Transmission & Distribution Program

Introduction to Substation DesignTADP 542

Components Part 2

Instructor: Mike Nissley

Communication Systems

Key to maintaining a reliable flow of electrical power to consumers.

Includes (but not limited to) Fiber Optic, Digital Microwave, Digital Radio and Power Line Carrier.

Security Systems

Physical security needed for:

– Public safety, limiting liability of owner, etc.

Cyber assets

– Cyber assets have exposure to attack from remote locations

– NERC has requirements regarding cyber assets NERC Standard 1300 (www.nerc.com) and references for week one

Control Buildings

Allows local operation of substation.

Provides space conditioned environment for control equipment.

Substation battery usually contained in control house.

Control Buildings

Modern Control House

Control Building

Control Panels inside a control house

Power Transformers

Provide voltage transformation and isolation.

Power Transformers

A 230 - 115 kV Autotransformer

Power Circuit Breakers (PCBs)

Provides the ability to plan switching of power system.

Interrupt faults when directed by protective relays.

Power Circuit Breakers (PCBs)

A SF6 power circuit breaker

Circuit Switchers

Similar to Power Circuit Breaker’s

Interrupt lower fault duties and take longer to operate

Used mostly in protection of distribution transformers.

Circuit Switchers

115 kV CircuitSwitcher

Reclosers

Distribution Reclosers are relay controlled interrupting devices with lower rating requirements and costs than PCBs.

Switchgear

Assemblage of equipment housed in ground metal enclosures.

Provide low voltage switching equipment of an outdoor substation.

IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear(IEEE Std C37.20.1™-2002)

IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear (IEEE Std C37.20.2-1999)

IEEE Guide for Testing Metal-Enclosed Switchgear Rated Up to 38 kV for Internal Arcing Faults (IEEE Std C37.20.7™-2007)

Metal Clad Switch Gear

Air Switches

Switching devices designed to close and open one or more electrical circuits by means of guided contacts that separate in air (ANSI/ IEEE C.37.100).

115kV Air Switches

Fuses

High Voltage (HV) Fuses are used to provide protection for HV equipment and circuits.

The fuse is a more economical method of protection than a power circuit breaker.

Fuses

Under hung Fuse

Voltage Regulation

Applied at both transmission and distribution levels to compensate for voltage drop due to varying loads and/or load flows.

Voltage regulation will be covered in more detail later in the course.

Capacitors

Shunt:– Reactive power supplied by capacitors effectively

corrects for voltage drop due to poor power factor.

Series:– Provides an impedance change to control power

flowing in a network of transmission lines.

115 kV Shunt Capacitors

Foundations and Structures

Substations require foundations and structures to provide a stable platform for substation equipment.

Designs must account for environment in which the substation will be constructed.

Civil engineering aspects of substation design will follow later in the course.

Landscaping

Substations in urban and suburban areas are often required to provide landscape screening for public viewing benefit.

Substation reliability should not be impacted by surrounding landscape.

Landscaping

Substation made to look like a house.

Landscaping

More common substation landscaping

Image Acknowledgements

Control Building

– http://www.parklinesouth.com/images/sub3.jpg

Power Circuit

– http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/images/sf6_circuit_breaker.jpg

Landscaped substation

– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SubstationHouseScarborough.jpg