Ionizing RadiationProfessor Giorgio Moscati

President CCRI

Consultative Committee for Ionizing Radiation

Comité consultatif des rayonnements ionisants

CCRI/CIPM

CCRI created by CIPM in 1958

CCRI/CIPM

HealthEnergy Industry

Environment

SafetyCGPM

CIPM

NMIsInternational Bodies International

GovernmentalOganizations

CIPM MRA

Security

Protection

Ionizing radiation• Health

• Energy

• Industrial

CCRI/CIPM

• Environment• Safety• Protection

Cancer therapy

Interventionalradiology

Nuclearmedicine

Product sterilization

Non-destructive testing(motor engine piston)

Nuclear power Natural activity

Decontamination

Food

Pharmaceuticals

Ionizing radiation

CCRI/CIPM

ionization events

e

Radiation discoveries and effectsDirecteffects

Indirecteffects

Cell death

Initialdamage

Modifiedcell

Damageto organ

Somaticcells

Germcells

Hereditaryeffects

Leukemia Cancer

Death oforganism

Repair

Deterministiceffects

Stochasticeffects

Henri Becquerel- activity 1896

Wilhelm Röntgen- x-rays 1895

Pierre and Marie Curie- radium & polonium 1898

James Chadwick- neutrons 1932

CCRI/CIPM

Radiotherapy Protection

Metrological quantities / units• Activity / Bq (s-1)

– mBq environmental– Bq natural levels in food– kBq natural human body content– MBq nuclear medicine diagnosis– GBq nuclear medicine therapy– TBq radiotherapy sources– PBq nuclear accident release– EBq reactor core

CCRI/CIPM

• Dose equivalent / Sv (J/kg)– nSv natural background– μSv occupational– mSv limitation

• Air kerma and Absorbed dose / Gy (J/kg)– nGy environmental– μGy occupational– mGy diagnostic – Gy radiotherapy– kGy product sterilization

Henri Becquerel

Hal Gray

Rolf Sievert

Structure of the CCRI

CCRI/CIPM

Dosimetry of x- and γ-rays, charged particles– 26 Members and

Observers(3 international)

– 2 WorkingGroups

I II

III

CCRI

Radionuclide metrology– 25 Members and

Observers(5 international)

– 6 Working Groups

Neutron metrology–14 Members and Observers (3 international)

–1 Working Group

Biennial meetings

Highlights (HL) of the past 4 years1. Generic groupings table2. Changes to international and national air

kerma standards3. Publication of key comparison results

and CMCs4. Metrologia special issues5. BIPM Monographies 5, 6 and 7

CCRI/CIPM

HL1. Generic Groupings Table• Published on the CCRI web site• Identifies 152 radionuclides by

17 generic measurement methods• Colour-coded according to difficulty

with estimated expanded uncertainties• All radionuclides compared over a 10 year cycle

Nr Nuclide

4P-B

P/A

P-PC

/PP/

LS-

GR

-NA

/GH

-CO

/AC

4P-X

R/A

E-PC

/PP/

LS-

GR

-NA

/GH

-CO

/AC

4P-A

P-LS

-00-

00-H

E

4P-X

R/A

E/PH

-LS-

00-

00-C

N/T

D

4P-B

P/A

P/XR

/AE-

NA

/CS-

00-0

0-H

E

4P-P

H-N

A-0

0-00

-HE

4P-B

P/A

P-PP

-00-

00-

HE

4P-X

R/A

E-PP

-00-

00-

HE

SA-A

P-PS

-00-

00-0

0

UA

-BP-

PC/P

P/LS

-G

R-N

A-C

T/A

T

4P-A

P/B

P/PH

/AE/

XR-

LS-0

0-00

-CN

4P-A

P/B

P/PH

/AE/

XR-

LS-0

0-00

-TD

4P-B

P-PP

-00-

00-H

E

4P-B

P-PC

-00-

00-IG

1 H-3 1 1 12 Be-7 2 13 C-11 2 24 C-14 3 2 2 15 F-18 1 2 3 36 Na-22 0.5 2 1 2 27 Na-24 0.5 0.6 1 2 28 Al-26 1.5 2 29 P-32 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.510 P-33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.511 S-35 3 2 2 312 Cl-36 1.5 1 1 2

CCRI/CIPM

HL2. 60Co air kerma standards• Changes to international and national

standards for air kerma• Publication of key comparison results

BIPM.RI(I)-K1Degrees of equivalence with the KCRV for air kerma in 60Co

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

BE

V

NM

i

NIS

T

AR

PA

NS

A

VN

IIM

NR

C

PTB

SM

U

ZMD

M

NM

IJ

NC

M

LNM

RI

LNE

-LN

HB

EN

EA

MK

EH

[Di =

(x i

- x

R) x

100

]

CCRI/CIPMBlack results = more than 10 years old – repeats scheduled

HL3a. Key comparisons and CMCs*

CCRI/CIPM

Technical partnerships of the BIPM Ionizing Radiation Section

Arg

entin

aA

ustra

liaA

ustri

aB

elgi

umB

razi

lB

ulga

riaC

anad

aC

hile

Chi

naC

zech

Rep

.D

enm

ark

Egy

ptFi

nlan

dFr

ance

Ger

man

yG

reec

eH

unga

ryIn

dia

Indo

nesi

aIre

land

Isra

elIta

lyJa

pan

Kor

ea, R

ep. o

fM

alay

sia

Mex

ico

Net

herla

nds

New

Zea

land

Nor

way

Pak

ista

nP

olan

dP

ortu

gal

Rom

ania

Rus

sian

Fed

.S

erbi

a&M

onte

nS

inga

pore

Slo

vaki

aS

outh

Afri

caS

pain

Sw

eden

Sw

itzer

land

Thai

land

Turk

ey UK

US

AV

enez

uela

Absorbed dose comparisons

Air kerma comparisons

Activity comparisons

Dosimetry calibrations

: traceability to the BIPM established through calibrations made for the IAEA

• 140 Key comparisons (26 RMO – Regional Metrology Organization)

• 29 Supplementary comparisons (8 CIPM)

• 46 Comparison reports published in last 4 years

• 3463 CMCs*

BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Am-241, 2003 CCRI(II)-K2.Am-241 and 2006 COOMET.RI(II)-K2.Am-241 Degrees of equivalence for equivalent activity of 241Am

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

AN

STO NP

L

VN

IIM

BA

RC

BE

V

BIP

M

CIE

MA

T

CM

I-IIR

CN

EA

IFIN

-HH

ININ

IRM

M

KR

ISS

LNE

-LN

HB

LNM

RI

MK

EH

NIS

T

NM

IJ

NM

ISA

PTB RC

SM

U

Bel

GIM

CE

NTI

S-D

MR

[Di

= (x

i - x

R)]

/ (M

Bq)

-48

-36

-24

-12

0

12

24

36

48

(Di

/ xR) /

(kB

q/M

Bq)

241Am activity linked comparisons

*Calibration and Measurement Capabilities

Member State involvement at the BIPM

HL3b. Key comparisons

CCRI/CIPM

• Neutron fluence comparisons 2001 published(Pilot PTB)

HL4. Metrologia special issues

• Radionuclide metrology2007 44 N°4

• Radiation dosimetry(2008)

• Neutron metrology(2009)

CCRI/CIPM

HL5(a). BIPM Monographies

• Table of radionuclidesN°5 in 3 volumes (2004, 2006)

• Stability of solutionsN°6 (2007)

• Modelling the SIR* N°7 (2007)

* International Reference System for gamma emitting radionuclides

CCRI/CIPM

HL5(b). BIPM Monographie 5

CCRI/CIPM

• Lead laboratory LNE-LNHB• Decay Data Evaluation Project• Published in 3 volumes to date • Full decay schemes and probabilities• International input, including the IAEA• Fully accessible electronically and updated• Recommended for international consistency

Future work (FW) programme

1. High-energy photon and electron dosimetry

2. Proton dosimetry3. Brachytherapy comparisons4. Comparison of short-lived radionuclides5. Mammography comparisons6. Neutron metrology challenges

CCRI/CIPM

3138% 8

58%

54%

FW1.(a) High-energy dosimetry• > 6092 clinical accelerators world-wide (DIRAC-IAEA)

– 5877 in Member States

– 111 in Associate States

– 114 Rest of the World

• > 90 000 000 patient treatments per yearusing high-energy beams (beam quality Q)

NRC Canada

Member States traceability for high-energy absorbed dose

CCRI/CIPM

direct (Q) primarystandards - needcomparisons

NMIs

Clinical accelerators

60Co comparisonsor calibrations - needdirect (Q) traceabilityto reduce uncertaintyand mistakes

for radiotherapy

FW1.(b) High-energy dosimetry• CCRI high-energy photon and electron dosimetry project

for the BIPM• CCRI Working Group on the linear accelerator project

and high-energy dosimetry comparisons• Freely available to all NMIs, for comparisons and

calibrations at radiotherapy beam qualities Q

CCRI/CIPM BIPM Primary standard graphite calorimeter

Proposed BIPM high-energy facility

RAD TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

FW2. Proton Dosimetry• Bragg peak – energy deposited

at the tumour depth• >15 clinical machines worldwide

• Compact machines being developede.g.dielectric wall accelerator

LLNL patent pending

• Calorimetry standards needed for dosimetryCCRI/CIPM

MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas

Patient

FW3. Brachytherapy comparisons

• 192Ir sources (e.g. breast cancer)– Transfer instruments to circulate to NMIs

• 125I seeds (e.g.) prostate cancer– Seeds characterized and

distributed to NMIs for measurement

• Needs a 6 month secondmentto the BIPM

CCRI/CIPM

Brachytherapysource

BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Tc-99m Degrees of equivalence for equivalent activity of 99Tcm

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

IRA LNE-LNHB BEV OMH NPL PTB

[Di =

(xi -

xR)]

/ (M

Bq)

-52

-39

-26

-13

0

13

26

39

52

[Di /

xR] /

(kBq

/MBq

)

FW4. Short-lived radionuclides• Half-lives < 2 d e.g. 99Tcm (6 h)• Measurements made at the distant NMI

using the transfer instrument• Linked to the SIR at the BIPM

CCRI/CIPM

Portable SIR Transfer Instrument

N.B. need to extend to non-European NMIs

FW5. Mammography comparisons

• Pilot studies (PTB and NMi) with transfer instruments 2006

• BIPM free-air chamber standard 2007• Molybdenum target x-ray tube facility 2008• BIPM ongoing comparisons to start 2008

CCRI/CIPM

FW6. Neutron metrology challenges• Improvement in comparison results• Radiotherapy with high-energy neutrons• Characterization of work-place fields• Laser based ion and neutron sources • Developments in fusion technology

CCRI/CIPM International Tokamak Experimental Reactor

CERN

ITER at Caderache, France

Evolution of neutron comparisons

05

10152025

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020Year

% s

prea

d

No improvement in spread for 40 years

50 years of the CCRI• The CCRI was created in 1958• First meeting in Spring 1959• 2009 will be 50th anniversary• Celebration with

– 3 Metrologia special issues– Seminars and Workshops– Historical review– Vision for the next 50 years

CCRI/CIPM

Thank-you for your kind attention

The CCRI looks forward to yourcontinued support

• Acknowledgements– The Chairmen of the CCRI Sections & WGs– The Executive Secretary of the CCRI– CCRI Members and Observers– The BIPM Director– The BIPM Staff, especially in

Ionizing RadiationCCRI/CIPM