73
Invasive grass identification and management Insert Presenter Name Insert Presentation Date

Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Invasive grass identificationand management

Insert Presenter NameInsert Presentation Date

Page 2: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

IntroductionThis module is part of a series of modules in the Pests Cost Us All project.

The project aims to improve and up date landholder knowledge in pest animal management and weed management across South Australia.

This will be achieved through provision of training and awareness sessions and demonstration sites.

The Pests Cost Us All project is part of the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, the government’s plan for stronger farmers and a stronger economy.

Page 3: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Learning outcomes from this module• Know what invasive grasses could spread to your area• Recognise the impacts of invasive grasses• Know key features to identify exotic vs native grasses • Learn how to collect samples• Understand the benefits of machinery and property hygiene in

preventing grass spread• Select appropriate objectives for invasive grass management • Understand the legal requirements for invasive grass control

Page 4: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Learning outcomes from this module…continued

• Select appropriate management techniques that will result in effective long term grass control

• Employ correct timing of grass management on the property (create a management calendar)

• Assess the effectiveness of grass management activities• Understand options for reporting new species

Page 5: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

What other issues would you like to address in relation to invasive grass management on your property?

We will record these and refer to this list throughout the session

Before we start – your issues

Page 6: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

1. Define the problem2. Determine objectives3. Develop plan4. Implement plan5. Monitor, evaluate and revise plan

Best practice weed management -key steps

Page 7: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Correctly identify weed species and understand their biology and ecology

• Set appropriate goals for weed management

• Use a range of methods• Correctly time your activities and apply

long term effort• Monitor, evaluate and adapt

management

Weed Management Principles

Page 8: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• How to identify grasses? • What invasive grasses to look for?

• Introduced grass vs native species?• Help with identifying grasses…(NR and

State Herbarium) • Is it a declared species in SA?• Is it a Weed of National Significance?• Is it an alert species?Identification is an essential first step before control is undertaken…

Step 1. Define the Problem

Page 9: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

(Step 1). Identification - Anatomy

Plant characteristics - What does it looks like?

• Growth habit, (size, colour, shape, etc.)

• Flower & seed characteristics (size and shape)

Page 10: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

(Step 1). Biology and ecology

1. Annual or perennial?2. Summer active or winter active?3. How does it spread?

Can it regenerate from roots, bulbs, seeds etc.?How long do seeds or propagules remain viable in

soil?4. How fast can it spread?5. Promoted, or controlled by grazing?

Page 11: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

(Step 1). What are the Impacts?

• Low nutrient value• Low palatability / digestibility• Poisonous if eaten• Physical injury (toxic or irritating?) • Devalue skins and wool• Change fire regimes (Interactions/ response to fire?)• Outcompete preferred native/pasture species

Page 12: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Buffel grass• Perennial clumps with high seed production –

an aggressive invader• Significant fire threat due to rapid growth rate

and fast maturation• Loss of other vegetation & useful pasture plants

ID and impacts – Cenchrus ciliaris

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 13: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Cenchrus ciliaris

Adult: purple at base

Flowering spike

Juvenile spikeSeeds dispersed / detached seed

Mature seed spike

Page 14: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Cenchrus ciliaris

Page 15: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID – Buffel Grass look-a-likesBirdwood grass-Cenchrus setiger

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 16: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID – Buffel Grass look-a-likes

Introduced Setaria verticillata –pigeon grass (right)

Native Enneapogonspecies - Black-heads (left)

Page 17: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID – Buffel Grass look-a-likes

Native Mitchell grass –Astrebla pectinata

Page 18: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID – Buffel Grass look-a-likes

Introduced Chloris gayana –Rhodes grass (right)

Introduced Cenchrus setaceus –Pennisetum orFountain grass (left)

Page 19: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Also known as Buffel grass • ID and threat status - same as Cenchrus

ciliaris• Seed heads are slightly different

- not as soft and hairy & darker in colour

ID and impacts – Cenchrus pennisetiformis

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 20: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Innocent weed• fast-growing annual grasses that produce

spiny burrs• pest plant in pastures and irrigated crops

ID and impacts – Cenchrus longispinusand C. incertus

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 21: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts - Cenchrus macrourus(Pennisetum macrourum) - African feathergrass

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 22: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Cenchrus setaceus(Pennisetum setaceum) - Fountain grass

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 23: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Cenchrus longisetus (Pennisetum villosum) -Feather-top grass

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 24: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Pampas grasses • Large (gigantic) perennial

tussock

ID and impacts – Cortaderia species

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 25: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts- Nassella leucotrichaTexas needlegrass• Perennial tussock forming

grass, up to 1m high • Found in: AMLR (Belair,

Clarendon, Scott Creek, Mt Bold)SE (Penola)

Declared

Nassella leucotrichaNative spear-grass seed

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 26: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Nassella neesiana

Chilean needlegrass• Perennial tussock forming C3 grass, up to 1m high

CNG ID Video

WoNS

Above: purple glumes

Declared Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 27: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Nassella neesiana

Above: distinctive ring of hairs known as the corona

Page 28: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Nassella tenuissima

Mexican feathergrass• Perennial grass forming dense tussocks• Extremely vigorous invasive plant

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 29: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts- Nassella tenuissima

Page 30: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Nassella trichotomaSerrated tussock• Perennial, reproduces by seed• Will significantly reduce carrying capacity

Left: tussock. Right: Old leaves with fawn coloured tips

WoNSDeclared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 31: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts- Nassella trichotoma

Page 32: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts- Nassella hyalinaCane needlegrass• Perennial tussock forming grass

Corona

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 33: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts- Nassella seeds

Page 34: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts- Nassella seeds

Page 35: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID – Nassella look-a-likesNative spear grasses-Austrostipa species

Page 36: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID – Nassella look-a-likes• Nassella species have a corona where the seed and awn meet. • The corona is contained in the red circle below (in Chilean needle grass) • Native spear-grasses have no corona. Awn and seed grade into each other. • Native spear grass pictured below lacking a corona

Page 37: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Eragrostis curvulaAfrican lovegrass• large perennial tussocks that grow to between 30 and

120 cm high

Declared

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 38: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID – Eragrostis curvula look-a-likes

Piptatherum miliaceum – Rice millet

Eragrostis trichophora

Page 39: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Hyparrhenia hirta

Coolatai grass• long lived summer active perennial tussock

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 40: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Plumerillo• long lived summer active perennial tussock• Only seen in AMLR in Adelaide Parklands &

Waite Arboretum, Urrbrae, Adelaide.

ID and impacts – Jarava plumosa

Declared

Page 41: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Gamba grass • Very large straight clumping tufted grass - 5 m tall• hairy stems and veins on leaves• A big fire risk!• Similar to Cane sugar• Spread by seed • Not yet in SA…

ID and impacts – Andropogon gayanus

Declared WoNS

Page 42: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Andropogon gayanus

Page 43: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

ID and impacts – Melinis repensRed Natal Grass

Data from AVH Jan 2017

Page 44: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• You can collect a fresh or pressed specimen for identification by an expert at your NRM Board

• You can collect a pressed specimen for identification by an expert at the State Herbarium.

• Local Officer contact details

(Step 1). Collect the plant

Page 45: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Collecting and pressing a plant for identification by a grass specialist

• What plant parts to collect and how…• What information to record

• Habit - what it looks and smells like when alive and growing

• Habitat where plant grows and abundance

(Step 1). Pressing a plant

Page 46: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

(Step 1). Pressing a plant

Page 47: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Representative parts for grasses… Just one or a few stems from root to flower

• Flowers (Important)

• Roots

• Stem

• Leaves (arrangement on stem)

• Press in paper to flatten and dry the plant out.

(Step 1). Pressing a plant

Page 48: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Your name

• Date collected (uprooted)

• Location in words

• GPS

• Habitat

• Frequency

• Habit

• Flower colour

• Any additional / helpful information

(Step 1). Pressing a plant

Page 49: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia
Page 50: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• NRM Officers and agronomists are good sources of information

• Submission to SA Herbarium

Internet resources• Grasses of Australia - Ausgras 2

identification tool • Weeds of Australia Identification tool• Australia's Virtual Herbarium• GRDC Ute guide• Atlas of Living Australia

Identification – Resources

Page 51: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Prevention• Eradication• Containment• Asset based protection

• Feasibility and cost effectiveness of each goal based on circumstances

• SMART Objectives

Step 2. Determine Objectives

Page 52: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Roadside Weed Control

Page 53: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Choose your control methods- consider feasibility, cost effectiveness

• Legal considerations

• Possible ‘side effects’ of removing weeds

• Integrated weed management (IWM) –what is it and why is it important

Step 3. Develop Plan

Page 54: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Discuss options with NRM staff• Work with neighbours wherever

possible• Landscape approach is much more

effective• Are there regional programs?

(Step 3). Working with Others

Page 55: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• NRM Act 2004- your obligation to manage declared plants

• Other Acts• Agricultural and Veterinary Products

(control of use) Act 2012• Native Vegetation Act 1991• Fire and Emergency Services Act 2005• Roadside Weed Control

(Step 3). Legal considerations

Page 56: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

(Step 3). Work Health and Safety

• Work Health and Safety Act 2012• You have a duty of care to employees and people working

on your property• YOUR welfare is also important• Risks of working with equipment, machinery, chemicals

Page 57: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Mechanical• Chemical • Biological• Cultural

Weed control appWeed Control Handbook

(Step 3). Management Options

Page 58: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Mechanical Methods

Page 59: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Chemical Methods

Right: wick wipingBelow right: aerial application

Below: spot spraying

Page 60: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Biological Control

• Selection and implementation of biological controls requires extensive research

• Several rust fungi have been investigated• Currently no biological controls for grasses in Australia

Page 61: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Cultural Methods• Grazing management (competitive

pastures)• Property hygiene

Page 62: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Entry pathways for grass species• Livestock – internal & external• Contaminated feed, seed, hay and fodder• Vehicles & machinery• Humans and pets• Soil • Wind & water

Preventing Weed Spread

Page 63: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Preventing Weed Spread

Property hygiene- Ensure vehicles that enter your property are free of weed seed- Quarantine new stock in ‘sacrificial paddock’- Know where your hay and fodder comes from - Work from clean areas to infested areas when controlling- farm biosecurity website

Page 64: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Conduct control efforts at times when maximum effectiveness is likely.

• Timing linked to;• Lifecycles of the pests• Availability of resources • Protection of assets

(Step 3). Timing of Control

Page 65: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Use your plan and implement actions

• Communicate with neighbours, and work together

Step 4. Implement Plan

Page 66: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Essential part of Integrated Pest Management

• Important to understand if control methods are being successful or not

• Allows the control program to be modified if required

Step 5. Monitor, Evaluate and revise plan

Page 67: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Numbers• % cover• photopoints

(Step 5). Monitoring methods

Page 68: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

(Step 5). Monitoring methods

• Monitor impacts (are the impacts decreasing?)• e.g. poisoning, physical injury, preferential grazing

• Pest plant surveys• e.g. examine likely areas of entry

• Monitor responses to control efforts• e.g. recovery of native flora/fauna species, improved water quality

etc

Page 69: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Reporting Report alert pest plants found on your property to NRM Biosecurity, your regional Natural Resources office or the National Pest Alert hotline:

• NRM Biosecurity phone (08) 8303 9620• Your regional Natural Resource office• National Pest Alert hotline freecall 1800 084 881.

Page 70: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Further InformationRegional Natural Resources websites www.naturalresources.sa.gov.auPIRSA Biosecurity Website http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecurity/weeds_and_pest_animalsCRC Weeds – weed management guidesBest Practice Management Manuals

Local officer contacts (insert if required)

Page 71: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

• Impacts of invasive grasses• Identification of key species• Collecting samples• Determine objectives and

develop plan• Preventing weed spread• Control techniques• Monitor and evaluate

Review – key messages

Page 72: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

Are there any issues that were recorded earlier that were not addressed?

What ideas and plans do you have for managing pests in your area?

Any other questions?

Review

Page 73: Invasive grass identification and management module...• Weeds of Australia Identification tool • Australia's Virtual Herbarium • GRDC Ute guide • Atlas of Living Australia

FEEDBACK AND EVALUATIONPlease take some time to give us your feedback so we can improve this module for future delivery.

Thank you for your participation