Upload
others
View
6
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Introduction to Environmental Isotopes
Stefan Uhlenbrook and Jochen WenningerUNESCO-IHE, VU Amsterdam and TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands
5 November 2009, Dutch Hydrology Meeting to receive the Darcy Lecture 2009, by Dr. Peter Cook, VU Amsterdam
Outline of This Lecture
1. Introduction2. How can environmental isotopes help to
detect and quantify global change impacts on water? Evaporation Runoff generation Groundwater Precipitation
3. Concluding Remarks
2
4
3
5
6
1
0
Glo
bal
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
IPCC Projections2100 AD
N.H
. Tem
pera
ture
(°C)
0
0.5
1
-0.5
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Lower Risk forInstabilities
High Riskfor Instabilities
It is Getting Warmer!
The context – ONE
'climate colonialism'
A massive land-grabbing scramble in Africa as foreign companies -some with foreign aid money support - rapidly establish enormous monoculture fields in tropical countries.Prof Seif Madoffe, SUA
Sugar Cane – Kilombera Basin, Tanzania
The context – TWO
Global Changes
Climate (temperature, precipitation, radiation …) Land use, land cover
De-forestation / re-forestation Urbanisation Etc.
Population (amount, density, structure, …) Water use in space and time Economic development Change of diet (more meat => more water) N- and P-fluxes to water bodies Pollution (new substances etc.) Change in composition of species etc. etc. etc.
…. and many interdependencies/feedbacks!
Picture from Fairless, 2007, Nature
EIEIET ETES ES
SS SS
QR QR
QR QR
QS QS
P P
P PImpacts of land use change on hydrological processes P=Q+E+dS/dt
Short-term dynamics (e.g. interception, flood generation) vs.long-term dynamics (e.g. groundwater recharge, base flow)
PQQEEQEE gg
fuTu
sss
II
dtdS
dtdS
dtdS
dtdS
II Edt
dS Interception processes
sss QEdt
dS Surface water processes
gg Qdt
dSGroundwater processes
Water Balance Equation: P=Q+E+dS/dt
Where:
Root zone moisture processes fuTu QEEdt
dS
Possible changes in all variables dueto climate and/or land changes!!
Weatherley catchment, South Africa
How can Environmental Isotopes help??
Environmental Isotope – Basics
16O
8
Mass number (= protons + neutrons)
Atomic number (= protons)
18O
8
8 protons (positive), 8 electrons (negative), 8 neutrons (neutral)
8 protons, 8 electrons, 10 neutrons
- Nuclides with same atomic number (i.e. an element) but different mass number are called isotopes
- 92 natural elements have more than 1000 stable and radioactive isotopes
- Protons and neutrons in the nucleus have approximately the sameweight
- Electrons (negative charge) are lighter and are located in electron shells
Some common environmental isotopes
Source: Kendall, 1998
Picture from Fairless, 2007, Nature
EIEIET ETES ES
SS SS
QR QR
QR QR
QS QS
P P
P P
Investigation of different compartments of the water cycle using environmental isotopes
P=Q+E+dS/dt
Meteoric Water Line (MWL): The Concept
Source: IAEA
Observing evaporation using environmental isotopes in big systems
Agarwaal et al., 2002
Transpiration Evaporation
Soil moisturesensors
Data Logger
Soil
Balance
Percolation
Rhizon watersamplers
Better Understanding of Evaporation Fluxesusing Environmental Isotopes
Wenninger et al., in preparation
Evaporation is the driving factor in isotopic fractionation
Transpiration and Percolation do not cause fractionation
Quantification between fractionating and non-fractionating losses
Conservation of mass and isotopes
ztvpif mmmmmm
ppiizzttvvff xxxxxx
Isotope Mass Balance
p; precipitationt; transpiration
v; evaporation
z; percolation
i; ff; final WCi; initial WC
Total
jj m
mx piTotal mmm with:
(e.g. Robertson et al. 2006, J. of Hydrol.)
Isotope Depths Profiles and Evaporation Line
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Irrigated water Soil water percolated water MWL
y = 3.8x-18.6
R2 = 0.95
GMWL
Comparison between different evaporation estimations:(a) measured using hydrometric data and HYDRUS 1D, and(b) calculated using isotope mass balance.
(a)
(b)(a)
(b)
New way to estimate evaporation fluxes?!Lysimeter A Lysimeter B
Evaporation E (mm) 19 77
Transpiration T (mm) 99 0
T/Etotal ratio 84% 0
Picture from Fairless, 2007, Nature
EIEIET ETES ES
SS SS
QR QR
QR QR
QS QS
P P
P P
Investigation of different compartments of the water cycle using environmental isotopes
P=Q+E+dS/dt
Studying hillslope processes with environmental isotopes
Spring A (Zipfeldobel)Spring B (Zängerlehof II)
Investigation Period
0 , 0
0 , 4
0 , 8
1 , 2
1 , 6
2 3 . 1 0 . 9 9 2 9 . 1 0 . 9 9 0 4 . 1 1 . 9 9 1 0 . 1 1 . 9 9 1 6 . 1 1 . 9 9
Dis
char
ge [l
/s]
Z i p f e l d o b e l s p r i n g Z a e n g e r l e h o f I I s p r i n g
E v e n t 1 E v e n t 2 E v e n t 3
0
2
4
6
8
Prec
ipita
tion
[mm
]
Spring A Spring B
(Uhlenbrook, Didszun, Wenninger, 2008, Hydr. Sci. Journal)
Hydrochemical Dynamics: Dissolved SilicaSpring A
Spring B
40
60
80
100
120
140
24.10.99 26.10.99 28.10.99 30.10.99 01.11.99Sta
ndar
dize
d co
ncen
tratio
ns [%
]
0,2
0,6
1,0
1,4
Dis
char
ge [l
/s]
Silica Discharge
40
60
80
100
120
140
24.10.99 26.10.99 28.10.99 30.10.99 01.11.99Sta
ndar
dize
d co
ncen
tratio
ns [%
]
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Dis
char
ge [l
/s]
Silica Discharge
Hydrochemical Dynamics: DeuteriumSpring A
Spring B-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
23.10.99 25.10.99 27.10.99 29.10.99 31.10.99
δ D
v-sm
ov [‰
]
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Dis
char
ge [l
/s]
Deuterium Precip. Discharge
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
23.10.99 25.10.99 27.10.99 29.10.99 31.10.99
δ D
v-sm
ov [‰
]
0,2
0,6
1,0
1,4
1,8
Dis
char
ge [l
/s]
Spring Precip. Incr. Mean Discharge
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
24.10.99 26.10.99 28.10.99 30.10.99
Dis
char
ge [l
/s]
direct Runoff
deep GW
Discharge
shallow GW
Results of Hydrograph Separation at both Springs/Hillslopes
Spring A
Spring B0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
24.10.99 26.10.99 28.10.99 30.10.99 01.11.99
Dis
char
ge [l
/s]
direct Runoff
deep & shallow GWDischarge
Example: Interpretation of Dominant Processes at the Hillslope Scale
(Mc Donnell, 1990, WRR)
(Picture: P. Mosley)
pre-event water
event water
Event (new) and prevent (old) water!
“ … all nice, but we need measurements at catchment
scale!”
(Keith J. Beven)
0
5
10
1520
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time
Stre
am D
isch
arge
Quickflow, Stormflow
Baseflow
The bench mark paper:Sklash & Farvolden, 1979: The role of ground-water in storm runoff. Water Resources Research.
Tracer-based Hydrograph Separation in the Weatherley Catchment, South Africa
Wenninger, Uhlenbrook, Lorentz, 2008, Hydr. Sci. Journal
Picture from Fairless, 2007, Nature
EIEIET ETES ES
SS SS
QR QR
QR QR
QS QS
P P
P P
Investigation of different compartments of the water cycle using environmental isotopes
P=Q+E+dS/dt
Estimation of Residence Times of WaterGroundwater and surface waters are a mixtureof different ages
Definition of “groundwater age”:
The “age” of a groundwater parcel is the time elapsed since this parcel had the last contact to the atmosphere (time since recharge at the groundwater surface).
(from: A. Suckow, 2004, IAEA)
Groundwater Residence Time Estimation (‘age dating’)
Which tracer is useful for which time scales?
Tritium: 1-40a(admixture only)
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Groundwater Age [years]
D, 18O: 0.1-4a14C: 2ka-40ka
85Kr: 1-40a
CFC/SF6: (4)10-40a
T/3He: 0.5-35a4He: 50- >100 000a (age estimates)
40Ar: >100 000a39Ar: 50-2000a
36Cl: >100 000a
Tritium, 3H
Tritium input into the water cycle
(From: IAEA, 2005)
Tritium input function: Radioactive decay
1970 1980 1990 2000Year
0
100
200
300
400Tr
itium
in P
reci
pita
tion
[TU
]
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year
0
2000
4000
6000
Triti
um in
Pre
cipi
tatio
n [T
U]
Already verylow again!
springfor watersupply
Estimation of Residence TimesUse environmental isotopes: 18O, 2H, 3H, CFCs ….
-18
-14
-10
-6
-2
Jan 95 Jan 96 Jan 97 Jan 98 Jan 99 Jan 00 Jan 01 Jan 02
Zeit
Einzelw erte Input Sinusfunktion Input Einzelw erte Output Sinusfunktion Outputinput output
Time (months)
Example for Estimating of Residence Times at a Spring
Using environmental isotope: 18O
1.02.95 1.08.95 1.02.96 1.08.96 1.02.97
-10
-9
-818 O simulation (exponential-piston-flow model)18 O sample, storm flow18 O sample, base flow
18
O [%
o]
Exponential-piston-flow model:
t0 = 36 months, = 1.12
Mean residence time: 26-36 mon(Uhlenbrook et al. 2002, WRR)
CFCs for dating groundwater
-> confirmation of
3H results
b) F-12
48 96 144 192 240
300
400
500
600
a) F-11
48 96 144 192 240
F-11
[ppt
]
150
200
250
300
Exponential-Piston-Flow Model:
n = 1.06; t0 = 28 months
Dispersion Model:PD = 0.22; t0 = 84 months
06/82 06/9806/9406/9006/86
F-12
[ppt
]
06/82 06/9806/9406/9006/86
c) F-113
36 72 108 14440
60
80
100
Dispersion Model:PD = 0.05
t0 = 40 months
Exponential-Piston-Flow Model:
n = 1.06; t0 = 22 months
F-11
3 [p
pt]
01/90 01/9901/9601/93(Uhlenbrook etal., 2002; WRR)
Sub-basin Brugga (40 km2)Three main flow systems with different residence times and
contributions on a seasonal time scale
~ 10 %
~ 20 %
~ 70 %
(Uhlenbrook et al. 2002, Wat. Resour. Res.)
Picture from Fairless, 2007, Nature
EIEIET ETES ES
SS SS
QR QR
QR QR
QS QS
P P
P P
Investigation of different compartments of the water cycle using environmental isotopes
P=Q+E+dS/dt
Figure 2. Rainout effect on H and O values (based on Hoefs 1997 and http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/oxygen.html
Changes in Isotopic Composition of Precipitation
Spatial variations of isotopes in the USA
Source: Kendall and Coplen, 2001
Spatial and temporal variations of deuterium in Germany
(Source: Leibundgut et al., 2009)
(Wissmeier and Uhlenbrook 2007, J. of Hydrol.)
Validating catchment
models
(Wissmeier and Uhlenbrook 2007, J. of Hydrol.)
Validating catchment
models
(1) The world is changing – Hydrology too (‘stationary is dead’)
(2) How can environmental isotopes help us to understand changes and their impacts?
(3) Innovative ways to observe hydrological processes, in particular in combination with other methods (geophysics, model etc.)
(4) Today: Isotope Hydrology using 18O, 2H, 3H, components of the water molecule
(5) Next time: Isotope Biogeochemistry using 15N, 13C and 34S, or other dating techniques noble gases, metals, etc.
Concluding Remarks – Introduction to Environmental Isotopes