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Islam Expands. Chapter 10 Section 2. Caliph Umayyads Shi’a Sunni. Sufi Abbasids Al- Andulas Fatimid. Key Terms. Muhammad had not named a successor Abu-Baker loyal friend Caliph- means successor or deputy. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Muhammad had not named a successor
Abu-Baker loyal friend
Caliph- means successor or deputy
Right Guided Caliphs
Umar, Uthman, and Ali all had know Muhammad
Rule was called caliphate
Jihad-striving against evil
Encouraged and justified expansion
Right Guided Caliphs
634 AD Muslim state controlled Arabia
Umar second caliph conquered Syria and Egypt
Uthman and Ali expanded territory from Atlantic ocean to Indus River
Reasons for Success
Muhammad had expressed desire to spread Islam
Victories a sign of Allah’s support
Gave energy and inspiration
Willing to struggle
Reasons for Success
Muslim armies well trained and disciplined
Weakness in other empires
Persecuted people often welcomed invaders
Attracted to message of equality and hope
Treatment of Conquered People
Muslims allowed conquered people to keep their religions
Christians and Jews paid a poll tax in exchange for exception of military duties
Subject to various restriction
Could not spread religion but could be officials and scholars
Internal Conflict Creates Crisis
656 Uthman murdered
Ali rightful rulerChallenged by
Muyawiya governor of Syria
Ali was assassinated
Umayyads-family that came to power
Internal Conflict and Crisis
Moved Muslim capitol to Damascus
Made controlling conquered territories easier
Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony
Started a split
Sunni- Shi’a Split
Majority of Muslims adopted Umayyads rule
Shi’a- party of AliCaliph needed to be a
descendant of Muhammad
Sunni- Umayyads became know as followers of Muhammad’s example
Sufi-life of poverty and devotion
Control Extends Over Three Continents
Abbasid came to power in 750
Murders the Umayyad family
Abh al-Rahmanb escaped to Spain
Set up Umayyad caliphate
Abbasids Consolidate Power
Moved capitol to Baghdad
Key route gave caliphs access to trade good
Developed strong bureracracy
Treasury kept track of money flows
Special department managed the army
Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim wealth
Rival groups divide Muslim lands
1258 Fatimid caliphate was formed
Desecendant from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
Muslim Trade Networks
Started in Africa and spread to the Red Sea
Muslim trade networkEngaged in sea trade
with the worldLand connected
China, India, Europe and Africa
Merchants needed a single language
Single currency
Muslim Trade Networks
Muslims set up banks in cities (money changers)
Offered letters of credit (sakks)
Could exchange it for cash in any other city
Europe pronounced it as check