili, 2017:344-348; Paresish-vili, 2020:53-68]. Natural-recreational resources of the country afford an opportunity where necessary to offer a wide spectrum of health-giving activities and good multispecialty service in accordance with medi-cal indications.
Below are briefl y examined opportunities of the sphere of therapeutic and health-improving tourism which the country can offer as a follow-up rehabilitation to people who had COVID-19.
For a long time, Georgia is known as a country with healing and recreational resources. There are 11 cli-matic zones on a relatively small territory; high mountains summits covered with snow and ice, subtropics on the Black Sea coast, lowlands, lakes, rivers and waterfalls, many spouting springs with mineral waters _ all this has favoured establishing a great number of health-resorts (more than 100) and recreational places (more than 180). The 24-hour yield of more than 2300 prospected mineral springs is hundreds of millions of liters. Among mineral waters the most valuable by their physical and chemical properties are such sources as Borjomi and Nabeglavi (Vichy-type waters), Zvare and Pasanauri (Essentuki-type waters), Lugela (a unique chloride and calcium water) and others. Sulfi de, radon, nitric, siliceous thermal mineral waters are distinguished by high therapeutic effi ciency and used while treating arthrosis, peripheral nervous system, skin diseases, gynecological disorders, urologic and other diseases [Kvaratskhelia, 2015:875-1062; Meskhia, 2012].
Extensive network of Georgian resorts, a wide range of health-giving activities afford an opportunity to people with different diseases to choose the right resort treatment. Anybody depending on his/her state of health can have relevant medical and rehabilitation course at the health-resort of necessary profi le.
Perfect conditions for treatment and recreation at Georgian mountain climatic resorts are related to the high
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rate of insolation, activity of ultraviolet spectrum, length of light, healthy climate and moderate tempera-ture in summer months.
An important resort zone is the Black Sea coast where climototherapy is effective throughout the year. Marine climate, the sun, unique magnetic sands (Ureki), mountain air (Bakhmaro) _ all these factors make healing impact on blood circulation, respiratory organs, locomotive system.
Occurrences of therapeutic muds of different origin are discovered on the territory of Georgia (Akhtala and Kumisi muds).
Healing microclimate of Georgian caves is very healthful to treat respiratory organs, nervous and immune systems that is of prime importance for those who had COVID-19.
As a rule, resorts are located in the places with healthy climate that promotes strengthening of immune system, recovery of inner energy of organism. Of no less importance is antistress effect from being at the resort that is especially urgent in the context of treatment, rehabilitation and recreation of people who had COVID-19.
According to the principal therapeutic factor as a basis of classifi cation, Georgian health-resorts are divided into the following categories.
_ Climate resorts where the principal therapeutic factor is climate (mountain and seaside resorts, resorts located on shore of rivers and lakes), and where methods of therapy include aerotherapy, heliotherapy, pelotherapy.
_ Balneological resorts where the principal therapeutic factor is mineral water that is used as an external agent, for drinking, for different procedures. The main therapeutic method is balneotherapy.
_ Peloid resorts where the principal therapeutic factor is therapeutic muds along with climate and mineral waters.
_ Mixed-type resorts where at the same time are available different types of natural therapeutic factors. Whichever of those factors is principal there are climate-balneological, balneo-climatic, climatic-balneo-peloid resorts [Kvaratskhelia, 2015:875-1062].
Based on the features of resort resources, regional particularities and other factors, the territory of Georgia is divided into 12 resort-recreational districts which differ from each other by their specialization, structure of medical institutions and development potential. Those are: Imereti, Kakheti, Samegrelo _ Zemo Svaneti, Kvemo Kartli, Guria, Shida Kartli, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Apkhazeti, Achara and city-resort Tbilisi.
Information about the known Georgian health-resorts in accordance with medical profi le is given in a num-ber of publications [Kvaratskhelia, 2015:875-1062; Vadachkoria, 1987; Georgian National atlas, 2012; 100 resorts of Georgia, 2014].
Among the resorts intended for treatment, prevention and rehabilitation noteworthy are the following ones: mountain climate resorts (Bakuriani, Bakhmaro, Tsemi); seaside climate resorts (Batumi, Kobuleti, Ureki, Shekvetili, Chakvi, Gagra, Bichvinta, Akhali Atoni, Sokhumi); balneo-climate resorts (Tbilisi Balneologi-cal Resort, Borjomi, Sairme, Nabeglavi); climate-balneological resorts (Abastumani, Surami, Shovi, Leb-arde); peloid resorts (Akhtala, Kumisi).
Especially noteworthy are multispecialty Tbilisi Balneological Resort _ `Tbilisi Spa~ and Wellness Center `Bioli~ acting within Tbilisi recreational zone where patients are provided with complex medical and re-
212
habilitation service according to specially developed individual programs which include health-improving procedures, methods of physical and psychological relaxation, healthy nutrition with addition of healing herbs [Erkomaishvili, 2016:.53-68]. Wellness-direction becoming increasingly popular all over the world due to its complex effect to organism and recovery of vital energy, is of especial importance in the period of COVID-19 pandemic.
As is evident from the above, Georgian network of resorts and health-improving centers which are mainly based on natural treatment and health-giving factors, can be adapted to the new challenge: for full-scale rehabilitation of those people whose health was seriously undermined by COVID-19 (according to health professionals, as a result of virus mutations some complications can persist for life). It is signifi cant that there is no need to reorganize existing medical and rehabilitation institutions and reorient them for service of COVID-19 patients. Traditional patients should be served as usual, while the service of COVID-19 pa-tients will take place according to specially developed programs. As to the latter, taking into account further complications, existent methods and practices of rehabilitation will be completed with remedial exercises, special physical exercises, respiratory gymnastics, special diets that will not require additional material and other expenses.
When speaking of the factor of recreational resources in the context of the fi ght against COVID-19, one cannot disregard the role of tourist sphere in this process. At the fi rst stage of epidemic, resulting from inno-vative approaches of Georgian government authorities and effective management, the involvement of tour-ist industry in the fi ght against COVID-19 ensured a low morbidity and mortality rates. Measures taken by the Government were effective from economic point of view, since they enabled to preserve functioning of tourist industry: personnel employed in this sphere was promptly retrained for the work in quarantine zones.
3. Conclusion
Based on the analysis of Georgian natural recreational potential on the one hand and the results of the activi-ties carried out in the country against coronavirus infection on the other hand, we can make the following conclusions.
The new coronavirus infection _ COVID-19 is rather dangerous, understudied disease and the fi ght against this disease requires using of a large set of means; at the rehabilitation stage the treatment of patients will be effective if natural recreational resources as medical and health-improving factors are used; Georgia has considerable potential to be used for treatment and rehabilitation of patients who had COVID-19; prompt reorientation of hotels and tourist objects to serving COVID-19 patients proved to be effective from eco-nomic standpoint.
References____________________________________________________________________________1. Erkomaishvili G., `Medical wellness resorts _ Georgian brand-code in the world~, Universali, 2012. 6 (in Georgian).3. Vadachkoria G., Ushveridze G., Jaliashvili V., `Georgian resorts~, Tbilisi, Sabchota sakartvelo, 1987 (in
Georgian).4. Kvaratskhelia L., Meskhia I., `Remedial (health-resort) resources~ in: Natural resources of Georgia,
monograph, vol.II, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Center Studying Productive Forces and Natural Resources of Georgia of the Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, 2015 (in Georgian).
5. Metreveli M., `Tourism _ priority area of Georgian economy~ in: Natural resources of Georgia,
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monograph, vol. II, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Center Studying Productive Forces and Natural Resources of Georgia of the Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, 2015 (in Georgian).
6. Meskhia I., Asatiani R., `Resort-recreational resources and tourism~ in the book: Georgian economy, Tbilisi, 2012 (in Georgian).
7. Zhordania I., Lomsadze Z., Chitanava N., Paresishvili O. et al. (collective of authors), `Natural resources of Georgia~, monograph, vol.I-II, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Center Studying Productive Forces and Natural Resources of Georgia of the Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, 2015 (in Georgian).
8. Georgian National Atlas, Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography of Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2012 (in Georgian).
9. 100 resorts of Georgia, `Klio~, Tbilisi, 2014 (in Georgian).10. Paresishvili O., Kvaratskhelia L., Mirzaeva V., Prospects for the development of medical (rehabilitation)
tourism in Georgia in pandemic and post-pandemic period~, Business & Law, No.1, January-June 2020, www.b-k.ge (in Georgian).
11. Lomsadze Z., Paresishvili O., Kvaratskhelia L. et al. `Georgian natural resources (brief review)~, Annals of Agrarian Science, Vol.17, No. 1, 2019.
12. Paresishvili O., Kvaratskhelia L., Mirzaeva V. `Rural tourism as a promising trend of small business in Georgia: topicality, capabilities, peculiarities~, Annals of Agrarian Science, Vol.15, Issue 3, 2017.
214
efeq ti a ni in sti tu te bis ro li kri zi se bis daZ le va sa da qvey nis eko no mi kur gan vi Ta re ba Si
So re na xal va Si
eko no mi kis doq to ri
ab straq ti
mo ce mu li kvle vis mi zans war mo ad gens sa qar Tve lo Si moq me di po li ti ku ri da eko no mi-
ku ri in sti tu te bis gan sa kuT re bu li ro li bo lo dros ga mov le ni li msof lio pan de mi is pi ro beb Si. dRe i saT vis sa zo ga do e bis da eq sper te bis az ri orad aris ga yo fi li: na wi li Tvlis, rom pan de mi is pi ro beb Si un da ga i zar dos sa xel mwi fo in sti tu te bis ro li da e.w. `Zli e ri xe li suf le bis~ mom xre e bi ari an, xo lo na wi lis az riT, mTav ro ba ar un da Ca e ri os eko no mi kis fun qci o ni re ba Si da ar un da da a we sos mkac ri Sez Rud ve bi.
faq tia, rom sa qar Tve los eko no mi kis mniS vne lo van na wils da mo ma val Si qvey nis eko no mi-
ku ri gan vi Ta re bis Tvis erT-erT um sxvi les sfe ros tu riz mi da mom sa xu re bis sfe ro war-
mo ad gens. dRes dRe o biT, rTu lia zo ga dad prog no ze bis ga ke Te ba da grZel va di a ni stra-
te gi e bis Se mu Sa ve ba qvey nis eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bi saT vis, rad gan vi Ta re ba ga mud me biT ic vle ba. is, rom mdgo ma re o ba uax lo es mo ma val Si das ta bi lur de ba, amis mo lo di ni rTu-
lia gvqon des. mTa va ria mox des swo ri da adek va tu ri das kvne bis ga ke Te ba da ga moc di li qvey ne bis ma ga liT ze op ti ma lu ri ga daw yve ti le be bis mi Re ba.
pan de mi am Sec va la ada mi a ne bis da mo ki de bu le ba bev ri mi mar Tu le biT. biz ne si da mTav ro-
be bi frTxi lo ben Ta ma mi na bi je bis ga dad gmas. imi saT vis rom SeZ lon ga dar Ce na da adap ti-
re ba axal re a lo bas Tan, biz nes seq tor ma un da mo Zeb nos biz ne sis war mo e bis axa li da al-
ter na ti u li gze bi. ax la, Se iZ le ba iT qvas, cif ru li teq no lo gi e bis sru li da to ta lu-
ri ga ba to ne bis dro dge ba. biz ne se bis di di na wi li mTli a nad on la in siv rce Si ga da vi da. mwar mo eb lebs uwevT mi wo de bis da mom sa xu re bis mor ge ba mom xma re bel Ta in te re seb Tan, rac da ma te biT xar jeb Ta naa da kav Si re bu li da mwar mo eb leb sa da mom xma reb lebs So ris mud mi vad axa li ti pis ur Ti er To be bis Se mu Sa ve bas da da ner gvas iT va lis wi nebs. es ma ra To-
nu li pro ce sia da am bro la Si ga dar Ce ba is, vinc dro u lad au Rebs al Ros axal re a lo bas da maq si ma lu rad iq ne ba ori en ti re bu li si ax le e bis da ner gva ze.
zo ga dad, qvey nis eko no mi ku ri zrdis da eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bi saT vis au ci le be lia mTe-
li sa zo ga do e bis Car Tu lo ba eko no mi kur pro ce seb Si, rac gu lis xmobs in klu zi u ri in sti-
tu te bis for mi re bas da in klu zi u ri zrdis uz run vel yo fas. aseT ma in sti tu teb ma un da uz run vel yon Se mo sav le bis met-nak le bad Ta na ba ri ga da na wi le ba sa zo ga do e bis wev rebs So-
ris, ra Ta sa qar Tve los mo qa la qe ebs hqon deT mo ti va cia uf ro aq ti u rad Ca er Ton qvey nis po li ti kur da eko no mi kur cxov re ba Si. qvey nis eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis Tvis ara nak le bi mniS vne lo ba aqvs mak ro e ko no mi ku ri maC ve neb le bis sin qro nu lad gan vi Ta re bas, rac ase ve swo ri eko no mi ku ri po li ti kis da geg mvis da gan xor ci e le bis Se de gi Se iZ le ba iyos.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: eko no mi ku ri kri zi si, in sti tu ci e bi, eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re ba, in klu-
zi u ri zrda.
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yve la ze op ti mis tu ri prog no ze biT sa qar Tve los eko no mi ka 2022 wlis Tvis Se saZ le be lia da ub run des 2019 wlis do nes da Tu es mox de ba, es iq ne ba kar gi Se de gi. Tum ca amis Tvis bev ri Za lis xme vaa sa Wi ro. ga er Ti a ne bu li Za le biT sa xel mwi fos da biz ness, sa zo ga do e bis far To Car Tu lo biT, Se uZ lia qvey nis kri zi si dan ga moy va na. kri zi se bis mar Tvis ga moc di-
le bam aC ve na, rom aseT dros sa xel mwi fos ro li aris ga dam wyve ti. swo red ami tom ax lac mi dis aq ti u ri sa ub re bi da dis ku sia eko no mis tebs da po li ti ko sebs So ris ima ze, ga mo iw-
vevs Tu ara mim di na re kri zi si sa xel mwi fos ro lis xe la xal ga da az re bas, Tu es aris mxo-
lod dro e bi Ti an tik ri zi su li qme de be bi?
zo ga dad, mim di na re obs Tu ara ne o li be ra lu ri ide e bis da Te o ri is uka na plan ze ga we va da xde ba Tu ara sa xel mwi fo mTa va ri mo Ta ma Se, ro gorc sa ka non mdeb lo ba zis Seq mnis, ase-ve sa baz ro ur Ti er To be bis re gu li re bis Tval saz ri siT? dRes mxo lod sa xel mwi fo aris po li ti ku ri pa su xis mgeb lo bis mqo ne mTa va ri aq to ri. msof li o Si am Ja mad ise Ti si tu a-
ci aa, ro ca yve la qvey nis mTav ro ba dgas ga mow ve vis wi na Se, rom er Ti mxriv mo sax le o bas hqon des gar kve u li Se mo sa va li da da ex ma ros ker Zo seq tors kri zi si dan ga mos vla Si; ama ve dros, iz ru nos sa ku Ta ri mo sax le o bis jan mrTe lo ba ze, ga aZ li e ros jan dac vis ser vi se bi, Se mo i Ros gar kve u li sa xis Sez Rud ve bi ise, rom ar Se i la xos mo sax le o bis kon sti tu ci u ri uf le be bi da ar ga da ux vi os de mok ra ti ul prin ci pebs. is, Tu ro go ri iq ne ba sa xel mwi fos ro li da eko no mi ku ri po li ti ka da mo ki de bu lia cal ke u li qvey nis xe li suf le bis mi er ar-
Ce ul gza ze.
bo lo aT wle u lis gan mav lo ba Si mom sa xu re bis sfe ro dan mi Re bul ma Se mo sav leb ma ga da a-
War bes war mo e bis sfe ro dan mi Re bul Se mo sav lebs da bev ri qvey nis, maT So ris sa qar Tve-
los, eko no mi kis Tvis Se mo sav le bis mniS vne lo va ni na wi li swo red mom sa xu re bis sfe ro ze mo dis da rad ga nac Ri re bu le bis Te o ri is Ta nax mad, Ri re bu le ba aris imis daS ve ba, rom glo ba lu ri eko no mi kis um Tav res mi zans gac vla-ga moc vla war mo ad gens. gac vli Ti Ri re-
bu le ba ki aris is, ra sac myid ve li ix dis ama Tu im pro duq tis Se sa Ze nad. am mid go miT, fi-
nan su ri seq to ri da sa rek la mo in dus tria, rom le bic sa baz ro eko no mi kis Tvis erT-erT yve la ze mom ge bi an da Se mo sav li an sfe ro ebs war mo ad ge nen, ar qmni an sa zo ga do eb riv Ri re-
bu le bas. swo red ami tom, kri zi sul pe ri o deb Si sa xel mwi fom un da ai Ros sa ku Tar Tav ze ise Ti sfe ro e bis gan vi Ta re ba, ro go ri caa jan dac va da so ci a lu ri sfe ro. ami tom mTav-
ro beb ma un da Se mog vTa va zon axa li eko no mi ku ri po li ti kis mo de le bi da Ta vi anT Tav ze ai Ron sa zo ga do eb ri vi prob le me bis mog va re bis mi sia. anu, kri zi sul da pos tkri zi sul pe ri od Sic sa xel mwi fo un da gax des in ves to ri da ga na xor ci e los stra te gi u li in ves ti-
ci e bi mdgra di eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis mi saR we vad.
ne bis mi e ri so ci a lu rad ori en ti re bu li sa xel mwi fos mi za ni aris sa zo ga do e bas, biz nes sa da sa xel mwi fos So ris ide a lu ri ba lan sis pov na. eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis Ta na med ro ve etap ze ase Ti sa xel mwi fos for mi re bis Tvis, so ci a lu rad ori en ti re bu li sa baz ro eko-
no mi kis Ca mo ya li be bis pa ra le lu rad, au ci le be lia in klu zi u ri zrdis xel Sew yo ba, ra Ta Se iq mnas xel say re li pi ro be bi ada mi a ne bis Tvis eko no mi kur aq ti vo beb Si Ta na ba ri wvdo mis uz run vel sa yo fad da Ca mo ya lib des so ci a lur jgu febs So ris Se u fer xe be li ur Ti er Tkav-
Si ri.
ma ga li Tis Tvis Se iZ le ba mo viy va noT da vo sis 2018 eko no mi ku ri fo ru mi, ro mel zec aq-ti u rad ga ni xi le bo da in klu zi u ri gan vi Ta re bis sa kiT xe bi da Se mo Ta va ze bul iq na in-klu zi u ri zrdis in deq si (Inclusive Development Index _ IDI), rom lis Se fa se bis kri te ri u-
216
mi qvey nis eko no mi ku ri zrdis, sa mar Tli a no bis da mdgra do bis mi xed viT ga ni saz Rvre ba. aqam de eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis mTa var maC ve neb lad mSp-s mi iC nev den, xo lo ada mi a ne-
bis cxov re bis do ne ze yu rad Re bis ga max vi le ba nak le bad xde bo da. `eko no mi ku ri po li-
ti kis pri o ri te te bis gan saz Rvri sas uf ro me ti yu rad Re ba un da mi eq ces da uc ve lo bi sa da uTa nas wo ro bis aR mof xvras, ro me lic glo ba li za ci is da teq no lo gi e bis swraf gan-vi Ta re bas ukav Sir de ba. swo red mdgra di, yov lis mom cve li prog re si, rom lis dro sac mo sax le o bis Se mo sav leb Tan er Tad ma Ti eko no mi ku ri Se saZ leb lo be bis, cxov re bis do-
nis da da cu lo bis xa ris xis amaR le bac mox de ba, un da iq nas aRi a re bu li po li ti ko se bis mi er eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis mTa var miz nad, da ara mSp-s zrda ~ _ naT qva mia msof lio eko no mi ku ri fo ru mis an ga riS Si [1].
imi saT vis rom miR we ul iq nas mdgra di eko nom ku ri gan vi Ta re ba, sa Wi roa zrun va so ci a lu-
ri uTa nab ro bis aR mof xvra ze. so ci a lu ri uTa nas wo ro bis aR mof xvris erT-er Ti gza aris in dus tri u li zo ne bis, biz nes in ku ba to re bis, teq no par ke bis Seq mna, sa dac sa zo ga do e bis Se da re biT far To ma se bis Tvis xel mi saw vdo mi iq ne ba sa ku Ta ri ni Wi sa da una re bis re a li-
ze ba. ase Ti prog ra me bis Seq mni sas di di yu rad Re ba eT mo ba ga naT le bas, ro gorc in stru-
ments, ro me lic ga ni xi le ba e.w. `so ci a lu ri lif tis~ rol Si, ino va ci e bi ki am miz nis ken ma moZ ra ve bel Za las war mo ad gens. xo lo, rac Se e xe ba star ta pebs da ino va ci ur pro eq tebs _ ia fi man qa ne bi, mo bi lu ri te le fo ne bi sa Su a le bas aZ levs sul uf ro met ada mi ans ic xov-
ros aq ti u rad da sa zo ga do e bis srul fa so van wev rad ig rZnos Ta vi.
ase ve, mniS vne lo va nia ino va ci u ri me qa niz me bis ga mo yo fa, rom le bic xels uw yo ben in klu-
zi ur gan vi Ta re bas. aseT me qa niz mebs Se iZ le ba mi va kuT vnoT Se Ra va Ti a ni kre di te bi sof-
lad mcxov re bi mo sax le o bis Tvis, in fras truq tu ru li pro eq te bis gan xor ci e le ba, in-ter ne tiT sar geb lo bis xel mi saw vdo mo ba yve la re gi on Si da a.S.
sa qar Tve los so ci a lur-eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis stra te gia sa qar Tve lo 2020-is Ta-
nax mad, sa qar Tve lo Si in klu zi u ri eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis Tvis ar se bobs Sem de gi sa-xis geg me bi: sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis eko no mi ku ri po li ti ka ise un da iyos da geg mi li, rom maq si ma lu rad Se ew yos xe li imas, rom yve la mo qa la qi saT vis xel mi saw vdo mi iyos qve ya na Si ar se bu li miR we ve biT sar geb lo ba da uz run vel yo fi li iyos rac Se iZ le ba me ti ada mi a nis Car Tu lo ba qvey nis gan vi Ta re ba Si. imi saT vis rom srul fa sov nad gan xor ci el des in klu-
zi u ri eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re ba, au ci le be lia Tan mim dev ru li de cen tra li za cia da re gi-
o nu li gan vi Ta re ba. au ci le be lia TviT mmar Tve lo be bis srul fa sov nad Car Tva re gi o nu-
li pro eq te bis da geg mvi sa da gan xor ci e le bis pro ces Si. [2; 2013; gv.4]
ase ve, `sa qar Tve los so ci al-eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis stra te gia 2020`-Si gan saz Rvru-
lia ri gi pri o ri te te bi sa da mi mar Tu le be bi sa, rom le bic au ci le be lia in klu zi u ri eko-
no mi ku ri zrdis mi saR we vad. es mi mar Tu le be bia: sa in ves ti cio da biz nes ga re mos ga um jo-
be se ba; sa in ves ti cio re sur se bis mo bi li ze ba da fi nan su ri baz ris gan vi Ta re ba; eq spor tis zrdis xel Sew yo ba; ino va ci i sa da teq no lo gi is gan vi Ta re bis xel Sew yo ba; in fras truq tu-
ris mow yo ba da qvey nis sat ran zi to po ten ci a lis maq si ma lu ri ga mo ye ne ba; Sro mi Ti re sur-
se bis op ti mi za cia da ga dam za de ba; xa ris xi a ni jan dac vis da efeq ti a ni so ci a lu ri uz run-
vel yo fis sis te mis Ca mo ya li be ba da a.S. [2; 2013; gv.5]
am miz ne bis mi saR we vad, pir vel rig Si, au ci le be lia eko no mi kis gan vi Ta re bis Se ma fer xe-
be li ga re mo e be bis sa fuZ vli a ni kvle va, prob le me bis iden ti fi ci re ba da ma Ti daZ le vis gze bis da sax va. mo ce mu li sa mu Sa os Ses ru le bi sas ga mo ik ve Ta Sem de gi sa xis prob le me bi,
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rom le bic sa Wi ro e ben swraf re a gi re bas, ese nia: sus tad gan vi Ta re bu li da da bal kon ku-
ren tu na ri a ni ker Zo seq to ri, sa mu Sao Za lis da ba li kva li fi ka cia da fi nan sur re sur seb-
ze Sez Ru du li wvdo ma [3].
ri si gaT va lis wi ne ba an ga um jo be se ba Se iZ le bo da stra te gi is Se mu Sa ve bi sas. vi na i dan in-klu zi u ri gan vi Ta re ba mo i cavs Tav da pir ve lad gaz rdil da na xar jeb sac, sa Wi roa sa xel-
mwi fos mxri dan me ti aq ti u ro ba, Tun dac sa ga da sa xa do sis te ma Si prog re su li ga da sa xa-
dis Se mo Re bis Se saZ leb lo biT. Se mo sav le bis uTa nas wo ro ga na wi le bis Sem ci re bis erT-
erT gzad Se iZ le ba mo vi az roT Se mo sav le bis prog re su li da beg vris sis te ma ze ga das vla (mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom kon sti tu ci iT dad ge ni lia, rom ga da sa xa deb Si cvli le bis Se ta na mxo lod re fe ren du mis Ca ta re bis gziT SeZ le ba). es iq ne ba da bal Se mo sav li a ni fe ne bis-
Tvis da ma te bi Ti wya ro da na xar je bis zrdis Tvis ga naT le bis da jan mrTe lo bis sfe ro eb Si.
in klu zi u ri gan vi Ta re ba su lac ar niS navs mxo lod Se mo sav le bis ga da na wi le bis xe lov-
nu rad ga Ta nab re bas. is ar gu lis xmobs mo sax le o bis mdi da ri da ma Ral Se mo sav li a ni fe-
nis Tvis da ma te biT ra i me Sez Rud ve bis da we se bas an msgav si uxe Si da xe lov nu ri me To de bis ga mo ye ne bas Se mo sav le bis met-nak le bad ga Ta nab re bis Tvis. ase ve, ar igu lis xme ba Ra ri bi, umu Se va ri an so ci a lu rad da uc ve li mo sax le o bis Tvis mud mi vad dax ma re bis ga ce ma. es aris in fras truq tu ris mow yo bis, biz ne sis xel Sew yo bis, Se sa ba mi si in sti tu te bis for-
mi re bis, Se saZ leb lo be bis ga mo Ta nab re bi sa da kon ku ren tu na ri a ni kva li fi ci u ri sa mu Sao Za lis Seq mnis kom pleq su ri Ro nis Zi e be bis Se mu Sa ve ba da gan xor ci e le ba. ami tom, so ci a lu-
rad da uc ve li mo sax le o bis Tvis da saq me bis wa xa li se bis Tvis grZel va di an per speq ti va Si sxva das xva sa xis xel Sem wyo bi Ro nis Zi e be bis ga ta re ba ga ci le biT Ri re bul da xel Se sa xeb Se degs mis cems qve ya nas in klu zi u ri zrdis kuT xiT. sxva na i rad, gza, ro me lic gu lis xmobs bi u jet Si sul uf ro me ti Tan xe bis gaT va lis wi ne bas so ci a lu ri dax ma re bis pa ke te bis ga-saz rde lad, ar mog vcems im sa sur vel Se degs, rom lis ke nac un da is wra fo des qve ya na.
sa qar Tve lo Si in klu zi u ri zrdis xel Sew yo bis kuT xiT xe li suf le bis mi er ga dad gmul na-bi jebs Se iZ le ba mi va kuT vnoT eko no mi kis gan vi Ta re bi sa da ker Zo seq to ris gaZ li e re bis mi mar Tu le biT ga dad gmu li Sem de gi na bi je bi: prog ra ma awar moe sa qar Tve lo Si`, ven Cu ru-
li sa in ves ti cio prog ra ma `star tap sa qar Tve lo`.
aR niS nu li prog ra me bis da niS nu le baa Sez Ru du li fi nan sur-eko no mi ku ri Se saZ leb lo be-
bis mqo ne pir TaT vis (mo ti vi re bu li, aq ti u ri da ino va ci u ri ide e biT gam sWva lu li pi re-
bis Tvis) fi nan su ri, in for ma ci u li, teq no lo gi u ri da iu ri di u li mxar da We ra, rac xels uw yobs ma Ti Se saZ leb lo be bis re a li za ci a sa da mTli a nad qve ya na Si eko no mi ku ri aq ti vo-
bis zrdas, ra sac sa bo lo od in klu zi ur zrdam de miv ya varT.
sa qar Tve lo Si, pan de mi am de da, sa va ra u dod, mo ma val Sic, qvey nis eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re-
bis Tvis erT-erT um sxvi les sfe ros tu riz mi da mom sa xu re bis sfe ro war mo ad gens. dRes-
dRe o biT rTu lia zo ga dad prog no ze bis ga ke Te ba da grZel va di a ni stra te gi e bis Se mu-
Sa ve ba qvey nis eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bi saT vis, rad gan vi Ta re ba ga mud me biT ic vle ba. is, rom vi Ta re ba uax lo es mo ma val Si das ta bi lur de ba, amis mo lo di ni rTu lia gvqon des, mTa-
va ria mox des swo ri da adek va tu ri das kvne bis ga ke Te ba da ga moc di li qvey ne bis ma ga liT ze op ti ma lu ri ga daw yve ti le be bis mi Re ba.
sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis ofi ci a lur veb-gver dze gan Tav se bu li in for ma ci is Ta nax mad, pan de mi is daw ye bi dan dRem de sa qar Tve los mTav ro bam ara er Ti sa ci a lu ri pro eq ti ga na-xor ci e la da axor ci e lebs, ro gorc biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bis xel sew yo bis, ase ve mo sax le-
218
o bis Tvis ko mu na lu ri ga da sa xa de bis sub si di re bis da umu Sev rad dar Ce ni li mo sax le o-
bis Tvis kom pen sa ci e bis ga ce mis kuT xiT. xde ba ga da va de bu li sa Se mo sav lo ga da sa xa dis Ca mo we ra, qo ne bis ga da sa xa dis Se Ra va Te bi, sas tum ro e bis Tvis sa ban ko ses xe bis pro cen tis sub si di re ba, mik ro gran te bis prog ra ma da a.S pan de mi is me o re tal Ris Tvis dax ma re be bis axa li pa ke tis mTli a ni bi u je ti 1,1 mi li ard lars Se ad gens [4].
is, rom xde ba sa xel mwi fos mxri dan sxva das xva sa xis so ci a lu ri dax ma re bis pa ke te bis Se-Ta va ze ba mo sax le o bi sa da biz nes seq to ris Tvis, kri zi sis pe ri o di saT vis au ci le bel Ro-
nis Zi e bas war mo ad gens. mniS vne lo va nia pan de mi is das ru le bis Sem deg mTav ro bam eta pob ri-
vad, Tan mim dev ru lad ga a uq mos so ci a lu ri pa ke te bis di di na wi li da in ves ti re ba mo ax di-
nos eko no mi kis iseT sfe ro eb Si, rom le bic qvey nis in klu zi u ri gan vi Ta re bis xel Sem wyob sfe ro ebs war mo ad ge nen.
kri zi sul si tu a ci a Si mniS vne lo va nia yve la sa xel mwi fo in sti tu ti moq me deb des ko or di-
ni re bu lad da ma Ti mTe li Za lis xme va mi mar Tu li iyos kri zi sis daZ le vis ken. ise Ti yov-
lis mom cve li kri zi sis pi ro beb Si ki ro gor Sic am Ja mad im yo fe ba msof lio, rTu lia biz nes seq tors moT xo vo so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo bis aRe ba Tun dac sa ku Ta ri Ta nam Srom le bis mi mar Tac. ga mo dis, rom isev da isev ada mi a ne bi, rom leb mac da kar ges sam sa xu ri da Se mo sav-
le bis ga re Se dar Cnen, mxo lod sa xel mwi fo dax ma re bis imed ze rCe bi an.
ase ve, sa Wi roa biz ne sis so ci a lu ri pa su xis mgeb lo bis amaR le ba, rac sa xel mwi fos mxri-
dan maT Tvis go niv ru li, ga az re bu li Se Ra va Te bis da we se biT mo ti va ci is gaz rdas gu lis-
xmobs. dRes, ro de sac bev ri ada mi a ni dar Ca Se mo sav lis ga re Se, sa xel mwi fom da biz nes ma ko or di ni re bu li, Tan mim dev ru li na bi je biT un da SeZ lon kri zi sis daZ le va da qvey nis eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis uz run vel yo fa. es ar niS navs imas, rom sa xel mwi fo un da Ca e ri-
os kom pa ni e bis biz nes saq mi a no ba Si an ai Zu los isi ni maT Tvis eko no mi ku rad da fi nan surd wam ge bi a ni ga daw yve ti le be bi mi i Ron. mag ram, ama ve dros biz nes mac un da ai Ros Ta vi si wi li pa su xis mgeb lo ba sa ku Ta ri Ta nam Srom le bis wi na Se da ar da to vos isi ni mxo lod sa xel mwi-
fo sub si di e bis ime dad.
sa bo loo jam Si, sa xel mwi fos ro lis wi na plan ze wa mo we va, uzar ma za ri so ci a lu ri dax-
ma re bis pa ke te bi, sa xel mwi fo re gu la ci e bi, ra Tqma un da, pan de mi is Se sus te bis Sem deg Tan da Tan da re gu lir de ba da Se sus tde ba. is, rom kri zi sis daZ le va Si mTa va ri ro li sa-xel mwi fos ekis re ba, es uda vod asea, mag ram, es mas Sta bu ri kri zi si, di di al ba To biT, ma-inc ar ga mo iw vevs sa xel mwi fos ra di ka lur tran sfor ma ci as. pan de mi is das ru le bis Ta na-
ve sa xel mwi fo eb ma un da Se a sus ton so ci a lu ri dax ma re bis pa ke te bi. isi ni mxo lod Ra ri bi mo sax le o bis Tvis miz nob ri vi dax ma re biT un da Se mo i far glos. ama ve dros, sa xel mwi fom un da ga na xor ci e los ise Ti eko no mi ku ri re for me bi; un da gan saz Rvros is mi mar Tu le be bi, rom le bic sa mo mav lod in klu zi ur eko no mi kur zrdas ga na pi ro bebs.
li te ra tu ra:
____________________________________________________________________________1. https://eee-region.ru/article/5401;2. sa qar Tve los so ci a lur-eko no mi ku ri gan vi Ta re bis stra te gia sa qar Tve lo 2020, sa qar-
Tve los mTav ro ba, no em be ri 2013; gv.5;3. http://www.economy.ge;4. http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=541&info_id=77890.
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ROLE OF EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN COPING CRISIS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY
Shorena KhalvashiPhD in Economics
Abstract
The goal of the present research represents a special role of the political and economic institutions function-ing in Georgia in the recent worldwide pandemic situation. Nowadays the ideas of the society and experts are split into two parts: some consider that the role of state institutions should be increased in the pandemic conditions and they are so called powerful government~ supporters, but according to the others the govern-ment should not interfere in economy functioning and should not set strict restrictions.
It is obvious that the signifi cant part of economy of Georgia and afterwards one of the greatest and largest branches of economic development of the country is tourism and service. At present it is diffi cult to predict anything and to work out long-term strategies for developing economics in the country as the situation is permanently changing. It is hard to have an expectation for the situation stabilization in the nearest future; it is crucial to make accurate and adequate conclusions and to make optimal decisions on the example of the experienced countries.
COVID-19 Pandemic changed individuals’ attitudes towards many issues. Business and governments are prudent to make venturesome steps. In order to survive and adapt to the new reality the business sector ought to seek new and alternative ways of business production. Now, we can say, total domination and supremacy period of digital technologies is upcoming. Great part of the businesses completely turned to online working regime. Manufacturers have to adjust delivery and service to the customers’ interests that is connected with additional expenditures and it considers working out and establishment permanently new types of relations between producers and clients. This is a marathon process and the individual who will adapt to the new reality on time and will be maximally oriented on setting novelties will be survived in the race.
Generally, engagement of the whole society is necessary in the economic processes for economic growth and development of the country that means inclusive institutions formation and provision of inclusive growth. Such institutions should provide more or less equal distribution of incomes among the society members in order to Georgian citizens have motivation for commitment in the political and economic life of the country more actively. Synchronous development of macroeconomic indicators is of great importance as well for economic development of the country which can be result of planning and implementation of strategic economic policy.
Key words: economic crisis, institutions, economic development, inclusive growth.
1. Introduction
According to the optimistic prognosis economy of Georgia may have come back to the level of 2019 by 2022 and if it happens it will be a good outcome. Though for it the great effort is necessary. With the united forces the state and business with massive engagement of the society can help the country out of crisis. Experience of crisis management revealed that the role of the state is crucial at that time. So active nego-
220
tiations and discussions are being carried out among the economists and politicians even now on the issue whether the current crisis will cause reevaluation of the state role or this is only temporary antirecessionary actions.
Generally, is receding the neoliberal ideas and theories being carried out and is the state becoming a main player on the subject of creating legislative base as well as regulation of marketing relations? Nowadays only the state is a key actor having political responsibility. At present all over the world there is such a situ-ation when the governments of all the countries are facing the challenges that on the one hand, population should have income and they should assist the private sector to overcome the crisis and simultaneously, they have to take care on health of its own population, to strengthen healthcare services, to set some kinds of restrictions so that to avoid infringement of constitutional rights of the population and deviation from democratic principles. The type of the state role and economic policy will be in future depended on the way chosen by the government of the certain country.
2. Presentation of the main research material
For the last decades the incomes received from service fi eld have exceeded the incomes earned from pro-duction and the important part of the incomes for economy for a lot of countries including Georgia is gained from just service fi eld. Exchange cost of production is the one that is paid by a customer to purchase a product. By this approach, fi nancial sector and advertising industry representing one of the most profi table and lucrative branches of market economy do not create a social cost. That’s why in the periods of crisis the state should take responsibility to develop the fi elds such as healthcare and social sector. So the gov-ernments should suggest new economic policy models and undertake missions to resolve social problems. Thus during the crisis and post-crisis periods the state should become an investor and should fulfi ll strategic investments for achieving sustainable economic development.
The aim of any socially oriented and people-focused country represents to discover an ideal balance be-tween the society, business and the state. At the contemporary stage of economic development for forma-tion of this kind of state in parallel with establishment of socially oriented market economy it is necessary to support and promote inclusive growth in order to create advantageous conditions to provide equal access to the economic activities for people and to establish constant interrelations among the social classes.
For example, we can name Davos Economic Forum 2018 where the inclusive development issues were being actively discussed and Inclusive Development Index _ IDI was suggested (the assessment criteria of which was determined in the terms of economic growth of the country, justice and sustainability. So far Gross Domestic Product _ GDP was considered as the main indicator of economic development, but a little attention was focused on the population’s standard of living. `Upon defi ning economic policy priorities more attention should be paid to coping vulnerability and inequality that is connected with globalization and rapid development of technologies. The very sustainable and comprehensive progress when together with the population’s incomes the quality of their economic opportunities, standard of living, safety and security will be risen, should be acknowledged by politicians as a key goal of economic development and not GDP growth~ _ the report of World Economic Forum says. [1].
Eradication of social inequality is necessary for reaching sustainable economic development. One way of coping social inequality is establishment of industrial zones, business incubators, techno parks where re-alization of people’s talents and skills will be accessible for comparatively more masses of society. Upon launching such programs a great attention is paid to the education as an instrument considered in the role
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of so called `social lift~, and innovations represent a motive power directed towards this goal. But as for startups and innovational projects _ cheap cars, mobile phones gives opportunities to more and more people to live actively and feel themselves as a valuable member of the society.
In addition, allocation of innovation mechanisms facilitating inclusive development is of a great impor-tance. These mechanisms may include preferential credits for rural residents of the population, implemen-tation of infrastructural projects, availability of internet usage in all regions and etc.
According to the Social-Economic Development Strategy of Georgia 2020 the following types of plans ex-ist for inclusive economic development in Georgia: economy policy of the Government of Georgia should be programmed in order to maximally facilitate the process providing that the achievements existing in the country should be available for all the citizens and more and more people should be engaged into the devel-opment of the country. In order to provide inclusive economic development completely the consequential decentralization and regional development are essential in this process. Moreover, the self-governments complete involvement is crucial and necessary in the process of regional projects planning and implementa-tion. [2; 2013; pg.4]
Therefore, a range of the priorities and approaches needed to achieve and provide inclusive economic growth are defi ned in the `Social-Economic Development Strategy of Georgia 2020~. There are the fol-lowing approaches: improvement of investment and business environment; mobilization of investment re-sources and fi nancial market development; promotion of export growth; support to the innovations and technologies development; infrastructure management and maximal application of transit potential; optimi-zation and re-training of labor resources; establishment of effective healthcare and social system and etc. [2; 2013; pg.5]
In order to accomplish these goals, fi rst of all, fundamental research of the inhibiting circumstances for eco-nomic development, identifi cation of problems and formulation of coping ways are needed and required. Upon fulfi lling the present work the following challenges were revealed requiring rapid response: weakly developed and low-competitive private sector, low qualifi cation of labor force and restricted access to the fi nancial resources [3].
What could be considered or improved during working out the strategy? Since inclusive development includes initially increased expenditures as well, much more activity from the state’s side is necessary, even in the taxation system with the possibility of setting progressive tax. As one of the ways of reducing unequal distribution of incomes we can consider to move to the system of incomes progressive taxation (although it is established by the constitution that the amendments to the taxes can be occurred only on base of conducting a referendum). It will be additional fi nancial source for the social classes with low-incomes to increase expenditures in the education and healthcare fi elds.
Inclusive development does not mean only artifi cial equalization of incomes distribution. It does not con-sider to set any additional restrictions for the rich and the social classes with high incomes or application of the similar rough and artifi cial methods for equalization of incomes more or less. Likewise permanently issuing allowances for poor, unemployed or vulnerable population is not considered. This is elaboration and implementation of the complex measures for infrastructure arrangement, business promotion, relevant institutions formation, opportunities equalization and creation of competitive qualifi ed labor forces. Thus for encouragement to the employment of the vulnerable population in the long-term perspective undertak-ing various kinds of facilitating measures will have much more valuable and reasonable outcome for the
222
country in the terms of inclusive growth. Otherwise the way considering more and more funds in the budget in order to increase social allowance packages will not give us the desirable result the country should be striving for.
With reference to promoting inclusive growth in Georgia the steps undertaken by the government may in-clude the following measures _ Program `Trade with Georgia~ and Investment Program `Startup Georgia~ launched by the government within the framework of economic development and intensifi cation of private sector.
The purpose of the abovementioned projects represents provision of fi nancial, informational, technologi-cal and juridical support for the people with the limited fi nancial-economic opportunities (for motivated and active persons having innovative ideas) that facilitates realization of their abilities and generally rising economic activity in the country fi nally leading to the inclusive growth.
In Georgia until the age of COVID-19 and probably in future as well one of the greatest fi eld of economic development of Georgia was and will be tourism and service. Nowadays it is diffi cult to predict anything generally and to elaborate long-term strategies for economic development of the country as the situation is permanently changing. We fi nd it hard to expect that the situation will be stabilized in the nearest future, it is important to make accurate and adequate conclusions and to adopt optimum resolutions on the examples of the experienced countries.
According to the information posted on the offi cial website of the Government of Georgia since outbreak of the pandemic the government of Georgia has implemented a number of social projects and is still imple-menting within the framework of promotion of business development, is also subsidizing communal utili-ties bills for the population and issuing compensations for the people facing loss of jobs. The suspended income taxes are written off, property taxes remissions are done, bank loan interests are subsidized for the hotels, micro grants programs are implemented and etc. For the second wave of the pandemic the total budget of the new package of allowances amounts to 1.1 billion GEL [4].
The government suggests the packages of various social allowances to the population and business sector and it is the very necessary measure to be undertaken during the crisis period. But it is essential for the gov-ernment to abolish a great part of the social packages successively and step-by-step and make investments in the fi elds of economy promoting inclusive development of the country.
In the crisis situation it is signifi cant for all the governmental institutions to be coordinated and their whole efforts to be directed towards coping and overcoming the crisis. In such comprehensive crisis circumstanc-es the whole world exists at present, it is diffi cult to demand and make the business sector to undertake so-cial responsibility even for their own employees. It means that still individuals having lost jobs and staying without incomes are dependent only on the state aids and allowances.
Raising social responsibility of businesses is also required that represents increasing motivation by setting reasonable and sensible preferences from the government’s side. Nowadays when a lot of people stayed without incomes the state and business should manage to overcome the crisis and provide economic de-velopment of the country by the coordinated and consequential steps and measures. It does not mean that the state should intervene in the business activities of the companies or force them to make economically and fi nancially unprofi table resolutions. But simultaneously the businesses should undertake their own responsibility for their own employees and they should not remain them to fi gure on only the state aids and subsidies.
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3. Conclusion
In conclusion, the state role, numerous social aid packages, state regulations, of course, will be regulated and weakened gradually after diminishing the pandemic. The fact that the state plays a key role in overcom-ing and coping the crisis is obvious and unquestionable but this worldwide crisis, with great probability, will not cause radical transformation of the state anyway. Upon ending pandemic the state should diminish social aid packages. They should include specifi c and purposeful allowances for only poor and vulner-able population. At the same time the government has to undergo the economic reforms and determine the courses which will result into the inclusive economic growth in future.
References____________________________________________________________________________1. https://eee-region.ru/article/5401;2. Social-Economic Development Strategy of Georgia Georgia 2020, Government of Georgia, November
2013, page 5;3. http://www.economy.ge;4. http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=541&info_id=77890.
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sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tri re bis we se bis ga mar ti ve bis zo gi er Ti sa mar Tleb ri vi as peq tis Se sa xeb
ko vid-19 pan de mi is pe ri od Si
ia xa ra zi
sa mar Tlis doq to ri,
qu Ta i sis aka ki we reT lis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis biz ne sis, sa mar Tli sa da so ci a lur mec ni e re ba Ta fa kul te tis
sa mar Tlis sa ma gis tro prog ra mis
mow ve u li pro fe so ri
ka xa ku pa ta Ze
qu Ta i sis aka ki we reT lis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis ad mi nis tra ci is uf ro si, biz ne sad mi nis tri re bis ka Ted ris mow ve u li spe ci a lis ti
ma ri am sa neb li Ze
qu Ta i sis aka ki we reT lis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis biz ne sis, sa mar Tli sa da so ci a lur mec ni e re ba Ta fa kul te tis sa mar Tlis sa ma gis tro
prog ra mis ma gis tran ti
ni no ma ta ra Ze
qu Ta i sis aka ki we reT lis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis biz ne sis, sa mar Tli sa da so ci a lur mec ni e re ba Ta fa kul te tis sa mar Tlis sa ma gis tro
prog ra mis ma gis tran ti
ab straq ti
mi za ni: sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Tal Si ga mo vav li noT sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tri re bis we se bis ga-mar ti ve bis zo gi er Ti sa mar Tleb ri vi as peq ti ko vid-19 pan de mi is pe ri od Si da sa ga da sa xa-
do da ve bis gan xil vis pro ce du ris Zi ri Ta di ma xa si a Teb le bi.
me To de bi: sak vlev Te ma ze mu Sa o bi sas ga mo vi ye neT sa er To mec ni e ru li (di a leq ti ka, ana-li zi da sin Te zi, ab stra gi re ba da kon kre ti za cia) da kvle vis ker Zo-mec ni e ru li me To de-
bi (for ma lur-iu ri di u li, Se da re biT-sa mar Tleb ri vi, teq ni kur iu ri di u li).
Se de ge bi: ro gorc Se da re biT-sa mar Tleb riv ma kvle vam gvaC ve na, gar kve u li Se Ra va Te bi da u-
wes da biz nes-ope ra to rebs ga da sa xa dis ga dax dis kuT xiT, ga da u vad daT sa ga da sa xa do val-
de bu le bis Ses ru le ba, mag ram sa ga da sa xa do pre fe ren ci e bis kuT xiT ra di ka lu ri Ro nis Zi-
e be bi ga sa ta re be lia; ase ve pan de mi is pe ri od Si sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis gan xil vi sas, ro gorc ad mi nis tra ci u li, ase ve sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi da sa mo qa la qo sa mar Tleb ri vi kuT xiT jer ki dev ar se bobs prob le me bi, rom le bic xar ve zis aR mof xvras da ga daW ras mo iT xo ven.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tri re bis we se bi ko vid-19-is pe ri od Si; sa ga da sa-
xa do da va; ga da sa xa diT da beg vris me qa niz me bi.; sa ga da sa xa do dar Rve ve bis dek ri mi na li za-
cia; ga da sa xa de bis ga dax dis ris ke bi; da beg vra Si pre fe ren ci u li po li ti ka; sa ga da sa xa do mo ra li.
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Ta na med ro ve mo wes ri ge bu li sa zo ga do e ba, qvey ne bis eko no mi ku ri zrda da gan vi Ta re ba
Se uZ le be lia ar se bob des ga da sa xa de bis ga re Se. im de nad Cve u leb ri vi mov le naa Cve ni yo-
vel dRi u ri yo fi saT vis ga da sa xa de bis ga dax da, rom aSS-s cno bil ma po li ti kur ma moR-
va wem _ b. fran klin ma (1706-1790) Tqva: `yve la val de bu lia, rom ga da sa xa di ga da i xa dos
da me re Tun dac mok vdes`. bur Ju a zi u li qvey ne bi saT vis ga da sa xa de bis gan sa kuT re bul
mniS vne lo ba ze yu rad Re bas amax vi leb da k. mar qsic: `ga da sa xa di es aris mTav ro bis ma-
saz rdo e be li de dis Zu Zu... ga da sa xa di _ es aris sa kuT re bas Tan, ojax Tan da re li gi-
as Tan er Tad me xu Te Rmer Ti~. fis ka lu ri po li ti kis ga ta re ba Se uZ le be lia moq ni li,
ga mar ti ve bu li sa ga da sa xa do Ta ma Sis we se bis ga re Se, ra Ta biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bas xe li
ar Se e Sa los, dak ma yo fil des sa zo ga do e bis mzar di moT xov ni le ba, Sem cir des ris ke bi
ga da sa xa de bi sa gan Ta vis ari de bi sa. ada mi a nis uf le ba Ta ev ro pu li kon ven ci is pir ve li
da ma te bi Ti oq mis pir ve li mux li pir da pir iT va lis wi nebs fi zi ku ri da iu ri di u li pi-
re bis sa kuT re bis uf le bis dac vas da ar zRu davs ma Ral xel Sem kvrel mxa re ebs ise Ti
ka no ne bis Ses ru le bis uz run vel yo fa ze, rom le bic sa kuT re bis ga mo ye ne ba ze kon trols
ga na xor ci e le ben an ki dev ise Ti ka no ne bis Ses ru le bas iT va lis wi ne ben, rom le bic sa er-
To in te re se bi dan ga mom di na re, ga da sa xa de bis da ja ri me bis ak re fas uz run vel yo fen.
sa ga da sa xa do po li ti kam un da uz run vel yos sa mar Tli a no bis prin cip ze da fuZ ne bu li
da beg vris me qa niz me bi; mo a wes ri gos sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo ba Si bun do va ni da or ma gi
in ter pre ta ci is Se saZ leb lo bis mom ce mi de bu le be bi; ga a mar ti vos sa ga da sa xa do nor me bi
da me war mis sa sar geb lod ga daw yvi tos sa da vo nor me bi; Se am ci ros sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis
gan xil va Si sa xel mwi fos do mi nan tu ri ro li da Seq mnas mci re biz ne sis da beg vris op ti-
ma lu ri mo de li mar ti vi aR ric xva-an ga riS ge bis we se biT da da beg vris al ter na ti u li
me qa niz me biT; mo ax di nos sa ga da sa xa do sis te ma Si cal ke u li dar Rve ve bis dek ri mi na li-
za cia; Se am ci ros da go niv rul far gleb Si mo aq ci os sa ga da sa xa do da ad mi nis tri re bis
sfe ro Si ja ri me bi da sa u ra ve bi, san qci e bis da we se bis Sem Txve ve bi; da a re gu li ros ka non-
qvem de ba re aq te biT (brZa ne be bi, in struq ci e bi) sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tri re bas Tan da kav-
Si re bu li teq ni ku ri sa kiT xe bi da sxva1.
uda vo WeS ma ri te baa, rom sa baz ro eko no mi kis for mi re bis pe ri o di xa si aT de ba aras ta-
bi lu ro biT. yo vel dRi u ri praq ti ki dan aS ka rad Cans, rom vaW ro ba Si ar se bu li mra va li
nor ma ti u li aq tis ar se bo bam ver SeZ lo Ta vi dan ag ve ci le bi na qvey ni saT vis au ci le be li
sax sre bis ga di ne ba, eko no mi ku rad ara xel say re li kon traq te bis da de ba, sa ga da sa xa do
da sa ba Jo we se bis dar Rve va. aq ve Sev niS nav diT, rom mniS vne lo va ni uar yo fi Ti ten den-
ci aa sa ga da xa do ka non mdeb lo ba Si mi si amoq me de bi dan dRem de uam ra vi cvli le bis Ses vla
da amiT gar kve ul wi lad me war me Ta gar kve u li pre ten zi e bis war mo So ba; sam wu xa rod, xe-
li suf le bis mi er ax lo war sul Si ko deq sis xSi ri cvla, ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde lis mud-
mi vad cva le bad ga re mo Si yof na kargs ara fers uqa dis ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdel sac da,
bu neb ri via, biz nes ga re mo sac, faq tob ri vad za ral de ba qvey nis eko no mi ku ri in te re si,
qvey nis fis ka lu ri po li ti ka aram dgrad sa xes Re bu lobs da rac mTa va ria, es yve la fe-
ri uar yo fi Tad ai sa xe ba qvey nis mTa va ri wya ros _ xal xis ma te ri a lur ke Til dRe o ba ze.
sa ga da sa xa do da sa ba Jo pro ce sis teq no lo gi a Si xSi ri cvli le be bi ver uz run vel yofs
sa ga reo vaW ro bis gan vi Ta re bis sta bi lur pi ro bebs, ra sac qvey nis eko no mi ki saT vis yo-
vel Tvis di di mniS vne lo ba hqon da. `faq tob ri vad ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdels ar Se uZ lia
1 aRniSnu li amo ca ne bis Se sa xeb sa u ba ria sam Tav ro bo prog ra ma Si „Zli e ri, de mok ra ti u li, er Ti a ni sa qar-
Tve lo saT vis“. ix.https://www.google.com/search?client=opera&q= sam Tav ro bo + prog ra ma + Zli e ri + sa qar Tve lo sa-
is&sourceid=opera&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
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yo ve li dRe da geg mos, imi tom, rom ar icis ra na bi jebs ga dad gams xe li suf le ba`1. es ise
ar un da ga vi goT, TiT qos cvli le be bis Se ta na ar iyos au ci le be li sa ga da sa xa do ka non-
mdeb lo ba Si, mag ram es cvli le be bi un da iyos grZel va di a ni, mya ri da ga ran ti re bu li
biz nes ga re mo saT vis.
aris ki mzad ase Ti kar di na lu ri cvli le be bi saT vis sa qar Tve los Se mo sav le bis
sam sa xu ri ko vid vi ru sis pe ri od Si?
sa mec ni e ro sta ti is mTa var prob le mad es sa kiT xi wa mov wi eT wi na plan ze, da kav Si re bu-
li ga da sa xa de bis ga dax dis im ris keb Tan, rac, Za li an aq tu a lu ri da uf ro me tic sa si-
coc xlod mniS vne lo va nia biz nes seq to ri saT vis ko vid vi ru sis moq me de bis dros.
bu neb ri via qcvey nis bi u je tis da pu re bis Zi ri Ta di wya ro biz ne sia, ro me lic sa xel mwi-
fo bi u je tis sa sar geb lod ix dis pir da pir Tu ara pir da pir ga da sa xa debs da rom li Tac
sa xel mwi fo bi u je ti iq mne ba. mag ram, sam wu xa rod, COVID-iT ga mow ve ul ma eko no mi kur ma
Ca var dneb ma, gar kve ul wi lad uar yo fi Ti ze moq me de ba ga mo iw vi es, pir vel rig Si, biz ne si-
saT vis da, rac mTa va ria, sa xel mwi fo bi u je ti saT vis, mZi me eko no mi kur mdgo ma re o ba Sia
mo sax le o ba (gan sa kuT re biT mci re biz ne si, ro me lic qvey nis da pu re bis wya roa da rom-
leb sac xe li Se e Sa laT Ta vi anT eko no mi kur saq mi a no ba Si) da aq mTa va ri, ma or ga ni ze be li
ro li mTav ro bas ga aC nia, ro mel mac efeq tu ri eko no mi ku ri po li ti ka un da Se i mu Sa os
da ga na xor ci e los ara mar to biz ne sis ga da sar Ce nad, ara med bi u je tis Se sav se ba dac.
am qme de ba Ta So ris mniS vne lo va nad mig vaC nia sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci a Ta moq ni li ro-
li, ro me lic ga iT va lis wi neb da ga dam xdel TaT vis sa ga da sa xa do tvir Tis Sem su bu qe bas da xels Se uw yob da biz nes da fi zi kur pi rebs, ro mel Tac ar Se eq mne bo daT fu lis brun vas Tan da ga da sa xa de bis ga dax das Tan da kav Si re bu li prob le me bi da sxva sir Tu le e bi2.
sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci eb ma uk ve da iw yes sxva das xva zo mis Se mo Re ba, ra Ta xe li Se uw-
yon Covid-is Se de gad da za ra le bul ga dam xde lebs an ga dam xdel Ta jgu febs. rac Se e xe ba in di vi du a lur ga dam xde lebs, maT Tan da kav Si re bu li pre fe ren ci u li Ro nis Zi e be bi miz-
nad isa xavs sa ga da sa xa do sir Tu le e bis ari de ba sa da tvir Tis Sem ci re bas. iu ri di u li pi-re bi sa da TviT da saq me bu li biz ne sis Tvis gan xor ci e le bu li zo me bi miz nad isa xavs fu lis brun vis prob le me bis ga da lax vas da ise Ti prob le me bis mog va re ba Si dax ma re bas, ro go ric aris mu Sa xe lis da kar gva, mim wo deb le bis Tvis dro e biT ga dax dis Se uZ leb lo ba da ua res Sem Txve veb Si biz ne sis da xur va an ga kot re ba.
mag.; erT-er Ti ase Ti pre fe ren ci u li po li ti kis mi za nia, ro ca ver xer xde ba ga dam xde lis-
Tvis we ri lo bi Ti da eleq tro nu li do ku men te bis Ca ba re ba sa ga da sa xa do ko deq siT dad-
ge ni li we siT da gaT va lis wi ne bul iq na ofi ci a lu ri do ku men ti sa ja rod gav rcel de ba Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris veb-gver dze; da ma te bi Ti dro mi e caT ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde lebs sa ga da sa xa do sa kiT xe bis mog va re bi saT vis, maT So ris: dek la ri re bi sa da ga dax dis va de bis ga da va de bis; ja ri me bi sa da san qci e bis mox snis; da va li a ne bis ga dax dis grZel va di an geg-meb ze ad vi lad wvdo mi sa da va dis ga xan grZli ve bis, da va li a ne bis amo Re bis Se Ce re bis; ga-da sa xa dis ga dam xde le bi saT vis zed me tad ga dax di li Tan xe bis swra fi dab ru ne bis na wil Si da sxv.
1 xa ra zi ia, sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Ta li, dam xma re sa xel mZRva ne lo, pir ve li na wi li, me o re ga da mu Sa ve bu li ga mo-
ce ma, Tbi li si, 20202 sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci a Ta fo ru mi, sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci a ta pa su xi COVID-19-s; ga da sa xa dis ga-dam xdel Ta xel Se saw yo bad mi Re bu li zo me bi, 26 mar ti, 2020, 3, https://www.rs.ge/Me dia/Default/ka non mdeb lo ba/ko-
ro na/FTA_-_sa ga da sa xa do_ad mi nis tra ci e bis_pa su xi_Covid-19-s.pdf
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sta ti a Si yu rad Re ba gvin da ga va max vi loT sag. ko deq sis 63-3 mux lze: `zed me tad ga dax di-
li Tan xis ukan dab ru ne ba`. aR niS nu li nor ma iT va lis wi nebs biz ne si saT vis im zed me tad ga-dax di li Tan xe bis ukan dab ru ne bas, rom le bic maT sa xel mwi fo bi u jet Si ga da i xa des ama ve mux liT dad ge ni li va de bis far gleb Si. mag ram, Tu ga dav xe davT Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris praq ti kas, da vi na xavT, rom xSir Sem Txve va Si ukan da sab ru ne be li Tan xe bi ga da i ta ne bo da mo ma va li Tvis ga da sax de lis an ga riS Si. mig vaC nia, rom es ara ka no ni e ri qme de baa da ukan da sab ru ne be li Tan xe bis mo ma val val de bu le ba Ta Ses ru le bis an ga riS Si ga da ta na mxo lod erT Sem Txve va Si un da mox des, Tu ama ze ne ba yof lo biT ga moT qvams Tan xmo bas Tvi Ton ga-da sa xa dis ga dam xde li, rac, sam wu xa rod, yo vel Tvis ase ar xde ba da kar gia, rom dRes, ro-
gorc ze moT aR vniS neT, ko vi dis pe ri od Si uk ve val de bu le baa zed me tad ga dax di li Tan xis ukan biz ne si saT vis dab ru ne ba, ro ca am mZi me si tu a ci i dan ga mo sa vals mTav ro bas Tan er-
Tad Tvi Ton ve eZe ben.
aq ve: vfiq robT me ti yu rad Re ba da dax ma re ba un da ga e wi oT im me war meT kri zi si dan ga mos-
vli saT vis, rom le bic gan sa kuT re bu lad da za ral dnen ko vid vi ru sis dros da gan sa kuT-
re biT ki mci re biz ness un da ga e wi os fi nan su ri dax ma re ba, ro me lic uf ro da za ral da fu lis mci re ma sis brun vis Se de gad da ga da sa xa de bis ga a dax dis kuT xiT. mig vaC nia, rom am si tu a ci a Si sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci eb ma un da da a zus ton pri o ri te te bi da kri te-
ri u me bi biz ne sis ga da sar Ce nad (Tu gind Se saZ leb lo bis far gleb Si grZel va di a ni ses xe bis ga mo yo fiT, isev ga vi me o rebT, sa ga da sa xa do tvir Tis Sem ci re biT, san qci e bis mox sniT da a. S.)
rac Se e xe ba ga da sa xa de bis ga da va de bas, aq Se iZ le ba az rTa sxva das xva o ba war mo iS vas biz-
nes men Ta mxri dan, ker Zod, ga da sa xa de bis ga da va de bas Se iZ le ba Se de gad moh yves sa ga da sa-
xa do tvir Tis dam Zi me ba. ase ma ga li Tad, ga da sa xa de bis ga da va de biT mo ma val Si war mo iS vas fu la di sax sre bis se ri o zu li prob le me bi. amas se ri o zu li da fiq re ba da gan sja sWir de-
ba.
mTav ro bis mi er ini ci re bul ma, au ci leb lo biT ga mow ve ul ma sa ga sa xa do cvli le beb ma Se iZ-le ba sa va ra u dod `e.w. TaR li Ti pi re bi~ da a in te re sos. mag.; da a re gis tri ron `fiq ti u ri kom pa nia~ fiq ti u ri per so na liT~ da mTav ro bi sa gan sa ga da sa xa do Se Ra va Ti mo iT xo von, re a lu rad ki ara vi Ta ri kom pa nia ar da u re gis tri re bi aT, ro me lic gar kve ul pro duq ci as awar mo eb da da ba zars mi aw vdi da. aqe dan ga mom di na re, kon tro lis meq niz me bi un da gam kac-
rdes, me ti ma kon tro le be li ber ke ti amoq med des ax lad da ar se bu li, ko vid vi ru sis amoq-
me de bis Sem deg war moq ni li kom pa ni e bis mi marT, ra Ta sa xel mwi fo bi u je ti dan ar mox des sax re bis uka no no gan kar gva maT ze.
mi sa sal me be lia, sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci a Ta fo ru mis gan cxa de ba, rom: bevr qve ya na Si, Covid-is afeT qe ba da em Txva im pe ri ods, rom lis dro sac xor ci el de ba sa Se mo sav lo ga da-
sa xa dis dek la ra ci is Sev se ba da mi si ga dax da. amas Tan er Tad, bevr ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdels uwevs, rom re gu la ru lad ga da i xa dos dam qi ra veb lis da ka ve bu li ga da sa xa di (mag., PAYE) da dRg an ga yid ve bis ga da sa xa di. es va de bi Se saZ loa ga da vad des ram de ni me kvi riT an TviT, ra Ta Covid-iT da za ra le bul pi reb sa da biz ness mi e ces da ma te bi Ti dro sa ga da sa xa do dek la ra ci e bis da msgav si do ku men te bis Se sav se bad, ase ve, ga da sa xa dis ga da sax de lad. es pro ce si Se iZ le ba iyos av to ma tu ri an mar tiv for mat Si moT xov nis Se sa ba mi si (mag., eleq-
tro nu li fos ta, te le fo ni). es Se iZ le ba gan sa kuT re bu lad mniS vne lo va ni iyos im ga da-
sa xa dis ga dam xde le bis Tvis, rom leb sac dek la ra ci is Se sav se bad sWir de baT Su a mav lis an
228
spe ci a li ze bu li per so na lis da sis te mis dax ma re ba. dis tan ci u rad mu Sa o bam zo gi er Ti ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde lis Tvis es Se uZ le be li ga xa da, sis te mis usafr Txo e bi sa da daS ve bis mi ze ze bis ga mo, Zi ri Ta di per so na li Se saZ loa yo vel Tvis ar iyos xel mi saw vdo mi avad myo-
fo bis an mzrun ve lo bi Ti pa su xis mgeb lo bis ga mo`1. ase ve, amav dro u lad, Se iZ le ba iyos si-tu a cia, ro de sac sa ga da sa xa do dek la ra ci e bis in for ma cia ga mo i ye ne ba sa xel mwi fos mi er gaT va lis wi ne bu li sxva sar geb lis mi sa Re bad. aseT si tu a ci a Si, sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra-
ci am Se saZ loa Se i nar Cu nos sa ga da sa xa do dek la ra ci is Sev se bis va da (gar da gan sa kuT re-
bu li Sem Txve ve bi sa), Tum ca ga ag rZe los ga da sa xa dis ga dax dis bo lo va da, an da uS vas wi na wlis sa ga da sa xa do dek la ra ci is in for ma ci is ga mo ye ne ba aseT Sem Txve veb Si. es Se saZ le-
bels gax dis da mu Sav des da sab ru ne be li Tan xe bi da ga dam xdels Ses Zens da ma te biT lik-
vi du ro bas. gar da ami sa, sa ga da sa xa do dek la ra ci a Ta in for ma cia Se iZ le ba ga mo ye ne bul iq nes Covid-is eko no mi ku ri gav le nis ukeT ga sa ge bad, ra Ta dad gin des is seq to re bi, rom-
le bic sa Wi ro e ben da ma te biT dax ma re bas da Se saZ le be li iyos eko no mi kis ga um jo be se ba ze Tval yu ris dev ne ba`2.
aq ve, ga mov TqvamT mo saz re bas, rom qvey nis eko no mi ku ri sta bi lu ro bis Tvis, biz ne sis im na wil ma, rom le bic aq ti u rad mu Sa o ben ko vid vi ru sis dros, ga nag rZon ga da sa xa dis ga dax-
da biz ne saq ti vo be bis Se nar Cu ne bis kuT xiT; sa ga da sa xa do or ga no eb ma mo i Zi on da ga a kon-
tro lon im me war me Ta mi er sa ga da sa xa do val de bu le bis Ses ru le ba, rom le bic ga nag rZo-
ben biz ne saq mi a no bebs.
mo saz re be bi ko vid vi rus Tan da kav Si re biT sis xlis sa mar Tlis 218-e mux lTan da kav Si re bu-
li. sis xlis sa mar Tlis ko deq siT gaT va lis wi ne bu li da na Sa ul Ta er Ti na wi li mi e kuT vne ba sa ga da sa xa do da na Sa ul Ta ka te go ri as. maT Se iZ le ba mi e kuT vnos Ta vi XXVI _ `da na Sa u li sa me war meo an sxva eko no mi ku ri saq mi a no bis wi na aR mdeg`, Ta vi XXVIII _ `da na Sa u li sa fi-
nan so saq mi a no bis sfe ro Si~ da sxva.
sfe ro Si ukav Si reb da kon tra ban das da mas sa xel mwi fo da na Sa u lo bebs mi a kuT vneb da da ga ni xi lav da, ro gorc sa ga reo vaW ro bis mo no po li is xel yo fas. mas Sem deg, rac ga uq mda sa xel mwi fo mo no po lia da sa ga reo-eko no mi ku ri saq mi a no bis li be ra li za cia mox da, am da na Sa u lis so ci a lu ri ar sic Se ic va la. sa qar Tve los sis xlis sa mar Tlis dRes moq med-
ma ko deq sma es da na Sa u li _ `da na Sa u li sa fi nan so saq mi a no bis sfe ro Si~ _ sa xel wo de biT eko no mi kur da na Sa uls mi a kuT vna da sa fi nan so saq mi a no bis sfe ro Si Ca de nil da na Sa ul Ta So ris pir ve li ad gi li da uT mo. am da na Sa u lis so ci a lu ri mav neb lo ba ima Si mdgo ma re obs, rom igi zi ans aye nebs sa xel mwi fos eko no mi kur in te re sebs. am da na Sa u liT Se iZ le ba zi a ni mi ad ges ase ve sa zo ga do eb riv uSiS ro e bas, ro ca mis sa gans war mo ad gens ia ra Ri, sab rZo lo ma sa la, nar ko ti ku li sa Su a le be bi, ra di a ci u li niv Ti e re ba da Ta vi su fa li brun vi dan amo-
Re bu li sxva sag ne bi3 .
aR niS nu li mux lis dis po zi ci as Tu ga dav xe davT, da vi na xavT, rom sak ma od Sez Ru du lia Se-mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris sa mar Tal dam ca vi ro li. mig vaC nia, rom aq, al baT ma Ti ro lis ase-Ti Sez Rud va ga mo Za xi lia im dro si, ro ca ar sur daT Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris or ga no e bi
1 sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci a Ta fo ru mi, sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci a Ta pa su xi COVID-19-s; ga da sa xa dis ga-dam xdel Ta xel Se saw yo bad mi Re bu li zo me bi, 26 mar ti, 2020, 3, https://www.rs.ge/Me dia/De fault/ka non mdeb lo ba/ko-
ro na/FTA_-sa ga da sa xa do_ad mi nis tra ci e bis_pa su xi_Covid-19-s.pdf2 iq ve3 xa ra zi i; sa qar Tve los sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Ta li, me o re na wi li, Tbi li si, 2014, 646
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eRi a re bi naT sa mar Tal dam cav or ga nod, cdi lob dnen da e to ve bi naT mis Tvis mxo lod fis-
ka lu ri fun qcia da igi ga da eq ci aT sa ga da sa xa do sam sa xu ris na ir sa xe o bad.
`eq sper te bi sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo bis dac vis ma Ral do nes xsni an sa zo ga do e ba Si `sa-ga da sa xa do mo ra lis~ ar se bo biT, ro me lic xels uw yobs sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo bis Ses ru le bas (ga da sa xa dis dro u lad ga dax das). amas Tan, `sa ga da sa xa do mo ra li~ mar ti vad da io lad ar ya lib de ba, gan sa kuT re biT im qvey neb Si, sa dac ar ar se bobs ga da sa xa de bis ga-dax dis `kul tu ri sa da Cve ve bis Rrma fes ve bi~1.
sis xlis sa mar Tlis 218 mux li blan ke tu ria2, ami tom ga da sa xa de bis sa xe e bis, ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde le bi sa da ga da sa xa diT da sa beg ri obi eq te bis da sad ge nad un da miv mar ToT moq med sa ga da sa xa do ko deqss, ro me lic gan saz Rvravs ga da sax del Ta sa xe ebs. ga da sa xa di sa gan Ta-
vis ari de bis sa Su a le be bi sxva das xvag va ri Se iZ le ba iyos. ga da sa xa di sa gan Ta vis ari de bas far To mniS vne lo ba aqvs, Tum ca kva li fi ka ci i saT vis mniS vne lo ba ar aqvs, mag ram Se iZ le ba gaT va lis wi ne bul iq nes sas je lis da niS vnis dros.
sa qar Tve los sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis 61-e mux lis me-2 na wi lis Ta nax mad, ga da sa xa de bis da-
ric xvis Zi ri Ta di sa fuZ ve lia sa ga da sa xa do dek la ra cia da sa ga da sa xa do Se mow me bis aq ti. Se sa ba mi sad, bi u je tis mi marT ga dam xde lis val de bu le ba war mo iS ve ba am ori sa fuZ vliT. am ri gad, bi u je tis mi marT da va li a ne ba Se saZ loa ar se bob des, ro gorc ga dam xde lis mi er war dge ni li dek la ra ci is sa fuZ vel ze da ric xu li Tan xe bis ga da ux de lo biT, ag reT ve Se-mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris au di tis de par ta men tis mi er gan xor ci e le bu li sa ga da sa xa do Se-mow me bis aq ti sa da mis sa fuZ vel ze ga mo ce mu li sa ga da sa xa do moT xov nis ga da ux de lo biT. sa qar Tve los sis xlis sa mar Tlis ko deq si vrcel de ba mxo lod au di tis de par ta men tis mi-er Ca ta re bu li sa ga da sa xa do Se mow me bis sa fuZ vel ze ga mov le ni li val de bu le be bis Sem-Txve va Si, Tu dad gin da ga dam xde lis gan zrax va3.
sis xlis sa mar Tlis ko deq sis 218-e mux liT gaT va lis wi ne bu li sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi pa su xis mgeb lo ba im Sem Txve va Si dge ba me war me pi ri sa, Tu ad gi li eq ne ba ga da sa xa di sa gan Ta vis ari de bas di di ode no biT (Tu ga da sax de li Tan xa ga da a War bebs 100 000 lars da gan-sa kuT re biT di di ode no biT ga da sa xa di sa gan Ta vis ari de bi sas, Tu ki ga da sax de li Tan xa 150 000 lars ga da a War bebs. 218-e mux li dan aS ka rad ik ve Te ba ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde lis gan-zrax va Ta vi aa ri dos 4sa xel mwi fo bi u je tis sa sar geb lod ga da sa xa dis ga dax das. ami to mac,
1 Benno Torgler, Markus Schaffnera , and Alison Macintyre, Tax Compliance, Tax Morale, and Governance Quality, Australia, 2007, 6-7 2 Sev niS navT, rom 218 mux liT gaT va lis wi ne bu li sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi san qci is da kis re ba Se iZ le ba ag reT ve sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis 275-e mux liT dad ge nil Sem Txve va Si, ro ca pir ma sa ga da sa xa do dek la ra ci a Si Tan xa xe-lov nu rad Se am ci ra da Tu igi ga mow ve u lia sa ga da sa xa do kon tro lis gan ma xor ci e le be li or ga nos mi er pi ris sa ga da xa do val de bu le bis val de bu le bis war mo So bis mo men tis (pe ri o dis) Sec vliT3 xa ra zi ia, sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Ta li, dam xma re sa xel mZRva ne lo, wig ni me sa me, me sa me ga da mu Sa ve bu li ga mo ce ma, Tbi li si, 2020.4 da na Sa u leb ri vi da ara da na Sa u leb ri vi xer xe bis mi xed viT sxva das xva qve ya na (maT So ris, aSS) er Tma ne Tis gan mij navs ga da sa xa de bis gan Ta vis ari de ba sa (Tax Avoidance) da ga da sa xa de bis da mal va (Tax Evasion), ro mel Tac dRes sa qar Tve lo Si moq me di sis xlis sa mar Tlis da sa ga da sa xa do ar ga nas xva ve ben da ori ve qme de ba war mo-
ad gens da na Sa uls.ga da sa xa de bi sa gan Ta vis ari de ba xde ba sa ga da sa xa do sis te mis sa mar Tleb riv kon teq stSi, ro de sac or ga ni za cia an fi zi ku ri pi ri, sar geb lobs ra „sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo bis xar ve ze biT“, axor ci e-
lebs Ro nis Zi e bebs, ro me lic ewi na aR mde ge ba sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo bas, Tum ca ar aris mkveT rad uka no no. iT vle ba, rom ga da sa xa de bi sa gan Ta vis ari de ba, ro gorc we si, mo i cavs spe ci lur moq me de beb sa da Ro nis Zi e bebs er Ta der Ti miz niT _ sa ga da sa xa do val de bu le bis Sem ci re ba. ga da sa xa de bis da far va (Tax evasion), ro gorc we si, ga da sa xa de bis ga dax dis uka no no praq ti kas mi e kuT vne ba. am Sem Txve va Si, da beg ri li Se mo sa va li, da beg vras daq-
vem de ba re bu li mo ge ba an saq mi a no ba ima le ba, ma xin jde ba Se mo sav lis ra o de no ba da wya ro. am de nad, ga da sa xa-
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sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi dev nis mwar mo e bel mxa res ekis re ba mtki ce bis tvir Ti im ga re mo e-
bas Tan da kav Si re biT, rom ga da sa xa di sa gan Ta vis ari de ba swo red rom gan zrax viT gan xor-
ci el da da ad gi li ar hqo nia nor mis uco di na ro bas an/da me qa ni kur Sec do mas.
moq me di ka non mdeb lo biT ga da sa xa de bis gan Ta vis ari de bad iT vle ba, Tu ga da sa xa dis ga-dam xde li sa ga da sa xa do/sis xlis sa mar Tlis ko deq siT gaT va lis wi ne bul Tan xas ar ga da-
ix dis bi u jet Si. ad mi nis tra ci ul sa mar Tal dar Rve va sa da da na Sa uls So ris zRva ri ga dis swo red Tan xis ode no ba sa da pi ris gan zrax va ze da kri mi na lur/arak ri mi na lur me Tods pi-ris pa su xis ge ba Si mi ce mis kuT xiT mniS vne lo ba ar aqvs.
ara erT sa mec ni e ro sta ti a Si mi vu Ti Teb diT im faq tze, rom mig vaC nia, `un da mox des 218-e mux lis li be ra li za cia da man ad mi nis tra ci ul sa mar Tal dar Re va Ta ko deq sSi ga da i nac-
vlos, ra me Tu aR niS nu li mux li ar war mo ad gens ada mi a nis si coc xlis, jan mrTe lo bis da sxva mZi me da na Sa ul Ta kva li fi ka ci i saT vis damdg,en nor mas, aq gaT va lis wi ne bu lia ro-
gorc ze mo Tac aR vniS neT, di di ode no biT ga da sa xa dis ga da ux de lo bi saT vis sis xlis sa-mar Tlis pa su xim geb lo bis dam dgen nor ma ze. xom ar sjobs, ga da sa xa dis ne bis mi e ri Tan xis ga dax di sa gan Ta vis ari de bi sas, pi ri so li du ri Tan xiT dag ve ja ri me bi na, ag ve moq me de bi na mis kuT vnil qo ne ba ze sa ga da sa xa do gi rav no ba/ipo Te kis ga mo ye ne ba, Tan xis ga da ux de lo-
bis Sem Txve va Si ki dat vir Tu li qo ne bis re a li za cia da amo na ge bi Tan xiT sa xel wi fo bi u-
je tis Sev se ba (fi nan su ri val de bu le bis iZu le bi Ti we siT Ses ru le ba) mog vex di na. sis xlis sa mar Tlis pa su xis ge ba Si pi ris mi ce ma ga da sa xa dis ga da ux de lo bi saT vis (ma Sin ro ca ka-nom deb li ar azus tebs ver/ar ga da i xa da pir ma ga da sa xa di _ mis Tvis mTa va ri bi u je tis Sev-se baa), ve ra fe ri ga mar Tle ba iq ne bo da pi ris sis xlis sa mar Tlis pa su xis ge ba Si mi ce mi sa. amiT al baT ve ra vin ver mo i gebs: verc sa xel mwi fo da verc ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde li, ra me-
Tu, pi ri, rom lis sa war moc Sew yvet da fun qci o ni re bas da mu Sa xe lic da za ral de bo da (sa-mu Sao ad gils da kar gav da) da sa war mos fun qci o ni re bis Se Ce re biT (lik vi da ci iT) bi u jets ki dev er Ti ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde li mo ak lde bo da, _ bi u jets ki amis fu fu ne ba nam dvi lad ver eq ne ba. bu neb ri via kiT xva is mis: ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde li saT vis sas je lis sa xiT Ta vi-
suf le bis aR kve Ta efe tu ri sa Su a le baa ga da sa xa de bis iZu le bi Ti we siT amo Re bi sa? iq neb miv ceT pirs dro da sa Su a le bac sa war mos efeq ti a ni mu Sa o bi sa da ga mo mu Sa ve bu li mo ge bi-
dan ga da vax de vi noT ga da sa xa di. iq neb vcde bi, mag ram mo saz re bas xom aqvs si coc xlis uf-
le ba?1 miT ume tes, dRes, ko vod-is moq me de bis pe ri od Si, ro ca biz ne sis did um rav le so ba `ga Ce re bu lia`, ar mu Sa obs da bi u jet sac did Tan xe bi ak lde ba, rac Se iZ le bo da mi mar Tu-
li yo qvey nis sa ke Til dRe od, mo sax le o bis so ci a lu ri pi ro be be bis um niS vne lod, mag ram gar kve u li kuT xiT ga um jo be se bi sa ken.
mag ram es mo saz re ba sis xlis sa mar Tlis 218-e mux lis li be ra li za ci as Tan da kav Si re biT ar
de bi sa gan Ta vis ari de ba sa da ga da sa xa de bi sa gan da mal vas So ris ar se bi Ti gan sxva ve baa. Ta vis ari de ba, Zi ri Ta-
dad, le ga lur sa mar Tleb riv ur Ti er To ba Ta siv rce Sia (fi nan su ri an ga riS ge bi sa da sa bu Ral tro aR ric xvis me To de bis ga mo ye ne biT) ga da sa xa dis sru li Tan xis ga dax dis Ta vi dan aci le bi saT vis, ma Sin, ro de sac da mal-
vas xSi rad mi a kuT vne ben sa ga da sa xa do dar Rve va Ta Se da re biT da na Sa u leb riv for mebs. am de nad, ga da sa xa de-
bi sa gan Ta vi ari de ba sa da ga da sa xa de bi sa gan da mal vas So ris sxva o ba da mo ki de bu lia ga dam xde lis qme de bis ka no ni e re ba ze. mo ra lu ri Tval saz ri siT, ga da sa xa de bis gan Ta vis ari de ba ga ni xi le ba, ro gorc ara sa sur ve li mov le na, vi na i dan aseT dros ga mo i ye ne ba sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo bis xar ve ze bi sa ga da sa xa do tvir Tis Sem-ci re bis miz niT. ga da sa xa de bi sa gan da mal vis Se de gad sa xel mwi fos sa ga da sa xa do Se mo sav le bi uka no nod mcir-
de ba. Farny Otto, Franz Michael, Gerhartinger Philipp, Lunzer Gertraud, Neuwirth Martina, Saringer Martin, Tax avoidance, tax evasion and tax havens,Germany, 2015, 1 13; wya ro: dev da ri a ni T. da sax. naSr. 28.1 xa ra zi ia, sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Ta li, dam xma re sa xel mZRva ne lo, me sa me na wi li, me o re ga da mu Sa ve bu li ga mo ce-
ma, Tbi li si, 2020
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un da Se e xos pan de mi is (pan de mi e bis) dros ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdel Ta mi er gan zrax, sa xel-
mwi fo saT vis ga da sa xa dis da mal vas da isic did ode no biT, ma Sin ro ca ko vi dis dros ase uWirs qve ya nas da, miT ume tes ma Sin, ro me li me sa war mo Tu ga mar Tu lad mu Sa obs da mo ge-
ba zec ga dis. aseT Sem Txve va Si: pir vel rig Si: 1. maT ze ar un da gav rcel des sa ga da sa xa do Se Ra va Ti da, 2. Tu ki ad gi li eq ne ba ase Ti mZi me eko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o bis dros bi u je ti-
saT vis did ode no biT Tan xis da mal vas (ga da sa xa di sa gan Ta vis ari de bas), maT ze cal sa xad un da gav rcel des sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi pa su xis mgeb lo ba.
ase ve, un da ga mar tiv des sa ba Jo kon tro lis zo neb Si pan de mi is pe ri od Si im por ti o re bis mi er Se mo ta nil tvir Teb ze sa ba Jo for ma lo be biT gaT va lis wi ne bu li Ro nis Zi e be bi.
sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis gan xil vis pro ce du ra. aq ve ori od sit yviT ar Se iZ le ba ar Se ve xoT sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis gan xil vis pro ce du ras ko vid-is pe ri od Si.
moq me di ka non mdeb lo bis Se sa ba mi sad, sa ga da sa xa do da va ga ni xi le ba fi nan sTa sa mi nis-tros sis te ma Si da sa er To sa sa mar Tlo eb Si.1 sa qar Tve los fi nan sTa sa mi nis tro Si sa ga da-
sa xa do da va ori eta pis Se sa ba mi sad ga ni xi le ba, da vas ga ni xi lavs Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ri _ me di a ci is sab Wos meS ve o biT da fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros Tan ar se bu li da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wo.2 Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris me di a ci is sab Wo Si sa ga da sa xa do Se mow me bis aq tis gan xil-
va da i ner ga 2011 wels, aR niS nu li aq ti u rad ga mo i ye ne ba ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde le bis mi er.3 sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ad mi nis tra ci u li xa si a Ti dan ga mom di na re, sa sa mar Tlo Si gan xil vis wi na pi ro ba mo sar Ce lis mi er ad mi nis tra ci u li sa Civ ris er Tje ra dad war dge nis Se saZ leb-
lo bis ga mo ye ne baa,4 swo red aR niS nu li dan ga mom di na re, sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos mi er ga mo-
ce mu li aq te bi pir ma Se saZ le be lia ga a sa Civ ros, ro gorc Se mo sav le bis sam sa xur Si, ag reT-
ve, da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wo Si, mxo lod erT or ga no Si ga sa Civ re bac ki, uk ve niS navs er Tje-
ra dad sa Civ ris war dge nis Se saZ leb lo bis ga mo ye ne bas.5 ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdels uf le ba aqvs Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris au di tis de par ta men tSi da af qsi ros sa ku Ta ri we ri lo bi Ti Se mow me bis aq tis pro eq tTan da kav Si re biT ga da sa xa dis da ric xvam de,6 xo lo aq tis pro eq-
tis gan xil vis Se de ge bis Se sa xeb oq mi _ me di a ci is sab Wo Si.7 im Sem Txve va Si Tu dam tkic da sa ga da sa xa do da ric xvis Se sa xeb brZa ne ba, mom Ci vans uf le ba aqvs ga mo i ye nos ga sa Civ re bis Sem dgo mi (me o re eta pi) da brZa ne ba ga a sa Civ ros fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wo Si an pir da pir sa sa mar Tlo Si.8 sta ti is miz ne bi dan ga mom di na re, sa Wi rod mig vaC nia
1 sa qar Tve los mci re da sa Su a lo sa war mo Ta aso ci a cia, sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ga daw yve tis efeq tu ri in sti tu-
te bi, 2012, gv.6. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: http://ewmi-prolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0bS09ApTI81 ONf 4C0UJHNyy7Weds_9wPxVxGc1nkzjxlvtC3pSWP-XCQQ (uka nas kne lad ga da mow mda: 22,05,2021 w).2 wik la u ri i., sa qar Tve los fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros sis te ma Si sa ga da sa xa do da vis gan xil vis mo de lis Se da re bi-
Ti ana li zi, Tsu-iu ri di u li fa kul te tis sa mar Tlis Jur na li, Tbi li si, 2016, N1, gv.381. 3 iq ve;4 ix. sa qar Tve los zo ga di ad mi nis tra ci u li ko deq si. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/16270?publication=37 (uka nas kne lad ga da mow mda:22,05,2021w.)5 wik la u ri i., sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis gan xil vis qar Tu li mo de lis prob le me bi da mi si re for mi re bis Zi ri Ta di as peq te bi, Tbi li si, 2021, gv. 13. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://www.tsu.ge/assets/media/fi les/48/disertaciebi5/Ilia_Tsiklauri.pdf (uka nas kne lad ga da mow mda: 22,05,2021w).6 xa ra zi i., sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Ta li, me sa me wa wi li, 2020, gv 294. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://elibrary.atsu.edu.ge/lms/upload/e_books/viewer.html?fi le=1606236932.pdf&fbclid=IwAR3i-RbdSg BDGrOTuHG8d_YYE82HwSRqjlq1gySXp5KRRU-ZyX2DL1V1Oo0 (uka nas kne lad ga da mom wmda: 23,05,2021w).7 sa mar Tlis sax li, sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis gan xil va, 2017. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://hol.ge/news-info/sagadasaxado-davebis-gankhilva/ (uka nas kne lad ga da mow mda: 22.05.2021w)8 sa qar Tve los mci re da sa Su a lo sa war mo Ta aso ci a cia, sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ga daw yve tis efeq tu ri in sti-
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sa ga da sa xa do da veb Tan mi mar Te ba Si, fi nan sTa sa mi nis tro sa da sa sa mar Tlos msgav si da gan sxva ve bu li mid go me bis ga mok ve Ta. sa qar Tve los uza na e si sa sa mar Tlos praq ti ka sa da fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wos sta tis ti ku ri mo na ce me bis sa fuZ vel ze, aq tu a lo bi dan ga mom di na re, gvin da ori od sit yviT Se ve xoT sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos mi er dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis gan xor ci e le bis mar Tlzo mi e re bas. aR niS nul sa kiT xze msje lo bi sas upir ve les yov li sa, xaz ga sas me lia, rom sa ga da sa xa do ko deq si sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos ani Webs uf le ba mo si le bas imoq me dos dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis far gleb Si ga daw yve ti le bis mi Re bi sas, ma ga li Tad, sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis 289-e mux li gan saz Rvravs im Sem Txve vebs, ro de sac sa qar Tve los sa ba Jo saz Rvris ga dam kve Tis mi er sa mar Tal dar-
Rve vis Ca de ni sas Se sa ba mis ma sam sa xu reb ma ga mo i ye nos ram de ni me san qcia ku mu la ci u rad1 da a.S. dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis prin cip Tan da kav Si re biT un da aRi niS nos, rom fi-
nan sTa sa mi nis tros sis te ma Si da vis gan mxil ve li or ga no e bi ar ape li re ben sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos mi er dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis gan xor ci e le bis mar Tlzo mi e re ba ze, mi u xe-
da vad imi sa, rom mxa re aR niS nuls iye nebs po zi ci is ga sam ya reb lad ar gu men tis sa xiT, ma-ga li Tad, sa ga da sa xa do or ga nom nak lo va ne bis ga mos wo re bis va dad ka no niT gan saz Rvru li 30 dRi a ni va da 20 dRem de Se am ci ra, ise, rom ar da u sa bu Te bia ra ga re mo e bebs da ey rdno aR niS nu li ga daw yve ti le bis mi Re bi sas.2 ag reT ve, sa in te re soa fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros po-
zi cia, ro de sac da va swo red dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis gan xor ci e le bis far gle bis Se fa se bas exe ba, am Sem Txve va Sic ki da ve bis gan mxil ve li sab Wo ka non mdeb lo bis ci ti re biT da Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ri saT vis mi mar TviT Se moi far gle ba, rom kvlav iq nes Se fa se bu li al ter na ti u li, uf ro msu bu qi, san qci is ga mo ye ne bis Se saZ leb lo ba.3 am sa kiT xTan da kav-
Si re biT, sa in te re soa uze nae si sa sa mar Tlos praq ti kac, uze na es ma sa sa mar Tlom dis kre-
ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis gan xor ci e le bis Se fa se bis miz niT, Se i mu Sa va e.w. zo ga di tes ti, sa sa mar Tlo yu rad Re bas amax vi lebs, sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos ar Cev nis ka no ni e re ba sa da da-
sa bu Te bu lo ba ze da ara ar Cev nis mi zan Se wo ni lo ba ze.4 uze na e si sa sa mar Tlo gan mar tavs, rom mar Tlzo mi e re bis Se sa fa seb lad sa Wi roa ram de ni me kiT xvis das ma: ga mo ye ne bu lia Tu ara yve la ze mi sa Re bi sa Su a le ba sa kiT xis ga da saw yve tad da da sa bu Te bu lia Tu ara Se sa-ba mi sad.5 un da aRi niS nos, rom sa sa mar Tlos da uS veb lad mi aC nia sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos uf le ba mo si le ba Si Ca re va da ga daw yve ti le bis mi sa Re bad gar kve u li Car Cos mi Ti Te ba.6 ga-
tu te bi, 2012, gv.9. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: http://ewmi-prolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0bS09ApTI81ONf4C0UJHNyy7Weds_9wPxVxGc1nkzjxlvtC3pSWP-XCQQ (uka nas kne lad ga da-
mow mda: 22,05,2021 w).1 To ma Ze d., cer cva Ze T, sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ana li zi, 2016, gv 20. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00T2SC.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3_fCLYcnKaJn7cude2YuARQzGQQxp7 NY5wLwyZRaqn TV7zRTUA8mw97f4 (uka nas kne-
lad ga da mow mda: 22,05,2021w.)2 ix. sa qar Tve los fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros Tan ar se bu li da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wos 2015 wlis 6 Te ber vlis ga daw-
yve ti le ba sa Ci var ze №8704/2/14; ix. ase ve: sa qar Tve los fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros Tan ar se bu li da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wos 2015 wlis 3 mar tis ga daw yve ti le ba. 3 sa qar Tve los fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros Tan ar se bu li da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wos 2014 wlis 31 ian vris ga daw yve ti-
le ba sa Ci var ze №6615/2/13.4 To ma Ze d., cer cva Ze T, sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ana li zi, 2016, gv 21. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00T2SC.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3_fCLYcnKaJn7cude2YuARQzGQQxp7NY5wLwyZRaqnTV7zRTUA8mw97f4 (uka-
nas kne lad ga da mow mda: 22,05, 2021w.)5 saq me №bs-44-43(k-14), sa qar Tve los uze na e si sa sa mar Tlos ad mi nis tra ci u li pa la tis 2014 wlis 17 iv ni sis ga daw yve ti le ba; saq me №bs-137-134(k-14), sa qar Tve los uze na e si sa sa mar Tlos ad mi nis tra ci u li pa la tis 2014 wlis 29 iv li sis ga daw yve ti le ba; saq me №bs-612-590(k-13), sa qar Tve los uze na e si sa sa mar Tlos ad mi nis tra ci u-
li pa la tis 2014 wlis 1-li ap ri lis ga daw yve ti le ba6 iq ve;
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da sa xa dis ga nak ve Tis da sa beg ri mo cu lo bis gan saz Rvris Tval saz ri siT ga saT va lis wi ne-
be lia, sa kon sti tu cio sa sa mar Tlos praq ti ka, vi na i dan, aS ka raa, rom am mxriv dis kre cia sak ma od far Toa. sa kon sti tu cio sa sa mar Tlo gan mar tavs, rom rTu lia da Se iZ le ba iT qvas Se uZ le be lia, kon sti tu ciu ri kon tro lis far gleb Si Se mow me bul iq nas, ram de nad swo rad da mar Tlzo mi e rad xde ba bi u je tis Tvis sa Wi ro Tan xe bis mo cu lo bis gan saz Rvra,1 Se sa ba-mi sad, rTu lia dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis gan xor ci e le bis mar Tlzo mi e re bis zus ti Se mow me ba.
`ad mi nis tra ci u li pa su xis mgeb lo ba iu ri di u li pa su xis mgeb lo bis erT-er Ti sa xea, ro me-
lic vlin de ba sa xel mwi fo mmar Tve lo bi Ti saq mi a no bis gan xor ci e le bis pro ces Si. ad mi-
nis tra ci u li pa su xis mgeb lo ba vlin de ba ase ve pa su xis mgeb lo bis po zi ti u ri (rac niS navs, rom sa mar Tlis su bi eq ti aRi a rebs qce vis umar Te bu lo, aras wor xa si aTs, igi mo iq ce va ise, ro gorc amas mo iT xo ven ad mi nis tra ci ul-sa marT leb ri vi nor me bi) da ne ga ti u ri for me-
biT (ret ros peq ti u li an ne ga ti u ri ad mi nis tra ci u li pa su xis mgeb lo ba mo i cavs upa su-
xis mgeb lo qce vis Se fa se bas, e. i. ro de sac sa mar Tlis su bi eq ti sCa dis ad mi nis tra ci ul sa mar Ta dar Rve vas, igi is je ba da ga nic dis pi ra di da qo neb ri vi xa si a Tis Sez Rud vebs)`2.
sa in te re soa, aR niS nu li prob le mis gan xil vi sas dis kre ci is uf le bis gan xor cie le ba sa ga-da sa xa do or ga no e bis mi er dam rRve vi pi ris mi marT pa su xis mgeb lo bis da kis re bi sas. `sa ga-da sa xa do sa mar Tal Si dis kre ci is at ri bu ti ku li ni San-Tvi se be bi Se i ca ven: sa mar Tleb ri vi sa fuZ vle bis ar se bo bas; dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le be bis re a li za ci as mkac ri kom pe ten-
ci is Car Co eb Si da saq me e bis war mo e bas; amor Ce vis al ter na ti vas, sa dac yo ve li Se saZ lo al ter na ti va sa mar Tleb ri vad swo rad iT vle ba; Ta vi su fal moq me de bas dis kre ci u li ga-daw yve ti le be bis mi Re bi sas; Se moq me de biT xa si aTs; dis kre ci u li ga daw yve ti le bis mi Re bas ro gorc obi eq tu ri, ase ve su bi eq tu ri faq to re bis ze moq me de biT; dis kre cia isaz Rvre ba sa mar Tleb ri vi da ga re sa mar Tleb ri vi Car Co e biT; dis kre ci is uf le ba mo si le bis gan xor-
ci e le bis Se degs war mo ad gens saq me ze op ti ma lu ri ga daw yve ti le bis mi Re ba`3.
Ta na med ro ve qar Tve li av to re bi ag rZe le ben sa ma mu lo da saz Rgar ga re Tis tra di ci ebs `dis kre ci is de fi ni re biT, ter mi ne bis ga mo ye ne biT `ne ba-yof lo bi Ti moq me de ba`, `uf le-
ba mo si le ba`, `ar Ce va ni`, `ga daw yve ti le ba`, `far gle bi`, `al ter na ti va~ da ase Ti sa xiT sa-mar Tleb riv mec ni e re ba Si mTli a no ba Si Se iq mna dis kre ci is ar sis er Ti a ni ga ge ba, ro gorc sa er To sa mar Tleb ri vi fe no me ni. mi si da niS nu le ba mdgo ma re obs ima Si, rom ka no niT si tu-
a ci is mTli an an Se far de biT ga ur kvev lo ba Si sa mar Tal ga mom ye ne bel ma SeZ los ri gi sa mar-
Tleb ri vi al ter na ti ve bi dan amo ir Ci os op ti ma lu ri ga daw yve ti le ba, ro me lic mis cems mas Se saZ leb lo bas uf ro efeq tu rad da sa mar Tli a nad mo ax di nos ka non mmdeb lis gan zrax-
vis re a li za cia4.
1 ix. sa qar Tve los sa kon sti tu cio sa sa mar Tlos me o re ko le gi is 2017 wlis 28 de kem bris N2/7/667 ga daw-
yve ti le ba. xel mi saw vdo mia ix. fi le:///C:/Users/Zver/Desktop/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%20%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98/sakonst.%20sagadasaxadoze.pdf (ua ka nas-
kne lad ga da mow mda: 23,05,2021w).2 xa ra zi i; ad mi nis tra ci u li pa su xis mgeb lo bis zo gi er Ti as peq tis Se sa xeb sa ga da sa xa do we se bis dar Rve ve bi-
saT vis, sa qar Tve los da viT aR ma Se neb lis sa xe lo bis uni ver si te tis aka de mi u ri Jur na li „sa mar Ta li“, se ria 1, Tbi li si, 20173 xa ra zi ia, „sa ga da sa xa do or ga no e bis dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le ba, dis po zi ci is gan sa kuT re bu li na ir sa xe-
o biT (Te o ri u li da praq ti ku li as peq te bi)“, „mar Tlmsa ju le ba da ka no ni“, #3(59), 20184 iq ve
234
sa sa mar Tlo praq ti ka: sa qar Tve los uze na e si sa sa mar Tlos ad mi nis tra ci ul saq me Ta pa la tam mniS vne lo va ni gan mar te ba ga a ke Ta dis kre ci ul uf le ba mo si le basTn da kav Si-
re biT, ro me lic Se e xe bo da z.t-is sar Cels, rom li Tac is iT xov da Se mo sav le bis sam-
sa xu ris rus Ta vis re gi o nu li cen tris sa ba Jo Set yo bi ne bis, Se mo sav le bis sam sa xu ris brZa ne bi sa da fi nan sTa sa mi nis tros Tan ar se bu li da ve bis gan xil vis sab Wos 14. 03.11w. ga daw yve ti le bis ba Ti lad cno bas. mo sar Ce les sa ba Jo gam Sveb punqt `sa dax lo`-Si av-
to man qa nis sa ma lav Sii ara dek la ri re bu li tvir Ti aR mo u Ci nes, ris ga moc mas Ca mo er-
Tva san qci is sa xiT sat ran spor to sa Su a le ba, ro me lic sxvi si sa kuT re bai iyo... mo sar-
Ce le mi u Ti Teb da, rom igi pen si o ne ri iyo, umu Se va ri da man qa nis me sa kuT res sxva av to-
man qa nas ver Se u Zen da da iT xo va av to man qa nis Ca mor Tme vis sa nac vlad sa qon lis sa ba Jo Ri re bu le bis 100%-is ode no biT da ja ri me ba. sa ka sa cio sa sa mar Tlom gan mar ta, rom ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga nos mi er mo sar Ce lis mi-
marT Ca de ni li sa ba Jo sa mar Tal dar Rve vi sas Tvis san qci is Se far de bi sas dar Rve u li iyo sa ja ro da ker Zo in te res Ta ba lan si, ar iyo gan saz Rvru li ka sa to ris mi marT sat-
ran spor to sa Su a le bis Ca mor Tme vis ga re Se sxva san qci is Se far de biT ra tom ver iq ne-
bo da miR we u li sa mar Tal dar Rve vis saq me Ta gan xil vis mi za ni. uze na e si sa sa mar Tlos mo saz re biT, mo ce mul Sem Txve va Si a ra dek la ri re bu li qo ne bis ode no bis (Ri re bu le-
bis) gaT va lis wi ne biT, av to sat ran spor to sa Su a le bis Ca mor Tme vas eZ le o da sa dam sje-
lo, rep re si u li xa sa i a Ti, ewi na aR mde ge bo da sa mar Tli a no bis moT xov nebs. imis gaT va-
lis wi ne biT, rom sa ja ro san qcia ukav Sir de bo da sa kuT re bis kon sti tu ci u ri uf le bis Sez Rud vas, ga mo ye ne bu li san qcia yve la Sem Txve va Si un da pa su xob des Ta na zo mi e re bis prin cips. is ga re mo e ba, rom sa ba Jo or ga no san qci is da kis re bi sas moq me deb da dis kre-
ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis far gleb Si, sa ka sa cio sa sa mar Tlos mo saz re biT, ar ga mo-
ric xav da ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga nos val de bu le bas, ga eT va lis wi ne bi na dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis ga mo ye ne bis we se bi sax de lis da kis re bi sas, mxed ve lo ba Si mi e Ro mi-
si pro por ci u lo ba da Ta na zo mi e re ba, pa su xis mgeb lo bis Se mam su bu qe be li ga re mo e ba-
ni, sa mar Tal dar Rve vis sim Zi me, sa mar Tal dar Rve vis Ca de nis pi rov ne ba, rac sa bo loo jam Si ga na pi ro beb da ga mo ye ne bu li san qci is adek va tu ro bas. dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo-
si le bis far gleb Si ga daw yve ti le bis mi Re ba aval de bu leb da ad mi nis tra ci ul or ga nos sa ja ro da ker Zo in te re se bis dac vis sa fuZ vel ze ka non mdeb lo bis Se sa ba mi sad ram de-
ni me ga daw yve ti le bi dan Se er Cia yve la ze mi sa Re bi.... qve da in stan ci is ad mi nis tra ci u-
li or ga nos dis kre ci as Se saZ le be li iyo Ca nac vle bo da zem dgo mi or ga nos dis kre cia. dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis ga mo ye ne bis mar Tlzo mi e re bis Se mow me bi sas zem dgo mi ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga no Ta va dac iye neb da dis kre ci ul uf le ba mo si le bas, dis kre-
ci u li uf le ba mo si le ba ar niS nav da Ta na zo mi e re bis da ka no ni e re bis prin ci pis ugu-
le bel yo fis Se saZ leb lo bas. uze na e si sa sa mar Tlos mo saz re biT, dis kre ci u li uf le-
ba mo si le bis ga mo ye ne ba gan sa kuT re bul yu rad Re bas sa Wi ro eb da, ra Ta ad gi li ar hqo-
no da pro ce du rul dar Re vebs, ka no nis far gle bis gac de nas, ra sac Se saZ loa Se de gad moh yo lo da sa kuT re bis xel yo fa, ka no ni e re bis, su bi eq tis uf le be bis dar Rve va. me o re mxriv, dis kre ci u li sfe ros ar se bo bi sas obi eq tu ri faq to re bi ga na pi ro beb dnen, ka-
no ni sru lad ver mo a wes ri geb da yve la sa zo ga do eb riv ur Ti er To bebs, rom le bic gan-
sxvav de bi an faq tob ri vi Se mad gen lo biT, sa mar Tleb ri vi re gu li re bis for me bi Ta da me To de biT. sa ka sa cio sa sa mar Tlom ageT ve aR niS na, rom: ka non mdeb lo ba sa sa mar Tlos, ro gorc nor mis Sem far de bel or ga nos ani Webs uf le ba mo si le bas Ta vad air Ci os sa mar-
Tleb ri vi Se de gi Ca de ni li sa mar Ta dar Rve vi saT vis. sa sa mar Tlo xe li suf le ba amow mebs
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aR mas ru le be li xe li suf le bis, ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga noe bis nor ma Se far de bi Ti saq-
mi a no bis ka no ni e re bas da ar aris Sez Ru du li ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga nos dis kre ci iT.... dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis far gleb Si ga mo ce mu li ad mi nis tra ci ul-sa mar Tleb-
ri vi aq tiT ga va lis wi ne bul ma zo meb ma ar un da ga mo iw vi os pi ris ka no ni e ri uf le be bi sa da in te re se bis da u sa bu Te be li Sez Rud va. da sa bu Te bis val de bu le ba gan pi ro be bu lia ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga nos saq mi a no ba ze kon tro lis gan xor ci e le bis miz niT. da sa bu-
Te ba Si un da aR niS nu li yo Se xe du le be bi, mo saz re be bi da ga re mo e be bi, rom leb sac ad-
mi nis tra ci u li or ga no da ey rdno ga da wyve ti le bis mi Re bis dros. ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga nos mi er da sa bu Te bis, ro gorc TviT ne bo bi sa gan dac vis val de bu le bis ig no ni re ba war mo ad gen da dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis gan xor ci e le ba Si Sec do mis dad ge nis da aq tis ga uq me bis sa fuZ vels1.
Tu ki er Ti ga dam xde lis mi marT mi Re bu li iyo gan saz Rvru li ga daw yve ti le ba, sxva ga dam-
xde lis mi marT ki, ro me lic mi e kuT vne ba ima ve ka te go ri is su bi eqts da msgavs pi ro beb Si im yo fe ba, ga mo ta ni li iq na sul sxva ga daw yve ti le ba da ase Ti `di fe ren ci a ci e bi~ sa ga da-
sa xa do ad mi nis tri re ba Si aix sne ba dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis re a li za ci iT, ma Sin go niv ru li da sa bu Te bis arar se bo biT ase Ti ga daw yve ti le ba ar Rvevs Ta na ba ri mop yro bis prin cips, ro me lic ga mom di na re obs sa kon sti tu cio moT xov ni dan ka no nis da sa sa mar Tlos wi na Se yve las Ta nas wo ro biT. dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le bis mniS vne lo va ni ni San-Tvi se baa _ al ter na ti u li amor Ce vis Se saZ leb lo ba amo sa va li mo na ce me bis sa fuZ vel ze ga daw yve ti le bis mi Re bis dros. Se iZ le-
ba vam tki coT, rom `Ta vi suf le ba~ da `ar Ce va ni~ ga mo di an `na Te sav~ ka te go ri e bad dis kre-
ci as Tan mi mar Te ba Si. amas Ta na ve, ar Ce va ni Se iZ le ba xor ci el de bo des ro gorc moq me de bas da umoq me do bas So ris, ase ve or da uf ro met moq me de bebs So ri sac: Tu pir ve li si tu a-
cia aZ levs Se saZ leb lo bas sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos Ta vi Se i ka vos aq ti u ri moq me de bi sa gan (ma ga li Tad, Sec va los qo ne bis da ya da Re ba gi rav no biT an Se i ka vos Ta vi ase Ti Sec vli sa-
gan; Se iZ le ba mo iw vi os spe ci a lis ti sa ga da sa xa do kon tro lis gan sa xor ci e leb lad an ar mo iw vi os (sa qar Tve los sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis m. 255, n. 7, rom lis Ta nax mad, `sa Wi ro e bis Sem Txve va Si, sa ga da sa xa do kon tro lis kon kre tu li moq me de bis gan xor ci e le bis miz niT Se saZ le be lia mow ve ul iq nes spe ci a lis ti/eq sper ti`); mis ces pa su xis ge ba Si an ar mis ces (ma ga li Tad, sis xlis sa mar Tlis ko deq sis 218-e mux lis Ta nax mad, `di di ode no biT ga da sa-
xa di sa gan Ta vis ari de ba sis xlis sa mar Tlis pa su xis ge ba Si mi ce miT is je ba, xo lo pirs 218-e mux liT gaT va lis wi ne bu li sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi pa su xis mgeb lo ba ar da e kis re ba, Tu sa ga da sa xa do Se mow me bis Se de geb ze `sa ga da sa xa do moT xov nis~ mi Re bi dan 45 sa mu Sao dRis va da Si ga dax di li, ga da va de bu li an ko req ti re bu li iq ne ba ga da sax de lad da kis re bu li Zi-ri Ta di Tan xa an mi si ga dax dis val de bu le ba Se Ce re bu lia ka no nis sa fuZ vel ze); me o re ki ga mo ric xavs aseT Se saZ leb lo bas (mag.; sat ran sfe ro fas war moq mnis ram de ni me me To di dan erT-er Tis amor Ce va)2. Cven mi er war mod ge nil sta ti a Si ar Se iZ le ba ar Se ve xoT sa ga da sa xa do-sa mar Tleb riv re-
gu li re ba Si pre zum fci u li me To de bis ga mo ye ne bas sa ga da sa xa do we se bis dar Rve veb Tan mi mar Te ba Si da rad gan war mod ge ni li mox se ne bis for ma tis mo cu lo bi dan ga mom di na re far Tod ver Se ve xe biT am prob le mas, erT kon kre tul sa kiTxs ma inc Se ve xe biT. pre zum fci e bi, Zi ri Tad Sem Txve va Si, sa mar Tlis nor me bis msgav sad sa ka non mdeb lo po li-
1 susg, saqme #bs-1655-1627(k-11) 11 aprili, 2012 weli, http://www.supremecourt.ge/news/id/262, {2021, 29/05} 2 xa ra zi ia, sa ga da sa xa do or ga no e bis dis kre ci u li uf le ba mo si le ba, dis po zi ci is gan sa kuT re bu li na ir sa xe-
o biT (Te o ri u li da praq ti ku li as peq te bi), „mar Tlmsa ju le ba da ka no ni, #3(59), 2018
236
ti kis spe ci a lur we sebs war mo ad ge nen da ara va ra uds, ro go ra dac mas mi iC ne ven. amas Tan, ri gi iu ris te bi sa mar Tleb ri vi pre zum fci e bi dan sa er Tod ga mo ri cxa ven im zo gad we sebs, rom le bic mo sa mar Tle Ta saq mi a no bis sa er To prin ci pebs war mo ad ge nen. mag. de bu le bas, rom ada mi a ni iva ra u de ba ke Til sin di si e rad da Se rac xa dad, sa nam ar dam tkic de ba sa wi na-aR mde go. ri gi iu ris te bi sa er Tod uar yo fen sa mar Tleb ri vi pre zum fci e bis Se mo ta nis sa-Wi ro e bas ma Ti `for ma lu ri~ Si na ar sis ga mo. pre zum fci u li das kvniT er Ti faq ti an mov-
le na ar se bu lad, dad ge ni lad iT vle ba ara er Tgzis mom xda ri ana lo gi u ri faq te bi sa Tu mov le ne bis sa fuZ vel ze1. sa in te re soa, am kuT xiT sa sa mar Tlo praq ti kac (biz nes ga daw yve ti le bis mar Te bu lo bis pre zum fcia`). sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Tli dan Se iZ le ba gan xi lul iq nes sa sa mar Tlo praq-
ti kis ma ga li Ti, ker Zod, sa qar Tve los uze na e si sa sa mar Tlos ga daw yve ti le bis Se sa-
ba mi sad2 Sez Ru du li pa su xis mgeb lo bis sa zo ga do e bis (Se sa ba mi sad sxva iu ri di u li pi-
re bis) di req tor sa da mar TviT saq mi a no ba Si Car Tul par tni ors Se iZ le ba da e kis roT pir da pir da uSu a lod, mTe li Ta vi si qo ne biT pa su xis mgeb lo ba sa zo ga do e bis sa ga da sa-
xa do da va li a ne bi saT vis (m.S. sa ga da sa xa do Se mow me bis aq tiT da ric xu li sa ga da sa xa do val de bu le be bi saT vis) im Sem Txve va Si, Tu dak ma yo fi le bu lia yve la Sem de gi wi na pi ro ba: sa zo ga do e bis par tni o ris Sem Txve va Si: 1. sa zo ga do e bas ga aC nia sa ga da sa xa do da va li a-
ne ba (m.S. sa ga da sa xa do Se mow me bis aq tiT da ric xu li sa ga da sa xa do val de bu le be bis) da ar Ses wevs una ri Ta vi si qo ne biT da fa ros aR niS nu li da va li a ne ba; 2. xse ne bu li sa ga da-
sa xa do da va li a ne ba ga mow ve u lia par tni o ris mi er Sez Ru du li pa su xis mgeb lo bis for-
mis (icis ra, rom iu ri di u li pi ri kre di to re bis wi na Se pa suxs agebs mxo lod sa ku Ta ri qo ne biT _ mew.Ses. kno ni, m.44) bo ro tad ga mo ye ne biT (mew.Ses. ka no nis m.3.6.), ra sac ad gi-
li aqvs im Sem Txve va Si, ro ca is faq tob ri vad mar Tavs sa zo ga do e bas da mi si saq mi a no ba mi mar Tu lia ga da sa xa de bis Ta vis ari de bis sqe me bis Seq mni sa ken, e.i. ro ca sa zo ga do e ba ga mo i ye ne ba, ro gorc sa ga da sa xa do val de bu le be bi sa gan Ta vis ari de bis `in stru men ti~
(par tni o ris mi er Sez Ru du li pa su xis mgeb lo bis for mis bo ro tad ga mo ye ne bis mtki ce-
bis tvir Ti ekis re ba sa ga da sa xa do or ga nos).3wi nam de ba re ga daw yve ti le biT, sa qar Tve lo Se u er Tda im qvey ne bis ricxvs, rom leb Sic sa-ga da sa xa do val de bu le bis gan zrax Ta vis ari de bi saT vis (da Se sa ba mi si wi na pi ro be bis ar-
se bo bi sas) sa war mos par tni o ri da sa war mos di req to ri mTe li Ta vi si qo ne biT age ben pa-suxs pi ra dad da uSu a lod, Tu sa war mos qo ne ba sa ga da sa xa do val de bu le bis da sa fa ra vad ara sak ma ri sia.
Tum ca xa zi un da ga es vas im ga re mo e bas, rom yve la aR niS nul qve ya na Si sa ga da sa xa do or ga-
nos am gva ri uf le ba, rom Se sa ba mi si wi na pi ro be bis ar se bo bis Sem Txve va Si mos Txo vos sa-war mos di req tor sa an/da par tni ors (pi ra di qo ne biT) sa war mos sa ga da sa xa do val de bu-
le be bis Ses ru le ba, pir da pir aris gan saz Rvru li sa ga da sa xa do ka non mdeb lo biT da ker Zo sa mar Tlis nor meb ze (mo ce mul Sem Txve va Si _ me war me Ta Se sa xeb sa qar Tve los ka no ni) day-
rdno biT am sa xis praq ti kis Ca mo ya li be ba praq ti ku lad up re ce den toa (sxva das xva qve ya na-Si ad mi nis tra ci u li or ga no e bis ase Ti mcde lo ba wa ru ma teb lad das rul da)4.
1 biz ne si da ka non mdeb lo ba _ [red.iu ri pa pas qua], no em be ri, 2009. biz ne si da ka non mdeb lo ba _ [red.iu ri pa pas-qua], no em be ri, 2009; ase ve ix. xa ra zi i; „sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Tleb riv re gu li re ba Si pre zum fci u li me To de bis ga mo ye ne bis Se sa xeb“, sa er Ta So ri so sa mec ni e ro Jur na li „dip lo ma tia da sa mar Ta li“, #1(4), 20182 (06.05.2015 Nas-1307-1245-2014 susg) 3 xa ra zi i; „sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Tleb riv re gu li re ba Si pre zum fci lu me To de bis ga mo ye ne bis Se sa xeb“, sa er Ta-
So ri so sa mec ni e ro Jur na li „dip lo ma tia da sa mar Ta li“, #1(4), 20184 http://taxinfo.ge/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8903&Itemid=104
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pre zum fcia sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Tal Si war mo ad gens Tvi sob ri vad pir da pir an iri bad, sa-ga da sa xa do sa mar Tlis nor meb Si da mag re bul al ba To biT aRi a re bas ar se bo ba ze an pre-
zu mi re bu li obi eq tis ar yof nas (faq tis, mov le nis, sa mar Ta lur Ti er To bis) dad ge ni li ar se bo bis dros, mas Tan da kav Si re bu li faq tob ri vi sa fuZ vliT. sa mar Tleb ri vi pre zum-
fci e bis ga mo ye ne ba ga ni saz Rvre ba sa mar Tleb ri vi re gu li re bis amo ca ne biT da miz ne biT. sa er To we se biT mas mi mar Ta ven aras tan dar tul si tu a ci eb Si, ro de sac sxva sa Su a le be bis ga mo ye ne ba Se uZ le be lia an ara e feq tu ria.
ase Ti sa ga da sa xa do re Ji me bis aR sa niS na vad da sav le Tis mec ni e re ba Si ga moi ye ne ba ter mi ni `presumtiv taxation`1, an qar Tu lad, `pi ro bi Tad ga an ga ri Se bu li ga da sa xa diT da beg vra`. vva-ra u dobT, ter mi ni `pre zum ti u ri da beg vra~ uf ro adek va tu rad asa xavs am dag va ri ga da sa-
xa de bis re Ji me bis arss.
ro gorc aR niS navs v. tu ro ni2, ter mi ni `presumtiv taxation`, va ra u dobs sa ga da sa xa do val de-
bu le be bis dad ge nis iri bi me To de bis ga mo ye ne bas, rom le bic gan sxvav de bi an Cve u leb ri vi we se bi sa gan, da fuZ ne bu li ga dam xde lis sa fi nan so (sa ga da sa xa do, sa bul Rat ro) an ga riS-
swo re ba ze.
ter mi ni `pre zum ti u ri da beg vra`_ aR niS na ven e. ax ma di da n. ster ni, _ mo i cavs pro ce du-
re bis mTel rigs, ro mel Ta Se sa ba mi sad sa ga da sa xa do ba za ar izo me ba, mag ram ga mom di na re-
obs zo gi er Ti mar ti vi mo na ce me bi dan, ro mel Ta ga moT vla uf ro ad vi lia, ro gorc TviT ba zi sis3. dRe i saT vis am dag va ri me To de bi aq ti u rad ga moi ye ne ba mTel msof li o Si. TviT ame ri kis Se er Te bul Sta teb Si, sa dac pre zum pti ul ma ga da sa xa deb ma ver mi i Res far To gav rce le ba, uka nas knel wle eb Si msje lo ben Se saZ lo zo gi er Ti pre zum pti u li re Ji me bis Car Tu lo ba ze, ame ri kul sa ga da sa xa do sis te ma Si.
sa ga da sa xa do saq me Si cno bi li ga moT qmaa: `mxo lod ga da sa xa de bi da sik vdi lia gar du va-
li`. sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis im pe ra ti u li moT xov naa, rom: `pi ri val de bu lia ga da i xa dos sa ga da sa xa do ko deq siT da we se bu li sa er To-sa xel mwi fo eb ri vi da ad gi lob ri vi ga da-
sa xa de bi`,4 xo lo sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis me-6 mux lis ki dev uf ro aZ li e rebs me-5 mux lis da na wess ima ze mi Ti Te biT, rom `ga da sa xa di aris sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis mi xed viT sa val-
de bu lo, upi ro bo fu la di Se na ta ni sa xel mwi fo bi u jet Si, ro mel sac ix dis ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde li, ga dax de bis au ci le be li, ara ek vi va len tu ri da usas yid lo xa si a Ti dan ga mom-
di na re`. ga da sa xa dis ga da ux de lo bi saT vis ki san qci e bia da we se bu li, rom le bic xSir Sem-Txve va Si ku mu la ci u ria. sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis aR niS nul nor mebs ex mi a ne ba pir da pi ri mniS vne lo biT ask-is 1651 ro me lic ga da sa xa de bi sa da sxva sa val de bu lo ga da sax de le bis aras wo rad ga dax de vi ne bas exe ba da ga dam xdel TaT vis za ra lis5 mi ye ne bas iw vevs da gar kve-
u li fu la di san qci e bi caa da kis re bu li.
sa ga da sa xa do ko deq sis 238-e mux li (n. 8) sa ga da sa xa do da va li a ne bis ga damx delT sTa va-
zobs (sa ga da sa xa do uf ro sis da de bi Ti ga daw yve ti le bis Sem Txve va Si) sa ga da sa xa do da-
va li a ne bis ga dax de vi ne bis ga da va de bas ara ume tes er Ti wliT, es mxo lod im Sem Txve vi-
1 Thuronyi V. Presumtive taxation // Tax Law design and Drafting. Vol. L; Washington: international Monetary Fund, 1996-1998.2 Thuronyi V. da sax. naSr. 3 Ahmad E; Stern N. The Theory and Practice of Tax Reform in Developing Countries. Cambpidge: Cambridze University Press, 1991.4 sa qar Tve los sa ga da sa xa do ko deq si, m. 5, n.1.5 ro gorc sa mar Tlis sxva dar geb Si, aqac xSi rad ka non mde be li aras wo rad iye nebs ter mi nebs „zi a ni“ da „za ra-
li“, cno bi li aq si o maa, rom „zi a nis mi ye ne ba xde ba, xo lo za ra lis anaz Ra u re bao“.
238
saT vis, Tu ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde lis sa ga da sa xa do uz run vel sa yo fad ga for me bu lia Tav de bo bis xel Sek ru le ba, war dge ni lia sa ban ko ga ran tia, an sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis dad ge ni le biT gan saz Rvru li pi re bis mi er ga ce mu li daz Rve vis po li si. aq ve ga va ke Teb-
diT Se niS vnas imas Tan da kav Si re biT, rom sa ga da sa xa do da va li a ne bis ga dax de vi ne bis ga-da va de biT ar Cer de ba sa u ra vis da ric xva, rac Cven ara de mok ra ti ul nor mad mig vaC nia, Tu ga vav lebT pa ra lels, sa mo qa la qo ko deq ssa da sa ga da sa xa do ko deqss So ris da vi na xavT, ar sob riv gan sxva ve bas, ker Zod: Tu sak re di to da we se bu le bam val de buls pirs gan cxa de-
bis sa fuZ vel ze ga da u va da sa mo qa la qo val de bu le bis Ses ru le ba (gi rav no bis/ipo Te kis an sxva uz run vel yo fis Sem Txve va Si), mas bu neb ri via sa mo qa la qo sa mar Tlis prin ci pe bi dan ga mom di na re, sa u ra vi ar da e ric xe ba, pir da pir nor mas, rom sak re di to da we se bu le ba sa u-
ra vis ga dax dis ga da va de bas ax dens sa mo qa la qo ka non mdeb lo ba Si _ ar gvxvde ba. mig vaC nia, rom Tu sa ga da sa xao or ga no ax dens sa ga da sa xa do da va li a ne bis ga dax dev ne bis ga da va de bas (da ga sa ge bia ra to mac: ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdels uWirs Zi ri Ta di va lis _ ga da sa xa dis da bu neb ri via va dis ga da ci le biT sa u ra cis ga dax dac), aqe dan ga mom di na re, alo gi ku rad mig-vaC nia ka no nis im pe ra ti vi, rom sa ga da sa xa do da va li a ne bis ga dax de vi ne bis ga da va de biT ar Cer de ba sa u ra vis da ric xva`!. maS, ra Ra az ri aqvs ga da va de bas, Tu mas Se Ra va Ti ar mo aqvs ga da sa xa dis ga dam xde li saT vis, Tu imas gu lis xmobs ka no ni, rom ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdels Se Ra va Ti ga u ke Ta, sa ga da sa xa do val de bu le ba ga da u va da da es pa na ce aa ga da sa xa dis ga-dam xde li saT vis, ve ra fe ri po zi ti u ri gan mar te ba iq ne bo da ka no nis mux li sa da Tan ima sac Tu mi vi RebT mxed ve lo ba Si rom sa u ra vi ar aris Zi ri Ta di val de bu le ba, igi aq ce so ru lia. nor mis pir da pi ri gan mar te biT aq ce so ru li val de bu le ba miy ve ba mTa var val de bu le bas (ga da sa xa dis ga dax das), mag ram da me Tan xme biT, es ve ra fe ri saS ve lia ga dax di su u na ro me-war mi saT vis, miT ume tes Tu mis wi na aR mdeg sa ga kot re bo saq mec iq ne ba aR Zru li. es Cve ni ker Zo mo saz re baa, iq neb vcde biT, mag ram mig vaC nia, rom sa u ra vis ga dax di saT vis val de bul pirs Tu ar epa ti e ba sa u ra vis ga dax da ga dax di su u na ro bi sa (da, bu neb ri via, es sa ga da sa-
xa do ka non mdeb lo bis Sem Txve va Si nak le bad sa va ra u doa, ra me Tu ga da sa xa de bi bi u je tis Sev se bis erT-er Ti mTa va ri wya roa qve ya na Si), ga da u vad des ma inc go niv ru li va diT mi si ga-dax da, ka no nis gan mar te ba ki pir da pir iT va lis wi nebs rom pirs ki ga da u vad da sa ga da sa xa-
do da va li a ne bis ga dax de vi ne ba, mag ram sa u ra vis da ric xva grZel de ba. kar gi iq ne bo da Tu 238-emux lis me-8 na wi lis bo lo wi na da de ba Sem deg for mu li re bas mi i Reb da: `sa ga da sa xa do da va li a ne bis ga dax de vi ne bis ga da va de biT xde ba sa u ra vis ga da va de bac`.
ro gorc uk ve aR vniS neT, sa ga da sa xa do da va sa qar Tve los sa er To sa sa marT lo eb Si sir Tu-
liT xa si aT de ba da Se sa ba mi sad sif rTxi liT ga ni xi le ba, sa ga da sa xa do da vas sxva das xva qvey ne bi gan sxva ve bu lad are gu li re ben mar Tlmsa ju le bis or ga no eb Si. zo gi erT qve ya na-Si da va ga ni xi le ba sa er To sa sa mar Tlo Ta sis te ma Si, rig qvey neb Si ki sa ga da sa xa do da vis gan xil vas spe ci a li ze bu li, sa ga da sa xa do da fis ka lu ri sa sa mar Tlo e bi1 da tri bu na le bi axor ci e le ben. sa kiT xis ukeT ga a na li ze bi saT vis gan vi xi lavT, ro gorc kon ti nen tur ev-ro pu li sa mar Tlis, ag reT ve pre cen den tu li sa mar Tlis ma ga li Tebs. ma ga li Tad, ame ri kis Se er Te bul Sta teb Si sa ga da sa xa do da vebs ga ni xi lavs sa ga da sa xa do sa sa mar Tlo, ro me lic aris sa ja ro or ga no, sa ga da sa xa do sa sa mar Tlo da ar sa kon gres ma kon sti tu ci is pir ve-
li mux lis sa fuZ vel ze.2 sa ga da sa xa do sa sa mar Tlo Si uam ra vi da va aris war mod ge ni li maT
1 xa ra zi i., sa ga da sa xa do sa mar Ta li, me sa me wa wi li, 2020, gv 293. xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://elibrary.atsu.edu.ge/lms/upload/e_books/viewer.html?fi le=1606236932.pdf&fbclid=IwAR3i-RbdSgBDGrOTuHG8d_YYE82HwSRqjlq1gySXp5KRRU-ZyX2DL1V1Oo0 (uka nas kne lad ga da mom wmda:23,05,2021w).2 The Annenberg Guide to the United States Constitution Article I, Section 8 xel mi saw vdo mia aq: https://www.annenbergclassroom.org/article-i-section-8/ (uka nas kne lad ga da mow mda: 20.05.2021w)
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So ri saa, da va fe de ra lur sa Se mo sav lo ja ri meb sa da ga da sa xa deb ze. mxa res Se uZ lia ga a-sa Civ ros ga da sa xa dis da kis re bis sa kiT xi. mxa res, ro mel mac ga sa Civ ra aR niS nu li sa kiT-
xi, Se uZ lia sar Ce li Se i ta nos aSS-s ra i o nul sa sa mar Tlo Si an fe de ra lur gan cxa de be bis sa sa mar Tlo Si.1 Tum ca ga da sa xa dis ga dax di dan ori ve sa sa mar Tlo ver aTa vi suf lebs da mo sar Ce le val de bu lia ga da i xa dos ga da sa xa di sar Ce lis Se ta nam de.2 rac xels uw yobs sa-ga da sa xa do sis te mis ga mar Tul mu Sa o bas.
da veb ze, ro mel Ta Ri re bu le bac ar aRe ma te ba 50 000 aSS do lars, ga da sa xa dis ga dam xdels Se uZ lia mo iT xo vos saq me sa sa mar Tlom ga ni xi los daC qa re bu li we siT, Tum ca ase Ti ase-Ti we siT mi Re bu li ga daw yve ti le ba ar sa Civ rde ba da ar ata rebs pre ce den tul xa si aTs. 3 rac xels uw yobs efeq tur da dro ul mar Tlmsa ju le bas, Tum ca, amav dro u lad Se i cavs ris kebs mo sar Ce li saT vis. sa sa mar Tlo pro ce si tar de ba er Ti mo sa mar Tlis Se mad gen lo-
biT, na fi ci msa ju le bi ar mo na wi le o ben am gvar da veb ze. ga da sax de lis ga dam xdels uf le-
ba aqvs Ta vi si in te re se bi Ta vad da ic vas sa sa mar Tlo pro ces ze saq mis gan xil vi sas. da ve-
bis ume te so ba mo ri ge biT srul de ba. sa ga da sa xa do sa sa mar Tlos ga daw yve ti le ba Se iZ le ba ga sa Civ rdes Se sa ba mis te ri to ri ul sa a pe la cio sa sa mar Tlo Si.4 aR niS nu lis sa fuZ vel ze Seg viZ lia vi va ra u doT, rom ame ri kis Se er Te bu li Sta te bis sa sa mar Tlo ori en ti re bu lia saq me das rul des ur Ti er TSe Tan xme bis sa fuZ vel ze.
rac Se e xe ba, ger ma ni as, ro gorc kon ti nen tu ri ev ro pu li sa mar Tlis oja xis wevrs, kon-
sti tu ci is 95-e mux lis sa fuZ vel ze, ger ma ni a Si Se iq mna xu Ti umaR le si mar Tlmsa ju le bis or ga no da erT-er Ti ger ma ni is fe de ra ci u li res pub li kis (Sem dgom Si ger ma ni is) fis ka-
lu ri sa sa mar Tlo, is war mo ad gens sa ga da sa xa do da sa ba Jo da ve bis gan xil vis umaR les in-stan ci as. mis Zi ri Tad fun qci eb Si Se dis sa ga da sa xa do nor me bis Se far de ba da aR sru le bis uz run vel yo fa. ger ma ni is fis ka lu ri sa sa mar Tlos fun qci eb Si Se dis, ro gorc sa ga da sa-
xa do nor me bis in ter pre ta cia da gan mar te ba, ase ve, ka non mdeb lo bis gan vi Ta re ba er Ti a ni praq ti kis da ner gvis gziT.5 fun qci e bis ase Ti far To speq tri met yve lebs ger ma ni is fis ka-
lu ri sa sa mar Tlos far To uf le ba mo si le ba ze. ama ve ze met yve lebs isic, rom Tu ga da vav-
lebT Tvals ger ma ni is fis ka lu ri sa sa mar Tlos sar Ce lebs, miv xvde biT, rom mo sar Ce le e-
bi xSi rad aye ne ben sa da vo nor mis kon sti tu ci u ro bis sa kiTxs da sa sa mar Tloc gan xi lavs aseT sar Ce lebs, xo lo ase Ti wi na aR mde go bis aR mo Ce nis Sem Txe va Si igi val de bu lia saq me Se a Ce ros da ga das ces sa kon sti tu cio sa sa mar Tlos.6 rac cal sa xad mo sa xer xe be li aris
1„sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ga daw yve tis efeq tu ri in sti tu te bi“ 2012 . xel mi saw vdo mia aq: http://ewmiprolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf? fb clid=Iw-AR1lyhs9zDxbGMHGioGGuGQ8m4JHMAql3jF0ZxkPGetd9mDsjcBwFvrtqfA(uka nas kne lad ga da mow mda: 20.05.2021w)2 Flora v. United States, 362 U.S. 145 (1960), xel mi saw vdo mia: https://supreme.ju stia.com/cases/federal/us/362/ 145/ (uka nas-
kne lad ga da mow mda: 20.05.2021w)3 „sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ga daw yve tis efeq tu ri in sti tu te bi“ 2012 . xel mi saw vdo mia aq: http://ewmiprolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf? fb cli d=IwAR1lyhs9zDxbGMHGioGGuGQ8m4JHMAql3jF0ZxkPGetd9mDsjcBwFvrtqfA(uka nas kne lad ga da mow mda: 20.05.2021)4 „sa ga da sa xa do da ve bis ga daw yve tis efeq tu ri in sti tu te bi“ 2012 . xel mi saw vdo mia:http://ewmiprolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1lyhs9zDxbGMHGioGGuGQ8m4JHMAql3jF0ZxkPGetd9mDsjcBwFvrtqfA(uka nas kne li vi zi ti: 20.05.2021)5 Finanzgerichtsordnung (FGO) xel mi saw vdo mia: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/fgo/BJNR014770965.html(uka nas kne li vi zi ti: 20.05.2021)6 Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, xel mi saw vdo mia: https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/ 80201000.pdf (uka-
nas kne li vi zi ti: 20.05.2021)
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mo sar Ce le saT vis. mar Tlia, ger ma ni is fis ka lu ri sa sa mar Tlo ga ni xi lavs mxo lod mo sar-
Ce les mi er sa da vod gax dil nor mas da is ar scde ba moT xov nis far glebs, Tum ca mi si ga-daw yve ti le ba qmnis pre ce dents da igi ai sa xe ba, ro gorc ka non mdeb lo ba Si, ase ve, sa ga da-
sa xa do nor me bis ga mo ye ne bis praq ti ka ze.
das kvnis sa xiT:
sa ga da sa xa do or ga no Ta qme de ba Ta So ris mniS vne lo va nad mig vaC nia sa ga da sa xa do ad mi-
nis tra ci a Ta moq ni li ro li, ro me lic ga iT va lis wi neb da ga dam xdel TaT vis sa ga da sa xa do tvir Tis Sem su bu qe bas da xels Se uw yob da biz nes da fi zi kur pi rebs, ro mel Tac ar Se eq mne-bo daT prob le me bi da sir Tu le e bi ga da sa xa de bis ga dax das Tan da kav Si re biT;
mig vaC nia, rom pan de mi is pe ri od Si mox des sa ga da sa xa do tvir Tis Sem su bu qe ba sa ga da sa xa-
do val de bu li pi re bi saT vis, sa ga da sa xa do pre fe ren ci e bis mi ni We biT;
Se iq mnas uc xo e li in ves to re bi saT vis xel Sem wyo bi sa ga da sa xa do ga re mo;
ko vid-is moq mde bis pe ri o Si sa ga da sa xa do ad mi nis tra ci eb ma un da da a zus ton pri o ri te-
te bi da kri te ri u me bi biz ne sis ga da sar Ce nad (Tu gind Se saZ leb lo bis far gleb Si grZel-
va di a ni ses xe bis ga mo yo fiT, isev ga vi me o rebT, sa ga da sa xa do tvir Tis Sem ci re biT, san qci-
e bis mox sniT da a. S.);
sa ga da sa xa do or ga no eb ma mo i Zi on, ga mo av li non da ga a kon tro lon im me war me Ta mi er sa ga-da sa xa do val de bu le bis Ses ru le ba, rom le bic ga nag rZo ben biz nes saq mia no bebs.
mig vaC nia, rom mkac ri sa ga da sa xa do san qci e bia asa moq me de be li im me war meT mi marT, rom-
le bic aq ti u rad ga nag rZo ben biz nes saq mi a no bas da Tavs ari de ben ga da sa xa dis ga dax das ase Tis ar se bo bis Sem Txve va Si;
gan sa kuT re bu li yu rad Re ba mi eq ces mci re me war me TaT Tvis xe lis Sew yo bas, ro gorc qvey-nis mo sax le o bis da pu re bis Zi ri Tad biz nes sfe ros da a. S.
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ON SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF SIMPLIFYING TAX ADMINISTRATION RULES DURING THE COVID-19
PANDEMIC PERIOD
Ia Kharazi, Invited Professor of Master of Laws Program, Faculty
of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Akaki Tsereteli State University.
Mariam Saneblidze, MA Student ,Master of Laws Program , Faculty of Business,
Law and Social Sciences, Akaki Tsereteli State University
Nino Mataradze, MA Student, Master of Laws Program, Faculty
of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Akaki Tsereteli State University
Kakha Kupatadze, Head of Administration,
Invited Specialist of Department of Business,Administration, Akaki Tsereteli State University
Abstract
O bjective: To identify some of the legal aspects of tax administration simplifi cation in tax law and the main features of the tax dispute settlement procedure during the Covid-19 pandemic period.
Methods: We used general scientifi c (dialectics, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization) and private-scientifi c research methods (formal-legal, comparative-legal, technical-legal) while working on the research topic.
Outcomes: As a comparative-legal study has shown, certain benefi ts have been imposed on business opera-tors in terms of tax payment, carrying out of tax liabilities have been deferred, but radical measures in terms of tax preferences should be taken; Also, during the pandemic period, there are still problems in administra-tive, criminal, and civil law disputes that need to be addressed and resolved.
Key words: Tax administration rules during the Covid-19 period; Tax dispute; Taxation mechanisms; De-criminalization of tax violations; Tax payment risks; Preferential policy in taxation; Tax morality.
1. Introduction
Modern orderly society, economic growth and development of countries cannot exist without taxes. It is so commonplace to pay taxes in our daily lives that a well-known US political fi gure _ B. Franklin (1706-1790) said: `Everyone is obliged to pay the tax and then even die.~ Karl Marx also emphasized the special importance of taxes for bourgeois countries: `The tax is the breastfeeding mother of the government…~Tax is the fi fth God together with property, family and religion.~ Fiscal policy is impossible without fl exible, simplifi ed tax game rules, so as not to hinder business development, meet the growing needs of society and
242
reduce the risks of tax evasion. Article 1 of the First Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights directly provides the protection of the property rights of individuals and legal entities and does not restrict the High Contracting Parties from enforcing laws that control the use of property or even enforcing laws that provide for the collection of taxes and fi nes in the common interest.
Tax policy should provide mechanisms for taxation based on the principle of justice; Regulate the provi-sions in the tax legislation with vague and double interpretation; Simplify tax norms and resolve contro-versial ones in favor of the entrepreneur; Reduce the dominant role of the state in the settlement of tax dis-putes and create an optimal model for small business taxation with simple accounting rules and alternative taxation mechanisms; Decriminalize certain violations in the tax system; Reduce and bring to a reasonable extent the fi nes and interests in the fi eld of taxation and administration, in case of imposing the sanctions; Regulate technical issues, etc. related to tax administration, by sub-legislative acts (orders, instructions)1.
It is an indisputable fact that the period of formation of the market economy is characterized by instability. It is clear from the daily practice that the existence of many normative acts in trade could not prevent the outfl ow of necessary funds for the country, concluding economically unfavorable contracts, violating tax and customs rules. We have also noticed that an important negative trend is the numerous changes in the tax legislation since its enactment to date, and thus the emergence of certain claims of entrepreneurs to some extent; Unfortunately, the frequent changes of the Code by the government in the recent past, the presence of the taxpayer in an ever-changing environment do nothing good for the taxpayer and naturally for the business environment. In fact, the economic interest of the country suffers, the fi scal policy of the country becomes unstable, and most importantly, all this negatively affects the main source of the country _ the material well-being of the people. Frequent changes in process technology fail to provide stable conditions for the development of foreign trade, which has always been of great importance to the country’s economy. `In fact, the taxpayer cannot plan every day, because he/she does not know what steps the government will take~2. It should not be understood as if changes in tax legislation are not necessary, but these changes should be for a long-term, solid and guaranteed business environment.
2. Is the Georgian Revenue Service ready for such cardinal changes during the period of Covid virus?
We raised this issue in the foreground of the article as a main problem together with the risks of paying taxes, which are very urgent and even more vital for the business sector in the event of the Covid virus.
Naturally, the main source of funding for the country’s budget is business, which pays taxes directly or indirectly in favor of the state budget, and by which the state budget is formed. Economic failures have had some negative impacts primarily on businesses and, most importantly, on the state budget, the population is in severe economic situation (especially small businesses, which are the source of income for the country and have been hampered in their economic activities) and here the main, organizing role is played by the government, which must develop and implement an effective economic policy not only to save business, but also to supplement the budget. Among these actions, we consider important the fl exible role of tax administrations, which would provide for the alleviation of the tax burden for taxpayers and would help businesses and individuals who would not face problems and diffi culties connected with cash fl ow and tax payments.3
1 These tasks are discussed in the government program: „For a Strong, Democratic, United Georgia „ see: https://www.google.com/search?client=opera&q=sam Tav ro bo+prog ra ma+Zli e ri+sa qar Tve lo sa is&sourceid=opera&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-82 Kharazi Ia, Tax Law, Auxiliary Manual, Part One, Second Revised Edition, Tbilisi, 20203 Forum of Tax Administrations, Tax Administration Response to COVID-19;Measures taken to facilitate taxpayers, March 26, 2020, 3,
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Tax administrations have already started introducing various measures to help taxpayers or groups of taxpayers affected by Covid. As for individual taxpayers, their preferential measures are aimed at avoiding tax diffi culties and reducing the burden. The measures implemented for legal entities and self-employed businesses are aimed at overcoming money turnover problems and helping to solve problems such as loss of workforce, inability to pay temporarily to suppliers and in the worst case to close or bankrupt a business.
E.g. one of the purposes of such a preferential policy is when it is not possible to submit written and electronic documents to the taxpayer in accordance with the rules established by the Tax Code and, provided that the offi cial document is made public on the website of the Revenue Service; Extra time has been given to taxpayers to resolve tax issues, including: Postponing the deadlines of declaration and payment; Removal of fi nes and sanctions; Easy access to long-term debt repay-ment plans and extension of term, suspension of debt relief; In the part of quick return of overpaid amounts to taxpayers, etc.
In the article we want to focus on Article 63-3 of the Tax Code: `Refund of overpaid amount~.This norm provides the return of overpaid amounts to businesses that have been paid to the state budget within the timeframe set by the same article. But, if we look at the practice of the Revenue Service, we will see that in many cases the refunds would be transferred to next month’s payment account. We believe that this is an illegal action and the transfer of the refundable funds to the ac-count for the fulfi llment of future obligations should take place only in one case, if the taxpayer himself /herself voluntarily consents to it,which unfortunately does not always happen and it is good that nowadays as mentioned above, in the Covid period it is already an obligation to return the overpaid amount to the business, when they together with the government fi nd a way out of this diffi cult situation.
Here: we think more attention and help should be performed to those entrepreneurs to come out of the crisis, who were particularly affected by the Covid virus and especially small businesses should be provided with fi nancial assistance, which was further affected by the small turnover of money and the payment of taxes. We believe that in this situation, the tax administrations should clarify the priorities and criteria for saving the business (if possible, by allocating long-term loans, I repeat, by reducing the tax burden, by lifting sanctions, etc.)
As for the deferment of taxes, differences of opinion may arise from businessmen, in particular, tax deferrals may result in an aggravation of the tax burden. So for example, deferring of taxes will cause serious problems with funds in the future. It needs serious thought and judgment.
Government-initiated, urgently needed tax changes may be of interest to so-called `fraudsters~. E.g. to register a `fi ctitious company~ with `fi ctitious staff~ and demand a tax shelter from the government, but in reality, no company was registered that produced certain products and sup-plied them to the market. Therefore, control mechanisms should be tightened, more control levers should be applied to the newly established companies that emerged after the launch of the Covid virus, in order to prevent the illegal disposal of money from the state budget over them.
We welcome the announcement of forum of the tax administrations : `In many countries, outbreak of the Covid coincided with the period during which the income tax is being fi led and paid. In ad-dition, many taxpayers have to pay the employer busy tax (e.g., PAYE) and VAT or sales tax on a https://www.rs.ge/Media/Default/ Legislation / Corona / FTA _-_ Tax_Administrations_Response_Covid-19.pdf
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regular basis. These deadlines may be postponed for weeks or months to give Covid-affected in-dividuals and businesses extra time to fi le tax returns and similar paperwork, as well as pay taxes. This process can be automated or in simple format on demand. (e.g., email, phone) This can be especially important for taxpayers who need the help of an intermediary or specialized staff and system to complete the return. Working remotely has made it impossible for some taxpayers, for reasons of system security and accessibility, key staff may not always be available due to illness or care responsibilities`1. Also, at the same time, there may be a situation where the information on tax return is used to obtain other benefi ts provided by the state. In such situation, the tax admin-istration may retain the deadline for fi ling the tax declaration (except in exceptional cases); How-ever, extend the tax payment deadline, or allow the use of previous year tax return information in such cases. This will make it possible to process the refunds and give the taxpayer extra liquidity. In addition, tax return information can be used to better understand Covid’s economic impact, to identify sectors that need additional assistance, and to be able to track economic improvements ~.2
Here, we express the view that for the economic stability of the country, those parts of the business that are active during the Covid virus should continue to pay taxes in order to maintain business activities; The tax authorities should seek and control the fulfi llment of tax liabilities by entrepreneurs who continue their business activities.
Opinions on Covid Virus connected to the Article 218 of the Criminal Law. One part of the crimes provided by the Criminal Code belongs to the category of tax crime. They may include Chapter XXVI _ Crimes against Entrepreneurial or Other Economic Activities~, Chapter XXVIII _ `Crimes in the Field of Financial Activities~ and others.
Smuggling was attributed to state crimes and viewed as a breach of foreign trade monopoly. After the abolition of the state monopoly and the liberalization of foreign economic activities, the social essence of this crime also changed. The Criminal Code of Georgia, which is in force today, attrib-uted this crime _ `crime in the fi eld of fi nancial activities~ _ to an economic crime and assigned the fi rst place among the crimes committed in the fi eld of fi nancial activities. The social harm of this crime lies in the fact that it harms the economic interests of the state. This crime can also harm public safety when its subject matter is weapons, ammunition, drugs, radiation substance and other items removed from free circulation.3
If we look through the disposition of this article, we will see that the law enforcement role of the Revenue Service is quite limited. We believe that here, perhaps, such restriction of their role is echoed by the time when they did not want the Revenue Service to recognize it as a law enforce-ment body, trying to leave it with only a fi scal function and turn it into a kind of tax service.
~Experts explain the high level of protection of tax legislation by the existence of ‘tax morality’ in the society, which promotes the implementation of tax legislation (timely payment of taxes). Herewith, `tax morality~ is not easily formed, especially in countries where there are no `deep roots in culture and habits ` of paying taxes.4
1 Forum of Tax Administrations, Response of Tax Administrations to COVID-19; Measures taken to facilitate taxpayers, March 26, 2020, 3,https://www.rs.ge/Media/Default/ Legislation / Corona / FTA _-_ Tax_Administrations_Response_Covid-19.pdf2 Ibid3 Kharazi I; Tax Law of Georgia, Part Two, Tbilisi, 2014, 6464 Benno Torgler, Markus Schaffnera , and Alison Macintyre, Tax Compliance, Tax Morale, and Governance Quality, Australia, 2007, 6-7
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Article 218 of the Criminal Law is blanket1, so in order to determine the types of taxes, taxpayers and taxable objects, we must refer to the current Tax Code, which defi nes the types of payments. The means of tax evasion can be various. Tax evasion is of wide importance, though not important for qualifi cation, but can be taken into account when sentencing.
According to Part 2 of Article 61 of the Tax Code of Georgia, the main basis for tax accrual is the tax return and the tax audit act. Accordingly, the taxpayer’s obligation towards the budget arises on these two grounds. Thus, the debt to the budget may exist both by non-payment of the amounts accrued on the basis of the declaration submitted by the taxpayer,as well as non-payment of the tax audit report issued by the Audit Department of the Revenue Service and the tax claim issued on its basis. The Criminal Code of Georgia applies only to liabilities identifi ed on the basis of a tax audit conducted by the Audit Department, if the taxpayer’s intention has been established.2
Criminal liability under Article 218 of the Criminal Code shall be imposed on the entrepreneur in the following cases: If there is a large amount of tax evasion (if the amount to be paid exceeds 100,000 GEL and especially a large amount of tax evasion if the amount to be paid exceeds 150,000 GEL. Article 218 clearly shows the intention of the taxpayer to avoid3 paying taxes in favor of the state budget. Therefore, the prosecuting party bears the burden of proving that the tax evasion was intentional and that there was no ignorance of the norm and / or a mechanical error.
According to the current legislation, tax evasion is considered if the taxpayer does not pay the amount provided by the Tax / Criminal Code to the budget. The line between an administrative offense and a crime is precisely the amount of money and the intent of the person and the criminal / non-criminal method does not matter in terms of prosecuting the person.
We have pointed out in numerous scientifi c articles that we believe `Article 218 should be lib-eralized and it should be transferred to the Code of Administrative Offenses. As this ar-ticle does not constitute a norm for the qualifi cation of human life, health and other serious crimes, it provides here, as mentioned above, the norm establishing criminal liability for non-payment of large amounts of tax. Isn’t it better to fi ne a person with a solid amount when avoiding paying any amount of tax, to apply a tax lien / mortgage on his/her property , in case of non-payment of the amount, to sell the encumbered property and fi ll the state budget(Compulsory fulfi llment of fi nancial obligation) with the proceeds. Giving a person criminal liability for non-payment of taxes (when the legislature does not specify that the 1 Note that the criminal sanction provided in Article 218 may also be imposed in the case provided in Article 275 of the Tax Code; When a person has artifi cially reduced the amount in the tax return and if it is caused by the change of the moment (period) of the tax liability of the person performed by the body exercising tax control.2 Kharazi Ia, Tax Law, Auxiliary Manual, Book Three, Third Revised Edition, Tbilisi, 20203 According to criminal and non-criminal means, different countries (including the USA) distinguish between tax avoidance and tax evasion. which are not differentiated by the criminal and tax in force in Georgia today and both actions constitute a crime. Tax evasion takes place in the legal context of the tax system, when an organization or individual, taking advantage of “tax law defi ciencies”, implements measures that are contrary to tax law, although not strictly illegal. It is believed that tax evasion usually involves special actions and measures with the only purpose of reducing tax liability. Tax evasion is usually an illegal practice of paying taxes. In this case, taxable income, profi ts or activities subject to taxation are hidden, the quantity and source of income are distorted. Thus, there is a fundamental difference between tax evasion and hiding from taxes. Avoidance is mainly in the area of legal relations (using fi nancial reporting and accounting methods) to avoid paying the full amount of the tax, while concealment is often attributed to relatively criminal forms of tax evasion. Thus, the difference between tax evasion and hiding from taxes depends on the legality of the taxpayer’s action. From a moral point of view, tax evasion is considered an undesirable event, as in such cases, defi ciencies in tax legislation are used to reduce the tax burden. The tax revenues of the state are illegally reduced as a result of tax evasion. Farny Otto, Franz Michael, Gerhartinger Philipp, Lunzer Gertraud, Neuwirth Martina, Saringer Martin, Tax avoidance, tax evasion and tax havens,Germany, 2015, 1 13 Source: Devdariani T.work 28
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person could not / did not pay the tax _ fi lling the main budget is principal for him / her), there would be no justifi cation for prosecuting a person. Probably no one will be the win-ner: neither the state nor the taxpayer, because the person, whose enterprise would cease to function and the worker would suffer (lose his/her job). And by suspending (liquidating) the enterprise, another taxpayer would be deducted from the budget. The budget will not really have the luxury of this. Naturally, the question arises: is imprisonment of a taxpayer an ef-fective way of forced collecting of taxes? Maybe it is desirable to give the person time and op-portunity to pay taxes from the effi cient operation of the enterprise and from the generated profi t. Maybe I am wrong, but I have a right to my opinion.1 Moreover, today, during Covid, when the vast majority of businesses are `stopped~, they do not work and the budget lacks large sums of money, which could be used for the benefi t of the country and for a slight but somewhat improvement in the social conditions of the population.
But this view of the liberalization of Article 218 of the Criminal Code should not apply to the de-liberate concealment of taxes by the taxpayers during a pandemic (pandemics) to the state, and in large amounts. When it is so diffi cult for the country at the time of Covid and, especially then, if any enterprise works properly and makes a profi t. First of all: 1. They should not be tax deduct-ible and, 2. If there is a large amount of money hidden from the budget (tax evasion) during such a diffi cult economic situation, they should be fi rmly prosecuted.
Also, the measures provided by customs formalities on the goods, imported by the importers during the pandemic period in the customs control zones ,should be simplifi ed.
Tax Dispute Resolution Procedure. Here, we have to talk in a few words about the tax dispute resolution procedure during the Covid period.
According to the current legislation, tax disputes are considered in the system of the Ministry of Finance and in the General courts.2The tax dispute is considered in the Ministry of Finance of Georgia in accordance with two stages. Disputes are handled by the Revenue Service _ through the Mediation Board and the Dispute Resolution Board under the Ministry of Finance.3 The re-view of the tax audit act in the Mediation Board of the Revenue Service was introduced in 2011, it is actively used by taxpayers.4Due to the administrative nature of tax disputes, the precondi-tion for hearing in court is the possibility for the plaintiff to submit a one-time administrative complaint.5Based on the above, the acts issued by the tax authority can be appealed by the person to the Revenue Service, as well as to the Dispute Resolution Board. Even appealing to only one body already means using the opportunity to fi le a one-time complaint.6 The taxpayer has the right to fi le his / her own written inspection report with the Revenue Service Audit Department in
1 Kharazi Ia, Tax Law, Auxiliary Manual, Part Three, Second Revised Edition, Tbilisi, 20202 Small and Medium Enterprises Association of Georgia, Effective Institutions for Tax Dispute Resolution 2012, p.6. Available:http://ewmiprolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0bS09ApTI81ONf4C0UJHNyy7Weds_9wPxVxGc1nkzjxlvtC3pSWP-XCQQ(Last verifi ed: 23.05.2021).3 Tsiklauri I., Comparative Analysis of the Tax Dispute Resolution Model in the System of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia, TSU Faculty of Law Journal, Tbilisi, 2016, N1, p.381.4 Ibid5 See. General Administrative Code of Georgia. Available here:https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/16270?publication=37(Last verifi ed: 23.05.2021).6 Tsiklauri I., Problems of the Georgian Model of Tax Dispute Resolution and the Main Aspects of its Reform, Tbilisi, 2021, p. 13. Available here: https://www.tsu.ge/assets/media/fi les/48/disertaciebi5/Ilia_Tsiklauri.pdf(Last verifi ed: 23.05.2021).
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connection with the project before the tax is accrued,1 and the protocol on the results of the review of the draft act in the Mediation Board.2 If the tax accrual order is approved, the appellant has the right to use the post-appeal (second stage) and appeal the order to the Dispute Resolution Board of the Ministry of Finance or directly to court.3For the purposes of this article, we consider it necessary to highlight similar and different approaches to tax disputes between the Ministry of Finance and the courts. Based on the practice of the Supreme Court of Georgia and the statistical data of the Dispute Resolution Board of the Ministry of Finance, we would like to touch upon the legitimacy of the exercise of discretionary powers by the tax authority. Due to urgency, we want to touch in a few words on the legitimacy in the exercise of discretionary powers by the tax authority. When discussing this issue, fi rst of all, it should be emphasized that the Tax Code empowers the tax authority to act within its discretion in making decisions. For example, Article 289 of the Tax Code defi nes the cases when the relevant services apply several sanctions cumulatively when committing an offense by a customs border crossing of Georgia.4 Regarding the principle of discretion, it should be noted that the dispute resolution bodies in the system of the Ministry of Finance do not appeal to the legitimacy of the exercise of discretion by the tax authority, Although the party uses this as an argument to support its position, for example, the tax authority has reduced the 30-day period prescribed by law to 20 days for rectifying the de-fi ciency, without substantiating the circumstances on which it based its decision.5Also interesting is the position of the Ministry of Finance, when the dispute concerns the assessment of the scope of exercise of discretion, even in this case the Dispute Resolution Board is limited to quoting leg-islation and appealing to the Revenue Service to re-evaluate the possibility of alternative, lighter, sanction.6In this regard, the practice of the Supreme Court is also interesting, the Supreme Court, in order to assess the exercise of discretionary powers, has developed the so-called the general test, the court focuses on the legality and justifi cation of the tax authority’s choice, not on the expe-diency of the choice.7The Supreme Court clarifi es that several questions need to be asked in order to assess legitimacy: whether the most acceptable means are used to resolve the issue and whether it is justifi ed accordingly.8 It should be noted that the court fi nds it inadmissible to interfere with
1 Kharazi I., Tax Law, Third Part, 2020, p. 294. Available here:https://elibrary.atsu.edu.ge/lms/upload/e_books/viewer.html?fi le=1606236932.pdf&fbclid=IwAR3i-RbdSgBDGrOTuHG8d_YYE82HwSRqjlq1gySXp5KRRU-ZyX2DL1V1Oo0 (Last verifi ed: 23.05.2021).2 House of Law, Tax Dispute Resolution, 2017. Available here:https://hol.ge/news-info/sagadasaxado-davebis-gankhilva/ (Last verifi ed: 23.05.2021).3 Small and Medium Enterprises Association of Georgia, Effective Institutions for Tax Dispute Resolution, 2012, p.9.Availablehere:http://ewmi-prolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0bS09ApTI81ONf4C0UJHNyy7Weds_9wPxVxGc1nkzjxlvtC3pSWP-XCQQ (Last verifi ed: 23.05.2021).4 Tomadze D., Tsertsvadze T., Tax Dispute Analysis, 2016, p. 20. Available here:https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00T2SC.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3_fCLYcnKaJn7cude2YuARQzGQQxp7NY5wLwyZRaqnTV7zRTUA8mw97f4 (Last verifi ed: 23.05.2021).5 See. Decision of the Dispute Resolution Board of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia of February 6, 2015 on the complaint №8704 / 2/14; See. Also: Decision of the Dispute Resolution Board under the Ministry of Finance of Georgia of March 3, 2015.6 Decision of the Dispute Resolution Board of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia of January 31, 2014 on the complaint №6615 / 2/13.7 Tomadze D., Tsertsvadze T., Analysis of Tax Disputes, 2016, p. 21. Available here: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00T2SC.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3_fCLYcnKaJn7cude2YuARQzGQQxp7NY5wLwyZRaqnTV7zRTUA8mw97f4 . (Last verifi ed: 22.05, 2021)8 Case №BS-44-43 (K-14), Judgment of the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 17 June 2014; Case №Bs-137-134 (K-14), Decision of the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 29 July 2014; Case №BS-612-590 (K-13), Decision of the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia of 1 April 2014
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the powers of the tax authority and to indicate a certain decision-making framework.1 In terms of determining the taxable amount of the tax rate, the practice of the Constitutional Court should be taken into account, since it is obvious that the discretion in this regard is quite wide.
The Constitutional Court clarifi es that it is diffi cult and arguably impossible to verify within the framework of constitutional control how correctly and lawfully the amount of funds required for the budget is determined,2 therefore, it is diffi cult to accurately verify the legitimacy of the exer-cise of discretion.
~Administrative responsibility is one of the types of legal responsibility, which is manifested in the process of implementation of state governance activities. Administrative liability is also mani-fested in positive liability (meaning that the legal entity recognizes the wrongful nature of the behavior, it will behave as required by administrative-legal norms) and in negative forms (retro-spective or negative administrative liability includes the assessment of irresponsible behavior; That is, when a legal entity commits an administrative offense, it is punished and suffers from personal and property restrictions).~3
It is interesting to consider the exercise of this right in the discretion of the tax authorities in im-posing liability on the offender.
`Attributive features of discretion in tax law include: the existence of legal grounds; Exercising discretionary powers within the framework of strict competence and handling cases; An elective alternative where every possible alternative is legally considered to be valid; Free action in making discretionary decisions; Free action in making discretionary decisions; Creative nature; Making discretionary decisions under the infl uence of both objective and subjective factors;Discretion is defi ned by legal and extra-judicial frameworks; The result of exercising discretion is to make an optimal decision on the case.~4
Contemporary Georgian authors continue the domestic and foreign traditions by defi ning discre-tion, using the terms `voluntary action~, `authority~, `choice~, `decision~, `scope~, `alternative~ and thus a unifi ed essence of discretion has been created in legal science as a whole and in this way a unifi ed understanding of the essence of discretion as a general legal phenomenon has been estab-lished in the legal science as a whole. Its purpose is to enable the legislator to choose the optimal solution from a number of legal alternatives in the total or relative uncertainty of the situation by law, which will enable him to more effectively and fairly realize the legislator’s intention.5
1 There2 See. Decision N2 / 7/667 of the Second Panel of the Constitutional Court of Georgia of December 28, 2017. Available: fi le:///C:/Users/Zver/Desktop/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93% E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%20%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98/sakonst.%20sagadasaxadoze.pdf Last checked:23,05,2021).3 I. Kharazi;On Some Aspects of Administrative Liability for Violation of Tax Rules, Davit Agmashenebeli University Academic Journal `Law~, Series 1, Tbilisi, 20174 Kharazi Ia, `Discretionary Powers of Tax Authorities, with Special Variety of Disposal (Theoretical and Practical Aspects)~, `Justice and Law~, # 3 (59), 20185 There
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Judicial Practice: The Administrative Cases Chamber of the Supreme Court of Georgia has made an important clarifi cation regarding discretionary powers. This referred to Z.T.’s claim and it requested the annulment of the decision of the Revenue Service of the Rustavi Regional Center, the order of the Revenue Service and the decision of the Dispute Resolution Board with the Ministry of Finance on 14.03.11.The plaintiff was found with undeclared cargo in the car hiding place at the customs checkpoint Sadakhlo~, as a result of which he was deprived of a ve-hicle owned by someone else as a sanction.The plaintiff stated that he was retired, unemployed and he could not buy another car for the car owner and demanded a 100% fi ne on the customs value of the goods in exchange for the confi scation of the car.
The Court of Cassation explained that the imposition of a sanction on a customs offense com-mitted by an administrative body against a plaintiff violated the balance of public and private interests, and did not specify why the offense could not be achieved without imposing another sanction on the cassator.
In the opinion of the Supreme Court, given the amount (value) of undeclared property in the present case, the seizure of a vehicle was punishable, repressive in nature, contrary to the re-quirements of justice. Given that the public sanction was linked to a restriction on the constitu-tional right to property, the sanction applied must in all cases meet the principle of proportional-ity. The circumstance that the customs authority acted within the discretion of the sanction, in the opinion of the Court of Cassation, did not exclude the obligation of the administrative body to take into account the rules of discretion when imposing the sentence, taking into account its proportionality and modesty, the mitigating circumstances of the liability, the gravity of the offense, the person committing the offense, which ultimately determined the adequacy of the sanction applied.
Decision-making within the discretion obliged the administrative body to select the most acceptable from several decisions based on the protection of public and private interests.. The discretion of the admin-istrative body of the lower instance could be replaced by the discretion of the superior body. In examin-ing the legality of the exercise of discretionary powers, the superior administrative body itself used the discretionary powers, discretionary powers did not mean the possibility of neglecting the principle of proportionality and legality. In the opinion of the Supreme Court, the use of discretionary powers re-quired special attention in order to avoid procedural violations, breaches of the law, which could result in violation of property, legality, rights of the subject. On the other hand, the existence of a discretionary sphere was determined by objective factors. The law could not fully regulate all public relations, which differ in factual composition, forms and methods of legal regulation. The Court of Cassation also noted that: the law gives the court, as the norm-setting body, the power to choose the legal result for the of-fense committed. The judiciary verifi es the legality of the normative activities of the executive branch and administrative bodies and is not limited to the discretion of the administrative body. .. The measures provided for in the administrative-legal act issued within the discretion shall not lead to unjustifi ed re-striction of the legal rights and interests of the person.The obligation to substantiate is conditioned by the exercise of control over the activities of the administrative body.
The justifi cation should state the views, opinions and circumstances on which the administrative body relied in making the decision. Ignorance of the justifi cation by the administrative body as an obligation to protect against arbitrariness was the basis for establishing an error in the exercise of discretion and
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repealing the act.1 30
If a defi nite decision was made against one taxpayer, and against another taxpayer who belongs to the same category of entity and is in similar conditions, a completely different decision was rendered and such `differentiations~ in tax administration are explained by the exercise of discretion, then in the absence of reasonable justifi cation such a decision violates the principle of equal treatment, which stems from a con-stitutional requirement that everyone before the law and the court be equal.
An important feature of discretion is the ability to make alternative choices when making decisions based on source data. We can argue that `freedom~ and `choice~ are `relative~ categories in terms of discretion. In addition, a choice can be made between action and inaction, as well as between two or more actions: If the fi rst situation allows the tax authority to refrain from active action (for example, to change the seizure of property with a mortgage or to refrain from such a change; it may invite a specialist to carry out tax control or not invite (Article 255, Part 7 of the Tax Code of Georgia, according to which, `if necessary, a specialist / expert may be invited to carry out a specifi c action of tax control~); To prosecute or not to prosecute (for example, according to Article 218 of the Criminal Code, `evasion of a large amount of tax is punishable by criminal liability, and a person shall not be criminally liable under Article 218 if the principal amount is paid, deferred or adjusted within 45 working days from the receipt of the `tax claim~ on the results of the tax audit or the obligation to pay it is suspended by law); The second excludes such a possibility (e.g. choosing one of several transfer pricing methods). 2
In the article presented by us we should mention the use of presumptive methods in tax law regulation in relation to violations of tax rules and since we will not be able to address this issue extensively in the light of the format of the report presented, we will address at least one specifi c issue.
In the main case, presumptions, like the norms of law, are special rules of legislative policy and not an as-sumption as it is considered. However, a number of lawyers generally exclude from the legal presumption the general rules that constitute the general principles of the work of judges. E.g. Provision that a person is presumed in good faith and to be honored until proven otherwise. A number of lawyers generally reject the need to introduce legal presumptions because of their `formal~ content.
According to the presumptive conclusion, one fact or event is considered to be existing, established on the basis of repeated similar facts or events.3
The case law (presumption of validity of a business decision) is also interesting in this regard. An ex-ample of case law can be considered from tax law, in particular, according to the decision of the Su-preme Court of Georgia,4 the director of a limited liability company (respectively other legal entities) and a partner involved in management activities can be directly and indirectly liable for the tax debt of the company (including tax for tax liabilities accrued by the audit act) if all of the following prerequisites are met: In the case of a public partner: 1. The company has a tax debt (including tax liabilities accrued by the tax audit act) and is not able to repay the debt with its property; 2. The mentioned tax debt is caused by
1 Case # bs-1655-1627 (k-11) April 11, 2012, http://www.supremecourt.ge/news/id/262, {2021, 29/05}2 Ia Kharazi, Discretionary Powers of Tax Authorities, with Special Variety of Disposal (Theoretical and Practical Aspects), `Justice and Law~, # 3 (59), 20183 Business and Legislation _ [Ed.Yuri Papasqua], November, 2009. Business and Legislation _ [Ed. Yuri Papasqua], November, 2009; See also I.Kharazi; On the Use of Presumptive Methods in Tax Legal Regulation, International Scientifi c Journal `Diplomacy and Law~, # 1 (4), 20184 (06.05.2015 Nas-1307-1245-2014 Decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia)
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misuse of the limited liability form by the partner (knowing that the legal entity is liable to the creditors only with its own property _ Law on Entrepreneurs, Art. 44) (Law on Entrepreneurs, Art.3.6.) ,which takes place when it actually governs the society and its activities are directed towards the creation of tax evasion schemes, i.e. when the company is used as an instrument~ for evading tax liabilities (the burden of proving the misuse of the limited liability form by the partner falls on the tax authority).1
With this decision, Georgia has joined the number of countries in which the partner and the director of the enterprise are liable with all their property for the deliberate evasion of tax liability (and in case of relevant preconditions) if the enterprise’s property is insuffi cient to cover the tax liability.
However, it should be emphasized that in all these countries, such a right of the tax authority to require the director of the enterprise and / or a partner (with personal property) to fulfi ll the tax obligations of the en-terprise, if there are relevant preconditions, is directly defi ned by the tax legislation and private law norms (in this case _ the Law of Georgia on Entrepreneurs), the establishment of this kind of practice is practically unprecedented (such an attempt by administrative bodies in different countries failed).2
A presumption in tax law is a qualitatively direct or indirect recognition of the existence or absence of a presumed object (fact, event, legal relationship) established in the norms of tax law, on the factual basis related to it. The use of legal presumptions is determined by the tasks and purposes of legal regulation. As a general rule, it is used in non-standard situations when the use of other means is impossible or ineffective.
To denote such tax regimes, the term `presumtiv taxation~3 is used in Western science, or in Georgian, `conditional taxation~. We assume that the term `presumptive taxation~ more adequately refl ects the es-sence of such tax regimes.
As noted by V. Turon4 The term `presumtiv taxation~ implies the use of indirect methods of determining tax liabilities, which differ from the usual rules, based on the fi nancial (tax, accounting) payment of the taxpayer.
The term `presumptive taxation~ _ say E. Akhmadi and N. Stern, _ includes a series of procedures ac-cording to which the tax base is not measured, but is derived from some simple data, which are easier to calculate as the base itself.5 Today such methods are actively used all over the world. Even in the United States, where presumptive taxes have not become widespread, there have been discussions in recent years about the possible inclusion of some presumptive regimes in the American tax system.
There is a well-known expression in the tax case: `Only taxes and death are inevitable~.The imperative requirement of the Tax Code is that: `A person is obliged to pay the state and local2 taxes imposed by the Tax Code~, while Article 6 of the Tax Code further strengthens the provision of Article 5 stating that `tax is a mandatory, unconditional monetary contribution to the state budget according to the Tax Code, which is paid by the taxpayer due to the necessary, non-equivalent and gratuitous nature of the payments.~6 Sanc-1 I.Kharazi; On the Use of Presumptive Methods in Tax Legal Regulation, International Scientifi c Journal `Diplomacy and Law~, # 1 (4), 20182 http://taxinfo.ge/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8903&Itemid=1043 Thuronyi V. Presumtive taxation // Tax Law design and Drafting. Vol. L; Washington: international Monetary Fund, 1996-1998.4 Thuronyi V. Named work5 Ahmad E; Stern N. The Theory and Practice of Tax Reform in Developing Countries. Cambpidge: Cambridze University Press, 1991.6 Tax Code of Georgia m. 5, n.1.
252
tions are imposed for non-payment of taxes, which are often cumulative. The above-mentioned norms of the Tax Code are literally echoed by the Code of Administrative Offenses of Georgia 1651, which deals with incorrect payment of taxes and other obligatory payments and causes damage1 to taxpayers and im-poses certain monetary sanctions.
Article 238 of the Tax Code (p. 8) proposes to the taxpayer (in case of a positive decision of the head of the tax) to defer the payment of the tax debt for not more than one year. This is only the case if a suretyship agreement has been concluded to secure the taxpayer for tax purposes, a bank guarantee has been submit-ted, or an insurance policy issued by a person designated by a resolution of the Government of Georgia. We would also like to note that the postponement of tax arrears does not stop the accrual of interest, which we consider to be an undemocratic norm.
If we draw a parallel, we will see a substantial difference between the Civil Code and the Tax Code, namely: If the credit institution postpones the fulfi llment of the civil obligation to the liable person on the basis of an application (In case of pledge / mortgage or other collateral), naturally, in accordance with the principles of civil law, no interest will accrue, the direct norm that a credit institution defer-ring the payment of interest in civil law is not found. We believe that if the tax authority delays the payment of tax arrears (and it is understandable why: the taxpayer has diffi culty paying the main debt _ the tax and, of course, the overdue interest), then it is illogical to consider the law that~deferral of tax debt payment does not stop accruing interest~!
So, what is the point of deferring if it does not bring relief to the taxpayer, if the law stipulates that the taxpayer has been given a deduction, the tax liability has been deferred, and this is a panacea for the taxpayer, there would be no positive explanation of the article of the law and if we take into ac-count that interest is not a basic obligation, it is an accessory. According to the direct defi nition of the norm, the accessory obligation follows the main obligation (payment of the tax), but you will agree, this is not a solution for an insolvent entrepreneur, especially if a bankruptcy case is initiated against him. This is our private opinion, we may be wrong, but we believe that if a person liable to pay inter-est is not forgiven for insolvency (and naturally this is unlikely in the case of tax legislation, because taxes are one of the main sources of budget replenishment in the country), the payment should be postponed for a reasonable period of time. The defi nition of the law directly stipulates that a person has been delayed in paying his tax debt, but the accrual of interest continues. It would be good if the last sentence of Article 238, Part 8, received the following wording: `Deferment of tax arrears also defer interest~.
As we have already mentioned, tax disputes are characterized by complexity in the common courts of Geor-gia and are therefore considered with caution, tax disputes are regulated differently by different countries in the judiciary.
In some countries, disputes are dealt with in a common court system, while in some countries, tax disputes are handled by specialized tax and fi scal courts2 and tribunals. For a better analysis of the issue, we consider examples from both continental European law and case law. For example, in the United States, tax disputes are dealt with by the tax court, which is a public body, the Tax Court was established by Congress under 1 As in other areas of law, the legislature often misuses the terms `damage~ and `loss~, a well-known axiom is: `damage is done and the loss is compensated.~2 I.Kharazi, Tax Law, Third Part, 2020, p. 293. Available here:https://elibrary.atsu.edu.ge/lms/upload/e_books/viewer.html?file=1606236932.pdf&fbclid=IwAR3i-RbdSgBDGrOTuHG8d_YYE82HwSRqjlq1gySXp5KRRU-ZyX2DL1V1Oo0 ( Last checked:23,05,2021w).
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Article 1 of the Constitution.1 There are numerous disputes in the tax court, including disputes over federal income fi nes and taxes. A party can appeal the imposition of a tax. A party who has appealed the matter may fi le a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court or the Federal Appellate Court.2 However, neither court can exempt him from paying the tax and the plaintiff is obliged to pay the tax before fi ling a lawsuit. It facilitates the smooth operation of the tax system.3
For disputes costing less than $ 50,000, a taxpayer may request that the case be heard in an expedited man-ner, however, the decision made in such a manner is not appealed and is not precedent.4 Which promotes effective and timely justice, however, at the same time contains risks for the plaintiff. The trial is conducted by a single judge, jurors do not participate in such disputes. The taxpayer has the right to protect his own interests during the trial. Most disputes are settled.
The decision of the tax court can be appealed to the relevant territorial appellate court.5 Based on the above, we can assume that the United States court is focused on concluding the case by mutual agreement.
As for Germany, as a member of the family of continental European law, under Article 95 of the Constitu-tion, fi ve supreme judicial bodies and one of the fi scal courts of the Federal Republic of Germany (herein-after Germany) are established in Germany, it is the highest instance for tax and customs disputes. Its main functions include tax reporting and enforcement. The functions of the German Fiscal Court include both the interpretation and defi nition of tax norms, as well as the development of legislation through the introduc-tion of a common practice.6 Such a wide range of functions demonstrates the broad powers of the German Fiscal Court. If we look at the lawsuits of the German Fiscal Court, we fi nd that the plaintiffs often raise the issue of the constitutionality of the disputed norm and the court also considers such lawsuits, and in case of such opposition it is obliged to suspend the case and refer it to the Constitutional Court.7 Which is uniquely convenient for the plaintiff. It is true that the German Fiscal Court considers only the norm disputed by the plaintiff and it does not go beyond the scope of the claim, although its decision sets a precedent and it is refl ected in both the legislation and the practice of applying tax norms.
1 The Annenberg Guide to the United States Constitution Article I, Section 8 Available here: https://www.annenbergclassroom.org/article-i-section-8/ (Last checked: 20.05.2021)2 `Effective Institutions for Tax Dispute Resolution ~2012.Available:http://ewmiprolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1lyhs9zDxbGMHGioGGuGQ8m4JHMAql3jF0ZxkPGetd9mDsjcBwFvrtqfA(Last checked: 20.05.2021)3 Flora v. United States, 362 U.S. 145 (1960), Available: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/362/145/ (Last checked: 20.05.2021)4 `Effective Institutions for Resolving Tax Disputes `2012. Available: http://ewmiprolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid= IwAR1lyhs 9zDxbGMHGioGGuGQ8m4JHMAql3jF0ZxkPGetd9mDsjcBwFvrtqfA (Last checked: 20.05.2021)5 Effective Institutions for Resolving Tax Disputes~2012. Available: http://ewmiprolog.org/images/fi les/9145Effective_Tax_dispute_resolution_GEO_GSMEA.pdf?fbclid= IwAR1lyhs9zDxbGMHGioGGuGQ8m4JHMAql3jF0ZxkPGetd9mDsjcBwFvrtqfA (Last visit: 20.05.2021)6 Finanzgerichtsordnung (FGO) Available: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/fgo/BJNR014770965.html (Last visit: 20.05.2021)7 Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Available: https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf (Last visit: 20.05.2021)
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Conclusion
Among the actions of the tax authorities, we consider important the fl exible role of tax administrations, which would take into account the tax burden on taxpayers and would support businesses and individuals who would not have problems and diffi culties in paying taxes;
We believe that during the pandemic period, the tax burden should be reduced for taxpayers by granting tax preferences; To create a favorable tax environment for foreign investors;
During the Covid period, tax administrations have to specify priorities and criteria for saving businesses (if possible, by providing long-term loans as much as possible, reducing the tax burden, lifting sanctions, etc.);
Tax authorities to fi nd, detect and control the fulfi llment of tax obligations by entrepreneurs who continue their business activities.
We believe that strict tax sanctions are effective against those entrepreneurs who actively pursue business activities and avoid paying taxes;
Particular attention should be paid to promoting small businesses as the main business area of the country’s population, and so on.
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COVID-19 da sa er Ta So ri so po li ti kisTa na med ro ve ga mow ve ve bi
qe Ti ji je iS vi li
po li ti kis doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bis
sa ba ka lav ro prog ra mis xel mZRva ne li, pro fe so ri,
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis pro fe so ri
gi or gi Cxik viS vi li,
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis aso ci re bu li pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
sak vle vi Te mis aq tu a lo ba gan pi ro be bu lia Ta vad war mod ge ni li prob le mis glo ba lu ri kon teq stiT. COVID-19-sa gan mo ma val ma saf rTxem msof lio sa zo ga do e ba axa li re a lo-
bis wi na Se da a ye na. glo ba lur ma epi de mi am sa er Ta So ri so sa zo ga do e bis wi na Se ar se bu li mra va li prob le ma ga mo av li na. mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom ko ro na vi ru si, ise ve ro gorc sxva glo ba lu ri pan de mi e bi, uwi na res yov li sa, sa me di ci no prob le maa, am etap ze mas uk ve aqvs msof li os 190 _ ze me ti qvey nis eko no mi ka ze aS ka rad ga mo xa tu li uar yo fi Ti ze gav le na. aqe dan ga mom di na re, msof lio dad ga axa li eko no mi ku ri kri zi sis saf rTxis wi na Se, rac au-
ci leb lad ai sa xe ba msof lio po li ti kis Ta na med ro ve dRis wes rig zec.
naS ro mis mi za nia da in te re se bul pi rebs mi a wo dos in for ma cia COVID-19-is glo ba lu ri pan de mi is po li ti ku ri ga mow ve ve bi sa da Ta na med ro ve ten den ci e bis Se sa xeb da axa li po li-
ti ku ri re a lo bis kon teq stSi ga mok ve Ti os mul ti la te ra lis tu li da uni la te ra lis tu-
li mid go me bi, ro mel Ta ana li zic met-nak le bad srul yo fi li su ra Tis Seq mnis sa Su a le bas iZ le va mo ce mu li prob le mis Se sa xeb.
sak vle vi Te mis amo ca naa COVID-19-is ana to mi i sa da axa li msof lio wes ri gis Ta na med ro-
ve ga mow ve vebs So ris mi zez _ Se de gob ri vi kav Si ris war mo Ce na da kvle va, rac dag vex ma re ba Ta na med ro ve sa er Ta So ri so po li ti ka Si gan vi Ta re bu li po li ti ku ri pro ce se bis adeq va-
tur aR qma sa da sa er Ta So ri so Ta nam Srom lo bis axa li mo de lis Zi e ba Si, ro me lic SeZ lebs axa li glo ba lu ri ris ke bis Ta vi dan aci le ba sa da wi na aR mde go bis ga we vas,
sta ti a Si mo ce mu li sa av to ri se u li das kvne bi COVID-19-is glo ba lu ri kri zi sis mar Tvis efeq tu ri me nej men tis Seq mni sa da sa er Ta So ri so mid go me bis ra di ka lu rad Sec vlis au ci-
leb lo bis Ta na far do bis Se sa xeb.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: uni la te ra liz mi; mul ti la te ra liz mi; me mar jve ne _ eq stre mis te bi; na-ci o nal-po pu lis te bi.
256
COVID-19-is glo ba lur ma pan de mi am msof lio po li ti kis dRis wes ri gi ra di ka lu rad Sec-
va la, Tum ca Ra sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To be bis Ta na med ro ve sis te mis gan vi Ta re bis zo gi-
er Ti sa gan ga So ten den cia COVID-19-is glo ba lu ri epi de mi is daw ye bam de di di xniT ad re, jer ki dev ci vi omis das ru le bis dros ga mo ik ve Ta, ro de sac mox da sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er-
To ba Ta mTe li sis te mis fun da men tu ri re kon struq cia _ axa li er Tpo lu si a ni msof li os da ba de ba da msof lio po li ti kis glo ba li za ci is pro ce sis daw ye ba. er Ta der Ti su per Za-
lis _ zem Zlav ri sa xel mwi fos, msof lio he ge mo nis`, aSS-s upi ra te so be bi mar Tlac, uzar-
ma za ri iyo. Tval na Te li iyo sam xed ro upi ra te so ba, aSS-s eko no mi ka war mar Tav da msof-
lio glo ba li za ci is pro cess, mi si ide o lo gia ki vrcel de bo da mTel msof li o Si. mec ni e-
re bi sti ven bruk si da ui li am fol fo si Tan xmde bi an, rom `ara so des uar se bia su ve re nu li sa xel mwi fo e bis iseT sis te mas, sa dac er Ti qve ya na ase Ti ma Ra li xa ris xiT do mi ni reb da`, mxo lod ro mis im pe ria Ta vi si gan vi Ta re bis umaR les mwver val ze Tu ga mod ge ba ame ri kis im pe ri as Tan Se sa da reb lad, mag ram aSS-s Se uz Ru dav ma Za la uf le bam ara Tu ver mo a xer xa kri zi se bis mog va re ba, ara med, pi ri qiT, pro vo ci re ba ga u ke Ta ki de vac sa er Ta So ri so ur-
Ti er To beb Si ar se bul kri zi sebs.
kri zi se bis da re gu li re ba ver mo xer xda verc Zal Ta po li ti ku ri kon fi gu ra ci is cvli-
le be bis Sem dgom pe ri od Si axa li aTas wle u lis mij na ze, ro de sac mkveT rad Se ic va la po-
li ti ku ri ba lan si da ram de ni me po li ti ku ri da eko no mi ku ri sim Zi mis cen tri ga mo ik ve Ta _ 2020 wlis msof lio mSp-is mo na ce me biT aSS-s maC ve ne be lia _ 9,764 tri li o ni aSS do la-
ri, ia po ni is Tvis _ 4,667 tri li o ni aSS do la ri, Ci ne Tis Tvis _ 1,198 tri li o ni aSS do la ri (top si a Si me-6 ad gil ze aR moC nda msof lio ban kis mo na ce me biT). am Ja mad Se er Te bu li Sta-
te bi (24,2%) da Ci ne Ti (14,1%) msof lio eko no mi kis TiT qmis 40 pro cents ika ve ben (ssf-is mo na ce me bi) [af ci a u ri, 2020:3]. cal ke ga mo ik ve Ta ru se Tis, ro gorc glo ba lu ri mo Ta ma Sis am bi ci e bic. axa li msof lio wes ri gis am for mat Sic bo lo aT wle u le bis gan mav lo ba Si sa-er Ta So ri so sa zo ga do e be bis wi na Se ar se bu li mra va li fi nan su ri da po li ti ku ri kri zi si iq na Ca mo ya li be bu li _ fi nan su ri kri zi si ru seT Si 1998 wels, ses xis kri zi si aR mo sav leT azi a Si 1999 wels, 2008 wlis glo ba lu ri fi nan su ri kri zi si, ase ve 2008 wels daw ye bu li ev-ro zo nis fi nan su ri kri zi si.
fi nan su ri kri zi se bis kval dak val mom wif da po li ti ku ri kri zi se bic. de mok ra ti u li sa-er Ta So ri so in sti tu te bis _ ga e ro sa da ev ro kav Si ris kri zi si breq si tis Sem dgom, si ri-
is po li ti ku ri kri zi si, ro mel sac moh yva glo ba lu ri mig ra ci is zrda, gan sa kuT re biT, ara le ga lu ri mig ra ci is. ltol vi le bis did ma ra o de no bam si ri i dan da ax lo aR mo sav le-
Tis kon fliq tiT da za ra le bu li sxva qvey ne bi dan da ma te biT ga am wva va jer ki dev ma nam de ar se bu li rTu li vi Ta re ba da ga mo iw via ev ro pis po li ti ku ri da kul tu ru li iden to bis kri zi si.
se ri o zul ga mow ve vad iq ca glo ba lu ri usaf rTxo e bi dan mom di na re ris ke bi, ro me lic mo-
i cavs: ia ra Ri Ta da ra di o aq ti u ri ma sa le bis uka no no vaW ro bas, uka no no sa ban ko ope ra-
ci ebs, ki ber Se te vebs, tre fi kings, me kob re o ba sa da sxvas, rac war mo iS va kon fliq te biT ga mow ve ul e.w. `ara kon tro li re bad Sav xvre leb Si`, msof li os zo gi erT re gi on Si, maT So-
ris, sa qar Tve lo Si. `2014 wels ev ro pul ma (ev ro pis po li ci is sam sa xur ma) da ad gi na, rom ev ro kav Sir Si TiT qmis na xe va ri mi li o ni da kar gu li an mo pa ru li cec xlsas ro li ia ra Ri iyo~ [Joseph. E. Stiglitz, 2020].
sxva dak vir ve biT, `ki ber da na Sa u lis in dus tri am 2018 wels mi ni mum 1,5 tri li o ni aSS do-
257
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la ri ga mo i mu Sa va`, msof li os mo sax le o bis 50%-ze me ti Car Tu lia in ter net Si da da ax-
lo e biT er Ti mi li o ni axa li mom xma re be li er Tve ba yo vel dRi u rad. msof lio mo sax le o-
bis or me sa meds aqvs mo bi lu ri mow yo bi lo ba [Casey Crane, 2019]. es glo ba lu ri miR we ve bia. ki ber Se te ve bis Sem dgo mi or ga ni ze ba ga mo iw vevs `in for ma ci is in fras truq tu ris Ca moS-
las`, rac erT-er Ti yve la ze gav le ni a ni ris kfaq to ria.
Ta na med ro ve po li ti ku ri da eko no mi ku ri kri zi se bi ga aR rma va sti qi u ri ube du re be bis ma te bam, far To mas Sta bi an ma sa me di ci no da a va de beb ma, sa ko mu ni ka cio mi wo de bis ar xe bis Se fer xeb ma (Zli e ri mi wis Zvre bi azi a Si, Se er Te bul Sta teb sa da ev ro pa Si, qa riS xle bi, vul ka nis afeT qe be bi, glo ba lu ri epi de mi is tal Re bi). msof li os mas Sta biT mxo lod bo-
lo aT wle u le bis gan mav lo ba Si bu neb ri vi ka tas tro fe bis ra o de no bis Se sa xeb sta tis ti-
ku ri mo na ce me bi ase ga mo i yu re ba: 2011 _ 352, 2012 _ 355, 2013 _ 362, 2014 _ 373, 2015 _ 373, 2016 _ 375, 2017 _ 393, 2018 _ 415, 2019 _ 409 [Global Risks Report 2020]. `kli ma tis cvli le ba uf ro mZi me da swra fi Se de ge biT xa si aT de ba, vid re mo sa lod ne li iyo. bo lo xu Ti we li, ar se bu li mo na ce me biT, yve la ze Tbi li iq ne ba, bu neb ri vi ka tas tro fe bi uf ro in ten si u-
ri da xSi ri xde ba; xo lo pan de mi u ri ka tas tro fe bis ra o de no bis Se sa xeb sta tis ti ku ri mo na ce me bi Sem de gia: `aiv/Sid si _ 1981, SARS _ 2002/2003, Ro ris gri pi _ 2009/2010, MERS _ 2012, ebo la _ 2014/2015 [Casey Crane, 2019] da bo los, 2019-2020-Si COVID-19-sa gan mo ma val-
ma saf rTxem msof lio sa zo ga do e ba ki dev uf ro ua re si re a lo bis wi na Se da a ye na. mi u xe da-
vad imi sa, rom ze mo aR niS nu li pan de mi e bi da, ra Ra Tqma un da, maT So ris ko ro na vi ru sic, uwi na res yov li sa, sa me di ci no prob le maa, am etap ze mas uk ve aqvs msof li os 190-ze me ti qvey nis eko no mi ka sa da po li ti ka ze aS ka rad ga mo xa tu li uar yo fi Ti ze gav le na. aqe dan ga-mom di na re, aS ka raa, rom msof lio dad ga axa li eko no mi ku ri kri zi sis saf rTxis wi na Se, rac au ci leb lad ai sa xe ba msof lio po li ti ka zec.
pan de mi am ga mo av li na sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci e bis mo um za deb lo ba, Ta vi dan ae ci le bi-
naT da emar TaT glo ba lu ri prob le me bi. mul ti la te ra lis tul ma mid go mam _ wam yva ni sa-xel mwi fo e bis me Ta u re bis re gu la rul ma sa mi teb ma, pir vel rig Si, COVID-19-is far gleb-
Si, ver SeZ lo axa li glo ba lu ri Te me bis (ro go re bi caa so ci a lu ri gan vi Ta re ba, mig ra cia, ga re mo, usaf rTxo e bis sa kiT xe bi da a.S.) mog va re ba. Se sa ba mi sad, da iw yo aq ti u ri po li ti-
ku ri da sa mec ni e ro dis kur si mul ti la te ra lis tu li da uni la te ra lis tu ri mo de le bis efeq tu ro bis Se sa xeb.
mul ti la te ra lis tu li da uni la te ra lis tu ri mid go me bi cva le bad msof li o Si di na mi u-
rad ic vle bo da po li ti kis sxva das xva aq to ris po li ti ku ri ge mov ne bis kval dak val. qlin-
To ni sa da oba mas mid go me bi SeZ le bis dag va rad, mul ti la te ra lis tu li iyo da mxo lod au ci leb lo bis dros iyo uni la te ra lu ri. bu Si um cro sis mid go ma, gan sa kuT re biT mi si pir ve li va dis dros, uni la te ra lu ri iyo da mxo lod au ci leb lo bis dros iyo mul ti-
la te ra lu ri. rac Se e xe ba ame ri kis Se er Te bu li Sta te bis yo fil pre zi dents _ do nald tramps _ mi si mid go me bi, ro gorc sa ar Cev no kam pa ni is dros, ise mi si mmar Tve lo bis pro-
ces Si uni la te ra lu ri xa si a TiT ga mo ir Ce o da. `ame ri ka upir ve les yov li sa~ am sen ten ci-
iT mo vi da do nald tram pi aSS-s sa Ta ve Si. man uni la te ra lis tu li ri to ri kis meS ve o biT SeZ lo mo sax le o bis na ci o na lu ri grZno be bis mo bi li ze ba da ma ni pu li re ba, ro me lic sa-i mig ra cio ka non mdeb lo bis gaZ li e re bis, Ta vi su fa li sa er Ta So ri so vaW ro bis, NAFTA-is, tran swyna ro ke a ne e bis par tni o ro bi sa da `glo ba lu ri daT bo bis~ da sxva xel Sek ru le be-
bis Se sa xeb ne ga ti ur sen ten ci eb ze iyo da fuZ ne bu li. am po li ti kis gav le niT iyo gan pi ro-
be bu li Se er Te bu li Sta te bis gas vla iu nes ko dan da am or ga ni za ci is Se sus te ba. ga e ros,
258
na to sa da ev ro kav Sirs is na ci o na lu ri kuT xiT ak ri ti keb da. tram pis ad mi nis tra ci is sa-vaW ro po li ti ka efuZ ne bo da erov nu li eko no mi ku ri in te re se bis gaZ li e re bas da mkac rad da cul zo mebs, rom le bic mi i Ro ev ro pis zo gi er Tma qve ya nam (ger ma nia). es zo me bi em sa xu-
re ba kor po ra ci e bis (maT So ris, ma Ral teq no lo gi u ri da av to mo bi le bis war mo e bis) ko-
mer ci u li in te re se bis mxar da We ras.
mul ti la te ra lis tu li po zi ci e bi sa gan gan sxva ve biT, rom le bic xe da ven glo ba lu ri mmar Tve lo bis did po ten ci als, ga mo xa tuls struq tu reb sa da pro ce seb Si, rom le bic sxva das xva mTav ro be bis er Tad mu Sa o bis sa Su a le bas iZ le va da ara vi Tar Sem Txve va Si ar anac vlebs maT, tram pma ame ri kis gan sa kuT re bu lo ba ze ape li re biT ga ci le biT mom ge bi a ni po zi cia da i ka va. sa ar Cev no kam pa ni is dros mi si kon ku ren ti mul ti la te ra lis ti hi la ri qlin To ni sa gan gan sxva ve biT, tram pi mTe li sa ar Cev no kam pa ni is man Zil ze ape li reb da uni-
la te ra lis tu li kon cef tiT, ir wmu ne bo da, rom TiT qos mxo lod mas adar deb da Tu `ra aris kar gi ame ri ki saT vis`.
Se er Te bu li Sta te bis pre zi den tad do nald tram pis ar Ce va moh yva breq si tis ken Wis yras, ro de sac iv nis Si ga er Ti a ne bul ma sa me fom xma mis ca ev ro kav Si ris da to ve bas. am or ma mov-
le nam ga mo iw via im po li ti ku ri par ti e bis zrda, rom leb sac da sav lur sa zo ga do e ba Si dek-
la ri re bu li aqvT po pu lis tu ri prog ra me bi da eko no mi ku ri na ci o na liz mis ide e bi. `bo-
lo aT wle u le bis gan mav lo ba Si da sav leT ev ro pis par ti u li sis te me bis erT-er Ti yve la-
ze mniS vne lo va ni cvli le ba aris po pu lis tu ri ra di ka lu ri me mar jve ne (PRR) par ti e bis swra fi zrda~ [Krogstad, 2017:10], maT So ris, ro gorc sa xe li suf le bo um rav le so bis mqo ne, kon ser va ti u li eli ti dan war mo So bi li jgu fe bi, ase ve ev ro pis na cis tu ri war su lis sa-mar Tal mem kvid re po li ti ku ri Za le bi, rom leb sac ita li e li mec ni e ri pi e ro ig na ci tra-
di ci ul me mar jve ne eq stre mis tul Za lebs uwo debs [lor Tqi fa ni Ze, 2018: 2]. pi ro bi Tad am po li ti kur or ga ni za ci a Si ga mo i yo fa ram de ni me gan sxva ve bu li po zi ci is mqo ne qvej gu fe-
bi _ me mar jve ne-po pu lis te bi (na ci o na lis te bi), ev ro pas kep ti ku ri Za le bi, `re for mis tTa da kon ser va tor Ta~ da me mar jve ne-eq stre mis te bis jgu fe bi.
aq ve gvin da xa zi ga vus vaT im ga re mo e bas, rom yve la po pu lis tu ri po li ti ku ri par tia me-mar jve ne ar aris da yve la po pu lis tu ri me mar jve ne par tia Ta vis mxriv, Se iZ le ba ar iyos ra di ka lu ri. ra di ka lu ri me mar jve ne par ti e bis (rmp) cne ba Si Se iZ le ba ga va er Ti a noT is po li ti kur or ga ni za ci e bi, rom le bic:
1. ar mi e kuT vne bi an ev ro pis Tvis tra di ci ul me mar jve ne ba naks, qris ti an-de mok ra ti ul Ta na me gob ro bas;
2. ga mo ir Ce vi an ev ro kav Si ris wi na aR mdeg mi mar Tu li ri to ri ki Ta da skep ti ciz miT sa er To ev ro pu li in sti tu te bis mi marT;
3. Ta vi anT ide o lo gi ad ac xa de ben na ci o na liz mis ur Ti er Tgan sxva ve bul for mebs, efuZ-
ne bi an uc xos mo Si Se o bis fe no mens, av le nen nak leb mim Reb lo bas, wi na aR mde go bas sxva das-
xva ti pis um ci re so bis mi marT;
4. xa si aT de bi an de mok ra ti is ara li be ra lu ri in ter pre ta ci e bis an su lac av to ri ta riz-
mis mxar da We riT;
5. xa si aT de bi an po pu lis tu ri ri to ri kiT, sa zo ga do e bis or ho mo ge nur da kon tras tul jgu fad da yo fis xed viT, maT So ris ar se bu li kon fliq tis po li ti ku ri pro ce sis mTa var sag nad ga moc xa de bis ten den ci iT [lor Tqi fa ni Ze, 2018:5].
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Tum ca Ra, au ci leb lad un da aR vniS noT ra di ka lu ri me mar jve ne par ti e bis na wi lis Se xe-du le be bis tran sfor ma ci is di na mi ka Ta na med ro ve etap ze. mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom, ra di-
ka lu ri me mar jve ne po li ti ku ri par ti e bi li be ra lur Tan Se da re biT uf ro mow yvlad ni ari an av to ri ta riz mis wi na Se, ra di ka liz msa da po pu lis tur na ci o na lizms, de mok ra ti-
u li in sti tu ci e bi sa da xe li suf le bis sxva das xva Sto ebs So ris de mok ra ti u li gan vi Ta-
re bis Tvis sa Wi ro da ba lan se bis da kon tro lis me qa niz me bis mya ri ar se bo bis Sem Txve va Si, av to ri ta ru li ga dax re bis wi na aR mdeg imu ni te ti aqvs, rac das tur de ba ram de ni me qe i sis Sem Txve va Si da sav leT ev ro pis ma ga liT ze. aq ev ro par la men tSi ga mar jve bis Sem deg, xal-
xis ze wo lis Se de gad mox da gar kve u li ra di ka lu ri Za le bis mi er fun da men tu ri Se xe du-
le be bis tran sfor ma cia da maT da iw yes sa u ba ri ara ev ro pu li ide is uar yo fa ze, ara med mxo lod maT Tvis mi u Re be li ide e bi sa da li be ra lu ri prin ci pe bis ide o lo gi ur ga da sin-
jva ze, Tum ca, sam wu xa rod, ar ga da u xe davT da mo ki de bu le be bi saT vis ru se Tis mi marT, ra-
di ka lu ri me mar jve ne par ti e bis xe li suf le ba Si Se saZ lo mos vlis Sem Txve va Si am Za le bis um rav le so bis po li ti ku ri sim pa Ti e bi pu ti nis mi marT da maT mi er yi ri mis aneq si is le gi-
ti ma cia gar kve u li dab rko le ba Se iZ le ba gax des sa qar Tve los te ri to ri u li mTli a no bis tra di ci u li mxar da We ri sa da sa qar Tve los ev ro in teg ra ci is pro ce se bi saT vis. ami tom mniS vne lo va nad mig vaC nia am prob le mis ga aq ti u re ba da dis ku si is daw ye ba sa mo mav lo kon-
kre tu li sa ga reo po li ti kis sce na re bis Ta o ba ze, rom le bic ra di ka lu ri me mar jve ne Za-le bis xe li suf le ba Si mos vlis Sem Txve va Si Ta vi dan ag va ci lebs sa qar Tve los ev ro in teg-
ra ci is pro ce sis ne ga ti ur Se de gebs.
ra di ka lu ri me mar jve ne par ti e bis Se xe du le ba Ta tran sfor ma ci is di na mi ka _ erov nu li po li ti ki sa da eko no mi kis in te re se bis pri mat Si mul ti la te ra liz mis cal ke u li niS ne bis mim Reb lo ba, vfiq robT, Za li an mniS vne lo va ni pro ce sia, rad ga nac na ci o na lu ri ide o lo-
gi is e.w. do zis ga da War be bam`, Se iZ le ba da a zi a nos ba lan si erov nu li po li ti ku ri da eko-
no mi ku ri in te re se bis jan saR da adek va tur dac va sa da srul mas Sta bi a ni sa er Ta So ri so Ta nam Srom lo bis gan vi Ta re bas So ris. es ba lan si, mig vaC nia, rom sta bi lu ri sa er Ta So ri so Ta nam Srom lo bis er Ta der Ti mi sa Re bi for mu laa,
mul ti la te ra lis tul mid go mebs iseT sfe ro eb Si, ro go re bi caa: mSvi do bis dac va, jan-
mrTe lo bis dac va da ga re mos dac va [Cas Mudde and Cristobal Roviza Kaltwasser, 2017], mig vaC-nia, rom al ter na ti va ara aqvs, Tum ca COVID-19-ma bza re bi ga mo a Ci na glo ba lu ri ndo bis sfe ro Si. mxo lod mul ti la te ra lis tul ma mid go me bi _ mul ti na ci o na lu ri or ga ni za ci e-
bis Car Tu lo ba da ga er Ti a ne bu li Za lis xme va ar aR moC nda sak ma ri si Ta vi dan ag ve ci le bi na da gve mar Ta glo ba lu ri pan de mia. COVID-19-ma ga mo a Ci na glo ba lu ri ur Ti er Tda mo ki de-
bu le bis nak lo va ne be bi da glo ba lu ri mmar Tve lo bis prob le ma. aS ka raa, rom glo ba lu ri kri zi se bis mar Tvis ar se bu li me qa niz mi ga nax le bis sa Wi ro ebs da am ga mow ve vebs sWir de ba uf ro efeq tu ri me nej men ti _ axa li glo ba lu ri ris ke bis Ta vi dan aci le bi sa da wi na aR-
mde go bis ga we vis sa er Ta So ri so Ta nam Srom lo bis axa li mo de li, ro me lic Se iq mne ba mniS-vne lo va ni cvli le be bi Ta da Ses wo re be biT, pir vel rig Si, mar Tvis po li ti kis yve la do ne-
ze erov nu li sa da sa er Ta So ri so mid go me bis gaT va lis wi ne biT.
260
literatura:
____________________________________________________________________________1. af ci a u ri d., Ta na med ro ve sa er Ta So ri so eko no mi ku ri ur Ti er To be bis gan vi Ta re bis am Ja-
min de li ten den ci e bi da pan de mi is (ko vidD-19) kri zi sis Sem dgo mi ga mow ve ve bi, sa qar Tve-
los stra te gi i sa da sa er Ta So ri so ur Ti er To ba Ta kvle vis fon di, 139, Tb., 2020, gv. 3.2. lor Tqi fa ni Ze l., ra di ka lu ri me mar jve ne par ti e bis gan vi Ta re bis Zi ri Ta di ten den ci e-
bi ev ro kav Si ris wevr qvey neb Si 2010-ia ni wle bis ma ga liT ze, Tb., 2018, gv. 2, 5. 3. Casey Crane, `33 Alarming Cybercrime Statistics You Should Know in 2019 `Hashedont, November
2019. www.journalofcyberpolicy.com/2019/11/15/33_ alarming-cybercrime-statistics-know-2019-hashed-ssl-store/
4. Cas Mudde and Cristobal Roviza Kaltwasser `Populism: A Very Start Introduction~ February 1, 2017. www.blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2017/07/18/bookreview-populism-a-very-short-introduction-by-cas-mudde-and-cristobal-rovirakaltwasser/
5. Global Risks Report 2020 _ World Economic Forum in partnership with Marsh &Mac Leman and Zurich Insurance Group published on January 15, 2020. www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020
6. Joseph. E. Stiglitz, Project Syndicate `Has Davos Man Changed?~ January30,2020 www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/davos-gap-between-business-leadersrhetoric-and-actions-by-joseph-e-stiglitz-2020-01?barrier=accesspaylog
7. Krogstad, Passel, Cohen `Accountability Across Borders: Migrant Rights in North America ~ edited by Xochtitl Bada and Shamon Gleeson, University of Texas Press, Fifth Edition, 2017. www.books.google.ge/books?id=vvxzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10
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COVID-19 AND THE MODERN CHALLENGES OF INTERNA-TIONAL POLITICS
Keti Jijeishvili Professor
GTU, Law and International Relations FacultyHead of the Undergraduate Program of International Relations at
New Higher Education Institute
Giorgi ChkhikvishviliAssociate Professor
GTU Law and International Relations Faculty
Abstract
The urgency of the research topic is determined by the global context of the problem itself. The impend-ing threat from COVID-19 has exposed the world community to a new reality. The global epidemic has revealed many problems that the international community is facing. Although the coronavirus, like other global pandemics, is primarily a medical problem, at this stage, it already has a pronounced negative impact on the economies of more than 190 countries around the world. Therefore, the world is facing the threat of a new economic crisis, which will inevitably affect the modern agenda of world politics.
The purpose of the paper is to provide information to interested people about the political challenges and current trends of the COVID-19 global pandemic and to highlight the multilateralist and unilateralist ap-proaches in the context of the new political reality, the analysis of which provides a more or less complete picture of the problem.
The research topic aims to demonstrate and explore the cause-and-effect relationship between COVID-19 anatomy and the current challenges of the New World Order, which will help us to better understand the political processes in modern international politics and seek new models of international cooperation that can avoid and resist new global risks.
The article presents the author’s conclusions on the correlation between the need to create effective CO-VID-19 global crisis management and to radically change international approaches.
Keywords: Unilateralism; Multi lateralism; Right _ extremists; Nati onal Populists.
1. Introduction
COVID-19 global pandemic has radically changed the world policy agenda, although some alarming trends in the development of the modern system of international relations were revealed long before the COVID-19 global epidemic, still at the end of the Cold War, when the entire international relations system was reconstructed _ because of the birth of a new unipolar world and the beginning of the process of globalization of world politics. The advantages of the United States, the only superpower -~the world hegemon~ _ were colossal. The military advantage was obvious, the US economy was leading the process
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of globalization, and its ideology was spreading all over the world. Scholars Stephen Brooks and William Folfos agree that `there has never been a system of sovereign states where one country dominated to such an extent~, only the Roman Empire at its peak could be compared to the American Empire. But the un-limited power of the United States not only could avoid crisis management, on the contrary, has provoked crises in international relations.
2. Presentation of the main research material
The crisis could not be resolved even at the edge of the new millennium after the change in the political confi guration of forces when the political balance changed dramatically and several centers of political and economic gravity emerged _ according to 2020 data, the US GDP is 9.764 trillion USD, Japan _ 4.667 trillion USD, China -1,198 trillion USD. Currently, the United States (24.2%) and China (14.1%) occupy almost 40 percent of the world economy (IMF data) [af ci a u ri, 2020:3]. Russia’s ambitions as a global player were also highlighted. This format of the new world order has also created many fi nancial and political crises in recent decades _ the fi nancial crisis in Russia in 1998, the debt crisis in East Asia in 1999, the global fi nancial crisis in 2008, and the fi nancial crisis in the Eurozone in 2008.
Political crises also matured in the wake of the fi nancial crises. International Democratic Institutions _ The UN and EU Crisis After Brexit, the Syrian political crisis, followed by an increase in global migration, especially illegal migration. The large number of refugees from Syria and other countries affected by the Middle East confl ict has further exacerbated the already diffi cult situation and led to a crisis of European political and cultural identity.
Risks from global security have become a serious challenge, which includes: the illegal trade in weapons and radioactive materials, illegal banking, cyberattacks, traffi cking, piracy, etc., which have arisen in the so-called `Uncontrolled black holes~ created by confl icts in some regions of the world, including Georgia. `In 2014, Europol (European Police Offi ce) determined that there were almost half a million fi rearms lost or stolen in the EU~ [Joseph. E. Stiglitz, 2020].
According to another observation, `the cybercrime industry generated at least 1.5 trillion USD in 2018~, more than 50% of the world’s population is connected to the Internet and about one million new users are connected daily. Two-thirds of the world’s population has a mobile device [Casey Crane, 2019]. These are global achievements. Further organization of cyberattacks will lead to the `collapse of the information infrastructure~, which is one of the most infl uential risk factors.
Modern political and economic crises have been exacerbated by increasing natural disasters, large-scale medical illnesses, disruptions to communication channels (strong earthquakes in Asia, the United States, and Europe, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, global epidemic waves). Statistics on the number of natural disasters worldwide in recent decades alone look like the following: 2011 _ 352, 2012 _ 355, 2013 _ 362, 2014 _ 373, 2015 _ 373, 2016 _ 375, 2017 _ 393, 2018 _ 415, 2019 _ 409 [Global Risks Report 2020]. Climate change is having more severe and rapid consequences than expected. The last fi ve years, according to available data, will be the warmest, with natural disasters becoming more intense and frequent; Statistics on the years of pandemic disasters are as follows: HIV/AIDS _ 1981, SARS _ 2002/2003, swine fl u _ 2009/2010, MERS _ 2012, Ebola _ 2014/2015 [Casey Crane, 2019] and lastly, the impending threat from COVID-19 in 2019-2020 has put the world community in an even worse reality. Although the above-mentioned pandemics, and of course the coronavirus among them, is primarily a medical problem, at this stage, it already has a pronounced negative impact on the economies and policies of more than 190 coun-
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tries around the world. Therefore, it is obvious that the world is facing the threat of a new economic crisis, which will inevitably affect world politics as well.
The pandemic revealed the unpreparedness of international organizations to avoid and manage global prob-lems. The multilateral approach _ the regular summits of the leading state’s leaders, primarily within the framework of COVID-19, failed to address new global issues (such as social development, migration, environmental, security issues, etc.). Consequently, an active political and scientifi c discourse on the ef-fectiveness of multilateralist and unilateralist models has begun.
Multilateralist and unilateralist approaches were changing dynamically in a modifying world following in the footsteps of the political tastes of different policy actors. The approaches of Clinton and Obama were as multilateral as possible and were unilateral only when necessary. The approach of Bush Jr., especially during his fi rst term, was unilateral and multilateral only when necessary. As for the former President of the United States _ Donald Trump _ his approaches were unilateral both during the election campaign and dur-ing his rule. `America First~ _ with this stance Donald Trump came to power in the United States. Through unilateralist rhetoric, he was able to mobilize and manipulate the national sentiments of the population based on negative maxims about strengthening immigration legislation, free international trade, NAFTA, the Transatlantic Partnership and `global warming~, and other treaties. This policy infl uenced the with-drawal of the United States from UNESCO and the weakening of this organization. He criticized the UN, NATO, and the European Union from a national point of view. The Trump administration’s trade policy was based on strengthening national economic interests and strictly enforced measures taken by some European countries (Germany). These measures serve the support of commercial interests of corporations (including high-tech and automobile manufacturing).
In contrast to the multilateralist positions that see the great potential of global governance, expressed in the structures and processes that allow different governments to work together and in no way replace them, Trump has taken a much more lucrative position by appealing to America’s uniqueness. During the elec-tion campaign, unlike his rival multilateralist Hillary Clinton, Trump appealed throughout the entire elec-tion campaign with a unilateralist concept, claiming that he was only concerned with `what is good for America~.
The election of Donald Trump as President of the United States was followed by a Brexit vote when the United Kingdom voted to leave the EU in June. These two events have led to the rise of political parties that have declared populist programs and ideas of economic nationalism in Western society. `One of the most signifi cant changes in Western European party systems in recent decades is the rapid growth of the populist radical right-wing (PRR) parties~ [Krogstad, 2017:10], among them are pro-governmental groups from the conservative elite, as well as the legal successor political forces of Europe’s Nazi past, which Italian scholar Piero Ignazi calls the traditional right-wing extremist forces [Lortkipanidze, 2018: 2]. Conditionally, this political organization has several subgroups with different positions _ right-wing populists (nationalists), Eurosceptic forces, groups of `reformists and conservatives~ and right-wing extremists.
Here we want to emphasize the fact that not all populist political parties are right-wing and not all populist right-wing parties, in turn, may be radical. In the notion of radical right-wing parties (RRPs), we can unite those political organizations that:
1. Do not belong to the traditional right-wing camp, the Christian-Democratic Community, for Europe;
2. Distinguished by rhetoric and skepticism against the EU in common European institutions;
3. Declare their ideology to be different forms of nationalism, based on the phenomenon of xenophobia,
264
show less acceptance, resistance to different types of minorities;
4. Characterized by support for non-liberal interpretations of democracy or even authoritarianism;
5. Characterized by populist rhetoric, with the view of dividing society into two homogeneous and con-trasting groups, including the tendency to declare the existing confl ict as the main subject of the political process [Lordkipanidze, 2018:5].
However, it is necessary to note the dynamics of the transformation of some of the radical right-wing par-ties’ views at the present stage. While radical right-wing political parties are more vulnerable to authori-tarianism than liberals, radicalism and populist nationalism, with strong balancing and control mechanisms for democratic development between democratic institutions and branches of government, has immunity against authoritarian deviations, as confi rmed by the examples of several cases in Western Europe. After the victory in the European Parliament, under the pressure of the people, some radical forces transformed their fundamental views and they began to talk not about rejecting the European idea, but only about the ideological revision of ideas and liberal principles unacceptable to them, but unfortunately did not recon-sider attitudes towards Russia. In the event of a possible coming to power of the radical right-wing parties, the political sympathies of most of these forces towards Putin and their legitimacy of the annexation of Crimea could become some obstacle to traditional support for Georgia’s territorial integrity and Georgia’s European integration process. Therefore, we consider it important to intensify this problem and start a dis-cussion on future specifi c foreign policy scenarios, which, if the radical right-wing forces come to power, will prevent the negative consequences of Georgia’s European integration process.
The dynamics of the transformation of the radical right-wing parties’ views _ the acceptance of certain signs of multilateralism in the prism of national political and economic interests, we think, is a very im-portant process, because the so-called `Overdose~ of national ideology may damage the balance between sound and adequate protection of national political and economic interests and the development of full-scale international cooperation. This balance, we believe, is the only acceptable formula for stable interna-tional cooperation.
3. Conclusion
Multilateral approaches in areas such as peacekeeping, healthcare, and environment protection [Cas Mudde and Cristobal Roviza Kaltwasser, 2017], has no alternative, although COVID-19 has revealed cracks in the area of global confi dence. Multilateralist approaches alone _ the involvement of multinational organizations and joint efforts _ did not seem to be enough to prevent us from heading for a global pandemic and man-aging it. COVID-19 has identifi ed the shortcomings of global interdependence and the problem of global governance. It is clear that the existing mechanism of managing global crises needs to be updated and these challenges need more effective management _ a new model of international cooperation in preventing and resisting global risks, which will be created with signifi cant changes and amendments, primarily taking into account national and international approaches at all levels.
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References:
____________________________________________________________________________1. Aptsiauri D., Current Trends in the Development of Modern International Economic Relations and
the Aftermath of the Pandemic Crisis (Covid-19), Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies, 139, Tbilisi, 2020, p. 3.
2. Lortkipanidze L., The main trends in the development of radical right-wing parties in the EU member states on the example of 2010, Tbilisi, 2018, p. 2, 5.
3. Casey Crane, `33 Alarming Cybercrime Statistics You Should Know in 2019 `Hashedont, November 2019. www.journalofcyberpolicy.com/2019/11/15/33_ alarming-cybercrime-statistics-know-2019-hashed-ssl-store/
4. Cas Mudde and Cristobal Roviza Kaltwasser `Populism: A Very Start Introduction~ February 1, 2017. www.blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2017/07/18/bookreview-populism-a-very-short-introduction-by-cas-mudde-and-cristobal-rovirakaltwasser/
5. Global Risks Report 2020 _ World Economic Forum in partnership with Marsh &Mac Leman and Zurich Insurance Group published on January 15, 2020. www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020
6. Joseph. E. Stiglitz, Project Syndicate `Has Davos Man Changed?~ January30,2020 www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/davos-gap-between-business-leadersrhetoric-and-actions-by-joseph-e-stiglitz-2020-01?barrier=accesspaylog
7. Krogstad, Passel, Cohen `Accountability Across Borders: Migrant Rights in North America ~ edited by Xochtitl Bada and Shamon Gleeson, University of Texas Press, Fifth Edition, 2017. www.books.google.ge/books?id=vvxzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10
266
ga re mos dac vi sa da bu neb ri vi re sur siT sar geb lo bis sa mar Tleb ri vi sa kiT xe bi
zvi ad gog ri Wi a ni
iv.ja va xiS vi lis sa xe lo bis Tbi li sis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis
iu ri di u li fa kul te tis doq to ran ti,
sam cxe-ja va xe Tis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te tis leq to ri
ab straq ti
Te ma Si gan xi lu lia bu ne baT sar geb lo bis da ga re mos dac vis Ta na med ro ve aq tu a lu ri sa-kiT xe bi, rom lis ga daw yve tis efeq tu ro ba bev rad gan saz Rvravs ka cob ri o bis xva lin de li dRis beds. xaz gas miT aR niS nu lia sa mec ni e ro _ teq ni kur re vo lu ci a sa da pla ne tis mo sax-
le o bis swraf zrdas Tan er Tad sa zo ga do e bis moT xov ni le ba bu neb riv re sur seb ze. ga re-
mos dac vis ise Ti di di mniS vne lo ba ka cob ri o bas aval de bu lebs yve la fe ri iRo nos bu ne-
bis obi eq te bis mov la-Se nar Cu ne bi saT vis. am saq me Si am Ja mad Cab mul ni ari an sxva das xva saq-mi a no bis war mo mad gen le bi da yve la Ta vi si kuT xiT cdi lobs ga daW ras ka cob ri o bi saT vis es fri ad did mniS vne lo va ni prob le ma. war mod ge nil sta ti a Si ga re mos dac vis prob le ma kom pleq su ra daa war mo Ce ni li ami tom xaz gas mu lia am prob le mas di di ad gi li uWi ravs iu-
ris pru den ci a Sic. yu rad Re bis miR ma ar un da dar Ces, rom sa qar Tve lo mdi da ria bu neb ri vi obi eq te biT, sa qar Tve lo Si ocam de nak rZa lia, rom le bic mdi da ria mce na re u lo biT da na-dir frin ve liT, Cvens naS rom Si es sa kiT xi spe ci a lu rad iq na Ses wav li li SeZ le bis dag va-
rad ga ke Te bu lia praq ti ku li das kvne bi moq me di ka non mdeb lo bis ga sa um jo be seb lad.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: ga re mos dac va; bu neb ri vi re sur se bi; nak rZa li; sa mar Ta li.
msof lio glo ba lur prob le mebs So ris ga re mos dac va erT-er Ti upir ve le sia. ga re mo-
saT vis mi ye ne bu li zi a ni sul uf ro zrdis eko lo gi u ri ka tas tro fis saf rTxes. ko deq sis me a Te ka ri mTli a nad eT mo ba pa su xis geb lo bas im da na Sa u lis Ca de ni saT vis, rom le bic ga-re mos dac vis da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis sar geb lo bis we sis wi na aR mde gaa mi mar Tu li es ka ri dRes dRe o biT sul oc muxls mo i cavs da met_ nak le bad bu ne bis yve la kom po nents icavs da na Sa u leb ri vi xel yo fi sa gan ko deq siT, ro gorc prof.o.gam yre li Ze aR niS navs pir ve lad da wes da pa su xis geb lo ba sa qar Tve los~ wi Tel nus xa Si~ Se ta ni li ga da Se ne bis saf rTxis wi-na Se myo fi ga re u li cxo ve lis an ve lu ri mce na ris ad gil sam yo fe lis moS li saT vis da cu-
li te ri to ri is re Ji mis dar Rve vi saT vis si ax lea ag reT ve pa su xis geb lo ba eko ci dis ga mo, mag ram es Se mad gen lo ba Se ta ni lia im kar Si ro me lic iT va lis wi nebs sis xlis sa mar Tleb riv
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das jas ka cob ri o bis wi na aR mdeg mi mar Tul da na Sa ul Ta Ca de ni saT vis.
ga re mos dac va sa da ra ci o na lur bu ne baT sar geb lo bas, sa zo ga do e bis eko lo gi u ri, eko-
no mi ku ri da 1so ci a lu ri in te re se bis har mo ni ul Se xa me bas gan sa kuT re bu li mniS vne lo-
ba eni We ba, Ta vi si bu ne biT eko lo gi u ri sis te ma glo ba lu ria, is scil de ba na ci o na lur in te re sebs, ami tom sa Wi roa bu neb ri vi ga re mos sa er Ta So ri so sa mar Tleb ri vi dac va da sa xel mwi fo Ta Ta nam Srom lo ba am sfe ro Si sa xel mwi fo Ta cal ke u li Za lis xme va Tu es Ta-
nam Srom lo ba ar isa xavs miz nad ara sak ma ri sia bu neb ri vi ga re mos glo ba lu rad dac vis uz-
run vel sa yo fad. bu ne bis dac va sa yo vel Tao sa xal xo saq med iq ca da bu ne bis obi eq te bis mov la Se nar Cu ne bis saq me Si Cab mu li ari an mo sax le o bis sul sxva das xva fe ne bis war mo mad-
gen le bi, di di da pa ta ra mu Sa da in te li gen ti mo xu cic da axal gaz rdac qa lic da ka cic.
ro gorc aR vniS neT, bu ne bis dac va kom pleq su rad xor ci el de ba, yve la dar gis war mo mad-
ge ne li Ta vi si kuT xiT ud ge ba am sa kiTxs ami tom am prob le mas di di ad gi li uWi ravs iu-
ris pru den ci a Sic. bu ne bis dac vis erT-er Ti mniS vne lo va ni as peq ti gax lavT bu ne bis sa-mar Tleb ri vi dac vis sa kiT xi. sa qar Tve los ka non mdeb lo bam Rir se u li ad gi li da uT mo bu ne bis sa si coc xlo im pul se bis, flo ris da fa u nis si jan sa Ris ga nux rel dac vas sa qar-
Tve los umaR le si sa sa mar Tlos ple nu mis 1995 wlis 3 ag vis tos N2 dad ge ni le ba Si mi Ti Te-
bu lia ga re mos dac vis Se sa xeb ka non mdeb lo bis Ses ru le ba bu neb ri vi re sur se bis mom Wir-
ne, ra ci o na lu ri ga mo ye ne ba erT-er Ti um niS vne lo va ne si sa xel mwi fo amo ca naa, rom lis ga daw yve ta ze di dad aris da mo ki de bu li ada mi a nis jan mrTe lo ba da ke Til dRe o ba qvey nis eko no mi ku ri da so ci a lu ri gan vi Ta re bis amo ca ne bis ga daw yve ta. bar ba ro su li Za le bi Za-le bi es xmi an ra Ta vi si qvey nis flo ra sa da fa u nas, da u zo ga vad anad gu re ben mis uk vdav da ga nu me o re bel mce na re Ta da cxo vel Ta sam yar prof. o. gam yre li Ze aR niS navs bu ne ba ze ada mi a nis ga ma nad gu re be li ze moq me de ba gan sa kuT re biT sag rZno bi gax da 19-sa u ku nis mi wu-
rul sa da 20-e sa u ku nis dam de gi saT vis. dRe i saT vis ro ca teq ni ku ri prog re si udi de sad gan vi Ta re bu lia da Zli er swra fad mi dis win dRis wes rig Si dad ga bu neb ri vi re sur se bis bu ne bis obi eq te bis mTli a ni xel Se u xeb lo bis prob le ma ka non mdeb lo bam sa Wi rod CaT va-
la brZo la ga mo uc xa dos bu ne bis sim did re Ta gam Ca na geb lebs, Se iZ le ba iT qvas eko lo gi ur mtrebs. prof. o.gam yre li Zis az riT, ada mi a ni mix vda im de nad ajo ba bu ne bas man mec ni e-
re bi sa da teq ni kis dax ma re biT, rom sa Wi ro gax da am brZo lis am ze moq me de bis Se ne le ba uf ro ka non zo mi e rad war mar Tva ra Ta bu ne ba Ta vi si pir van de li sa xiT mTli a nad ar ga nad-
gur des.wi na aR mdeg Sem Txve va Si bu ne bis ga nad gu re ba saf rTxes uq mnis ada mi a nis ar se bo bas Cvens pla ne ta ze(sa mar Tli sa da po li ti ku ri az rov ne bis is to ri is nar kve ve bi gv.177) gu-
lax di lad un da iT qvas,Zve li sa ka non mdeb lo nor me bi da ux ve we lo bi sa da ra o de nob ri vi sim ci ris ga mo ver pa su xo da eko lo gi u ri da na Sa u lis wi na aR mdeg brZo lis moT xov nebs ad-
re ul li te ra tu ra Si da sis xlis sa mar Tleb riv nor meb Si iyo gan saz Rvru li bu ne bis xel-
yo fis obi eq te bi, mag ram isi ni sru li ad sqe ma tu rad Ser Ce viT icav dnen bu ne bis ga nu zo mel mSve ni e re bas ver amo i wu re bo da obi eq te bis siR rme da sa Wi ro e bis gan zo mi le ba.
un da iT qvas, rom sa qar Tve lo Zal ze mdi da ria bu neb ri vi obi eq te biT gan sa kuT re biT gan-Tqmu lia Cve ni flo ra da fa u na, mTis mCqe fa re mdi na a re e bi da an ka ra wya ro e bi, suf Ta ha e ri da moS ri a le uR ra ni tye e bi sa qar Tve lo Si am Ja mad ocam de nak rZa lia rom le bic mdi da ria mce na re u lo biT da na dir _ frin ve liT. mi u xe da vad ami sa, bev ri na dir frin ve li sa qar Tve-
lo Si an ga da Sen da an ga da Se ne bis gza zea. ki dev uf ro mZi me mdgo ma re o ba Si aR moC nda Cve-ni fa u na mas Sem deg, rac na di ro bis sa Su a le bad ga mo i ye ne ba sa ha e ro tran spor ti am Ja mad 1 sa mar Tli sa da po li ti ku ri az rov ne bis is to ri is nar kve ve bi. wig ni IV. ga mom cem lo ba „me ri di a ni“, Tbi li si. re daq to ri g.fe ra Ze, gv-177.
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ver tmfren ma ga da Se ne bis saf rTxis wi na Se da a ye na kav ka si u ri jix vi,ro me lic er Ta der Ti da uni ka lu ria mTel msof li o Si. xSi ria ag reT ve Ra miT av to man qa nis fa re biT kur dRleb-
ze na di ro ba kur dRe li mo eq ce va fa re bis Suq Si da amiT is mo na di ris io li msxver pli xde-
ba.1ase ve cno bi lia ma ga li Tad rom jer ki dev or mo ci an, or moc da a Ti an wleb Si Si ra qis vel ze mTli a nad gaw yvi tes qur ci ki. am ke Til So bi lur cxo vels Si ra qis vel ze dev nid nen av to man qa niT dev nas qur ci ki ver uZ leb da da gu li us kde bo da da kvde bo da (n.kec xo ve li) sa er Tod eko lo gi u ri siv rce de da mi wis bu neb riv mSve ni e re bas mo i cavs rac war mo ad gens ka cob ri o bis sa si coc xlo be Rels rom lis dac va da nor ma lu ri ga mo ye ne ba nam dvi lad un-
da iyos ara mar to ro me li me eris da qvey nis, ara med de da mi wis mo az rov ne bi na dar Ta sis-xor ce u li da Ta nab rad saz ru na vi sa er To saq me mis dac va sa Wi ro e bas ara mxo lod ro me li-
me Se mad ge ne li kom po nen tis xel yo fis ak rZal vas ara med am brZo lam un da mo ic vas yve la is sfe ro sa dac ada mi a nis go ne ba miw vde ba de da mi was bo ro tu li xel yo fis gan zrax viT.
Tav da pir ve lad ada mi a nis ze moq me de ba bu ne ba ze Zli er Se sam Cne vi ar iyo, rad gan es da pi-
ris pi re ba Se da re biT sus tad iyo ga mo xa tu li bev ri pir vel yo fi li cxo ve li mTli a nad ga-da Sen da da ma Ti sax se ne be lic ki aRar aris de da mi wa ze ada mi a nis ro li am ga nad gu re ba Si arc Tu ise di di iyo dRes_ dRe o biT bu neb riv sim did re Ta Se nar Cu ne bi sa da ra ci o na lu-
rad ga mo ye ne bis uz run vel sa yo fad ada mi an Ta jan mrTe lo bi saT vis sa Ta na do pi ro be bis Se saq mne lad sa qar Tve los te ri to ri a ze ik rZa le ba ise Ti sa me ur neo saq mi a no ba, ro me lic mav ne gav le nas mo ax dens ga re mos mdgo ma re ba ze. sa qar Tve los axal ma ssko deq sma cal ke ka ri da uT mo eko lo gi ur da na Sa uls, da na Sa u li ga re mos dac vis we sis wi na aR mdeg oc Se-mad gen lo bas aer Ti a nebs aR niS nu li da na Sa u lis obi eqts war mo ad gens is sa zo ga do eb ri-
vi ur Ti er To be bi, rom le bic uz run vel yo fen ada mi a nis jan mrTe lo bas da sxva coc xa li or ga niz mi saT vis uv ne be li ga re mos dac vas da Se nar Cu ne bas, bu neb ri vi re sur se biT ra ci-
o na lu rad sar geb lo bas prof. n.To dua aR niS navs eko lo gi ur da na Sa ul Ta sa gans war mo-
ad gens bu neb ri vi ga re mos sxva das xva ele men ti ha e ri, mi wa,wya li, mce na re e bi, cxo ve le bi da sxva ga re mos Tan eko lo gi u rad da kav Si re bu li obi eq te bi ro mel Ta Seq mna zec ar aris da xar ju li ada mi a nis Sro ma obi eq ti ro me lic ga mo vi da bu neb ri vi ga re mo dan da sa sa qon-
lo ma te ri a lur fa se u lo baT ga da iq ca mo po ve bu li nav To bi,qva nax Si ri, xet ye zo o par kSi bi na da ri na dir frin vel Ta qur do ba eko lo gi ur da na Sa uls ar mi e kuT vne ba ro mel Ta nac da kav Si re bu li kva li fi ka ci is prob le ma sa qar Tve lom TiT qmis dRes dRe o biT ga da la xa Tu ar Cav TvliT zo gi erT prob le mas ro mel zec Se Ce re bas ar va pi reT.
sa kuT re bis wi na aR mdeg mi mar Tu li da na Sa u lis sag nis da sad ge nad da mis ga sa mij nad eko-
lo gi u ri da na Sa u li sa gan, gan sa kuT re bu li yu rad Re ba un da mi eq ces bu ne bis ma te ri a lu ri obi eq te bis mdgo ma re o bas ari an Tu ara isi ni bu neb riv mdgo ma re o ba Si (mag., Zvir fa si qva zRvis cxo ve le bi ga re u li cxo ve le bi) Tu maT ze ar aris da xar ju li sa zo ga do eb ri vad au-
ci le be li Sro ma, isi ni ar war mo ad ge nen qo ne bas da ami tom ar Se iZ le ba Ca iT va lon sa kuT-
re bis wi na aR mdeg mi mar Tu li da na Sa u lis sag nad. rac xSi rad usis te mo mid go maa 2amiT xazs us vamT im ga re mo e bas, rom es ise Ti niv Te bia, ro mel Ta dam za de ba ze moy va na sa da mo po ve-
ba ze ada mi a nis Sro maa ga we u li ami tom da uf le bis sa ga ni Ta vis Ta vad ar Se iZ le ba iyos mi wa mi si wi a Ri,tye mag ram Tu da uf le bis sa ga ni aris bu neb ri vi sim did ris da mu Sa ve biT mo po ve-
bu li moW ri li xe, da We ri li Tev zi an sxva gziT mi Re bu li fa se u lo ba ro mel Sic ada mi a nis Sro maa Caq so vi li (sa Se ne bel Si gaz rdi li mxe ce bi) Tum ca es sa kiT xe bi ss ka non Si gan saR-
vru li ar aris mka fi od vfiq robT mec ni e re ba val de bu lia mis ces praq ti kas ra i me sa zo mi 1 o.gam yre li Ze, brZo la sa mar Tleb ri vi sa xel mwi fo saT vis, Tbi li si, 1998w, gv-168. 2 T.uru Sa Ze v.lo ria eko lo gi u ri sa mar Ta li, Tbi li si, 1999, gv-83.
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kri te ri u mi ra Ta er Tma ne Ti sa gan gan vas xva od kva li fi ka ci is es prob le mu ri sa kiT xe bi. bu ne bi sa da mi si re sur se bis wi na aR mdeg mi mar Tu li da na Sa u lis ga mo yo fa da mo u ki de bel ka rad gan pi ro be bu lia im se ri o zu li saf rTxis ar se bo biT, rom lis wi na Se dad ga mTe li msof lio sa me ur neo saq mi a no bi sa da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis ze eq splo a ta ci is Se de gad.
am kar Si, bu neb ri vi ga re mos da zi a ne bis di di ris ki dan ga mom di na re, ka non mde be li iT va-
lis wi nebs iseT axal Se mad gen lo bebs, ro go ri caa, mag., sa qar Tve los `wi Tel nus xa Si~ Se-
ta ni li, ga da Se ne bis saf rTxis wi na Se myo fi ga re u li cxo ve lis an ve lu ri mce na ris ad gil-
sam yo fe lis moS la, xaz gas miT aris aR ni Su li Cve ni ka non mdeb lis ki dev er Ti hu ma nu ri no-
ve la uka no no na di ro bis da mam Zi me bel ga re mo e beb Si mi Ti Te bu lia na di ro ba um weo mdgo-
ma re o ba Si myof na dir frin vel ze, ag reT ve sa gan ge bo eko lo gi u ri mdgo ma re o bis dros an eko lo gi u ri ube du re bis zo na Si. da na Sa u lis Ca de nis ad gi li es aris gan saR vru li te ri-
to ria, sa dac iq na Ca de ni li da na Sa u li mag.ssk-is 300-e mux liT da na Sa u la daa miC ne u li Tev zis an wylis sxva coc xa li or ga niz mis uka no nod mo po ve ba sa qar Tve los kon ti nen tur Sel fze, te ri to ri ul wyleb Si gan sa kuT re bul eko no mi kur zo na Si an Si da wyleb Si Tu ki xel yo fa mox de ba iseT coc xal or ga niz mze ro me lic amo Re bu lia bu neb ri vi sa bi nad ro ga-re mo dan, gam rav le bu lia na xev rad Ta vi su fal pi ro beb Si an tyve o ba Si, ma Sin sa xe ze iq ne ba sa kuT re bis sa wi na aR mde go da na Sa u li. Tev zis mo po ve ba uka no nod Ca iT vle ba ro ca is am we-se bis dar Rve viT mox de ba Tev zWe ra ata rebs sa ne bar Tvo xa si aTs. rac imas niS navs, rom igi daS ve bu lia mxo lod uf le ba mo si li or ga nos ne bar TviT (li cen zi iT) maS. e.i. sa qar Tve los sis xlis sa mar Tlis ko deq sis ker Zo na wi li Ta vis mxriv age bu lia sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi dac vis obi eq tis Ri re bu le ba Ta Ska lis mi xed viT.da na Sa u li ga re mos dac vi sa da bu neb ri-
vi re sur se biT sar geb lo bis we sis wi na aR mdeg iT va lis wi nebs pa su xis geb lo bis da mam Zi me-
bel ga re mo e bas da na Sa u lis Ca de nis ad gi liT cxo vel Ta sam ya ros dac vi sa da 1bi o lo gi u ri mra val fe rov ne bis Se nar Cu ne bis miz niT sa xel mwi fo qmnis nak rZa lebs erov nul par kebs da sxva da cul te ri to ri ebs da cu li te ri to ri e bi aris bi o lo gi u ri mra val fe rov ne bis bu-
neb ri vi re sur se bis da bu neb riv ga re mo Si Car Tu li kul tu ru li fe no me nis Se sa nar Cu neb-
lad gan sa kuT re bu li mniS vne lo bis mqo ne sax me le To te ri to ria da an ak va to ria, rom lis dac va da mar Tva xor ci el de ba grZel va di an da myar sa mar Tleb riv sa fuZ vel ze da cu li te ri to ri e bis Sig niT ik rZa le ba bu neb ri vi eko sis te mis rRve va da sa xis Sec vla eq splo a-
ta ci is an ra i me sxva miz niT ro me li me bu neb ri vi re sur se bis ga nad gu re ba amow yve ta dat-
yve ve ba rRve va da zi a ne ba te ri to ri a ze asa feT qe be li niv Ti e re bis Se ta na da sxva.( ssker Zo na wi li wig ni me o re red. g.ma mu laS vi li gv.206) uka no no na di ro ba me qa ni ku ri sat ran spor-
to an ma sob ri vi ga nad gu re bis sxva sa Su a le biT gu lis xmobs ga re ul cxo vel Ta na dir frin-
vel Ta dev ni saT vis av to mo bi lis, mo to cik lis ka tar Ris da sxva sat ran spo to sa Su a le bis ga mo ye ne bas cno bi lia rom ver tfre niT uka no no na di ro ba sak ma od gav rce le bu li praq ti-
kaa cxo vel Ta sam ya ros obi eq tis mo po ve bi sa Tvis Sxam qi mi ka te bis, asa feT qe be li sa Su a le-
bis, cxo vel Ta Tav moy ris ad gi leb Si mce na re u li sa fa ris ga daw vis da sxva msgav si sa Su a-
le bis ga mo ye ne ba, ro mel sac Se uZ lia cxo vel Ta ma sob ri vi mos po ba rac erT-er Ti sa Si Si sa xea eko lo gi u ri ga re mo saT vis ara da am qvey nis Svi le bi varT ro mel Tac gvi na xavs klde-
ze gad mom dga ri jix vi am na tu ri pe i za JiT xom uam ra vi stum ris mo zid va Se iZ le ba.
as ve un da iT qvas arc at mos fe ru li dac vis kuT xiT gvaqvs saq me sa xar bi e lod rom lis da-
bin Zu re bis Zi ri Ta di wya ro de da mi wa ze mom xda ri bu neb ri vi pro ce se bia ozo nis dam ca vi fe nis dar Rve va da nax Si ro Jan gis ga zis mo ma te ba iw vevs de da mi wa ze tem pe ra tu ris zrdas. 1 sis xlis sa mar Tlis ker Zo na wi li, wig ni me o re, red.g.ma mu laS vi li, gv206.
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av to man qa ne bis da TviT mfri na ve bis mi er ai re bis ga mof rqve vi sas in ten si u ri ul tra is fe-
ri ra di a ci is ga mo iT rgu ne ba mce na re Ta fo to sin Te zi. ozo nis fe na ro me lic de da mi was gars ak ravs 20-30 ki lo met ris si maR le ze aka vebs mzis ul tra is fer ga mos xi ve bas rom lis fe nac mcir de ba ga mos xi ve bis Se de gad ima tebs on ko lo gi u ri da va a de ba Ta ric xvi. mar Ta-
lia ab so li tu rad suf Ta ha e ri ar ar se bobs bu ne ba Si mi si si suf Ta vis kri te ri u mia im ode-
no biT mav ne niv Ti e re bis ar se bo ba, rac ara vi Tar cud an sa SiS gav le nas ar mo ax dens ada-
mi a nis jan mrTe lo ba ze at mos fe ru li ha e ris dac vis saq me Si di di mniS vne lo ba aqvs mrew ve-
lo bi sa da ga na Se ni a ne bis nor ma ti ve bis dad ge nas, ra Ta Ta vi dan iq nes aci le bu li da sax le-
bul pun qteb Si mtvris da ga ze bis sa Si Si kon cen tra ci is war mo So ba. sa qar Tve los sis xlis sa mar Tlis ko deq sis mi xe diT is je ba ha e ris ga bin Zu re ba ada mi an Ta jan mrTe lo bi saT vis mav ne sam rew ve lo war mo e bis nar Ce ne biT Ta na med ro ve pi ro beb Si wmin da ha e ris Se nar Cu ne-
bis prob le ma udi de si mniS vne lo bis prob le maT iq ca gan sa kuT re biT mZi me mdgo ma re o ba Si ari an is qvey ne bi, sa dac war mo e ba, ker Zod mrew ve lo ba Zli er aris gan vi Ta re bu li am mxriv sa qar Tve lo dRe van del vi Ta re ba Si uke Tes mdgo ma re o ba Sia mrwve lo ba mar Ta lia ver vi-Tar de ba ro mel mac Se saZ le be lia sa zi a no gav le na mo ax di nos mag ram sa qar Tve lo Si ux vad ga i Ce xa tye e bi mTa go ri a ni re li e fis ga mo ma inc am na wil Si mwva ne sa fa ri Se mor Ca rac xels uw yobs ha e ris gaw men das da me tad mniS vne lo va ni er Ti ga re mo e ba ro mel sac o.gam yre li Ze aR niS navs ha e ris siw min dis dac vis prob le mas, bu ne bis sxva obi eq te bis dac vas Tan Se da re-
biT, gar kve u li Ta vi se bu re ba ga aC nia, ker Zod Tur me wylis ga WuW yi a ne ba gar kve u li zo miT Se iZ le ba mo saT me ni iyos, rad gan wylis Sec vla Se iZ le ba, ag reT ve Se saZ le be lia da e lo-
dos ka ci, ro dis da iw min de ba wya li,mag ram ha ers ver Sec vlis sxva ra i me sa ga ni sa in te re-
sod mi u Ti Tebs ase ve prof.ogam yre li Ze1 sa er Tod wyal sa da ha ers bev ri ram aqvT sa er To sa er Toa maT So ris ag reT ve ga WuW yi a ne bis mi ze ze bi (mrew ve lo ba da sxa) da mis wi na aR mdeg brZo lis sa Su a le be bic mag ram li te ra tu ra Si aR niS na ven ag reT ve gan sxva ve bas wyal sa da ha ers So ris, rac gav le nas ax dens maT dac va ze si sa to no vi aR niS navs, ha e ri da at mos fe ru-
li ha e ri er Ti da igi vea, rom ha e ri aris bu neb ri vi ga re mo, bu neb ri vi si ke Te vTqvaT wya-li mi wa da sxva bu neb ri vi si ke Te ama ve dros sa xel mwi fo sa kuT re ba sac Se ad gens, amas ver vit yviT ha e ris Se sa xeb ha e ri sa dac ar un da iyos is, ara vis sa kuT re bas ar Se ad gens is mxo-
lod bu neb ri vi si ke Tea rom li Tac yve la coc xa li or ga niz mi sar geb lobs sa mar Tleb ri vi Tval saz ri siT pi ro biT ga mo yo fen ori sa xis ha ers1. Si na ga ni ha e ri 2.ga re ga ni (at mos fe-
ru li) ha e ri Si na ga ni ha e ri es is ha e ria ro me lic ro me li me Se no bis Sig ni Taa Si na ga ni ha e ri war mo ad gens na wils sa mu Sao ga re mos mag fab ri ka Si qar xa na Si da sxva un da iT qvas rom Si na-ga ni ha e ris sa mar Tleb ri vi re Ji mi ga ni saR vre ba ara bu ne bis dac vis ka no niT ara med Sro mis dac vis ka non mdeb lo biT Tu qar xa na an fab ri ka ga mo yofs ra i me mtvers da av rce lebs Ta vi-
sa ve Se no ba Si da moh yva ra i me Se de gi rac aR niS nu lia 295-e mux lSi pa su xis geb lo ba dad ge-
ba sam rew ve lo sa ni ta ri is we se bis dar Rve vi saT vis Tu es saf rTxes uq mni da mu Se bis da mo-
sam sa xu re e bis si coc xle sa da jan mrTe lo bas rac Se e xe ba ha ers ro me lic Se no bis sam rew-
ve lo kom pleq sis ga re Taa igi Se ad gens bu neb riv si ke Tes da ewo de ba at mos fe ru li ha e ri.
sab Wo Ta pe ri o dis iu ri di ul li te ra tu ra Si ga moT qmu li iyo mo saz re ba at mos fe ru li ha-er ze an at mos fe ro ze sa er Tod sa xel mwi fo sa kuT re bis Se sa xeb mag ram ase Ti Se xe du le ba ar aris swo ri, vi na i dan at mos fe ru li ha e ri ar Se iZ le ba iyos sa kuT re bis obi eq ti at mos-
fe ru li ha e ri yve la qvey nis sa er To sar geb lo bis sa ga nia da ar Se iZ le ba igi ro me li me sa-xel mwi fos sa kuT re ba Si iyos. at mos fe ru li ha e ris da bin Zu re bis mav ne Se de ge bi Se iZ le ba 1 sa mar Tli sa da po li ti ku ri az rov ne bis is to ri is nar kve ve bi, wig ni IV, red.g.fe ra Ze, gv196, ga mom cem lo ba „me-ri di a ni“, Tbi li si 2019.
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ga mov lin des im sa xel mwi fos far glebs ga reT, sa dac da bin Zu re bis wya ro im yo fe ba, Ta na-
med ro ve sa er Ta So ri so sa mar Ta li gan sa kuT re bul yu rad Re bas aq cevs at mos fe ru li ha e-ris sa er Ta So ri so dac vas. es ki ga na pi ro bebs re gi o na lur sa xel mwi fo Ta Ta nam Srom lo bas or mxri vi da mrval mxri vi xel Sek ru le bis sa fuZ vel ze.
at mos fe ru li ha e ris siw min dis dar Rve vis su bi eq tad gvev li ne bi an mo qa la qe ebi, sa war mo-
e bi, da we se bu le be bi, or ga ni za ci e bi, ro mel Ta saq mi a no ba da kav Si re bu lia at mos fe rul ha er ze mav ne fi zi kur, qi mi ur bi o lo gi ur ze moq me de bas Tan, ag reT ve rom le bic axor ci-
e le ben av to man qa ne bis, TviT mfri na ve bis da sxva mow yo bi lo ba Ta pro eq ti re bas war mo e bas da eq splo a ta ci as.
at mos fe ru li ha e ri sa xel mwi fos te ri to ri u li mTli a no bis Se mad ge ne li na wi lia ker Zod is im at mos fe ru li ha e ris na wi lia,1 ro me lic im yo fe ba xme le Tis, mdi na re e bis, tbe bi sa da te ri to ri u li wyle bis ze moT at mos fe ru li ha e ri un da iq nes da cu li mi si praq ti ku lad ga mo ye ne bis far gleb Si sa ha e ro siv rce ga ni saz Rv re ba 30 ki lo met ris si maR liT. yve la Sem Txve va Si mTa va ria ga ni saR vros at mos fe ro ze mav ne ze moq me de bis far gle bi, rom le bic iu ri di u li pa su xis geb lo bis sa fuZ vel sac war mo ad gens. un da iT qvas, Cven ram den jer me aR vniS neT, sa qar Tve lo Zal ze mdi da ria bu neb ri vi obi eq te biT, rom le bic mdi da ria mce-
na re u lo biT da na dir frin ve liT, mi u xe da vad ami sa, bev ri na dir frin ve li sa qar Tve lo Si ga da Sen da an ga da Se ne bis gza zea ile va Tev zis ma ra gic da amas yve la fers yo vel dRi u rad dac va esa Wi ro e ba uaR re sad di di mniS vne lo ba aqvs es aris Tev ze u lis da xor ce u lis oran-To fa u nas (frin ve lebs) gan sa kuT re biT di di mniS vne lo ba aqvs me ur ne o bis kul tu re bis da tyis mav ne mwe reb Tan brZo la Si ga re u li na di ris cal ke u li war mo mad gen le bi (me la tu ra da sxva) eb rZvi an sa sof lo-sa me ur neo kul tu re bis mav neb lebs.
eko no mi kis gan vi Ta re bam, axa li siv rce e bis aT vi se bam, ga re mos gar daq mnam da ada mi a nis sa-me ur neo moR va we o bam cxo ve le bis mra va li sa xe o ba ga a nad gu ra XIX sa u ku nis gan mav lo ba Si de da mi wa ze mo is po cxo vel Ta 106 sa xe o ba, xo lo XX sa u ku nis pir vel na xe var Si ki 40 sa-xe o ba. uka nas knel aTas wle ul Si kav ka si a Si ga nad gur da msxvil Zu Zum wo var Ta cxo vel Ta 9 sa xe o ba, lo mi X sa u ku ne Si, ava za VIII sa u ku ne Si. sa qar Tve los frin vel Ta si as ma le ga-mo ak lde ba xon Tqris qa Ta mi. cal ke aR niS vnis Rir sia gan cal ke ve bul qve sa xe eb ze Svel ze, ro me lic msu bu qi da mox de ni li aR na go bi saa, xa si aT de ba mok le ta niT, grZe li wa max vi le-
bu li yu re biT, mok le ku di bew vi dan ar Cans, pa ta ra da ma Ral Cli qeb ze dgas, uy varT na Te-
li, foT lo va ni tye e bi, ba la xo va ni min dvre bi; gan sa kuT re biT ki mu xis tye e bi. ada mi a neb ma sa var gu le bis ga far To e bis miz niT tye _ ste pe bi ga a nad gu res da Svlebs da bu ru li tyis xSi ri tev ri da u to ves. ma Ti Zi ri Ta di mte ri mge lia, ara nak leb em te re baT af Ta ri, me la, ar wi vi. maT So ris yve la ze di di mte ria ada mi a ni. Se iZ le ba vTqvaT, cxo vel Ta sam ya ro esaa qvey nis te ri to ri is xme leT ze, wyal Si at mos fe ro Si ni a dag Si bu neb ri vi Ta vi suf le bis pi-ro beb Si (mdgo ma re o ba Si) ar se bu li da gan vi Ta re ba di ga re u li cxo ve le bis, coc xa li or-
ga niz me bis er Tob li o ba Si na u ri cxo ve le bis sam ya ro sa mar Tleb ri vi dac vis sxva obi eq tia.
bu neb ri vi Ta vi suf le bis mdgo ma re o bis qveS igu lis xme ba ada mi a nis mi er Se uz Ru da vi cxo-
ve le bis uSu a lo kav Si ri bu ne bas Tan zo gi erT nak rZal Si cxo ve le bi (ir me bi daT ve bi) im yo-
fe bi an did ba keb Si. aseT pi ro beb Si cxo ve le bi mi ax lo bu li ari an bu neb rivs. isi ni ma inc ar im yo fe bi an bu neb ri vi Ta vi suf le bis mdgo ma re o ba Si,ma Ti sa si coc xlo siv rce ma inc Sez-
Ru du lia. isi ni xe lov nu rad iRe ben sak vebs, aseT pi ro beb Si es cxo ve le bi war mo ad ge nen nak rZa lis qo ne bas. maT ze ka non mdeb lo ba cxo vel Ta sa ya ros Se sa xeb ar vrcel de ba. 1 T.uru Sa Ze v. lo ria eko lo gi u ri sa mar Ta li (me o re ga mo ce ma), Tbi li si, 1999, gv. 121.
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ase ve Ta na med ro ve epo qa Si di di yu rad Re ba un da mi eq ces wylis dac vis sa kiTxs -wylis dac va ga WuW yi a ne bis, da nag vi a ne bis da daS ro bi sa gan, ise ve ro gorc sa zo ga dod bu ne bis sxva obi eq-
te bis dac va, sxva das xva sa Su a le be bi Ta da gze biT xor ci el de ba.1 erT-er Ti sa Su a le ba wylis dac vi sa, gax lavT wylis sa mar Tleb ri vi dac va, wyle bis sa mar Tleb riv dac va Si igu lis xme-
ba im sa mar Tleb ri vi sa Su a le be bis er Tob li o ba, ro me lic mi mar Tu lia wyle bis bu neb ri vi ma ra ge bis Se nar Cu ne bis, aR dge nis da ga um jo be se bi sa gan yve la sa xis wyal Ta re sur se bi, bu-
neb ri vi Tu xe lov nu ri aR ric xva wyal Ta re sur se bis sa xel mwi fo ka tas trSi, sa dac gaT va-
lis wi ne bu lia re sur se bis sa xe e bi, ma Ti ad gil mde ba re o ba, mo cu lo ba. aras wo ri sa me ur neo saq mi a no bis da ag reT ve wylis obi eq tis ara sak ma ri sad da ba lan se bu li ga mo ye ne bis Se de gad ad gi li aqvs iseT Se de gebs ro go ri caa wyal sa te ve bis ga WuW yi a ne ba da daS re ta. es uar yo-
fiT gav le nas ax dens ara mar to wylis obi eq te bis mdgo ma re o ba ze,ara med wyal Tan mWid rod da kav Si re bu li bu ne bis sxva obi eq teb zec, maT So ris mi wa zec, mce na re ul da cxo vel Ta sam-ya ro ze mdi na re e bis ga WuW yi a ne ba Si yve la ze aq ti u ri ro li ekuT vnis ero zi as. res pub li ka Si wyal Sem kreb au ze bi dan we li wad Si sa Su a lod heq ri dan 1-3 to na ni a da gi Ca mo i ric xe ba.
sa in te re so sa kiTxs svams prof o.gam yre li Ze, ro gor un da ga vi goT ter mi ni~ wyle bi`. wyle bi gu lis xmobs wylis bu neb riv ma rags, ro me lic Se ad gens wylis er Ti an fonds da sa xel mwi fos gan sa kuT re bul sa kuT re ba Sia, rad gan wylis dac vis obi eq tia wylis bu neb ri vi ma ra gi, ami-tom wylis ga WuW yi a ne ba wyal gam tar sis te ma Si ar Ca iT vle ba wylis ga WuW yi a ne baT. wyal sa te-
veb Si igu lis xme ba ara mar to mdi na re e bi, tbe bi, tbo re bi, ar xe bi, ara med ag reT ve myin va re-
bic. ro gorc mi wis ze da wyle bi, ise mi wis qve Sa wyle bic, asev dac vas eq vem de ba re ba ag reT ve yo vel gva ri We bi, rom le bic sa qar Tve los te ri to ri a zea. mo sax le o bis mi er uya i ra To xar-
jva-ga mo ye ne ba da ga WuW yi a ne ba sa war mo e bi ro gorc we si, ag rZe le ben ga uw men da vi Cam di na re wyle bis CaS ve bas. amis ga mo Zli er ga WuW yi a ne bu lia yve la Zi ri Ta di mdi na re (mtkva ri, ri o ni, arag vi~ li ax vi en gu ri da a.S.). qvey nis fi zi kur _ ge og ra fi u li pi ro be bi ume tes ad gi leb Si xels uw yobs mdi na re Ta wya lux vo bas, xel say rel pi ro bebs qmnis hid ro e leq tro sad gu re bis mSe neb lo bi saT vis. ni ko ni ko la Ze amas uSu a lod ukav Si reb da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis aT vi-
se bas: ram de ni moZ ra vi Za la gva ba dia, es yve la fe ri ga mo i ye ne ba, es au a re bel Car xebs daz-
gebs, man qa nebs aa moZ ra vebs, mag ram ada mi an ma ver is wav la wylis ga mo ye ne ba sa mar Tleb ri-
vad, es prob le ma ar axa lia am prob le meb ze iwe re bo da sab Wo Ta xe li suf le bis pi ro beb Sic. prof.o.gam yre li Ze swo red im epo qa Si wer da er wos ula ma ze si mTis tbi dan ga mom di na re yvi-ri las wmin da an ka ra wya li q.Wi a Tu ra Si mar ga ne cis gan ise Sav de ba, ro gorc kup ri bo lom de, ase ga Sa ve bu li mi e di ne ba da Tan mi aqvs sa u ke Te so xa ris xis mar ga ne cic (prof.o. gam yre li-
Ze, sa mar Tlis da po li ti ku ri az rov ne bis is to ri is nar kve ve bi gv185-e) dRe sac ana lo gi u ri mdgo ma re o ba gvaqvs mi u xe da vad imi sa sis xlis sa mar Tleb ri vi ka non mdeb lo ba mkac ria imaT mi marT vinc abin Zu rebs da ar Rvevs wylis ga mo ye ne bis sa mar Tleb riv prin cips.
li te ra tu ra: ____________________________________________________________________________1. sa mar Tli sa da po li ti ku ri az rov ne bis is to ri is nar kve ve bi. wig ni IV . ga mom ce m lo ba
`me ri di a ni`, red.g.fe ra Ze.
2. o.gam yre li Ze~ 85 mo go ne be bi por tre te bi. Tbi li si 2017.3. T.uru Sa Ze, v.lo ria. eko lo gi u ri sa mar Ta li (me o re ga mo ce ma), Tbi li si. 1999w. 4. sis xlis sa mar Tlis ker Zo na wi li, wig ni me o re, red. g. ma mu laS vi li. 2016.
1 o.gam yre li Ze, 85 mo go ne be bi, por tre te bi, Tbi li si, 2017, gv 11.
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THE ISSUE OF OR GANIZED GROUP IN CRIMINAL LAW
Zviad GogrichianiDoctoral Student of TSU Faculty of Law,
Lecturer at Samtskhe-Javakheti State University
Abstract
The issue of an organized group is one of the most problematic issues in the article presented in the criminal law. The long discussion between the scholars on this issue, which should be given a lot of place in the ar-ticle, shows the problem. Should be part of an organized group which is clearly felt in the article. The article also highlights the arguments of prominent scientists, especially in the part where it turns out that the sign of solidity has been misunderstood since 1947, and this issue has been well addressed in the Russian legal literature. No dispute was caused by the issue of the group organized before the well-known resolution of the Plenum can not be determined on the basis of solidity which is the current problem of criminal law. The presented article clearly emphasizes the change in the criminal law of 2006, which directly concerns the organized group, which caused li nguistic nonsense in the le gislation and at the same time raised the issue of the legislator. Therefore, when we touch on the issue of an organized group, the sign of solidity is not typical for it, it can be created to commit a single crime, which is clearly stated in the article.
Key words: organized group, criminal law, legislation, Code of Justice, linguistic nonsense.
1. Introduction
Organized group is clearly different from the previous two criminal groups. In this case, there is an organized connection of a group of persons. Organizing a group precedes committing a crime. It is usually impossible to create and organize a group at once. And depends on a number of objective and subjective circumstances including the crime or crimes that this organized group intends to commit. However, sometimes organized crime ends with the so-called banditry from the moment it is formed, which is a crime that ends with the moment a group is formed, unlike an organized group that can be set up to rob a commercial bank and have a robbery scheme or plan worked out within a month. Even if the organized group does not carry out criminal activities, its members are still responsible for the crime. An attack (Article 325 of the Criminal Code of Georgia) can be fi rmly organized, even though it is essentially intended to commit one crime, as Prof. G. Nachkebia points out. That an organized group that is ready to commit one or more serious crimes or a particularly serious crime is particularly dangerous, especially if the organized group has already committed a premeditated crime.
2. Organized Group
The Code of Justice often refers to the commission of a crime by an organized group. And this defi nition of the notion of organized group should be used in the articles of the private part of the Code where organized group is a qualifying mark of crime~.
It is not possible for an organized group to be formed to commit a single crime, for example, someone to organize a group for the purpose of premeditated murder. The Murder for revenge motive after the murder for this motive, the group will disband and will no longer continue its criminal activities.
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Prof. O. Gamkrelidze emphasizes that the actions of all members of the group will be qualifi ed as a crime committed by an organized group, if he knew that he was a member of such a group. If the perpetrator of any crime was not a member of an organized group, then his action will not be qualifi ed under this sign.
Prof. O. Gamkrelidze is right when he mentions that in the case of a group organized in court practice, mistakes are frequent. According to the judgment of the Criminal Appeals Chamber of the Tbilisi District Court of February 28, 2003, U. Afriamashvili, A. Krtiani, R. Liashenko, Gelashvili and N. Khmaladze were sentenced to life imprisonment. To be convicted under Article 177, Part 2, Paragraphs A and B and C and Part 3, C.
The convicts acted with prior agreement, they had committed four thefts so in this part their actions were qualifi ed as theft committed by a group with prior agreement This qualifi cation is incorrect O. Gamkrelidze notes that the court seems to have paid attention to the fact of the preliminary agreement and did not assess the fact that a group of criminals committed four thefts.
This means that we are dealing with a solid criminal group, so the perpetrators should be qualifi ed by the part of Article 177 which provides for liability for theft by an organized group (Article 27 chapter 3, part 3) in case of illegal possession of stolen property. In the criminal activity, in the precise defi nition of the functions of the participants in his criminal specialization, in the presence of strict internal discipline in the planning and implementation of various criminal activities over a long period of time, it is true that these signs are manifested differently in different organized groups.
Knowledge of the fact of a crime committed by other members of this group is not enough for the ordinary member of the organized group to be responsible, it requires direct participation in it. A member of the group shall be liable only for the offense for which he or she participated in the creation or management of the organized group. The actions of all members of the group will qualify as an offense committed by an organized group if he knew he was a member of such a group. If the perpetrator of any crime was not a member of an organized group then his action will not be qualifi ed under this sign, as we see an organized group committing a crime is clearly different from the previous two criminal groups.
This organized union is built on strict executive discipline, a sharp distribution of the same quality roles, and the subordination of its participants. In addition, it is possible to single out a person or persons within the group who in one way or another strengthen the bond between the members of the group and thus give it an organized character.
In addition, it is possible to single out a person or persons within the group who in one way or another strengthen the bond between the members of the group and thus give it an organized character.
An organized group is usually strictly separated from ordinary household circumstances so that the activi-ties of this group remain unknown to other random persons or are not infi ltrated by random persons, which may lead to disorganization of the group.
This is done for the purpose of strict conspiracy. In order for the criminal action of the group to be safe, e.g. The peculiarity of such criminal gangs is manifested in the relatively long criminal activity of the group in the planning and execution of various criminal activities over a long period of time under Article 27 of the Code. Criminal Law responsibility for organizing and leading an organized group rests with the person who created or led the organized group.
Therefore, the organizer and leader of a criminal organization is liable as an executor for what was com-mitted by the group of persons, regardless of whether he was directly involved in their commission, but if
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his intentions were not suffi cient for the ordinary member of the organized group to be held liable by other members of that group. Knowledge of the fact requires direct participation in it.
As we know, in a group crime all accomplices are the fi rst and second parts, but in the second part it is controversial, and if it is an organized group, the third part of Article 27 is an exception. And the participant to be a member of an organized group, some not in this case this qualifying mark will only be charged to the person who is a member of such an organized group...
Many articles of the private part of the Criminal Code also provide for the commission of an organized crime as a qualifying circumstance. The Code also recognizes the special composition of organized crime, e.g. Banditry However Banditry Article 224 of the Criminal Code and the crime committed by an organized group Article 27 3 3 of the Criminal Code are not identical concepts Unlike a gang, an organized group may not be armed Prof. M. Turava notes that an organized group can be created as a gang again for one or more crimes to insert what is certainly not correct which we will be talking about.
If we share this opinion, it turns out that even a gang can be created to commit a single crime. The time is also mentioned by Prof. O. Gamkrelidze then the commission `removed one or~ from the project and then we got `several~ which became the original version of the JSC Code which was a justifi ed wording but this wording lacked in the sense that an organized group can not always be solid. To set up an organized group to commit a single crime e.g. Someone to organize a group for the purpose of premeditated murder was car-ried out with the motive of revenge. G. Nachkebia, in the general part of the criminal law published by TSU in 2004, p. 220, states that in the third part of Article 27 of the Criminal Code, a provision should be added on the possibility of forming an organized group to commit one crime. On the possibility of forming an or-ganized group, however, he notes that this does not apply to banditry, which is designed to commit several crimes. It is necessary to fi nd out what motivated the legislature when such a wording was introduced in Article 27 to strengthen the responsibility against organized crime and whether it is explained by the fact that the organized group is explained by great public danger and its increased danger. It was considered not only an organized group that was created to commit several crimes, but also one that was created to commit only one crime. Donjashvili Criminal Code of Georgia p. 207 states otherwise understand `fi rmness~ in the strength of a group organized in the Russian legal literature _ Article 35 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation defi nes permanent ties between group members and specifi c methods of activity Such a defi ni-tion of a concept would greatly complicate the defi nition of this concept in practice when it is very easy to identify a group organized under Article 27 of the Code if a few words would suffi ce to formulate a group.
The word one that was added to this text by the law of August 25, 2006, what exactly was the reason for this is diffi cult to say and like the legislation of the Russian Federation and whether we got linguistic nonsense. Prof. O. Gamkrelidze notes the point is that one and several are mutually exclusive words here because one implies. If an organized group is considered to be a group of criminals created to commit one crime, especially such a group is considered organized when it intends to commit several crimes, so by introducing the word `one~ the legislator should remove the word `several~ from the text but then the word one lost its meaning. Because it would turn out that we would have an organized group only when the group intended to commit only one crime, the notion of an organized group was thus obscured.
An organized group is a solid group, and solidity means that a group is made to commit more than one crime. A group is solid because after one crime it does not disintegrate and continues criminal activities. T. Doijashvili notes in his textbook that an organized group is formed, usually for several crimes. A gang can be formed for only one attack. The gang, when referring to the author, has in mind the composition of banditry described in Article 224 of the Criminal Code of Georgia. But it is noteworthy that when Z. Don-
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jashvili refers to the concept of organized group, he fi rst defi nes solidity as committing an indefi nite number of crimes. The two concepts differ from each other in another way. Article 224 Creating a gang is an already fi nished crime, while creating an organized group is qualifi ed as preparing a crime for theft or other crime, and even more dangers of an organized group than a normal group can be expressed by an organized group. The objective side to be performed directly by one of its members may also be characterized by a greater degree of inaccuracy than some cases of co-execution. It is interesting that all members of a criminal orga-nization can be executors, but for the most part the roles are distributed among them in such a way that the perpetrators of one crime are e.g. They commit a crime directly, while the others perform other functions to achieve a common criminal goal. The members of such an organization are united in large numbers, al-though the participation of two people is not excluded, and at the same time the strength of the group may be. Participation in a gang ends when a person joins it, even if they have not committed any action.
Now let us turn our attention to one important issue which may have been much debated in the legal com-munity and that was the separation of banditry and organized group. Will be qualifi ed, robbery committed by an organized group regardless of what weapons they were equipped with, but there is a second case, organized robbery group carries out attacks several times using automatic fi rearms, they have carried out six robbery attacks such an attack is bandit organized by a gang
Thus, in the face of a solid group of individuals who are armed and intend to carry out several robbery at-tacks Prof. G. Mamulashvili notes that the purpose of robbery is to seize someone else’s movable property through an attack, while bandits may aim not only to seize another person’s property by attack, but also to commit other aggressive crimes (e.g., sexual offenses, unlawful deprivation of liberty and other private part of the law. 2011 539-e) Moreover, robbery committed by an organized group may not be armed, and if it is armed, it should not be a solid group, otherwise the gang is in the face. The fi rst case is clear. Mamulashvili notes that it is indeed possible for an organized gang to be driven not only by property crimes but also to be imprisoned illegally and given the status of banditry. Which does not belong to the category of cold steel and how many attacks such a group wants to carry out its responsibility will be determined by robbery and if armed and solid in the face of a gang that goes beyond organized robbery can be said to be ambiguous. Used fi rearms and in the second case used fi rearms but in the face of a solid group we emphasize that the weapons are not only This is a sign of a gang, but also a sign of a bandit attack. This sign makes a bandit attack especially dangerous, but sometimes there is no need to use a weapon. For example, an armed gang attacked a citizen’s house, but because the family members were in a state of insomnia, they did not need to use a weapon. Had for a possible need.
In the example above, someone may have a reason to argue. In the fi rst case, the group did not have a weapon and bought it after the second attack. But it can be used during the fi rst attack and no longer used during the second attack. It is both armed and solid. It is over from the moment but the attack on the gang was not carried out on a characteristic basis. Banditry is because the group is solid from the moment it was formed but has not been realized. Action with the characteristics of a gang should be qualifi ed as robbery of an organized group only in the second case or the whole cycle of attacks, we think it is better Judicial practice to refi ne the relationship between general and special norm and to decide on the preference of the special.
Now, in this paragraph, I would like to touch upon the issue related to the draft Criminal Code of the Rus-sian Federation, Article 30 of which defi nes the concept of an organized group. It is said that the complic-ity of the crime will be considered by the persons who were previously united as a solid group Prof. Otar Gamkrelidze points out that the concepts of organized group and `Shaika~ are confused here because solid-
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ity is characteristic only for `Shaika~ which is a criminal organization. `Criminal organization is a foreign (Italian) word~ gang `The Russian term corresponds to the term Shaika, which differs from an organized group in terms of solidity.
This issue was well dealt with in the pre-revolutionary Russian legal literature and did not cause any controversy until 1947. Prof. Gamkrelidze mentions for the fi rst time the confusion of the notions of an organized group and a shaykh, which was politically motivated and not a scientifi c one. The history of this issue was mentioned in the famous resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on June 4, 1947 in M. Kovalev’s book.
It seems that the authors of the project do not have a clear idea of the content of the group. `Stability~ means that the group was created not to commit a single crime, after which it will be disbanded, but for criminal activities. For example, he will continue this activity for more or less a long time. The strength of the group, writes Prokhorov, fi nds its expression in the fact that its participants suggest not committing a particular crime after which the group should cease to exist but they have foreseen to carry on this work permanently or for above mentioned time, which is calculated on the recurrence of criminal acts.
Proffesor Otar Gamkrelidze carrys on the critics of project and says that the sustainability of organized group is not strength it may be created for ne crime and then it should be destroyed.
3. Conclusion
Organized group, this is an ordinary criminal group, which does not differ from complicity in any signifi cant way by prior agreement. Prof. O. Gamkrelidze draws attention to another point according to the project `Sign of solidity~ Solid-armed group _ we read in the project to attack enterprises, institutions, organizations or individuals, but in practice there is no explanation for the meaning of solidity in what is meant by this sign. Since 1947, O. Gamkrelidze is a sign of solidity is misunderstood in the case law. The commission of a crime is always more severely punished It seems that the authors of the project attach more importance to stability than to prior agreement. Article 150, Part 2 of the draft stipulates one of the qualifying signs of theft organized by a group of D. A sign of prior agreement is necessary for an organized group as well so after that we have to investigate whether the group was solid here the practitioner will face great diffi culty Prof. O. Gamkrelidze explains that defi ning an organized group as a sign of solidity should not be justifi ed in any way, especially since this sign is not typical for him.
References:
____________________________________________________________________________1. Blood Law (textbook) General Part Authors Group Editors G. Nachkebia N. Todua Meridian Publishing
House 2016 2. T. Tsereteli Institute of State and Law Herald 2006 N-13. Private Part of Criminal Law (Book 1 Fourth Edition) Ed. G. Mamulashvili Meridian Publishing House
2011 4. Scientifi c-Practical Journal (February-March N-1) Life and Law Tbilisi 2009
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mom xma re bel Ta lo i a lu ro ba da mi si for mi re bis pro ce si
ma na na na ni taS vi li
eko no mi kis mec ni e re ba Ta doq to ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
mom xma re bel Ta lo i a lu ro ba war mo ad gens kvle vis erT-erT mniS vne lo van aq tu a lur mi-mar Tu le bas sa mom xma reb lo qce vis fsi qo lo gi a Si.
Ta na med ro ve av to re bi, ro mel Ta Ses wav lis sa gans war mo ad gens sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu-
ro ba, gan sa kuT re bul yu rad Re bas uT mo ben lo i a lu ro bis for mi re bis Zi ri Tad fsi qo lo-
gi ur me qa niz mebs.
mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro ba for mir de ba Tan da Ta no biT, sa qo nel Tan ur Ti er To bis yve la eta pis gav liT. mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro bis for mi re bis mniS vne lo van eta pebs war mo ad-
gens sa qon lis mox ma re ba da yid vis Sem dgo mi Se fa se ba. aR niS nul sta di eb ze mom xma reb lis fsi qo lo gi u ri Ta vi se bu re be bis gan xil vi sas au ci le be lia gan xi lu li iq nes kma yo fi le-
bis/in ten si u ro bis prob le ma, ro mel sac em ya re ba mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro bis for mi e bis wi na pi ro be bi.
lo i a lu ro ba war mo iS ve ba im mo men tSi, ro ca sa qo ne li xde ba Ta vi si fun qci u ri ma xa si-a Teb le bis mi xed viT mniS vne lo va ni da war mo iS ve ba emo ci u ri kav Si ri mom xma re bel sa da sa qo nels So ris. Zi ri Ta di faq to re bis sa xiT Se iZ le ba ga mo i yos kma yo fi le ba, fa si, mom-
xma reb lis emo cia, mo lo din Tan Se sa ba mi so ba da mox ma re bis Se de gi, xo lo lo i a lu ro bis niS ne bis sa xiT _ mom xma reb lis gan me o re bi Ti mi mar Tvis gan xor ci e le ba ima ve sa qo nel ze.
mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro bis for mi re ba ar xde ba spon ta nu rad, is ga dis mom xma reb lis sa-qo nel Tan ur Ti er Tmoq me de bis gar kve ul eta pebs da yu rad Re bis aq cen ti re ba xde ba si tu-
a ci ur faq to reb ze, sa qon lis ma xa si a Teb leb ze da mom xma reb lis pi rov nul da so ci a lur-
fsi qo lo gi ur Ta vi se bu re beb ze.
ma Sa sa da me, mom xma reb lis qce va war mog vid ge ba, ro gorc yid vis Se sa xeb mi Re bu li ga daw-
yve ti le bis pro ce si, ro me lic upi ra te sad aR we ri lo bi Ti pro ce sia da ar aris ga mo xa-
tu li sis te mur do ne ze, rom lis erT-erT mTa var mi zezs, Cve ni Se xe du le biT war mo ad gens mox ma re bis Si ga da ga re pi ro be bis Se de ge bis da mu Sa ve bi sad mi ara sa Ta na do mid go ma.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: lo i a lu ro ba; emo ci u ro ba; mom xma re be li; sa qo ne li.
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mom xma re bel Ta lo i a lu ro ba war mo ad gens kvle vis erT-erT mniS vne lo van aq tu a lur mi-mar Tu le bas sa mom xma reb lo qce vis fsi qo lo gi a Si mom xma re bel Ta lo i a lu ro bis fe no-
me no lo gia vlin de ba mdgra do ba Si gan saz Rvru li sa qon lis an mom sa xu re bis Ser Ce vi sas. mom xma re bel Ta aseT qce vas ga na pi ro bebs is, rom mom xma re bel Ta gar kve ul na wils ga aC-nia gan saz Rvru li sa qon lis Se Ze ni sad mi re gu la ru li mid re ki le ba. ro gorc we si, am gva ri qce va ukav Sir de ba pi rov nul da si tu a ci ur faq to rebs, da de biT ga moc di le bas da am sa qo-
nel Tan mom xma reb le bis da mo ki de bu le bebs. ma Sa sa da me, lo i a lu ro ba war mo ad gens sa mom-
xma reb lo qce vis erT-erT mniS vne lo van as peqts da aq ti u ri Ses wav lis sa gans sa ma mu lo da uc xo e li av to re bi saT vis, mag ram dRes dRe o biT eko no mi kur li te ra tu ra Si ar ar se bobs er Ti a ni mid go ma aR niS nu li cne bis gan saz Rvri sad mi.
`sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu ro bis~ gan saz Rvris pir vel mcde lo bas ad gi li hqon da 1923 wels. lo i a lur mom xma re bel Si igu lix me ba is `ada mi a ni, ro me lic yi du lobs brends asi pro cen tis Sem Txve va Si~[6]. ase ve lo i a lu ro bas gan mar tav dnen, ro gorc `er Ti mar kis upi ra te so bis sqe mas pro duq tis yo ve li yid vi sas~[1]. ma Sa sa da me, lo i a lu ro bis cne bis gan mar te ba uSu a lod da kav Si re bu lia gan saz Rvru li bren dis pro duq ci is yid vis ra o-
de nob riv maC ve ne bel Tan.
mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro bis Ses wav la Si udi de si wvli li mi uZ Rvis f. ra i xelds. man Se i-mu Sa va mar ke tin gu li kvle vis al go riT mi, ro mel sac iye ne ben kom pa ni e bi mar ke tin gu li kvle ve bis dros mom xma re bel Ta kma yo fi le bis xa ris xis da sad ge nad. f. ra i xel di lo i a lu-
ro bas gan mar tavs, ro gorc fa se u lo bis (sa qon lis/mom sa xu re bis) er Tgu le bas Ta vi si wya-ro sad mi. lo i a lu ri myid ve li ar ic vlis fa se u lo bis wya ros, ase ve re ko men da ci as uwevs mas gar Se mom yo feb Si[11]. am gva rad, igi lo i a lu ro bas ga ni xi lav da fa se u lo bas Tan kav Sir-
Si da mis mi er Se mo Re bu li iq na lo i a lu ro bis gan msaz Rvre li mniS vne lo va ni cvla di _ re-
ko men da cia gar Se mom yof TaT vis.
d. grem le ris da s. bra u nis gan mar te biT, lo i a lu ro bis gan msaz Rvre lia mom xma reb lis mi er gan me o re bi Ti yid vis gan xor ci e le bis xa ris xi, ro mel sac ga aC nia po zi ti u ri da mo ki de bu le-
ba mim wo deb li sad mi, ro de sac war mo iS ve ba mom sa xu re bis sa Wi ro e ba da ga ni xi lavs mxo lod erT mim wo de bels~ [4]. ma Sa sa da me, lo i a lu ro ba ga ni saz Rvre ba gan saz Rvru li bren dis an mTli a nad kom pa ni i sad mi ga mo xa tu li po zi ti u ri efeq ti a ni kom po nen tis meS ve o biT.
eko no mi kur li te ra tu ra Si cno bi lia sa mi Zi ri Ta di mid go ma lo i a lu ro bis cne bis gan mar-
te bi sad mi.
pir ve li mid go ma lo i a lu ro bas ga ni xi lavs, ro gorc mom xma re bel Ta qce viT re aq ci as. am mid go mis Tval saz ri siT, mom xma reb lis fiq re bi, grZno be bi da da mo ki de bu le ba me o ra dia, mniS vne lo va nia mxo lod qce vi Ti as peq ti, e.i. yid va. am Tval saz riss izi a reb dnen saz Rvar-
ga re Te li av to re bi: r. oli ve ri, J. J. lam be ni, j. blo i me ri, a. Sar pi, u. ni li, j. ja ko bi, f. ra i xel di, xof me i e ri da sxv.
aR niS nu li mid go ma Za li an po pu la ru lia, rad gan mWid rod aris da kav Si re bu li kom pa ni-
is eko no mi kur Se de geb Tan. am mid go miT ga sa zo mi pa ra met re bis sa xiT ga ni xi le ba mxo lod sa mom xma reb lo qce va-yid vis six Si re, yid vis mo cu lo ba da fu la di Tan xis gan saz Rvra, da-
xar ju li gan me o re biT er Ti da ima ve sa qo nel ze.
f. ra i xel di em ya re ba mo saz re bas, rom lo i a lu ro ba _ es upir ve les yov li sa aris gan me o-
re bi Ti yid ve bi, am yid ve bis six Si re, mo cu lo ba, fu lad ga mo xa tu le ba Si[11].
280
qce vi Ti mid go mis mTa var uar yo fiT mxa res war mo ad gens is, rom is ar xsnis mi ze zebs, ro-
mel Ta mi xed vi Tac mom xma re be li axor ci e lebs yid vas gan saz Rvru li mim wo deb li sa gan da iT va lis wi nebs mxo lod qce vis Se de gebs, e. i. uSu a lod gan me o re biT yid vas.
me o re mid go ma lo i a lu ro bis Zi ri Tad ma xa si a Teb lad ga ni xi lavs mom xma re bel Ta da mo ki-
de bu le bas bren dis an mTli a nad kom pa ni i sad mi. am mid go mis Tval saz ri siT, yid vis gan xor-
ci e le bis mTa var mi ze zad ga ni xi le ba emo ci u ri kom po nen ti. ma Sa sa da me, mTa var as peq tebs war mo ad gens mom xma re bel Ta Se fa se be bi da ma Ti su bi eq tu ri mo saz re be bi[18].
aR niS nu li mid go mis uar yo fiT mxa res war mo ad gens is, rom rTu lia mom xma reb lis lo i a lu-
ro bis re a lu ri emo ci u ri do nis gan saz Rvra, ram de na dac aR qmu li lo i a lu ro bis (ada mi a nis su bi eq tu ri mo saz re ba) do ne yo vel Tvis ar war mo ad gens gan me o re bi Ti yid vis mi zezs[18].
me sa me mid go mis Ta nax mad, lo i a lu ro ba au ci le be lia gan xi lu li iq nes, ro gorc qce vi Ti as peq ti sa da mom xma reb lis da mo ki de bu le bis er Tob li o ba. lo i a lu ro bis aR niS nu li ga-ge ba war mo ad gens qce vi Ti da emo ci u ri mid go me bis kom bi na ci as da ewo de ba kom pleq su ri lo i a lu ro ba[18].
j.xof me i e ris gan mar te biT, lo i a lu ri mom xma re be li aris is mom xma re be li, ro me lic mud-
mi vad yi du lobs brends da ga ni ci dis Zli er emo ci ur si ax lo ves da kma yo fi le bas[6].
kom pleq su ri lo i a lu ro bis aq ti u ri mxar dam We re bi a. di ki, k. ba zu, g. dei Tvli an, rom kom pleq su ri lo i a lu ro ba em ya re ba ra ci o na lur da qce viT kom po nen tebs, rom le bic Se-mo Ta va ze bu li iq na j. xof me i e ris da b. ra i sis mi er[6]. isi ni Tvlid nen, rom sa qon lis Se-fa se bis pro ces Si for mir de ba az ri sa vaW ro mar kis an yid vis ad gi lis Se sa xeb, ro me lic Sem dgom Si imoq me debs mom xma reb lis qce va ze, yid vis gan xor ci e le bis gan saz Rvrul pe ri-
o du lo ba ze. ma Sa sa da me, lo i a lu ro bis for mi re bis pro ce si iT va lis wi nebs mniS vne lo van-
wi lad mom xma reb lis moq me de bis ra ci o na lu ro bas, ro me lic for mir de ba sa qon lis Se fa-
se bis pro ces Si mox ma re bis Sem deg[3].
Ta na med ro ve av to re bi, ro mel Ta Ses wav lis sa gans war mo ad gens sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu-
ro ba, gan sa kuT re bul yu rad Re bas uT mo ben kog ni tur da efeq ti ur kom po nen tebs, rom le-
bic ga ni xi le ba, ro gorc lo i a lu ro bis for mi re bis Zi ri Ta di fsi qo lo gi u ri me qa niz me bi.
ze moT aR niS nu li mid go me bis sa fuZ vel ze ga mo yo fen sa mi ti pis lo i a lu ro bas:
1. tran saq ci u ri lo i a lu ro ba, ro me lic ga ni xi lavs cvli le bebs mom xma re bel Ta qce va Si, aR niS nu li cvli le be bis ga mom wve vi faq to re bis Ses wav lis ga re Se.
2. per cen ci u ri lo i a lu ro ba, ro me lic ax dens mom xma reb lis su bi eq tu ri mo saz re be bis, grZno be bis, da mo ki de bu le bis, kma yo fi le bis Se fa se bas.
3. kom pleq su ri lo i a lu ro ba, ro me lic war mo ad gens pir ve li da me o re ti pis lo i a lu ro-
bis kom bi na ci as da mo i cavs, ro gorc emo ci ur da mo ki de bu le bebs, ise gan me o re biT yid vebs (bren di sad mi er Tgu le ba mi u Ti Tebs lo i a lu ro bis do ne ze, ro gorc da mo ki de bu le bis, xo lo yid vis six Si re _ qce vi Ti lo i a lu ro bis do ne ze).
kom pleq su ri mid go mis Ta na mo az re e bis a. s. di kis da k. ba zus mi er lo i a lu ro ba gan xi lu li iq na, ro gorc or gan zo mi le bi a ni kon traq ti (emo ci u ri da mo ki de bu le ba da gan me o re bi Ti yid ve bi). am kom po nen te bi sa gan da mo ki de bu le biT maT mi er ga mo yi fi li iq na lo i a lu ro bis Sem de gi ti pe bi: WeS ma ri ti re a lu ri lo i a lu ro ba, la ten tu ri lo i a lu ro ba, ara re a lu ri lo i a lu ro ba da arar se bu li lo i a lu ro ba[3].
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re a lu ri lo i a lu ro ba vlin de ba emo ci u ri da mo ki de bu le bi sa da gan me o re bi Ti yid ve bis ma Ra li do nis miR we vis Sem Txve va Si (ro ca xde bi an aR niS nu li sa qon lis/mom sa xu re bis mud-
mi vi mom xma reb le bi si tu a ci u ri faq to re bi sa da kon ku ren te bis mar ke tin gu li Za lis xme-
vis mi u xe da vad)[10].
la ten tu ri lo i a lu ro i ba xa si aT de ba emo ci u ri da mo ki de bu le bis ma Ra li do niT da iS vi-a Ti yid ve biT. aR niS nu li ti pis lo i a lu ro bis Sem Txve va Si, emo ci u ri sim pa Ti is ar se bo bis mi u xe da vad, mom xma reb le bi si tu a ci u ri faq to re bi dan ga mom di na re, yid vas axor ci e le ben ase ve kon ku ren ti for me bi dan/kom pa ni e bi dan. ma Sa sa da me, la ten tu rad lo i a lu ri mom xma-
reb le bi _ ari an po ten ci u rad mo ma va li myid ve le bi, rom le bic Si ga da ga re faq to re bi dan ga mom di na re Tavs ika ve ben yid vi sa gan. lo i a lu ro bis qce vi Ti kom po nen tis gan vi Ta re biT, aR niS nu li mom xma reb le bi Se iZ le ba gax dnen re a lu ri lo i a lu ri mom xma reb le bi. qce vi Ti kom po nen tis gan vi Ta re ba Se saZ le be lia mar ke tin gu li aq ci e bis, fa sis mi e ri sti mu le bis, dis tri bu ci is ar xe bis ga far To e bis dax ma re biT[17].
ara re a lu ri lo i a lu ro bi saT vis da ma xa si a Te be lia emo ci u ri da mo ki de bu le bis da ba li do ne da yid vis ma Ra li six Si re. aR niS nu li ti pis lo i a lu ro bis Sem Txve va Si myid ve li ver xe davs gan sxva ve bebs sa ca lo gam yid ve lebs So ris. is axor ci e lebs yid vebs Cve vi dan ga mom-
di na re, ro me lic ga mow ve u lia sa ca lo obi eq ti sad mi for mi re bu li lo i a lu ro bi dan, ma ga-li Tad, mi si mde ba re o ba sax lTan ax los[3].
lo i a lu ro bis arar se bo ba _ aris si tu a cia, ro de sac mom xma re bels ga aC nia emo ci u ri da-
mo ki de bu le bis da ba li do ne da iS vi a Tad axor ci e lebs yid vas. lo i a lu ro bis am ti pis mom-
xma reb le bi sa qo nels yi du lo ben Sem Txve viT.
kom pleq su ri lo i a lu ro bis sa in te re so idea iq na Se mo Ta va ze bu li a. v. ci sa ris mi er, rom-
lis mi e rac Se mu Sa ve bu li iq na mo de li, `lo i a lu ro ba-kma yo fi le ba~, ro me lic a. di kis da k. ba zus mo de lis msgav sia im gan sxva ve biT, rom lo i a lu ro bis Zi ri Tad faq to rad man ga-mo yo kma yo fi le ba, xo lo qce vi Ti lo i a lu ro bis sa fuZ vlad-gan me o re bi Ti tran saq ci e bi, aq cen ti ga a ke Ta kon ku ren te bis aq ti u ro ba ze.
lo i a lu ro bis msgav si kla si fi ka cia iq na Se mo Ta va ze bu li j. xof me i e ri sa da b. ra i sis mi-er. isi ni lo i a lu ro bas ga ni xi lav dnen, ro gorc qce vi Ti kom po nen ti sa da mom xma re bel Ta da mo ki de bu le bis kom bi na ci as, xo lo am uka nas knels gan saz Rvrav dnen, ro gorc val de bu-
le bas[6]. aR niS nu li cne be bis kom bi na ci is sa fuZ vel ze maT mi er ga mo yo fi li iq na lo i a lu-
ro bis Sem de gi ti pe bi: val de bu le bi Ti, qce vi Ti da Se re u li ti pis lo i a lu ro ba.
val de bu le bi Ti lo i a lu ro ba iyo fa da mo ki de bu le beb Tan da kav Si re bul lo i a lu ro bad da lo i a lu ro bad val de bu le bis ga re Se. da mo ki de bu le beb Tan da kav Si re bu li lo i a lu-
ro ba aris mom xma reb lis da in te re se ba mo ce mu li bren dis yid viT. lo i a lu ro bis aR niS nu-
li ti pi saT vis da ma xa si a Te be lia ma Ra li emo ci u ri Car Tu lo ba da da mo ki de bu le ba. val-
de bu le bis ga re Se lo i a lu ro bis dros mom xma re be li ma Ral Se fa se bas aZ levs brends, kma-yo fi lia da da in te re se bu lia am bren diT, mag ram mas ar ga aC nia Se saZ leb lo ba mi si xSi rad yid vis sxva das xva mi ze ze bis ga mo, ma ga li Tad, eko no mi ku ri faq to re bi an ba zar ze bren dis ar ar se bo ba. sa Wi roa aRi niS nos, rom aR niS nu li sa qon lis yid vis Se saZ leb lo be bis ga mo Ce-
nis Ta na ve mom xma re be li iyi dis swo red mas.
qce vi Ti lo i a lu ro ba (lo i a lu ro ba val de bu le bis ga re Se) vlin de ba mo ce mu li bren dis re gu la ru lad yid va Si, mag ram ar ar se bobs mis da mi emo ci u ri da mo ki de bu le ba. ase Ti mom-
xma re be li ga ne kuT vne ba an im ka te go ri as rom lis Tvi sac sul er Tia es sa qo ne li, an ar aris
282
kma yo fi li am sa qon liT, mag ram iZu le bu lia iyi dos igi sxva das xva mi ze ze bis ga mo _ eko no-
mi ku ri faq to re bis an ba zar ze `say va re li~ sa qon lis arar se bo bis ga mo.
Se re u li ti pis lo i a lu ro bis (val de bu le ba da lo i a lu ro ba) Sem Txve va Si lo i a lu ro bis am ti pis mom xma reb le bi sa qo nels yi du lo ben re gu la ru lad, ga aC ni aT kma yo fi le ba da ma-Ra li da mo ki de bu le ba[6].
gan saz Rvru li bren di sad mi sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu ro bis iden ti fi ci re ba sxva das xva niS ne bis mi xed vi Taa Se saZ le be li.
kos ke lis mo saz re biT, sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu ro bas ga na pi ro bebs Sem de gi faq to re bi: mo ma val Si yid vis gan xor ci e le bis gan zrax va, wi na aR mde go ba mim wo deb lis Sec vla ze da re-
ko men da ci is faq to ri. pir ve li ori faq to ri Se iZ le ba ga ni saz Rvros, ro gorc lo i a lu-
ro bis Se de gi, rom lis ga zom vac mox de ba gan me o re bi Ti yid vis ra o de nob ri vi maC ve neb li sa da yid vis mo cu lo bis zrdis maC ve neb lis mi xed viT. re ko men da ci is faq to ri mo i cavs mom-
xma reb lis mid re ki le bas re ko men da cia ga u wi os sa qo nels/brends me gob re bis, ko le ge bis wre Si. aR niS nu li faq to ris ga zom va Se saZ le be lia mom xma re bel Ta ga mo kiT xvis gziT[8].
lo i a lu ro bis for mi re bis gan sxva ve bu li mid go mas gvTa va zobs r. oli ve ri da ga mo yofs sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu ro bis oTx as peqts: kog ni ti u ri, emo ci u ri, efeq ti a ni da ne ba yof-
lo bi Ti. av to ri aR niS navs, rom aR niS nu li as peq te bi war mo ad gens lo i a lu ro bis ara sa xe-ebs, ara med lo i a lu ro bis sxva das xva do ne ebs, sa dac kog ni ti u ri lo i a lu ro ba _ yve la ze sus ti for maa, xo lo ne ba yof lo bi Ti _ yve la ze Zli e ri [10].
gan sxva ve bu li mo saz re ba ga aC nia a. v. ci sars, ro me lic sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu ro bis Zi-ri Tad niS nad ga mo yofs sa qon liT/bren diT kma yo fi le bas, xo lo qce vi Ti lo i a lu ro bis Sem Txve va Si _ gan me o re bi Ti yid ve bis mniS vne lo bas [19].
sa ban ko mom sa xu re bi sad mi mom xma re bel Ta lo i a lu ro bis Ses wav lis miz niT, av to re bis mi-er Se mu Sa ve bu li iq nas lo i a lu ro bis rva faq to ri a ni mo de li da ga mo yo fi li iq na lo i-
a lu ro bis Sem de gi pa ra met re bi: re a lu ri gan me o re bi Ti yid ve bi, ze pi ri re ko men da ci e bi, pro duq tis ga mo ye ne bis pe ri o di, fa se bis ma te bi sad mi to le ran to ba, gan me o re bi Ti yid-
vis gan xor ci e le bis gan zrax va, upi ra te so ba, ar Ce va nis Seg ne bu lad Sem ci re ba da pir ve li, rac go ne ba Si mos dis mom xa re bels _ aso ci a ci e bi[19].
bren di sad mi da mo ki de bu le ba Se iZ le ba iyos uar yo fi Ti. s. li is da mi si Ta na mo az re e bis mi er Se mo Ta va ze bu li iq na an ti lo i a lu ro bis cne ba Brand Ava i dan ce, ro me lic niS navs `swraf vas bren dis Ta vi dan aci le bi sa ken`. aR niS nu li cne bis av to ri an ti lo i a lu ro bas gan saz Rvravs ro gorc fe no mens, rom lis dro sac mom xma re be li ga az re bu lad sif rTxi-
liT eki de ba brends da uars am bobs mas ze[9].
ma Sa sa da me, gan saz Rvru li bren di sad mi sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu ro bis iden ti fi ci re bis niS nebs mi e kuT vne ba: gan zrax va gan me o re bi Ti yid vis, gan me o re bi Ti yid vis six Si re, pro-
duq tiT sar geb lo bis pe ri o di, re ko men da ci e bi, wi na aR mde go ba mim wo deb lis Sec vla ze, fa se bis zrdi sad mi in ten si u ri da mo ki de bu le ba, Ser Ce vis ga az re bu lad Sem ci re ba (mom-
xma re be li ga ni xi lavs kon ku ren te bis mar kebs).
eko no mi kur li te ra tu ra Si sa mom xma reb lo lo i a lu ro bis cne bis gan saz Rvri sad mi er Ti-
a ni mid go mis arar se bo ba iw vevs `lo i a lu ro bi sa~ da `kma yo fi le bis~ ter mi ne bis ara zust ga mij vnas.
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xSi rad par qti ka Si lo i a lu ro ba aso cir de ba mom xma reb lis kma yo fi le bas Tan, rac ar aris mar Te bu li.
f. kot le ris az riT, kli en te bis kma yo fi le ba Si igu lis xme ba kom pa ni is kli en te bis ga moc-
di le bis sa er To Se fa se ba sa qon lis an mom sa xu re bis Se Ze ni sa da ga mo ye ne bis Se sa xeb, rom-
le bic war mo ad ge nen am kom pa ni as. kma yo fi li iq ne ba Tu ara kli en ti, ama ze iq ne ba da mo ki-
de bu li aR niS nu li kom pa ni i sa da mi si fa se u lo be bi sad mi (sa qo ne li/mom sa xu re ba) gan me o-
re bi Ti mi mar Tvis al ba To ba. kot le ri aR niS navs, rom mom xma reb lis kma yo fi le bis zrdas-
Tan er Tad iz rde ba mi si lo i a lu ro ba aR niS nu li kom pa ni i sad mi[16].
k. ko i nes mi er Ca ta re bu li kvle ve bis Ta nax mad, mom xma reb lis kma yo fi le ba yo vel Tvis ver mo ax dens gav le nas lo i a lu ro bis for mi re ba ze. av to ris mi er ga mo yo fi li iq na kma yo fi-
le bis sa mi ti pi _ da ba li, sa Su a lo da ma Ra li. kvle ve biT da das tur da, rom mxo lod da ba-
li da ma Ra li kma yo fi le bis Sem Txve va Si ik ve Te bo da lo i a lu ro bis ur Ti er Tkav Si ri bren-
dis mi marT. kma yo fi le bis sa Su a lo do nis Sem Txve va Si lo i a lu ro ba ze gav le na iyo bev rad uf ro Sem ci re bu li, rad gan am Sem Txve va Si TiT qmis Se uZ le be lia mom xma reb lis qce vis prog no zi re ba, rac niS navs imas, rom is Se iZ le ba da ub run des aR niS nu li bren dis gan me o-
re biT yid vas an ga da vi des kon ku ren tis sa qo nel ze[2].
j. f. en je lis, r. d. ble ku e lis da p. u. mi ni ar dis mi er Se mo Ta va ze bu li iq na yid vis Se sa xeb ga daw yve ti le bis mi Re bis pro ce sis mo de li da da ad gi nes, rom lo ia lu ro bis for mi re bis fun da men ti ya lib de ba aR niS nu li pro ce sis bo lo sta di eb ze [15].
aR niS nu li mo de lis Ta nax mad, myid ve lo bi Ti ga daw yve ti le ba, ro gorc pro ce si, mo i cavs Sem deg sta di ebs: moT xov nis gac no bi e re ba, in for ma ci is mo Zi e ba, wi nas war Se Ze nis al ter-
na ti ve bis Se fa se ba, yid vis gan xor ci e le ba, mox ma re ba, Se fa se ba mox ma re bis Sem deg.
mniS vne lo va nia aRi niS nos, rom mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro ba for mir de ba Tan da Ta no biT sa-qo nel Tan ur Ti er To bis yve la eta pis gav liT. mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro bis for mi re bis mniS vne lo van eta pebs war mo ad ge nen sa qon lis mox ma re ba da yid vis Sem dgo mi Se fa se ba. aR-
niS nul sta di eb ze mom xma reb lis fsi qo lo gi u ri Ta vi se bu re be bis gan xil vi sas au ci le be-
lia gan xi lu li iq nes kma yo fi le bis/in ten siu ro bis prob le ma, ro mel sac em ya re ba mom xma-
reb lis lo i a lu ro bis for mi e bis wi na pi ro be bi. mom xma reb lis Se mo sav le bis ar se bo ba im ode no biT, rac sak ma ri sia ne bis mi e ri moT xov ni le be bis dak ma yo fi le bi saT vis, gar daq mnis mas aq ti ur fi gu rad eko no mi ku ri da ara fsi qo lo gi u ri as peq tiT[1]. bren di sad mi lo i-
a lu ro ba ki war moi Sve ba im mo men tSi, ro ca sa qo ne li xde ba Ta vi si fun qci o na lu ri ma xa-si a Teb le bis mi xed viT mniS vne lo va ni da war mo iS ve ba emo ci u ri kav Si ri mom xma reb li sa da sa qo nels So ris. Zi ri Ta di faq to re bis sa xiT Se iZ le ba ga mo i yos kma yo fi le ba, fa si, mom-
xma reb lis emo cia, mo lo din Tan Se sa ba mi so ba da mox ma re bis Se de gi, xo lo lo ia lu ro bis niS ne bis sa xiT _ mom xma reb lis gan me o re bi Ti mi mar Tvis gan xor ci e le ba ima ve sa qo nel ze.
s. gro un ru si lo i a lu ro bis for mi re ba ze moq med faq to rebs So ris ga mo yofs sa qon lis/mom sa xu re bis xa ris xsa da si tu a ci ur faq to rebs _ ram de nad mo sa xer xe be lia da kom for-
tu lia mom xma reb li saT vis ur Ti er To ba aR niS nul kom pa ni as Tan[7].
lo i a lu ro bis gan xi lu li mo de le bis sa fuZ vel ze Se saZ le be lia das kvnis ga ke Te ba, rom mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro bis for mi re ba ar xde ba spon ta nu rad, is ga dis mom xma reb lis sa-qo nel Tan ur Ti er Tmoq me de bis gar kve ul eta pebs da yu rad Re bis aq cen ti re ba xde ba si tu-
a ci ur faq to reb ze, sa qon lis ma xa si a Teb leb ze da mom xma reb lis pi rov nul da so ci a lur-
fsi qo lo gi ur Ta vi se bu re beb ze.
284
• lo i a lu ro ba ga na pi ro bebs mom xma reb lis bren diT kma yo fi le bas;
• mom xma reb lis kma yo fi le ba war mo ad gens au ci le bels, mag ram ara sak ma ris pi ro bas lo i a-
lu ro bis for mi re bi saT vis;
• kma yo fi le bis gaz rdiT iz rde ba aR niS nu li mar ki sad mi mom xma reb lis lo i a lu ro bis for mi re bis al ba To ba.
ma Sa sa da me, mom xma reb lis qce va war mog vid ge ba ro gorc yid vis Se sa xeb mi Re bu li ga daw yve-
ti le bis pro ce si, ro me lic upi ra te sad aR we ri lo bi Ti pro ce sia da ar aris ga mo xa tu li sis te mur do ne ze, rom lis erT-erT mTa var mi zezs, Cve ni Se xe du le biT war mo ad gens mox ma-
re bis Si ga da ga re pi ro be bis Se de ge bis da mu Sa ve bi sad mi ara sa Ta na do mid go ma[23].
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1989. P. 69-76.3. Dick A. S., Basu K. Customer loyalty: Toward an integrated conceptual frame work//Journal of the
Academy of Marketing Science. 1994. vol. 22. P. 99-113.4. Gremler D. D., Brown S. W. Service loyalty: lts nature, importance, implications//Proceedings American
Marketing Association. 1996. P. 171-180.5. Jacoby J., Chestnut R. W. Brand Loyalty: Measurement and Management. N.-Y.: Wiley, 1978. P. 115.6. Hofmeyr J., Rice B. Commitment. Led Marketing. John wiley and sons. 2000. O. 22-85.7. Gronroos C. Service marketing. Lexington: Lexington Books. 1990.8. Koskela H. Guctomer Satisfaction and Loyalty in After Sales Service: Motes of Care in Telecommunications
syctems Delivery. Diss. …Doct. Technol. Helsink: Yniversity of Technology. 2002.9. Lee S., Jeon S., Kim D. The impact of four quality and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: the case of
Chinese tourists in Korea//Tourism Management. 2011.Vol. 32. No. 5. P. 1115-1124.10. Oliver R. L. Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. N.-Y.: McGraw-Hill Irwin. 1997.
P. 392.11. Reichheld F. The one number you need to grow//Harvard Business review. December 01.2003.http://
www.bain.com/publications/articles/the-one-number-you-need-to-grow.aspx.12. Алешин А. Ориентация на потребителя _ ключевой фактор успешной деятельности потребителя //
Стандарты и качество. 2008. №12.13. Антонова Н. В., Патоша О. И. Восприятие брендов и стратегии потребительского поведения. М.:
2017.14. Балашев К. Построение систем лояльности клиентов // Маркетинг. 2007. №2(93). с. 78-90.15. Блэкуэлл Р., Миниард П., Энджел Дж. Поведение потребителей. СПБ.: Питер. 2002. (15).16. Котлер Ф. Маркетинг. Менеджмент. СПБ.: Питер. 2006.17. Мартышев А. В. Маркетинг отношении: учеб. пособие. 2005.18. Современные потребительские тренди и удовлетвореность потребителя: монография/под. ред. О.
К. Ойнер. М.: Илфра-М.: 2013.19. Цысорь А. В. Лояльность покупателей: основные определения, методы измерения, способы
управления // Маркетинг и маркетинговые исследования. 2002. №5.20. Шальнова О. А. Аспекты потребительской лояльности к магазину // Маркетинговые коммуникации.
2009. №3. с. 166-174.21. moxmareba, rogorc kvlevis obieqti, ekonomikur literaturaSi. saqarTvelos mec nie-
re baTa akademiis `moambe~. inglisur enaze. gv. 170. #3. 2004.
22. samomxmareblo qcevis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi. Tsu samecniero Sromebis krebuli
`ekonomika da biznesi~. #2. 2012.
23. momxmareblis qcevis, rogorc marketinguli kvlevis obieqtis zogierTi mxare. aka de-
mi is `moambe`. t. 7. #3. 2013.
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CONSUMER LOYALTY AND ITS FORMATION PROCESS
Manana NanitashviliPh.D in Economics, Professor
Abstract
C onsumer loyalty represents one of the most important research directions of the psychology of a consumer behavior. Modern authors, whose study subject is a consumer loyalty, pay great attention to the formation of the main psychological mechanisms of the loyalty formation.
Consumer loyalty is being formed gradually by going through all stages of dealing with the goods. The most important stages of shaping a customer loyalty is consumption and feedback. When considering psy-chological characteristics of a consumer at these stages, it is important to consider the problem of the satis-faction/intensity on which is based the preconditions of the consumer loyalty formation.
Loyalty arises in the moment when a good becomes important because of its functional characteristics and the emotional connection is born between a consumer and a good. Satisfaction, price, consumer’s emotion, expectations and the results of a consumption may be distinguished as the main factors, while the repetitive consumption of the same goods _ as the loyalty signs.
The formation of consumer loyalty is not spontaneous. It goes through certain stages of interaction between consumer and goods and the attention is paid to the situational factors, goods characteristics and on the personal and the so cial-psychological characteristics of a consumer.
Therefore, the behavior of a consumer is presented as the process of making decisions about purchase, which is mostly descriptive process and is not expressed at the systematic level. From our viewpoint, one of the main reasons is an inadequate approach to the processing the results of internal and external condi-tions of a consumption.
Key words: consumer, loyalty, formation, social-psychological characteristics
1. Introduction
Consumer loyalty is one of the most important topical areas of research in the psychology of consumer behavior. The phenomenon of consumer loyalty is revealed in the inclusion of goods or services defi ned in sustainability. Such consumer behavior is because a certain proportion of consumers have a regular propensity to purchase certain goods. Typically, such behavior relates to personal and situational factors, positive experiences and consumer attitudes towards these goods.
Therefore, loyalty is one of the most important aspects of consumer behavior and the subject of active study for domestic and foreign authors, but in the economic literature today, there is no unifi ed approach to defi ning this concept. The fi rst attempt to defi ne `consumer loyalty~ took place in 1923. Loyal customer means `the person who buys the brand one hundred percent~(6). Loyalty is also defi ned as `one brand preference scheme for each product purchase~ (1). Therefore, the defi nition of loyalty scheme is directly related to the quantitative rate of purchase of products of a certain brand.
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2. Presentation of the main research material
F. Reichheld makes the greatest contribution to the study of customer loyalty. He developed a marketing research algorithm that companies use to determine the degree of customer satisfaction during marketing research. F. Reichheld defi nes loyalty as the commitment of value (goods / services) to its source. The loyal buyer does not change the source of value, so he recommends it to those around him. (11). He thus viewed loyalty in relation to value, and he introduced an important variable recommendation defi ning loyalty to those around him.
D. Gremler et al. According to Brown, loyalty is defi ned as `the degree to which a customer makes a repeated purchase that has a positive attitude towards the supplier, where the need arises for services and only one supplier is considered.~ (4) Loyalty is therefore defi ned through a defi ned brand, or a positively effective component expressed toward the company as a whole.
There are three main approaches to defi ning the concept of loyalty in the economic literature. The fi rst approach treats loyalty as a reaction to consumer behavior. In terms of this approach, the thoughts, feelings and attitudes of consumers are secondary, only the behavioral aspect is important, so to buy. Foreign authors shared this view such as R. Oliver, J. Lambent, J, Bloomer, A. Sharp, O’Neill, J. Jacob, F. Reichheld, J. Hoffmeier and others.
This approach is very popular because it is closely related to the economic consequences of the company. This approach is considered as measurable parameters consumer behavior-buying frequency only, volume of purchase and determination of cash, repeatedly spent on the same goods.
F. Reichheld is based on the idea that loyalty _ it is primarily about repeat purchases, the frequency of these purchases, and the volume in monetary terms. (11)
The main disadvantage of a behavioral approach is that it does not explain the reasons why the consumer makes a purchase from a defi ned supplier and considers only the consequences of the behavior, so directly repeated purchase.
The second approach considers the attitude of consumers towards the brand or the company as a whole as a key feature of loyalty. In terms of this approach, the emotional component is considered the main reason for making a purchase. Therefore, the main aspects are consumer evaluations and their subjective opinions. (18) The disad-vantage of this approach is that it is diffi cult to determine the true emotional level of customer loyalty. As far as the level of perceived loyalty (subjective opinion of a person) is not always the reason for repetitive buying. (18)
According to the third approach, loyalty must be considered as a combination of behavioral aspect and customer attitude. This understanding of loyalty is a combination of behavioral and emotional approaches and is called complex loyalty. (18)
According to J. Hoffmeier, a loyal customer is a customer who constantly buys a brand and experiences strong emotional closeness and satisfaction. (6) Active supporters of complex loyalty a. Dick, K. Bazu, G. Day believe that complex loyalty is based on the rational and behavioral components proposed by J. Hoff-meier and by B. Rice. They believed that in the process of valuing goods, an opinion is formed about the brand and the place of purchase, which will subsequently affect user behavior, on the defi ned periodicity of the purchase implementation. Therefore, the loyalty formation process considers the rationality of the consumer action that is formed in the evaluation process of the goods after consumption. (3)
Contemporary authors, whose study focuses on consumer loyalty, pay special attention to the cognitive and effective components that are considered to be the basic psychological mechanisms of loyalty formation.
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Based on the above approaches, three types of loyalty are distinguished:
1. Transactional loyalty, which discusses changes in consumer behavior, without examining the factors causing these changes.
2. Percentage loyalty, which evaluates the subjective opinions, feelings, attitudes, satisfaction of the customer.
3. Complex loyalty, which is a combination of the fi rst and second types of loyalty and includes both emo-tional attitudes and repeated purchases (brand loyalty indicates the level of loyalty as the level of depen-dence, while the frequency of buying indicates the level of behavioral loyalty).
A complex approach companions by A.S. Dick and K. Bazu loyalty was viewed as a two-dimensional contract (emotional dependence and repetitive purchases). Depending on these components, they have dis-tinguished the following types of loyalty: true real loyalty, latent loyalty, unreal loyalty, and non-existent loyalty. (3)
Real loyalty is manifested in the attainment of high levels of emotional dependence and repeated purchases (when they become regular consumers of these goods / services despite situational factors and competitors’ marketing efforts). (10)
Latent loyalty is characterized by high levels of emotional dependence and infrequent purchases. In the case of this type of loyalty, despite the presence of emotional sympathy, consumers also make purchases from competing fi rms / companies due to situational factors. Therefore, latent loyal customers are potential future buyers who refrain from buying due to internal and external factors. By developing a behavioral component of loyalty, these users can become real loyal users. The behavioral component can be developed with the help of marketing promotions, price incentives, and expansion of distribution channels. (17)
Low levels of emotional dependence and high frequency of buying characterize unrealistic loyalty. In the case of this type of loyalty, the buyer does not see the differences between the retailers. He makes purchases out of habit, which arises from the loyalty formed towards the retailer, for example, its location near the house. (3)
Lack of loyalty _ is a situation where the customer has a low level of emotional dependence and rarely makes a purchase. Consumers of this type of loyalty buy goods randomly.
An interesting idea of complex loyalty was proposed by A.V. By Cisari, who developed the model, `Loyalty-Satisfaction~, which is similar to the model of A. Dick and K. Bazu in contrast, satisfaction was the key factor in loyalty, and repetitive transactions were the basis for behavioral loyalty, with a focus on competitor activity.
J. Hoffmeier and B. Rice proposed a similar classifi cation of loyalty. They viewed loyalty as a combination of behavioral component and customer attitude, while defi ning the latter as a commitment. (6) Based on the combination of these concepts, the following types of loyalty were distinguished: binding, behavioral, and mixed-type loyalty.
Commitment loyalty is divided into relationship-related loyalty and loyalty without commitment. Attitude-related loyalty is the customer interest in buying a given brand. This type of loyalty is characterized by high emotional involvement and attitude. When committed to loyalty without obligation, the customer gives a high rating to the brand, is satisfi ed and interested in the brand, but does not have the opportunity to buy it often for various reasons, For example, economic factors or the lack of a brand in the market. It should be
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noted that as soon as the opportunity to buy these goods appears, the consumer would buy it.
Behavioral loyalty (loyalty without commitment) is manifested in regular buying of a given brand, but there is no emotional attitude towards it. Such a consumer belongs either to the category for which this item is relevant, or is not satisfi ed with this item, but is forced to buy it for various reasons_ due to economic fac-tors or the lack of `favorite~ goods in the market.
In the case of mixed types of loyalty (commitment and loyalty), consumers of this type of loyalty buy goods regularly, have satisfaction and a high attitude. (6)
Consumer loyalty to a particular brand can be identifi ed by a variety of factors. According to Kossel, consumer loyalty is determined by the following factors: the intention to make a purchase in the future, resistance to changing suppliers, and the recommendation factor. The fi rst two factors can be defi ned as the result of loyalty, which is measured by the number of repeat purchases and the growth rate of the buying volume. The recommendation factor includes user propensity recommend the goods to the brand among friends and colleagues. This factor can be measured through customer surveys. (8)
R. Oliver points out a different approach to loyalty formation and distinguishes four aspects of consumer loyalty: cognitive, emotional, effective, and voluntary. The author notes that these aspects represent not the types of loyalty but the different levels of loyalty where cognitive loyalty is the weakest form and voluntary loyalty is the strongest. (10)
A different view is held by A.V. Cisar, which highlights satisfaction with the product / brand as the main sign of consumer loyalty, and in the case of behavioral loyalty _ the importance of repeat purchases. (19)
In order to study the loyalty of customers to banking services, the authors developed an eight-factor model of loyalty and allocated the following loyalty parameters:
Real repeated purchases, oral recommendations, period of product use, tolerance for price increases, inten-tion to make repeat purchases, advantages, deliberate reduction of choices, and the fi rst thing that comes to mind are customer associations (19).
Attitudes towards the brand can be negative. By S. Lee and his followers, the concept of anti-loyalty was proposed, which means, `striving to avoid the brand~. The author of this concept defi nes anti-loyalty as a phenomenon whose clothing user deliberately cares about the brand and rejects it (9).
Therefore, the signs of identifying consumer loyalty to a particular brand include Intention to repurchase, Frequency of repurchase, Period of product use, Recommendations, Resistance to change of supplier, Intense attitude to price increase Considerable competition, Considerable selection.
In the economic literature, the lack of a unifi ed approach to defi ning the concept of consumer loyalty leads to an inaccurate separation of the terms `loyalty~ and `satisfaction~. Often in practice, loyalty is associated with customer satisfaction, which is not true.
According to F. Kotler, customer satisfaction refers to the overall assessment of the company’s customers’ experience in purchasing and using the goods or services that make up this company.
Whether the client will be satisfi ed or not will depend on the likelihood of the company re-addressing the damned values (goods / services). Kotler notes that as customer satisfaction grows, so does his loyalty to the company (16).
According to research conducted by K. Koine, customer satisfaction cannot always infl uence the formation of loyalty. The author distinguished three stages of satisfaction — low, medium, and high. Studies have
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shown that only in the case of low and high satisfaction was the relationship of loyalty to the brand revealed. In the case of the average level of satisfaction, the impact on loyalty was much less reduced, as in this case it is almost impossible to predict consumer behavior, which means that it may be reluctant to repurchase the brand or move on to competitor goods (2).
J.F. Angel, R.D. Blackwell and P.U. Miniard proposed a model for the purchasing decision-making process and found that the foundation for loyalty formation lies in the fi nal stages of the process (15).
According to this model, the purchasing decision, as a process, includes the following stages: understand-ing the demand, fi nding information, evaluating pre-purchase alternatives, making a purchase, consump-tion, evaluation after consumption.
It is important to note that customer loyalty is formed gradually through all stages of the relationship with the goods. Important stages in the formation of consumer loyalty are the consumption and evaluation of goods. When discussing the psychological characteristics of the user at these stages, it is necessary to consider the problem of satisfaction / intensity, on which the preconditions for the formation of customer loyalty are based. Existence of customer revenue in an amount suffi cient to meet any needs; to transform him into an active fi gure from an economic rather than a psychological aspect (1). Brand loyalty arises at the moment when the product becomes important according to its functional characteristics and an emotional connection between the consumer and the product arises. The main factors may be satisfaction, price, consumer emotion, compliance with expectations and the result of consumption, and in the form of loyalty signs _ the repeated appeal of the consumer to the same product.
S. Gronrus distinguishes between the factors acting on the formation of loyalty, the quality of goods / services and situational factors _ how convenient and comfortable it is for the customer to communicate with the company (7).
3. Conclusion
Based on the models of loyalty discussed, it can be concluded that the formation of consumer loyalty does not occur spontaneously, it goes through certain stages of interaction with the consumer goods and focuses on situational factors, characteristics of the goods and personal and socio-psychological characteristics of the consumer.
Loyalty determines customer brand satisfaction.
Customer satisfaction is a necessary but insuffi cient condition for the formation of loyalty.
Increasing satisfaction increases the likelihood of forming customer loyalty to the brand.
Therefore, consumer behavior is presented as a purchasing decision process, which is a predominantly descriptive process and is not expressed at the systemic level, one of the main reasons for which, in our view, is the inappropriate approach to processing the results of internal and external conditions of consumption (23).
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Sro mis usaf rTxo e bis ga mow ve ve bi `ko vid-19~ pan de mi is pi ro beb Si
na na za za Ze
eko no mi kis doq to ri,
kav ka si is sa er Ta So ri so uni ver si te tis
afi li re bu li aso ci re bu li pro fe so ri,
axa li umaR le si sas wav leb lis aso ci re bu li pro fe so ri
ab straq ti
wi nam de ba re sta ti a Si gan xi lu lia 2020 wlis glo ba lu ri kri zi sis Se de ge bi, rac ukav Sir-
de ba Covid-19 vi ru siT ga mow ve ul pan de mi as, ko ro na vi ru sis uar yo fiT gav le nas msof lio eko no mi ka ze da, cxa dia, sa qar Tve los eko no mi ka zec. mo ce mul si tu a ci a Si rTu lia ar Ce-
va ni ga a ke To sa zo ga do eb riv jan mrTe lo ba sa da eko no mi kur faq to rebs So ris. Zli e ri eko no mi kis mqo ne qvey ne bis Tvis sa zo ga do e bis jan mrTe lo ba mTa va ri pri o ri te tia, gan vi-Ta re ba di qvey ne bi ki cdi lo ben ar Ce va nis ga ke Te bas po li ti kis, eko no mi ki sa da sa zo ga do-
eb ri vi jan mrTe lo bis in te re sebs So ris. au ci leb lo ba mo iT xov da pan de mi is re gu li re ba Sro mi sa da jan mrTe lo bis usaf rTxo e bis sa er Ta So ri so re gu la ci e biT mom xda ri yo.
gan xi lu lia is faq to re bi, ro mel mac glo ba lu ri pan de mi is pi ro beb Si
udi de si gav le na iqo nia sak van Zo mak ro e ko no mi kur maC ve neb leb ze da amiT saf rTxe Se uq mna qvey nis eko no mi kur gan vi Ta re bas.
sak van Zo sit yve bi: Covid-19 pan de mia, glo ba lu ri kri zi si, Sro mis usaf rTxo e ba, so ci a lu-
ri usaf rTxo e ba, mak ro e ko no mi ku ri maC ve neb le bi.
1. Se sa va li
2020 we li, jan dac vis msof lio or ga ni za ci am 11 marts pan de mia ga mo ac xa da, rac ukav Sir-
de ba COVID-19-is, igi ve ko ro na vi ru sis afeT qe bas. aR niS nul ma faq tma di di vne ba Ta Rel va ga mo iw via msof lio mas Sta biT da ar caa ga sak vi ri , rom dRes msof lio ka cob ri o ba COVID-
19-is wi na aR mdeg ib rZvis. COVID-19-iT ga mow ve u li pan de mia mTe li msof li os Tvis sa zo ga-
do eb ri vi cxov re bis axal, ur Tu les mov le nad da um niS vne lo va nes ga mow ve vad iq ca. uc no-
bi, ag re si u li vi ru su li in feq ci is swraf ma gav rce le bam da da das tu re bu li Sem Txve ve bis yo vel dRi ur ma zrdam sa zo ga do e bis cxov re bis yve la sfe ro Si glo ba lu ri prob le me bi ga mo iw via. yo vel dRi u rad da Ru pu li aTa so biT ada mi a ni, Ca ke ti li sax me le To da sa ha e ro saz Rvre bi, ga uq me bu li fre ne bi, da xu ru li qar xne bi da sa war mo e bi, umu Sev rad dar Ce ni li mi li o no biT ada mi a ni. es aras ru li Ca mo naT va lia im re a lo bi sa, rac dRe van del sam ya ro Si COVID-19-ma ga na pi ro ba.
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2. Zi ri Ta di na wi li
dRes, Covid-19-iT ga mow ve u li pan de mia Ta na med ro ve msof li os Tvis sa zo ga do eb ri vi cxov re bis axal ur Tu les mov le nad da um niS vne lo va nes ga mow ve vad iq ca. uc no bi, ag re si-
u li vi ru su li in feq ci is swraf ma gav rce le bam, da das tu re bu li Sem Txve ve bis yo vel dRi-
ur ma zrdam sa zo ga do e bis cxov re bis yve la sfe ro Si glo ba lu ri prob le me bi ga mo iw via. COVID-19 vi ru siT ga mow ve ul mwva ve Se de geb ze met yve lebs `www.worldometers.info`-s mi er mo wo de bu li sta tis ti ku ri in for ma cia, ro me lic gviC ve nebs dro is mci re mo nak veT Si mo-
mak vdi ne be li vi ru siT ga mow ve ul mwva ve Se de gebs.[1]
sta tis ti ku ri in for ma ci i dan Cans, rom COVID-19 pan de mi is upir ve le si ga mow ve vaa kri-
zi si jan mrTe lo bis seq tor Si, ra mac mka fi od dag va na xa Sro mis usaf rTxo e bis da, aqe dan ga mom di na re, Se sa ba mi si pre ven ci u li Ro nis Zi e be bis sas wra fod ga ta re bis au ci leb lo ba.
sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za ci e bis mi Ti Te biT ko ro na vi ru su li in feq ci is Se ka ve bis erT-er-
Ti gza so ci a lu ri izo la cia iyo. mTel msof li o Si ko ro na vi ru sis gav rce le bis Ta vi dan asa ci leb lad Se mo Re bul ma Sez Rud veb ma mo ic va TiT qmis yve la qve ya na, eko no mi ku ri saq-mi a no bis ume te si sfe ro da mTli a nad Sec va la sa zo ga do eb ri vi cxov re bis we si. pan de mi am Se a Ce ra mTe li msof lio, da to va ada mi a ne bi sax lSi, Se nel da sam rew ve lo saq mi a no ba, ra mac glo ba lu ri eko no mi ku ri za ra li ga mo iw via da eko no mi ku ri kri zi sis wi na Se da a ye na msof-
li os mra va li qve ya na, ga mo nak li si maT So ris arc sa qar Tve loa.
vi ru sul in feq ci as Tan brZo lis kon teq stSi cxa di gax da msof lio jan dac vis or ga ni za-
ci is da qvey nis mTav ro be bis mi er Ta vi si qvey nis mo qa la qe e bi sa da sa zo ga do eb ri vi jan-
dac vis sis te mis da sax ma reb lad ga da u de be li zo me bis mi Re bis au ci leb lo ba.
sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za cia ILO-m ga mos ca sa xel mZRva ne lo `COVID-19 pan de mia`, sa dac pan de mi is pi ro beb Si Sro mis usaf rTxo e bis, jan mrTe lo bis dac vis, sa gan ge bo si tu ci eb-
Si ris ke bis mar Tvis da Tav dac vis zo me bia aR we ri li. sa qar Tve lom, Sro mis usaf rTxo e-
bi sa da jan mrTe lo bis dac vis kuT xiT mTe li ri gi sa gan ge bo Ro nis Zi e be bi ga a ta ra.[2] sa-qar Tve los mTav ro bam da am tki ca da ga mos ca brZa ne ba `sa mu Sao ad gi leb ze axa li ko ro na vi ru sis (COVID-19) gav rce le bis Ta vi dan aci le bis miz niT re ko men da ci e bis dam tki ce bis Ta o ba ze`. do ku men tSi gan xi lu lia sa mu Sao siv rce Si Sro mis usaf rTxo e bas Tan da kav Si re-
bu li sa kiT xe bi da dam saq meb li sa da da saq me bu lis val de bu le be bi. [3] Tum ca, mi u xe da vad am Ro nis Zi e be bi sa, qvey ne bi, pan de mi is pi ro beb Si, sa Wi ro fi nan su ri da Sro mi Ti re sur se bis mo bi li ze ba Si ara Ta na bar mdgo ma re o ba Si aR moC ndnen, ra mac ma Ti eko no mi ka Cix Si mo aq cia da gaC nda glo ba lu ri eko no mi ku ri kri zi sis gan vi Ta re bis saf rTxe. pan de mi am eko no mi ku-
ri kri zi si ga mo iw via msof li os yve la qve ya na Si. eko no mi ku ri struq tu ri sa da ar se bu li so ci a lur-eko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o bis mi xed viT, rye va zo gi erT qve ya na Si uf ro mZlav ri aR moC nda, zog Si ki nak le bi.
sa qar Tve lo Si, kri zi si gan sa kuT re bu li sim wva viT ig rZno mo sax le o bis did ma na wil ma, rac ga mow ve u li iyo Se mo sav le bis Sem ci re biT tu riz mis ser vi sis seq tor sa da fu lad gad mo ric xveb ze da mo ki de bu le bis ga mo, aq ve, un da aR vniS no, rom eko no mi ku ri rye ve bis sim Zi mes qvey nis so ci a lur-eko no mi kur mdgo ma re o bas Tan er Tad gan saz Rvravs isic, Tu ram de nad iyo mzad mo ce mu li qve ya na msgav si mas Sta bis pan de mi is Tvis, mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom Sro mis usaf rTxo e ba da jan mrTe lo bis dac va yve la qvey nis Tvis er Tna i rad mniS vne-
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lo va nia. mo ce mu li sa kiT xis Ses wav lis Tvis sa sur ve lia Sro mis usaf rTxo e bis seq to ris mim di na re ga mow ve ve bi da am ga mow ve ve bis sa pa su xod ga ta re bu li Ro nis Zi e be bi gan vi xi-loT, ro gorc sa er Ta So ri so qvey ne bis, ise sa qar Tve los ma ga liT ze.
mim di na re pro ce seb ma gvaC ve na, rom pan de mi as Tan brZo la sak ma od rTu li aR moC nda gan-vi Ta re bu li qvey ne bis Tvi sac. ma ga li Tad, ita li a Si sa me di ci no per so nals Sro mis usaf-
rTxo e bis nor me bis dar Rve viT, ker Zod ki in di vi du a lu ri dac vis sa Su a le be bis ga re Se mo-
u wi aT vi ru sis wi na aR deg brZo la, ris ga moc sa me di ci no per so na lis gar kve u li na wi li ko ro na vi ru siT da in fi cir da, na wi li ki gar da ic va la.
ana lo gi u ri prob le mis wi na Se aR moC nda di di bri ta ne Tic. mTav ro bam, maT ma mrCe ve leb ma, jan mrTe lo bis usaf rTxo e bi sa da so ci a lu ri uz run vel yo fis sa a gen to eb ma yu rad Re ba ar mi aq ci es COVID-19 pan de mi is ga maf rTxi le bel niS nebs, maT mi er ga mo to ve bu li iq na im Se saZ leb lo be bis kom bi na cia, ra mac ev ro pis mas Sta biT did bri ta neT Si yve la ze me ti da-
saq me bu lis da a va de ba da gar dac va le ba ga mo iw via, mi u xe da vad mo sa lod ne li sa SiS ro e bis Se sa xeb sam xreT ko re is, Ci ne Ti sa da ita li is gaf rTxi le bi sa. pan de mi is gav rce le bis saw-yis etap ze sa me di ci no da so ci a lu ri uz run vel yo fis sfe ro Si mo mu Sa ve ada mi an Ta usaf-
rTxo e ba, rom le bic Covid=19-is ris kis qveS im yo fe bod nen da viw ye bu li iyo, vi na i dan di di bri ta ne Ti sa da Sot lan di is mTav ro beb ma da saw yis Si ve da a ig no res msof lio or ga ni za ci e-
bis (WHO, ILO)* mi er re ko men de bu li pan de mi is Se Ce re bis gze bi da pre ven ci is me To de bi da ar Ci es, rom yve la na i ri mza de bis ga re Se dax ved rod nen pan de mi as. [4]
* WHO (World health organisation) _ msof lio jan dac vis or ga ni za cia
* ILO(International labour organisation) _ Sro mis sa er Ta So ri so or ga ni za cia
un da aR vniS noT, rom mim di na re pro ce se bi dan ga mom di na re sa qar Tve lom pan de mi is mar-
Tva sa gan ge bo mdgo ma re o bis me nej men tis cen tra li ze biT ga na xor ci e la, ra mac qve ya na ko-
laf si sa gan ix sna. is qvey ne bi ki, rom leb mac pan de mia mar Tes ara cen tra li ze bu lad-sxva-
das xva do nis mTav ro bis gan sxva ve bu li mid go me biT, rTul mdgo ma re o ba Si aR moC nden.
mi u xe da vad sa qar Tve lo Si ga ta re bu li Ro nis Zi e be bi sa, pan de mi am aqac naT lad war mo a Ci na, rom Sro mis usaf rTxo e bis nor me bis dac va da saq me bis ad gil ze di di ga mow ve va iyo, dam saq-
meb le bi ume te sad Tavs ari deb dnen usaf rTxo e bis nor me bis Se sa ba mis dac vas. ma ga li Tis-
Tvis, da in fi cir da 144 me Sax te, 39 so ci a lu ri agen ti, res pon den ti, qve ya na Si 4000-ze me ti sa me di ci no per so na lia da in fi ci re bu li. mim di na re wlis 14 oq tom be ris mo na ce me biT da-
in fi ci re bu li Ta nam Srom le bis ric xvi 116-mde ga i zar da, Sro mis in speq ci is mi er da ja rim-
da `kar fu ri, vil mar ti, ial Ci ni da sxva mar ke te bi`. [6]
sa qar Tve los sta tis ti kis erov nu li sam sa xu ris wi nas wa ri Se fa se biT 2020 wels sa qar Tve-
los eko no mi ka 6.1%-iT Sem cir da. 2020 wlis de kem ber Si ki, 2019 wlis de kem ber Tan Se da re-
biT, kle ba 7.8% iyo. me oT xe kvar tlis sa Su a lo kle bam ki 6.5% Se ad gi na.
2020 wlis Tvis sa qar Tve los mTav ro ba 5%-ian eko no mi kur kle bas prog no zi reb da, ro me-
lic dRes ga moq vey ne bul wi nas war maC ve ne bels 1.1% pun qtiT Ca mor Ce ba. 2021 wlis Tvis sa-qar Tve los mTav ro ba 4.3%-ian eko no mi kur zrdas prog no zi rebs.[5] ixi leT gra fi ki 1.
294
gra fi ki 1. sa qar Tve los 2020 wlis eko no mi ku ri zrdis maC ve neb le bi
sa mu Sao ad gi le bis mu Sak Ta mi er so ci a lu ri da So re bis usaf rTxo e bis zo mam uzar ma za-
ri da na kar ge bi ga mo iw via. 2020 wlis 4 de kem bris mo na ce me biT, COVID-19 in feq ci iT da a va-
de bul Ta sa er To ra o de no bam msof li o Si Se ad gi na 65,964,393, sai da nac ga mo jan mrTel da 45,659,637 (69%), xo lo gar dac vlil Ta ra o de no ba_ 1,519,448 (2,3%). gar dac vlil Ta ric xvi Zal ze da ma xin je bu lia, Tu ga viT va lis wi nebT si tua ci as msof li os cal ke u li qvey ne bis na wil Si. ma ga li Tad, Se er Te bul Sta teb Si COVID-19 in feq ci is Se de gad gar dac vlil Ta ra o de no bam Se ad gi na 283 958 ada mi a ni, anu ada mi an Ta 1,9%, xo lo ru seT Si _ 42 176, anu in-fi ci re bul Ta sik vdi li a no bis 1,7%. zo gi erT qve ya na Si in feq ci e bi iS vi a Tia da ar ar se-
bobs sik vdi li a no ba (va ti ka ni, mon Ro le Ti, fa re ris kun Zu le bi, gren lan dia da a.S.) [1].
sa qar Tve lo Si Ca ta re bu li kvle ve bis Ta nax mad, 2020 wlis bo los Sem cir de ba tu riz mi-
dan mi Re bu li Se mo sav le bi 83%-iT, ser vi sis seq to ris Se mo sav le bi _ 19%iT da fu la di gzav ni le bi ki-10%-iT.[8] ra mac ga mo iw via da ma te biT sa ga reo va lis mo Zi e bis wi na pi ro ba. 2020 wlis me-2 kvar tal Si, 2019 wlis me-2 kvar tal Tan Se da re biT, umu Se var Ta ra o de no ba 15 600 ada mi a niT ga i zar da, rac umu Sev ro bis 0,9%-ian zrdas niS navs, aqe dan 89%-s qa le bi Se ad gen dnen. ILO-s Ta nax mad, 2020 wlis bo los Tvis sa qar Tve lo Si da ax lo e biT 284-idan 360 aTa sam de ada mi a ni dar Ce ba umu Se va ri, xo lo 2021 wlis Tvis es cif ri 363,8 aTas ada mi ans ga u tol de ba.[8]. ILO va ra u dobs, rom 2021 wlis Tvis 100 000 TviT da saq me bu li da kar gavs sam sa xurs da, Se sa ba mi sad, Se mo sa val sac.[9]. da ax lo e biT msgavs prog no zebs ake Tebs ISET-
is mi er mom za de bu li kvle vac, ro me lic da saq me bis qve seq to rul mo na ce mebs ey rdno ba. am kvle vis Ta nax mad, COVID 19-is Se de gad da qi ra ve bu lebs So ris 30%-s emuq re bo da sam sa xu-
ris da kar gvis ma Ra li ris ki, xo lo TviT da saq me bu lebs So ris 15%-s. es ja mu rad da ax lo e-
biT 380 aTa si da saq me bu lis to lia. UNICEF-is mi er Ca ta re bu li kvle vis Ta nax mad, COVID 19-is Se de gad dam dga ri eko no mi ku ri kri zi sis ga mo sa qar Tve lo Si bav SvTa si Ra ri be, sa-u ke Te so Sem Txve va Si 31%-mde ga iz rde ba, yve la ze cud Sem Txve va Si ki _ 38 pro cen tam de. ima ve kvle vis mi xed viT, `ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi as Tan da kav Si re bu li So kis Se de gad, mo sa-
lod ne lia mo sax le o bis si Ra ri bis do nis (166 la ri Tve Si zrdas rul pir ze) 21.7 %-dan 24 %-mde zrda da ba li So kis Sem Txve va Si, sa Su a lo So kis Sem Txve va Si _ 26%-mde, xo lo Zli e-
ri So kis Sem Txve va Si 30.9%-mde.~ ga i zar da so ci a lu ri dax ma re bis mim Reb Ta ra o de no bac. ag vis to Si sa ar se bo Sem we o ba mi i Ro TiT qmis na xe var ma mi li on ma (493 088) mo qa la qem, rac
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niS navs, rom so ci a lu ri dax ma re bis mim Reb Ta ra o de no ba 2020 wels 14%-iT ga i zar da. si Ra-
ri bis mkveT ri da myi si e ri zrda mo u lod ne li ar yo fi la im pi ro beb Si, ro ca mo sax le o bis 88%-s ga mo kiT xvis mi xed viT da na zo gi ar aqvs, xo lo 65% 2020 wlis iv lis Si Ca ta re bul ga mo kiT xva Si uTi Teb da, rom fu li oja xis sak ve biT uz run vel sa yo fad maq si mum er Ti Tve eyo fa. sam wu xa rod, so ci a lu ri dac vis ar se bu li sis te ma am ga mow ve ve bis Tvis efeq tu rad sa pa su xod, mzad ar aR moC nda. [6]
3. das kvna:
COVID-19, ro me lic msof li os 200-ze met qve ya na Si gav rcel da, uzar ma za ri ne ga ti u ri Se-de ge biT ai sa xa cal ke u li qvey ne bi sa da mTe li msof li os eko no mi ka ze. aS ka raa, rom mTav-
ro be bis mi er da we se bu li Sem zRud ve li zo me bi biz ne sis saq mia no ba ze, ga da ad gi le beb ze, saz Rvre bis da xur va sa da biz ne sis da xur va ze did eko no mi kur zi ans aye nebs sxva das xva qve-ya nas da aqe dan ga mom di na re mo sa lod ne lia, rom pan de mi as Tan da kav Si re bu li re ce si u li pro ce si did xans gag rZel des.[10] ga ta re bul ma usaf rTxo e bis zo meb ma, rac sa mu Sao ad gi-
leb Tan mu Sak Ta so ci a lur dis tan ci as iT va lis wi neb da, uzar ma za ri da na kar ge bi ga mo iw-
via. es gan sa kuT re biT mwva ved ai sa xa mom sa xu re bis seq tor ze. dam saq meb le bi iZu le bul-
ni gax dnen Se em ci re bi naT Ta vi an Ti xar je bi da Se e nar Cu ne bi naT sa mu Sao Za la so ci a lu ri dis tan ci re bis Se sa ba mi sad, xo lo rac Se e xe ba mrew ve lo bis seq tors, aq mu Se bi sam sa xu ris da kar gvis uf ro ma Ra li ris kis wi na Se dad gnen. Zne lia zus tad ga ni saz Rvros glo ba lu ri pan de mi is yve la Se saZ lo ris ki da mo sa lod ne li Se de gi, Tun dac is, Tu ro go ri iq ne ba ada-
mi a ne bis re aq cia mo ma val Si?!
pan de mi am Se a Ce ra mTe li msof lio, uam ra vi ada mi a ni da to va sax lSi, ga mo iw via glo ba lu ri kri zi si da ma inc rCe ba kiT xva: xom ar moZ vel da msof lio eko no mi kis am Ja min de li mo de li da ver pa su xobs 21-e sa u ku nis ga mow ve vebs.
li te ra tu ra: ____________________________________________________________________________1. Worldometers 2020. URL: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries (da mow me bu lia: 05.12.2020). 2. ana di a ko ni Ze, Sro ma da so ci a lu ri usaf rTxo e ba axa li ko ro na vi ru sis pan de mi is pe ri-
od Si, re ko men da ci e bis pa ke ti sa qar Tve los mTav ro bis Tvis, 04.04.2020. /https://osgf.ge/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Laborand-Social-Security-during COVID19_Policy-Brief_OSGF.pdf/
3. sa qar Tve los oku pi re bu li te ri to ri e bi dan dev nil Ta, Sro mis, jan mrTe lo bi sa da so-
ci a lu ri dac vis sa mi nis tros Sro mis pi ro be bis in speq ti re bis de par ta men tis 2019 wlis saq mi a no bis an ga ri Si, 2020.
https://www.moh.gov.ge/ka/ (da mow me bu lia: 04.12. 2020) 4. Watterson, A. COVID-19 in the UK and occupational health and safety _ predictable but not inevitable
failures: what can we do now? Technical Report, University of Stirling, Number 29, April 7, https://bit.ly/Covid-2y0pWGk (2020, accessed 14 May 2020).
5. sa qar Tve los sta tis ti kis erov nu li sam sa xu ri.
https://www.geostat.ge/ka (da mow me bu lia: 4 de kem be ri 2020) 6. Sro mi Ti ur Ti er To be bi da so ci a lu ri dac va pan de mi is dros, sa qar Tve los Se sa xeb an-
ga ri Si, ada mi a nis uf le be bis swav le bi sa da mo ni to rin gis cen tri (EMC), gv.19-20., 2020. /https://osgf.ge/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Labor-Relations_geo_10_12_2020.pdf/ 7. Macro Insights: Fiscal Bridging to Further Recovery. TBC. August 2020 8. World Employment and Social Outlook, Trends 2020, ILO 9. World Employment and Social Outlook, Trends 2020, ILO 10. Baker S. R., et al. (2020). The unprecedented stock market reaction to COVID-19 // The Review of Asset
Pricing Studies, raaa008. https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa008
296
OCUPATIONAL SAFETY CHALLENGIES DURINGTHE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Nana ZazadzeAffi liated Associate Professor
at International Caucasus University
Abstract
The present paper discusses the consequences of the global crisis of 2020, which is related to the pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus, the negative impact of the coronavirus on the world economy and obviously on the Georgian economy. In a given situation it is diffi cult to make a choice between public health and economic factors. For countries with strong economies, public health is a top priority, while developing countries are trying to choose between politics, economics and public health interests. The necessity re-quired for the pandemic to be regulated by international labor and health safety regulations.
The factors that have had the greatest impact on key macroeconomic indicators in the context of the global pandemic are discussed, thereby threatening the country’s economic development.
Key words: Covid-19 pandemic, global crisis, labor safety, social security, macroeconomic indicators.
1. Introduction
In 2020, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic on March 11 in connection with the outbreak of COVID-19, the same coronavirus. This fact has caused a great deal of consternation around the world, and it is no wonder that the world today is fi ghting against COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has be-come a new, the most diffi cult and important challenge in public life around the world. The rapid spread of the unknown, aggressive viral infection and the daily increase in confi rmed cases have caused global prob-lems in all areas of public life. Thousands of people die every day, land and air borders are closed, fl ights are canceled, factories and enterprises are closed, millions are left unemployed. This is an incomplete list of the realities of COVID-19 in today’s world.
2. Analysis of the main research material
Today, the Covid-19 pandemic has become the new and most challenging event in public life around the world. The rapid spread of an unknown aggressive viral infection, the daily increase in the number of con-fi rmed cases have caused global problems in all spheres of public life. The acute effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19 ) are illustrated by statistics presented at www.worldometer.info and charts (see diagrams 1, 2), that show the acute effects of the deadly virus over a short period of time. [1] This is evidenced by the statistics provided by www.worldometers.info and the diagrams that show the acute consequences caused by the deadly virus in a short period of time.
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Diagram 1. Worldwide confi rmed cases of Covid-19
Source: worldometers.info
Diagram 2. Total number of people who died from Covid-19 worldwide (by days)
/Source: worldometers.info/
The rapid spread of the virus has caused global problems in all areas of human life, particularly in the economy.
Statistics show that the primary challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic was the crisis in the health sector, which clearly demonstarated the need for occupational safety and hence the need for urgent preventive measures. One way to prevent coronavirus infection, according to instructions of international organi-
298
zations was social isolation. Restrictions on preventing the spread of the coronavirus worldwide have affected almost every country, most of the economic sphere, and completely changed public life. The pandemic stopped the whole world, made people stay home, slowed down industrial activities, causing global economic losses and put the economic crisis in many countries around the world, Georgia is no exception among them.
In the context of the fi ght against viral infection, the need for urgent action by the World Health Organiza-tion and the governments of the country to assist its citizens and the public health system has become clear.
The international organization ILO has published the guide `COVID-19 pandemic~, which describes the measures of occupational safety, health, emergency risk management and defense in the pandemic condi-tions.
Georgia has taken a number of preventive and emergency measures in terms of occupational safety and health. Issued the order `Approving Recommendations to Prevent the Spread of the New Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Workplace~, which sets out preventive measures for occupational safety at work, as well as employer and employee obligations to Covid-19. [3] (See Ministerial Order № 01-149 / O, 04 April 2020).
The Organic Law of Georgia defi nes the term occupational safety in detail, namely Occupational safety is a system of protection of the life, health and functional abilities of the employee and other persons in the work-place, which creates healthy and safe working conditions and includes legal, socio-economic, organizational _ technical, sanitary-hygienic, medical-prophylactic, rehabilitation and other measures; `[4]
In the pandemic conditions, countries found themselves in an unequal position mobilizing the necessary fi -nancial and labor resources, which brought their economy to a standstill and the threat of a global economic crisis. The pandemic has caused economic crisis in all countries of the world, however, depending on the economic structure and the current socio-economic situation, the fl uctuations were stronger in some coun-tries than in others. In Georgia, the crisis was felt with particular severity by a large part of the population, which was caused by declining revenues due to dependence on the tourism service sector and remittances.
Here, I should note that the severity of economic fl uctuations, along with the socio-economic situation of the country, is determined by how this country was ready for a pandemic of a similar scale, although occu-pational safety and health are equally important for all countries. It is desirable to consider the current chal-lenges in the fi eld of labour protection and make decisive measures in both foreign countries and Georgia.
Current processes have shown that fi ghting the pandemic has proved to be quite diffi cult for developed countries as well. In Italy, for example, medical staff in violation of occupational safety standards, in par-ticular without personal protective equipment, had to fi ght the virus, causing some medical staff to become infected with the corona virus and some of them died.
The UK has faced a similar problem. The government, their advisers, health insurance and social security agencies ignored the warning signs of the COVID-19 pandemic, they missed the combination of opportuni-ties that led to the illness and death of the largest number of employees across the UK. Analyzing informa-tion available in the UK, it is important during a pandemic to protect the safety of people working in the medical and social security sectors who are at risk of Covid = 19. The safety of these people was forgotten at an early stage of the pandemic, despite warnings from South Korea, China and Italy about the impend-ing danger to the health and safety of British workers. And prevention methods such as (WHO, ILO) * and chose to meet the pandemic without any preparation. [5]
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* WHO (World Health Organisation)
* ILO(International Labour Organisation)
The diagram below shows the UK example of the total number of medical staff infected with the Covid-19 virus in the total number of infected people on 15.04.2020. Condition. (See Diagram 3)
Diagram 3. What is the number of medical staff infected with the virus in the UK
/ Source: UK, Department of Occupational Safety and Health /
I should mention that due to the current processes, Georgia managed the pandemic by
centralizing emergency management, which saved the country from collapse. Even countries that have run pandemics in a decentralized manner, with different approaches from different levels of government, fi nd themselves in a diffi cult situation.
Despite the measures implemented in Georgia, the pandemic made it clear that compliance with labour safety norms was a major challenge in the workplace, with employers largely avoiding compliance with safety standards. For example, 144 miners were infected, 39 social agents, respondents, more than 4000 medical personnel cases in the country were detected. According to the data of October 14 of the current year the number of infected employees increased to 116, and the Carrefour, Wilmart, Yalchin and other markets were fi ned by the Labor Inspectorate. [7]
By 2020, the Georgian government had forecast a 5% economic decline, which is 1.1% lower than the preliminary fi gure published today. The Georgian government forecasts 4.3% economic growth by 2021. [6] (See Schedule 1.)
300
Schedule 1. Georgia’s economic growth indicators for 2020
The measure of social exclusion by workers in the workplace has caused huge losses. Acoording to the data of December 4, 2020, the total number of people with COVID-19 infection worldwide was 65,964,393, among which 45,659,637 (69%) recovered and 1,519,448 (2.3%) died.
The number of dead is very distorted, if we consider the situation in some parts of the world. In the United States, for example, the number of deaths from COVID-19 infection was 283,958, or 1.9% of the popula-tion, and in Russia, 42,176, or 1.7%, of those infected. Infections are rare in some countries and there are no deaths (Vatican, Mongolia, Faroe Islands, Greenland, etc.) [1].
According to studies conducted in Georgia, by the end of 2020, revenues from tourism will decrease by 83%, revenues from the service sector _ by 19% and remittances _ by 10%. [8] which led to the precondi-tion for fi nding additional foreign debt. In the second quarter of 2020, compared to the second quarter of 2019, the number of unemployed increased by 15,600 people, which means a 0.9% increase in unemploy-ment, among which 89% were women. According to the ILO, by the end of 2020, about 284 to 360 thou-sand people will remain unemployed in Georgia, and by 2021 this fi gure will reach 363.8 thousand people. [9]. The ILO estimates that by 2021, 100,000 self-employed people will lose their jobs and, consequently, their income [10] approximately similar predictions are made by a study prepared by ISET, which is based on sub-sectoral employment data. According to this study, 30% of those hired as a result of COVID 19 were at high risk of losing their job, while 15% of those who were self-employed were at risk. This equates to a total of about 380 thousand employees. According to a study conducted by UNICEF, due to the eco-nomic crisis caused by COVID 19, child poverty in Georgia will increase to 31% at best and to 38% at worst. According to the same study, `As a result of the shock associated with the coronavirus pandemic, the poverty level of the population (166 GEL per adult per month) is expected to increase from 21.7% to 24% in case of low shock, up to 26% in case of moderate shock and 30.9% in case of severe shock. -till.
The sharp and instantaneous increase in poverty was not unexpected given that 88% of the population sur-veyed did not have savings, while 65% in a July 2020 survey indicated that money was needed to provide food for a family for a maximum of one month. Unfortunately, the existing social protection system was not ready for preparing and responding effectively to meet the challenges. [7]
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3. Conclusion
The global spread of COVID-19 to more than 200 countries has had a signifi cant negative effecte on indi-vidual countries’ and world economy. It is clear that the restrictive measures imposed by the government on business activities, relocations, border and business closures are causing great economic damage to different countries and therefore it is expected that the recessionary process related to the pandemic will continue for a long time. [11] The security measures taken, which included the social distance of workers to the workplace, resulted in huge losses. This has been particularly acute in the service sector. Employers have been forced to reduce their costs and maintain their workforce in line with social distance, while in the industrial sector, workers here face a higher risk of losing their jobs. It is also diffi cult to determine exactly all the possible risks and expected consequences of a global pandemic, even what will be the reaction of people in the future?
The pandemic has stopped the whole world, made all people stay home, caused a global crisis but however, the question still remains: has the current model of the world economy become obsolete and unable to meet the challenges of the 21st century?
References_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Worldometers 2020. URL: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries (Verifi ed: 05.12.2020).2. Ana Diakonidze, Labor and Social Security during the New Coronavirus Pandemic, a package of recommendations
for the Government of Georgia, 04.04.2020. /https://osgf.ge/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Labor_ and-Social-Security-during-COVID19_Policy-Brief_OSGF.pdf/
3. 2019 Activity Report of Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Labour Inspection Department of the Ministry of Refugees from the Occupied Territories, Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia. https://www.moh.gov.ge/ka/ (verifi ed: 04.12. 2020)
4. Organic Law of Georgia on Labor Safety _ Article 3, paragraph f_ 19/02/20195. Watterson, A. COVID-19 in the UK and occupational health and safety _ predictable but not inevitable
failures: what can we do now? Technical Report, University of Stirling, Number 29, April 7, https://bit.ly/Covid-2y0pWGk (2020, accessed 14 May 2020).
6. National Statistics Service of Georgia https://www.geostat.ge/ka (verifi ed: 4 December 2020)7. Labor Relations and Social Protection during a Pandemic, Georgia Report, Center for Human Rights
Education and Monitoring (EMC), pp.19-20., 2020. /https://osgf.ge/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Labor-Relations_geo_10_12_2020.pdf/8. Macro Insights: Fiscal Bridging to Further Recovery. TBC. August 20209. World Employment and Social Outlook, Trends 2020, ILO10. World Employment and Social Outlook, Trends 2020, ILO Baker S. R., et al. (2020). The unprecedented
stock market reaction to COVID-19 // The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, raaa008. https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa008
302
av to tu ris tu li av tok las te re bis for mi re bis me qa niz me bi sa qar Tve lo Si
da viT lo lua
sa qar Tve los teq ni ku ri uni ver si te ti s aso ci re bu li pro fe so ri,
sa qar Tve los av to-mo to tu riz mis fe de ra ci is pre zi den ti
ab straq ti
sta ti a Si war mod ge ni lia sa qar Tve los av to-mo to tu riz mis fe de ra ci is (Sem deg Si-
samtf) mi er Ca ta re bu li mo ni to rin gi. tu ris te bis ga da ad gi le bis am mi mar Tu le bis da-
ner gva sa qar Tve lo Si ga a um jo be sebs tu ris te bis mom sa xu re bas gzeb ze, ris xar jze ga-iz rde ba sa xel mwi fo da ad gi lob ri vi bi u je te bis Se mo sav le bi, Sem cir de ba umu Sev ro bis do ne da amaR le ba mo sax le o bis cxov re bis xa ris xi. av to tu ris tu li klas te re bi Seq mni an da ma te biT mo ti va ci as tu ris tu li mom sa xu re bi sa da axa li gzis pi ra in fras truq tu ris gan sa vi Ta reb lad: ga ix sne ba axa li mo te le bi, kem pin ge bi, msu bu qi da Ca sab me li a ni av to mo-
bi le bi saT vis par ki re be bi, ka fe e bi da res tor ne bi, av to ser vi se bi da sxv. es ki, aa maR lebs mom sa xu re per so na lis pro fe si o na lizms da da am kvid rebs mom sa xu re bis sa er Ta So ri so stan dar tebs.
Ca ta re bul kvle veb Si gan xi lu lia av to tu riz mis mi mar Tu le bis zo ga di kon cef ci is, po-
ten ci a li sa da gan vi Ta re bis eko no mi ku ri, eko lo gi u ri da kul tu ru li as peq te bi, sa er-
Ta So ri so stan dar te bis gaT va lis wi ne biT nor ma ti ul-ka non mdeb lo bi Ti do ku men te bis da zus te bi sa da mi Re bis au ci leb lo ba; sa mog za u ro gze bis, axa li, asaT vi se be li mar Sru-
te bis teq no lo gi u ri da teq ni ku ri sa Su a le be biT aR Wur va; re a bi li ta ci i sa da das ve ne-
bis sa war mo e bis or ga ni ze bis au ci leb lo ba; kve bi sa da gan Tav se bis spe ci a li zi re bu li _ usaf rTxo, eko lo gi u rad mi sa Re bi ma te ri a lu ri da sa mar Tleb ri vi pi ro be bis Ca mo ya li-
be ba; tu ris tu li sa war mo e bis uz run vel yo fa ga naT le bu li kad re biT.
kvle vis Se de gad ga ni saz Rvra sa qar Tve lo Si av to tu riz mi sa da eko no mi kis sfe ro e bis efeq tu ri, pri o ri te tu li mi mar Tu le be bis gan vi Ta re bis re a li za ci i saT vis au ci le be li pi ro be bi: a) qvey nis re gi o ne bis war mo Ce na saz Rvrebs ga reT; b) biz ne sis gan vi Ta re bis sti-
mu li re ba; g) in ves ti ci e bis mo zid va; d) tur mom sa xu re bis obi eq te bis gam ra val fe rov ne ba; e) tu riz mis Se mo sav le bis maq si ma lu rad gaz rda da sxv.Ca ta re bul ma ana liz ma aC ve na, rom av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis Tvis, efeq tu ri tu ris-
tu li av tok las te re bis Seq mni sa da for mi re bi saT vis ga zi a re bu li un da iq nas msof li os mo wi na ve tu ris tu li qvey ne bis ga moc di le ba.
Se sa va li
im prog ra mu li Ro nis Zi e be bis re a li za ci is na wil Si, ro mel Ta da fi nan se bac xor ci el de ba tu riz mi sa da tu ris tu li in dus tri is sfe ro Si, sa qar Tve los av to-mo to tu riz mis fe de-
ra ci am (Sem deg Si-samtf) Ca a ta ra mo ce mu li seg men tis mo ni to rin gi.
sa qar Tve los te ri to ri a ze, mdi da ri bu neb ri vi, lan dSaf tu ri, kul tu rul-is to ri u li po ten ci a li, uam ra vi mov le na qmnis av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis re a lur wi na pi ro bebs.
dRes-dRe o biT tu riz mis sfe ros di di yu rad Re ba eT mo ba ro gorc sa xe li suf le bo struq-
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tu re bis, spe ci a lis ti-praq ti ko se bis, ise mec ni e ru li sa zo ga do e bis mxri da nac. tu riz mi ga ni xi le ba ara mxo lod ro gorc sa zo ga do eb ri vi saq mi a no bis rek re a ci u li kom po nen ti, ara med ase ve, ro gorc sa xel mwi fo da ad gi lob ri vi bi u je te bis Se mo sav lis wya ro, ro gorc umu Sev ro bis do nis Sem ci re bi sa da, mTli a nad, mo sax le o bis cxov re bis xa ris xis amaR le bis sa Su a le ba.
mo ce mu li kvle vis si ax le mdgo ma re obs tu ris tu li av tok las te ris for mi re bis sa or ga-
ni za cio-eko no mi ku ri me qa niz mis srul yo fis mi mar Tu le be bis kon cep tu a lur da sa bu Te-
ba Si sa xel mwi fo da re gi o na lur do ne ze.
av to tu riz mis mo de lis ar si
sa av to mo bi lo tu riz mis cne ba ukav Sir de ba ada mi a ne bis mog za u ro bas, rom leb Sic ga da ad-
gi le bis Zi ri Tad sa Su a le bas war mo ad gens sa ku Ta ri an da qi ra ve bu li av to mo bi li.
or ga ni ze bu li sa av to mo bi lo tu re bi sa qar Tve los tu ris tul biz nes Si sak ma od axal mi-mar Tu le bas war mo ad ge nen, ma Ti gan vi Ta re ba ga mo iw vevs, ro gorc sa er Ta So ri so, ise re gi-
o na lur tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bas kav ka si a Si.
mo ce mu li amo ca na Se iZ le ba amo ix snas sa av to mo bi lo tu riz mis sa xe o be bis kla si fi ka ci is meS ve o biT.
vi na i dan sa av to mo bi lo tu riz mi iT va lis wi nebs av to-sat ran spor to sa Su a le be bis (Sem-deg Si-ass) ga mo ye nebs, Se iZ le ba ga mov yoT mi si kla si fi ka ci is Sem de gi ni Sa ne bi: `ga mo ye ne-
bu li av to-sat ran spor to sa Su a le ba`; `sa mog za u ro ge og ra fia`; `or ga ni za ci is for ma; `mog za u ro bis mi za ni`; `mo na wi le Ta ric xvi~ da sxv.
Cvens mi er Se mo Ta va ze bu li sa av to mo bi lo tu riz mis kla si fi ka cia sa Su a le bas mog vcems Se vi mu Sa voT tu ris tu li av tok las te re bis for mi re bi sa da gan vi Ta re bis me qa niz me bis mar Tvis in stru men te bi.
mog za u ro bis uSu a lo mi zans _ gan saz Rvravs tu ris tu li re sur se bi, ge og ra fia da in-fras truq tu ra, mog za u ro bis ti pi, for ma da xer xi. ase ve, av to mog za u ro ba ze gav le nas ax dens in fras truq tu ru li moT xov ne bi _ mog za u ro bis or ga ni za ci is, ris kis faq to re-
bis, usaf rTxo e bi sa da sa mar Tleb ri vi uz run vel yo fis Se sa xeb. praq ti ku lad es faq to re-
bi gan saz Rvra ven mog za u ro bis mo na wi le Ta ra o de no bas da maT Se mad gen lo ba sac.
av to tu ris tu li klas te ris cne ba
av to tu ris tu li klas te re bi aer Ti a ne ben im war mo e beb sa da or ga ni za ci ebs, rom le bic ewe ve i an tu ris tul da Tan mxleb mom sa xu re bas, da av to tu ris te bi saT vis uz run vel yo-
fen ci vi li ze bul pi ro bebs. es klas te re bi sa ku Tar Tav Si mo i ca ven gzis pi ra sas tum ro-
ebs (mo te le bi), kem pin gebs, par ki re bebs msu bu qi da sam gzav ro av tot ran spor ti saT vis, ka-fe eb sa da res tor nebs, av to ser vi sebs, ma Ra zi ebs gzis pi ra vaW ro bi saT vis, av to ga sa marT kom pleq sebs da sxv.
klas te re bis age bi sas mi zan Se wo ni lia gaT va lis wi ne bul iq nas ad gi lob ri vi tra di ci e bi, sa er To eT ni ku ri da so ci a lu ri kul tu ra. so ci a lur faq to rebs mi a kuT vne ben ase ve ga-naT le bis sfe ro sac, ro me lic au ci le be lia klas ter Si mo na wi le yve la sa war mo saT vis spe ci fi ku ri, Ta na med ro ve ti pis, kad re bis mo sam za deb lad.
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av tok las te re bis gan vi Ta re bis prob le ma
sa av to mo bi lo tu riz mis in fras truq tu ris for mi re bi sa da gan vi Ta re bis sak van Zo prob le me bi Se iZ le ba Ca mo va ya li boT Sem deg na i rad:
sag zao ser vi sis ar se bu li sis te mis Ta na med ro ve moT xov neb Tan adap ta ci is an ax lis Seq-mnis prob le me bi;
av to sat ran spor to sa Su a le be bis, maT So ris av to sax le bis, ga qi ra ve bis sis te mis arar-
se bo ba;
av to sax le bis mom sa xu re bis srul fa so va ni sis te mis arar se bo ba (mo ce mu li sat ran spor-
to sa Su a le be bi saT vis ar aris teq ni ku ri mom sa xu re bis spe ci a li zi re bu li sad gu re bi);
praq ti ku lad ar ar se bobs in fras truq tu ra me qa rav ne e bis Tvis, rac, saz Rvar ga re Tis tu ro pe ra to re bis az riT, ar se bi Tad am ci rebs maT na kads sa qar Tve lo Si;
sag zao sis te mi sa da tu ris tu li na os no bis ara sak ma ri sad gan vi Ta re bu li sa in for ma cio wvdo ma da a.S.
zo ga dad tu ris tu li klas te re bi sa da ker Zod tu ris tu li av tok las te re bis fun qci o ni-
re bis ar se bu li praq ti ka gviC ve nebs, rom isi ni Se iZ le ba ga mo ye ne bul iq nan Cve ni qvey nis re gi o neb Si tu riz mis gan sa vi Ta reb lad.
av to tu riz mi _ zo ga di tu riz mis Se mad ge ne li na wi li
tu ris tu li av tok las te ris for mi re ba Ta vis mxriv rTul pro cess war mo ad gens, rom lis or ga ni za ci ac gu lis xmobs aram xo lod sa xel mwi fo in te re se bi sa da eko no mi kis gan vi Ta-
re bis sti mu li re bis Se saZ leb lo be bis, ara med sxva das xva sa xis eko no mi ku ri aq ti vo bis in-te re se bis, kon kre tul te ri to ri a ze moq me di cal ke u li war mo e be bi sa da or ga ni za ci e bis gan vi Ta re bis sa Su a le bis, ase ve sa baz ro pi ro be bis gaT va lis wi ne bas, rom le bic xels uw yo-
ben Se saq mne li tu ris tu li av tok las te ris kon ku ren tu na ri a no bis uz run vel yo fas.
av to tu riz mi
Tu kri te ri u mis sa xiT mi vi RebT kla si fi ka ci as `sat ran spor to sa Su a le bis ti pi`, ma Sin Seg viZ lia ga mov yoT av to tu riz mis Sem de gi kon cep tu a lu ri mo de le bi:
_ qa ra va nin gis mo de li (ass _ av to qa ra va ni, av to Ca sab me li anu `sax li bor bleb ze~);
_ mo de li `aq ti u ri me av to mo bi le~ (av to sa Su a le bis ti pi _ ne bis mi e ri av to mo bi li, rom-
lis meS ve o bi Tac Se saZ le be lia sat ran spor to qsel Si ga da ad gi le ba);
_ mo de li `av to bu siT mog za u ro ba~ (ass ti pi _ av to bu si);
_ spor tu li mo de li, maT So ris eq stre ma lu ri av to tu riz mi, ji pin gi da sxv. (ass ti pi _ `yvel gan ma va li~ spe ci a lu rad aR Wur vi li sat ran spor to sa Su a le be bi).
ze moT moy va ni li mo de le bi dan Se iZ le ba ne bis mi e ri iq nas ga mo ye ne bu li tu ris tu li av-tok las te re bis for mi re bis sa or ga ni za cio-eko no mi ku ri me qa niz mis pro eq ti re bis sa fuZ-
vlad.
amas Tan mi Ti Te bul mo de lebs aqvT ro gorc sa er To, ase ve gan sxva ve bu li Stri xe bic. ma-
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ga li Tad, qa ra va nin gis mo de li mo iT xovs spe ci fi ur in fras truq tu rul pi ro bebs (ker-
Zod, ke Til mow yo bi li kem pin ge bis ar se bo bas), xo lo mo de lis `aq ti u ri me av to mo bi le~
efeq tu ri fun qci o ni re bi saT vis sa Wi roa gzis pi ra ka fe e bis, mo te le bis da tu ris tu li in-frat ruq tu ris sxva ele men te bis gan vi Ta re bu li qse lis ar se bo ba.
av to tu riz mis ti pi ur kon cep tu a lur mo del Si war mod ge ni lia sa av to mo bi lo tu riz mis ise Ti ele men te bis ur Ti er Tqme de ba, ro go ri caa uSu a lod mom xma re be li (tu ris ti), ass, tu ris tu li re sur se bi, sag zao in fras truq tu ra, ar se bu li tu ris tu li pro duq ti, da av-to mog za u ro bis gan mi Re bu li STa beW di le be bi. amas Ta na ve mog za urs ar Se uZ lia da mo u ki-
deb lad Sec va los Ta vi si mar Sru ti.
av tok las te ris for mi re ba da in stru men te bi
ar se bobs Sem zRud ve li faq to re bic (tu ris tu li sfe ros sa xel mwi fo re gu li re bis sis-te mis `Za lis xme vis wer ti le bi`), rom leb sac Seg viZ lia mi va kuT vnoT:
_ kul tu ru li mem kvid re o bis bev ri obi eq ti na xev rad ga nad gu re bul an mTli a nad da kar-
gul mdgo ma re o ba Si im yo fe ba;
_ ara sak ma ri sad aris gan vi Ta re bu li an sru li ad ar ar se bobs sa in Jin ro in fras truq tu ra (ener go mo ma ra ge ba, wyal mo ma ra ge ba, par ki re be bi da da sas ve ne be li mo ed ne bi).
_ tu ris tu li in fras truq tu ris gan vi Ta re bis ara sak ma ri si do ne, sag zao ser vi sis obi eq-
te bis da ba li xa ris xi);
_ pi ro be bi sa da mom sa xu re bis xa ris xis ara sak ma ri si do ne pro fe si o na lu ri kad re bis uk-
ma ri so bis ga mo;
_ qa ra va nin gis, maT So ris av to sax le bi sa da sac xov re be li Ca sab me le bis mqo ne av to mo bi-
le bis maq si ma lu rad da saS ve bi wo nis nor ma ti ul-sa mar Tleb riv ba za Si xar ve ze bis ar se-
bo ba;
_ av to sax le bi sa da qa ra va ne bis mom sa xu re o ba ze spe ci a li zi re bu li teq ni ku ri mom sa xu re-
bis sad gu ris (tms) arar se bo ba, sa qar Tve los re gi o neb Si;
aq ve un da aRi niS nos, rom av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bas qve ya na Si xels uS lis sar Ta So ri-
so tran spor ti saT vis Ta na med ro ve ar te ri e bis (xa ze bis) gan vi Ta re bis Se da re biT da ba li do ne.
av to tu ris tu li klas te re bis prob le me bi
av to tu riz mis mom sa xu re o ba ze moT xov nis zrdi sas, mi si gan vi Ta re biT sa xel mwi fos da in-
te re se bis ma te bi sas, au ci le be lia Se sa ba mi si in fras truq tu ris efeq tu ri mar Tva. vi na i-dan klas te re bi sru li ad gan sxva ve bu lia, ami tom es sxva das xva te ri to ri e bis aT vi se bi sa da mom sa xu re o bis ga we vis er Ti a ni pi ro be bis Seq mnis sa Su a le bas mog vcems. aa maR lebs mom-
sa xu re per so na lis mo ti va ci as ga u Ta nab rdnen av vtot yris te bis mom sa xu re bis sar Ta So-
ri so stan dar tebs.
gze bi da sa in for ma cio wya ro e bi
sa qar Tve lo Si re gi on Ta So ris da Si da re gi o na lur ga da ad gi le bas, gan sa kuT re bu li mniS-
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vne lo ba aqvs av to tu riz mis gan sa vi Ta reb lad.
dRes-dRe o biT av to tu ris te bi saT vis sa qar Tve los re gi o neb Si mim zid ve lo bis Se mam ci-
re bel ne ga ti ur faq tors war mo ad gens ase ve sa in for ma cio ma sa le bis arar se bo ba gzeb ze tu ris tu li obi eq te bis ar se bo bis Se sa xeb. rac au ci le be lia tu ris tu li av tok las te re-
bis fun qci o ni re bis me qa niz mis uz run vel sa yo fad.
eko lo gia
sa ku Ta ri av to mo bi le biT Tvi Tor ga ni ze bu li mog za u ro be bi mom xma re bel Ta mci re jgu-
fe bi sa, rom le bic sac xov reb lad iye ne ben, an kar vebs, an ker Zo seq to ris mom sa xu re bas, rac xSi rad re gi o ne bis te ri to ri a ze iw vevs, ara kon tro li re bad tu ris tu li saq mi a no bas, es ki, war mo ad gens udi des prob le mas, ro me lic ze gav le nas ax dens lan dSaf tze, eko lo gi-
a ze da ga re mom cvel sam ya ro ze, bi o re sur seb ze, ra sac miv ya varT tu ris tu li re sur se bis mim zid ve lo bi sa da maT Se saZ lo da kar gvam dec ki.
av to tu riz mis gan sa vi Ta reb lad au ci le be lia Sem de gi po zi ci e bis mom za de ba da srul yo-
fa:
av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis zo ga di kon cef cia po ten ci a li sa da mi si gan vi Ta re bis prob-
le me bis re gi o na lu ri da dar gob ri vi wi nas wa ri kvle viT;
av to tu riz mis nor ma ti ul-ka non mdeb lo bi Ti uz run vel yo fa _ nor ma ti ul-ka non mdeb-
lo bi Ti do ku men te bis mi Re ba, im stan dar te bi sa, rom le bic zRu da ven bu ne ba ze ada mi a nis saq mi a no bi dan ga mom di na re ne ga ti ur ze moq me de bas (~mwva ne stan dar te bi~ [1], rom le bic war mo ad ge nen te ri to ri is mdgra di gan vi Ta re bis uz run vel yo fis ele ments, vi na i dan mi-mar Tul ni ari an ada mi a ni saT vis ke Til sa sur ve li sac xov re be li ga re mos Seq mna sa da ga re-
mom cve li sam ya ros dac va ze: sam Se neb lo obi eq te bi, rom le bic Se e sa ba me bi an `mwva ne stan-
dar te bi`-s stan darts, upi ra te so bas iZ le vi an in ves to re bi saT vis, uZ ra vi qo ne bis mflo-
be le bi saT vis, xo lo av to tu riz mis glo ba lu ri eTi kis ko deq sis mi Re ba uz run vel yofs ndo bas Si da, Se mom svle li da gam svle li av to tu riz mis yve la mo na wi les So ris [2];
re gi o na lu ri av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re ba
sa kad ro uz run vel yo fam xe li un da Se uw yos av to tu riz mis in dus tri is gan vi Ta re bis eko-
no mi kur, eko lo gi ur da kul tu rul as peq tebs;
mar Sru tis gav li sa da mas ze das ve ne bis pro ces Si sta bi lu ri in ter net kav Si ris
av to ser vi sis sa war mo e bi _ av to tu ris te bi sa da av to mo bi le bis sa mom sa xu reo obi eq te bis sta bi lu ri fun qci o ni re bis uz run vel yo fa: mom sa xu re bis ma Ra li xa ris xi da da na xar je-
bis mi ni mu mam de day va na.
das ve ne bis or ga ni ze ba tu ris tul av tok las te reb Si av to tu ris te bis ga da ad gi le bis sxva-das xva xer xis ga mo ye ne ba (saq ve i To mok le mar Sru te bi, ve lo, sac xe nos no bi li ke bi da sxv.);
Ra mis ga sa Te vad da da sas ve neb lad gan Tav se bis sa Su a le be bis sim wi re [3]: Cvens qve ya na Si ar ar se bobs ma reg la men ti re be li do ku men te bi av to tu ris te bis spe ci a li zi re bul gan Tav-
se bis ad gi le beb Si maT mom sa xu re bas Tan da kav Si re biT;
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kve bis sa war mo e bis me ni u eb Si asa xu li un da iyos ad gi lob ri vi erov nu li Ta vi se bu re be bic eko lo gi u rad suf Ta pro duq te bis ga mo ye ne biT;
Ta vi su fa li dro i sa da das ve ne bis sa war mo e bi un da iT va lis wi neb dnen maT mi ni ma lur teq-
no ge nur da kul tu rul ze gav le nas mo ce mul te ri to ri a ze da mis mo sax le o ba ze;
yve la es faq to ri da pi ro be bi un da Se e sa ba me bo des sa qar Tve lo Si av to tu riz mis mdgra di gan vi Ta re bis uz run vel yo fis mi Re bul prin ci pebs. qve ya na Si xa ris xi a ni da mci re bi u je-
ti a ni av to tu riz mis mdgra di gan vi Ta re bis wi na pi ro bebs war mo ad gens uk ve ar se bu li yve-la mo na wi lis re sur se bi sa da sa Su a le be bis Se nar Cu ne ba, mi ni mi za cia, TviT re gu li re ba, Tvi Tor ga ni za cia da maT Tvis adap ta ci i sa da aR dge nis pi ro be bis Seq mna.
re gi o na lu ri av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re ba
msof li o Si av to tu riz mi sa da tu ris tu li av tok las te re bis gan vi Ta re bis Zi ri Ta di mo-
na ce me bi war mod ge ni lia qa ra va nin gSi. av to tu riz mis baz ris mo na ce me bis kvle va pir ve lad Ca tar da 2007-2008 ww. tu riz mis ger ma nu li eko no mi ku ri in sti tu tis mi er (DWIF) mi un xe-
nis uni ver si tet Si da qa ra va nin gis ev ro pu li fe de ra ci is mi er (ECF). kvle veb ma ga mok ve Ta av to tu riz mis ori yve la ze msxvi li ba za ri _ Crdi lo eT ame ri ka da ev ro pa. Tum ca Ra, am baz reb ze ar se bu li ten den ci e bi ara er Tgva ro va ni iyo.
Crdi lo eT ame ri kam 2012 wli saT vis 2008 wlis kri zi sis Sem deg daZ lia ne ga ti u ri di na mi-
ka da am wel Si mo ax di na 274500 tu riz mi saT vis sa Wi ro tran spor tis re a li ze ba, amas Tan ev ro pis av to tu riz mis ba za ri ar iyo ise sta bi lu ri da axa si a Teb da aR mas vle bi da var-
dne bi. si tu a ci as, ga yid ve bis Tval saz ri siT, av stra li a Si, ia po ni a sa da sam xreT af ri ka Si, rom le bic im yo fe bi an me sa me, me oT xe da me xu Te ad gi leb ze, aqvs ma Ra li da de bi Ti di na mi ka. DWIF sa er To jam Si da iT va la 18,75 mln. Ra mis Te va po lo ne Tis, Ce xe Tis, slo va ke Tis, un-
gre Tis, xor va ti is, bul ga re Tis da ru mi ne Tis 1300 kem pin gSi, ra mac aR mo sav leT ev ro-
pis mi Ti Te bul qvey nebs da ma te biT 600 mln. ev ro mo u ta na. ECF dak ve TiT Ca ta re bul ma kvle veb ma da sav leT ev ro pi saT vis kem ping-tu riz mis gan mi Re bu li amo na ge bi Se a fa ses 15,33 mi li ard ev rod.
uc xo eT Si av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis ana li zi
ev ro pul qvey neb Si ar se bo ben Se sa ba mi si or ga ni za ci e bi da aso ci a ci e bi, rom le bic aram-
xo lod aR ric xa ven av to tu riz mis sta tis ti kas, ara med gan saz Rvra ven mi si gan vi Ta re bis Zi ri Tad ten den ci ebs, gan saz Rvra ven me tad po pu la rul mi mar Tu le bebs.
Seg viZ lia ga mov yoT ise Ti or ga ni za ci e bi, ro go re bi caa qa rav ne bis mwar mo e bel Ta kav Si ri ger ma ni a Si (CIVID), kem pin ge bi sa da qa ra van-sad go me bis aso ci a ci e bis ev ro pu li fe de ra cia (EFCO&HPA), ger ma ni is tu riz mis aso ci a cia (DTV), qa rav ne bis mwar mo e bel Ta ev ro pu li fe de ra cia (ECF) da sxve bi. am or ga ni za ci e bis sa i te bis ana li zi sa Su a le bas iZ le va vim sje-
loT ev ro pa Si av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis Za li an ma Ral do ne ze. yo vel wli u rad ADAC ga ni xi le ba 2,5 mi li o ni moT xov na tu riz mis dar gSi, ro mel Ta So ri sac da ax lo e biT 11% _ av to tu ris te bis moT xov ne bia.
308
gan vi Ta re bis per speq ti vis ana li zi
av tok las te ris for mi re ba Si gan sa kuT re bu li ad gi li uWi ravs re gi o nis te ri to ri a ze wri u li ga da ad gi le bis Se saZ leb lo bas, rac zo gavs av to tu ris tis dros da ga mo ric xavs gan Sto e be bis ad gil ze dab ru ne bis au ci leb lo bas, amas Ta na ve sa qar Tve los Zi ri Ta di sat-
ran spor to ar te ri e bis dat vir Tvis re gu li re bis sa Su a le bas iZ le va sat ran zi to sat vir-
To da tu ris tu li na ka de bis da yo fiT.
gar da ami sa, mo der ni za cia un da gu lis xmob des mo to, ve lo da saq ve i To bi li ke bis qse lis Seq mnas av tok las te ris saC ve ne be li obi eq te bis far gleb Si ga da sa ad gi leb lad.
sa qar Tve lo Si av to-mo to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis da geg mvis pro ce sis kvle vis sa fuZ vel-
ze Se saZ le be lia re gi o nis tu ris tu li av tok las te ris gan Tav se bis ram de ni me zo nis mo az-
re ba.
re gi o ne bis av tok las te ris obi eq te bis gan Tav se bis ad gi le bi Se iZ le ba iyos sxva das xva rek re a ci ul zo neb Si: ma Ral mTi a neT Si (Sa ti li, gu da u ri, ju Ta, uS gu li da sx.), wyli sa da bu neb ri vi re sur se bis-mov le ne bis ax los, Sa vi zRvis, bu neb ri vi Tu xe lov nu ri tbe bis, mTis mdi na re e bis, Can Cqe re bis mim de ba re te ri to ri e bi (pa li as to mis, fa rav nis, ba za le Tis tbe bi, Tbi li sis zRva), kul tu ru li mem kvid re o bis cno bil da asaT vi se bel obi eq teb Tan, (12000-ze me ti ek le sia-mo nas te ri), mu ze u meb Tan Ria cis qveS (va ni, uf lis ci xe, var Zia), bu ne bis Zeg leb Tan (daS ba Sis, mar tvi lis, gve le Tis ka ni o ne bi-Can Cqe re bi). wi nas wa ri gaT-
vle biT av tok las te ris Seq mnam re gi o nab Si Se iZ le ba mo i zi dos da ma te biT 1000000-ze me ti tu ris ti we li wad Si.
sa qar Tve los te ri to ri a ze av tok las te re bis for mi re ba gan saz Rvravs maT saz Rvreb Si av-to sag zao qse lis mo der ni za ci is au ci leb lo bas. amis Se de gad av tok las te ris saz Rvre bis far gleb Si au ci le be lia uz run vel yo fil iq nas mok le va diT av to mo bi le bis ga sa Ce re be-
li av to sad go me bis (~ji be e bi sa~ da sa va li na wi lis gan SeW ri li ad gi le bis sa xiT), sas tum-
ro e bi sa da tu ris tu li obi eq te bis mim de ba re te ri to ri a ze av to mo bi le bis da cu li ga sa-Ce re be li ad gi le bis sis te mis ga mar Tva.
sa qar Tve lo Si av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bis ki dev erT gan msaz Rvrel faq tors war mo ad-
gens av to tu riz mi saT vis av to-sat ran spor to sa Su a le be bis (ass) ga qi ra ve bis sis te mis gan vi Ta re ba.
sa qar Tve los gan vi Ta re bis pri o ri te tu li mi mar Tu le be bis re a li za ci a sa da eko no mi kis sfe ro e bis gan vi Ta re ba Si av to tu riz mi sa efeq tu rad Car Tvi saT vis au ci le be lia Sem de gi sak van Zo amo ca ne bis amox sna:
_ sa qar Tve lo Si da mis saz Rvrebs ga reT im re gi o ne bis war mo Ce na, rom le bic mxars dam We ri av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bi sa da mi si fun qci o ni re bis pi ro be bis re gi o ne bis
_ av to tu riz mis gan vi Ta re bi sa da mi si fun qci o ni re bis xel Sem wyo bi re gi o ne bis sa qar-
Tve los saz Rvrebs ga reT, po pu la ri za cia;
_ tu riz mi saT vis yve la pro fi lur sfe ro Si, maT So ris mom sa xu re bis sfe ro Si, mci re biz-
ne sis gan vi Ta re bis sti mu li re ba;
_ re gi on Si sa er Ta So ri so ope ra to re bis mo zid va (ote li e re bis, tu ro pe ra to re bis, res-
to ra to re bis, gar To bis da a.S.);
_ `tu ris tu li in fras truq tu ris~ pro eq te bis re a li za ci i saT vis in ves ti ci e bis mo zid va;
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_ av to tu ris te bis re gi on Si Se mos vlis maq si ma lu rad ga i o le bi saT vis ev ro pu li do nis sat ran spor to wvdo mis uz run vel yo fa.
Ca ta re bu li kvle vis Se de gad Seg viZ lia ga va ke ToT das kvne bi, rom sa qar Tve lo Si av to tu-
riz mis gan vi Ta re bis uz run vel yo fi sa da efeq tu ri tu ris tu li av tok las te re bis Seq mni-
sas, for mi re bis dros Se saZ loa ori en ta cia ga keT des ro gorc ev ro pul, ase ve aSS-s, ka-
na di sa da av stra li is ga moc di le ba ze. am qvey neb Si dag ro ve bu li ga moc di le ba Se iZ le ba adap ti re bul iq nas sa qar Tve lo Sic.
li te ra tu ra:
____________________________________________________________________________
1. mwva ne po li ti ka da ga re mos dac va; mwva ne al ter na ti va 2013;2. sa qar Tve los ga re mos dac vis moq me de ba Ta me sa me erov nu li prog ra ma, 2017-2021;3. ener go dam zo ga vi, eko lo gi u ri, gan Tav se bis sa Su a le be bis Car Tva sa sof lo tu riz-
mSi, sa er Ta So ri so sa mec ni e ro_ praq ti ku li Jur na li № 4, ISSN № 2449-2396, Tbi li si, 2017/30/06
310
MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF AUTO TOURISM CLUSTERS IN GEORGIA
David Lolua
Associate professorPresident of the Georgian
Auto-moto tourism Federation
AbstractThe article presents the monitoring carried out by the Georgian Federation of Auto-Moto Tourism (hereinafter – GFAMT). The introduction of this direction of tourist traffi c on the territory of Georgia will create many advantages in this new direction of business. In particular, the revenues of the state and local budgets will increase, unemployment will decrease and the quality of life of the population will improve. Auto tourism clusters will create additional motivation for the development of tourist services and new roadside infrastructure: new motels, campgrounds, parking lots for cars and trailers, cafes and restaurants, car services, etc. will open. This will increase the professionalism of service personnel and establish international service standards.In the research are discussed the economic, environmental and cultural aspects of the general concept, and the potential for developing the direction of auto tourism, the need to clarify and adopt regulatory documents in accordance with international standards; Equipping the roadway, new, operated routes with technological and technical means; The need to organize rehabilitation and health enterprises; Creating specialized-safe, environmentally acceptable material and legal conditions for nutrition and accommodation. Providing tourism enterprises with educated personnel.As a result of the study, the necessary conditions for the effective development of the priority areas of the auto tourism sector and the Georgian economy were identifi ed: a) popularization of the country’s regions abroad; b) stimulating business development; c) attraction of investments; d) creating diversity in the fi eld of tourist service facilities; e) Increase in income from tourism, etc.The analysis showed that for the creation and formation of effective tourist auto clusters and for the development of tourism, it is necessary to adopt the experience of the leading tourist countries of the world.
INTRODUCTIONThe Georgian Federation of Auto and Moto Tourism has monitored that part of the implementation of program activities, which are fi nanced in the fi eld of auto tourism and the tourism industry.Rich natural, landscape, cultural and historical potential, as well as many events create real preconditions for the development of auto tourism in Georgia.At present, the tourism sector is receiving great attention from both the authorities, practitioners and the scientifi c community. Tourism is viewed not just as a recreational component of public life, but also as a source of income for state and local budgets, as a means of reducing unemployment and, in general, improving the quality of life of the population.The novelty of this study lies in the conceptual substantiation of the directions for improving the organizational and economic mechanism of the formation of a tourist auto cluster at the state and regional levels.
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ESSENCE OF THE AUTO TOURISM MODELThe traditional concept of automobile tourism is associated with the travel of people, and the main means of transportation is a personal or rented car.Organized car tours are a fairly new direction in the tourism business of Georgia. Its further development will ensure the development of both international and regional tourism in the Caucasus.This problem can be solved by classifying the types of car tourism.It is generally accepted that any journey involving the use of motor vehicles can be classifi ed as automobile tourism. Consequently, as a feature of the classifi cation, one can single out the “Vehicle used”; “Form of organization”; “Geography of travel”; “Type of tourism”; “Purpose of Travel”; “Number of participants”, etc.The classifi cation of automobile tourism proposed by us will make it possible to develop an appropriate toolkit for managing the mechanism for the formation and development of tourist auto clusters.The purpose of the trip is determined by the tourist resources and infrastructure, type, geography, form and way of travel. Infrastructure requirements, transport safety and travel arrangements, risk factors, safety and legal support also affect it. Almost all the same factors determine both the number of participants in the trip and their composition.
DEFINITION OF AUTO-TOURIST CLUSTERAuto tourism clusters unite enterprises and organizations that provide tourism and related services, complementing each other and providing civilized conditions for auto tourists. Auto tourism clusters include roadside hotels (motels), campgrounds, parking lots for cars and passenger vehicles, cafes and restaurants, car services, roadside shops, petrol stations, etc.When constructing clusters, it is advisable to take into account informal-institutional factors, i.e. local traditions, interethnic and social culture are conditions that directly affect the tourism industry locally. As a rule, social factors also include the sphere of education, which is part of the sphere of training for all cluster participants, therefore, it determines not only the human potential for the tourism cluster, but also the basis for creating new tourism resources in the region.
THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOCLUSTERSThe key problems of the formation and development of the infrastructure of automobile tourism can be formulated as follows: problems of creating a new road service system, or adapting of the existing system to modern requirements; lack of a rental system for vehicles, including Car shops; lack of a full-fl edged service system for motorhomes (there are no specialized service stations, or auto repair shops); There is practically no infrastructure for caravaners, which, according to foreign tour operators, signifi cantly reduces their fl ow to Georgia; insuffi ciently developed information accessibility of the road system and tourist navigation, etc.An auto tourist cluster can be defi ned as an organized set of objects of tourist attraction (tourist attractions) and objects of specialized transport infrastructure necessary for tourists using vehicles; the combination of objects of tourist attraction and transport infrastructure is characterized by the properties of an adaptive system with stable horizontal and vertical connections, which ensures the creation of an effective multicomponent product of the tourist auto cluster.
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The existing practice of the functioning of tourist clusters in general and tourist auto clusters shows that they can be used to develop tourism in the regions of our country.Auto tourism аs a component of general tourismThe formation of a tourism cluster is a complex process, its organization requires consideration of not only the state interest and opportunities to stimulate economic development, but also the interests of different types of economic activity opportunities for the development of the individual companies and organizations operating in a particular area, as well as market conditions that promote the competitiveness of the tourism cluster to be created.
AUTOTOURISMTaking “vehicle type” as the classifi cation criterion, the following conceptual models of auto tourism can be distinguished:– caravanning model (vehicle type – caravan, trailer, or “house on wheels”);– “active auto tourist” model (vehicle type – any car with which you can move along the transport network);– “travel by bus” model (vehicle type – bus);– a sports model, including extreme auto tourism, jeeping, etc. (vehicle type – specially equipped vehicles of the “all-terrain” class).Each of the above models can serve as the basis for designing an organizational and economic mechanism for the formation of tourist auto clusters from the point of view of the target segment of auto tourists.Auto tourismEach of the above mentioned models can serve as the basis for designing an organizational and economic mechanism for the formation of tourist auto clusters. Moreover, these models have both common and distinctive features. For example, the caravanning model requires specifi c infrastructural conditions (in particular, the presence of equipped campsites), while the “active auto tourist” model has no obvious specifi c features; for its effective functioning, it requires a developed network of roadside cafes, motels and other elements of tourist infrastructure. The conceptual model of car tourism requires the fulfi llment of a number of conditions, since a traveler cannot independently change his route, and is strictly tied to certain stages and conditions of travel.In a typical conceptual model of auto tourism, it is necessary to take into account the interaction of such elements of automobile tourism as the consumer (tourist), a vehicle, tourist resources, infrastructure (primarily road and tourist), an existing tourist product, tourism organizers, state institutions and, as a result, the impressions of the road trip.Autocluster formationThere also exist limiting factors (“points of application of forces” of the system of state regulation of the tourism sector), which include:– many of the objects of cultural heritage are in a dilapidated or completely lost state;– underdeveloped or completely absent engineering infrastructure on a number of highways (energy supply, water supply, parking and recreation areas for auto tourists, treatment facilities, the possibility of removing solid household waste);– insuffi cient level of development of the tourist infrastructure (lack of accommodation for auto tourists, catering, trade and leisure facilities, low quality of road service facilities on the highways of the region);– insuffi cient level of quality of services and services due to lack of professional staff;– lack of a classifi cation system for camping sites;
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– the presence of gaps in the regulatory framework for caravanning, including the maximum allowed mass of motorhomes, cars, and caravans;– lack of service stations specializing in servicing motorhomes and caravans, which is typical for all regions of Georgia;– insuffi ciently effective system for promoting cultural and historical heritage sites and objects of the region that are attractive to auto tourists.In addition to general limiting factors, a relatively low level of development of public intercity transport lines is a threat to the development of auto tourism.
AUTO TOURISM CLUSTERS – Problems and DisadvantagesWith the increasing demand for auto tourism services and the growing interest of the state in its development, it is necessary to look for ways and approaches that will allow it to be effectively managed.The cluster approach acts as a tool that will create conditions for the development of common standards, incl. service standards, in the design and implementation of infrastructure projects in the framework of automobile tourism. The interest of cluster members in effective functioning will signifi cantly improve the quality of services provided, and since clusters are very diverse in form and type, this will cover different territories and create uniform conditions for the provision of services.Roads and informative sourcesThe presence and condition of roads of regional and intermunicipal importance, providing interregional and intraregional travel, is of particular importance for the development of auto tourism and, in addition, are an essential element of the transport infrastructure.At the moment a negative factor that reduces the tourist attractiveness of many regions of Georgia for autotourists is also the lack of information materials on the presence of tourist facilities on the roads. In the future, this direction should be made one of the mandatory directions of the functioning of tourist auto clusters.EcologyIt should be noted that at present, most (out of a small total mass) of auto tours today are self-organized trips of small groups of consumers in their own cars, which either use tents or private sector services offered by residents of local settlements for accommodation. Uncontrolled tourist activity on the territory of the regions is one of the biggest problems affecting the landscape, ecology and environment, biological resources, which leads to the loss of the attractiveness of tourist resources and their possible loss.In order to develop the auto tourism in the country, it is necessary to prepare and improve:1. a general concept for the development of auto tourism with a preliminary regional and sectoral study of
the potential and problems of its development;2. regulatory and legislative support of auto tourism:
a. the adoption of regulatory and legislative documents, incl. standards that limit the negative impact on nature from human activities (“green standards”), which are an element of ensuring sustainable development of the territory, since they are aimed at creating a favorable human environment and protecting the natural environment;
b. construction projects that meet the standards of “green standards” provide benefi ts for investors, property owners, as well as designers and management companies;
c. the adoption of a global code of ethics for auto tourism provides trust between all participants in domestic, inbound and outbound auto tourism;
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Development of regional auto tourismStaffi ng should contribute to the comprehensive formation of a high quality auto tourism industry, taking into account the economic, environmental and cultural aspects of the development of the destination;Auto-moto service companies should ensure stable operation, high quality of service and minimize the costs of auto-moto tourists at car service centers,Organization of tourist recreation – use in tourist auto clusters of various means used by auto tourists (e.g. short routes, bike paths, horse paths, etc.)Insuffi cient number of places for overnight stays and for recreation: In our country, there are no regulatory documents regarding the service of auto tourists in specialized places of their rest;Local national dishes should also be included in the menu of food industry enterprises that use environmentally friendly products;Diverse leisure enterprises should ensure their minimal technogenic and cultural impact on the given territory and its population.All these factors and conditions should comply with the accepted principles of ensuring sustainable development of auto tourism in Georgia. High-quality and low-budget sustainable development of the country is a prerequisite for ensuring the resources and means of preservation, minimization, self-regulation, self-organization, as well as conditions for adaptation and restoration, already available to all its participants.Development of regional auto tourismThe main data on the development of auto tourism and tourist auto clusters in the world are presented by caravanning. The analysis of data on the auto tourism market was fi rst carried out in 2007-2008. By the German Economic Institute for Tourism (DWIF) at the University of Munich and the European Caravanning Federation (ECF) https://www.e-c-f.com/ . Research has identifi ed two of the largest caravan markets – North America and Europe. However, the trends observed in these markets were not the same.By 2012, after the 2008 crisis, North America overcame the negative dynamics and sold 274,500 vehicles for tourism this year, while the European auto tourism market was not so stable and was characterized by ups and downs. The situation, in terms of sales, in Australia, Japan and South Africa, which are in third, fourth and fi fth places, has a large positive trend. DWIF counted a total of 18.75 million overnight stays in 1,300 campsites in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania, bringing an additional 600 million euros to the indicated countries of Eastern Europe. A study commissioned by ECF estimated revenues from camping tourism at € 15.33 billion for Western Europe.Foreign development analysisIn European countries, there are relevant organizations and associations that not only keep statistics of auto tourism, but also determine the main trends in its development, determine the most popular directions, new proposals, and infl uence the quality level of auto tourism through the development of various kinds of norms and rules for the functioning of auto clusters. There are such organizations as the German Caravan Manufacturers Union (CIVID), the European Federation of Camping and Caravan Associations (EFCO & HPA) https://www.efcohpa.eu/ , the German Tourism Association (DTV), the European Caravan Manufacturers Federation (ECMF) and others. An analysis of the sites of these organizations allows us to judge the very high level of development of auto tourism in Europe. ADAC processes 2.5 million travel requests annually, of which about 11% are travel requests.Analysis of the development prospectsA special place in the formation of the auto cluster is occupied by the possibility of circular movement across the territory of the region, which saves the time of the auto tourist and eliminates the need to return to the places of forks, allowing, among other things, to regulate the loading on the main transport arteries of Georgia, dividing transit freight and tourist fl ows.
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It should also be mentioned that for the effective development of the road network, legal support is needed for the modernization and reconstruction of regional and municipal roads in order to ensure transport communication at the interregional, state and international level. In addition, the modernization should involve the creation of a network of cycling and walking paths for movement within the display facilities of the auto cluster. Based on the study of the planning process for the development of auto tourism in Georgia, several zones can be distinguished for the location of the tourist auto cluster of the region.The placement of auto-cluster complexes in the regions can be carried out in various recreational zones: in the highlands (Shatili, Gudauri, Juta, Ushguli, etc.); Near the water and close to various natural resources – near the Black Sea, next to natural or artifi cial lakes, mountain rivers, waterfalls (Paliastomi, Paravani, Bazaleti lakes, Tbilisi Sea), famous and assimilated cultural heritage sites (more than 12,000 monasteries), open-air museums (Vani, Uplistsikhe, Vardzia), natural monuments (Gveleti, Dashbashi, Martvili canyons and waterfalls). According to preliminary estimates, the creation of an auto cluster in the region could attract an additional 1,000,000 tourists a year.The formation of auto clusters on the territory of Georgia determines the need to modernize the road network within its borders. As a result, within the boundaries of the car cluster, it is necessary to create parking lots for cars near hotels and tourist sites, as well as to provide “pockets” and exits from the roadway for short-term stops of cars. Another factor that determines the development of auto tourism in Georgia is the vehicle rental system for auto tourism.In order to effectively integrate tourism in general and auto tourism, in particular, into the implementation of Georgia’s priority development directions, it is necessary to solve the following key tasks:– assistance in the promotion of the regions of Georgia that support the development of auto tourism and the conditions for its functioning abroad;– stimulating the development of small businesses in all spheres of tourism, including the service sector;– attracting international operators to the region (hoteliers, tour operators, restaurateurs, entertainment, etc.);– attraction of investments for the implementation of a pool of “tourist infrastructure” projects;– ensuring transport accessibility of the European level in order to maximally facilitate the access of auto tourists to the region.Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that in the formation of the provision of the development of auto tourism in Georgia and for the creation of effective tourist auto clusters, one can focus on both the European experience and the experience of the USA, Canada and Australia. The experience accumulated in these countries can be adapted to the Georgian conditions.
References_______________________________________________________________________________________1. Green policy and environmental protection; Green Alternative 2013;2. The Third National Environmental Protection Action Program of Georgia for 2017-2021; 3.3. Involvement of energy-saving, ecological, and accommodation facilities in rural tourism, International
Scientifi c and Practical Journal No. 4, ISSN No. 2449-2396, Tbilisi, 2017/30/06.
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias q. 4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30E–mail: [email protected]; [email protected];
