INTRODUCTION TO WHITE INTRODUCTION TO WHITE BLOOD CELLSBLOOD CELLS

developed bydeveloped by

Liz FracalanzaLiz Fracalanza

Tina GoodyearTina Goodyear

Hugh B. FackrellHugh B. Fackrell

Dept of Biological SciencesDept of Biological Sciences

University of WindsorUniversity of Windsor

Windsor, ON CanadaWindsor, ON Canada

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

To examine the formed To examine the formed elements of bloodelements of blood

To define the structure and To define the structure and function of the cellular function of the cellular elements elements

To differentiate between To differentiate between the various blood cells the various blood cells

IntroductionIntroduction

Blood may be separated Blood may be separated into a clear fluid into a clear fluid composed of either serum composed of either serum or plasma and formed or plasma and formed elements which contain elements which contain cells and cell fragmentscells and cell fragments

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Formed Elements of BloodFormed Elements of Blood

Leucocytes (white blood Leucocytes (white blood cells)cells)

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)Erythrocytes (red blood cells)Thrombocytes (platelets)Thrombocytes (platelets)

Frequency of W.B.C inFrequency of W.B.C in Human Blood Human Blood

WBCWBC % number/mm3% number/mm3

neutrophil 54-69 2700-6900 neutrophil 54-69 2700-6900

lymphocyte 25-33 1250-3300lymphocyte 25-33 1250-3300monocyte 3-7 150-700monocyte 3-7 150-700eosinophil 1-3 50-300 eosinophil 1-3 50-300 basophil 0-0.75 0-75basophil 0-0.75 0-75

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Structure and function of the Structure and function of the cellular elements cellular elements

NEUTROPHILSNEUTROPHILS

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsUltrastructureUltrastructureFunctionsFunctionsDistributionDistribution

Neutrophil CharacteristicsNeutrophil Characteristics

Diameter :9 -16um Diameter :9 -16um Cytoplasm :pinkCytoplasm :pinkNucleus :2-5 lobes,dark blueNucleus :2-5 lobes,dark blueLife-span :5 daysLife-span :5 daysGranules :present(not visible)Granules :present(not visible)

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Neutrophil FunctionsNeutrophil FunctionsRespond chemotactically to Respond chemotactically to various stimuli various stimuli (complement, lymphokines (complement, lymphokines and bacterial membrane and bacterial membrane components)components)

Phagocytosis of foreign Phagocytosis of foreign particles and microbesparticles and microbes

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Approximately one-half of Approximately one-half of the neutrophils found in the the neutrophils found in the body are attached to the body are attached to the endothelial lining of the endothelial lining of the blood vessels, poised to blood vessels, poised to cross the blood vessel wall cross the blood vessel wall and attack an infectionand attack an infection

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Distribution of NeutrophilsDistribution of Neutrophils

EOSINOPHILSEOSINOPHILS

Light microscopyLight microscopyUltra structureUltra structureFunctionsFunctions

Eosinophil CharacteristicsEosinophil Characteristics Diameter : 10 - 15 um Diameter : 10 - 15 um Cytoplasm : pink-greyCytoplasm : pink-grey Nucleus : purple, bi-lobedNucleus : purple, bi-lobed Life-span : 1 dayLife-span : 1 day Granules : Many, large, bright orange/redGranules : Many, large, bright orange/red

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Eosinophil UltrastructureEosinophil Ultrastructure

Eosinophil FunctionEosinophil Function

Chemotactic response to Chemotactic response to complement, antibodies and complement, antibodies and histamine histamine

Active against parasites by Active against parasites by phagocytosis and secretion of phagocytosis and secretion of granular contentsgranular contents

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BASOPHILSBASOPHILS

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsUltrastructureUltrastructureFunctionsFunctions

Basophil CharacteristicsBasophil CharacteristicsDiameter :10 -15 um Diameter :10 -15 um Cytoplasm :basophilic (blue)Cytoplasm :basophilic (blue)Nucleus :not usually seen Nucleus :not usually seen

may be lobedmay be lobedGranules :many, large, Granules :many, large,

dark purple,dark purple,

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Basophil EMBasophil EM

Basophil UltrastructureBasophil Ultrastructure

Basophil FunctionsBasophil Functions

Secretes substances during an Secretes substances during an allergic reactionallergic reaction

Secretes large amounts of Secretes large amounts of heparinheparin, which is an anticoagulant, which is an anticoagulant

Secretes Secretes histaminehistamine, which , which participates in constriction of participates in constriction of the blood vessels, bronchioles and the blood vessels, bronchioles and intestines intestines

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LARGE LYMPHOCYTESLARGE LYMPHOCYTES

Large Lymphocyte CharacteristicsLarge Lymphocyte Characteristics

Diameter :10 - 18 umDiameter :10 - 18 umCytoplasm :sky-blue - deep-blue Cytoplasm :sky-blue - deep-blue

may be vacuolatedmay be vacuolated

Nucleus :mono-nuclear, Nucleus :mono-nuclear, dense chromatin, dark bluedense chromatin, dark blue

Granules : may be fewGranules : may be few

Nucleus/cytoplasm ratio is 1:1Nucleus/cytoplasm ratio is 1:1

SMALL LYMPHOCYTES SMALL LYMPHOCYTES

Small Lymphocyte CharacteristicsSmall Lymphocyte Characteristics

Diameter : 6-10 um Diameter : 6-10 um Cytoplasm : sky-blue - dark-blueCytoplasm : sky-blue - dark-blueNucleus : round, oval, blueNucleus : round, oval, blueLife-span : about 10 yearsLife-span : about 10 yearsGranules : none - fewGranules : none - few

Nucleus/cytoplasm ratio is 4:1Nucleus/cytoplasm ratio is 4:1

Lymphocyte UltrastructureLymphocyte Ultrastructure

Lymphocyte Function Lymphocyte Function

Lymphocytes can behave as one of Lymphocytes can behave as one of

three major cell types:three major cell types:

1. T lymphocytes1. T lymphocytes

2. B lymphocytes2. B lymphocytes

3. Natural Killer cells3. Natural Killer cells

T LYMPHOCYTEST LYMPHOCYTES

Helper T CellsHelper T CellsCytotoxic T cellsCytotoxic T cells

T cell UltrastructureT cell Ultrastructure

aids in stimulation of antibody aids in stimulation of antibody production by B-lymphocytesproduction by B-lymphocytes

Helper T lymphocytesHelper T lymphocytes

Destroy invading cells or Destroy invading cells or cancer cells by direct cancer cells by direct contact.contact.

Induce apoptosisInduce apoptosis

Cytotoxic T lymphocytesCytotoxic T lymphocytes

B LymphocytesB Lymphocytes

production and production and secretion of secretion of antibodiesantibodies

participation in participation in “memory immunity”“memory immunity”

once transformed once transformed into a plasma cell, into a plasma cell, it contains more it contains more rough endoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulum reticulum

Plasma CellPlasma Cell

Natural Killer CellsNatural Killer Cells

Directly destroys virally Directly destroys virally infected cells and tumour infected cells and tumour cells cells

Null CellNull Cell

MONOCYTESMONOCYTES

Monocyte CharacteristicsMonocyte Characteristics

Diameter :12-20umDiameter :12-20umCytoplasm :light grey-blue,Cytoplasm :light grey-blue,

may be vacuolatedmay be vacuolatedNucleus :purple, patchy Nucleus :purple, patchy

(mesh-like)(mesh-like)Life-span :3 daysLife-span :3 daysGranules :fine May not be visible)Granules :fine May not be visible)Nucleus : Cytoplasm (N:C) : 1:1Nucleus : Cytoplasm (N:C) : 1:1

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Monocyte FunctionsMonocyte FunctionsPhagocytosisPhagocytosis - ingests and - ingests and destroys fungi, bacteria and destroys fungi, bacteria and damanged or degenerated cellsdamanged or degenerated cells

Stimulates the immune response by Stimulates the immune response by presenting the products of presenting the products of phagocytosis to lymphocytesphagocytosis to lymphocytes

Attracts neutrophils to the Attracts neutrophils to the damaged site by secreting chemical damaged site by secreting chemical attractantsattractants

Aids in maintenance of blood Aids in maintenance of blood vesselsvessels

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Monocyte UltrastructureMonocyte Ultrastructure