Introduction to Animal Science

Competency 1.00

• Investigate agriculture animals in order to build a foundational knowledge for advanced animal science studies

ANIMAL DOMESTICATION

Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of people.

REASONS FOR DOMESTICATION

• To ensure a steadier supply of food and clothing

• Companionship• Assist in labor

RESULTS OF DOMESTICATION

• Less dependence on hunting and wild plants for food

• A surer source of food and clothing• A more settled way of life• Selective breeding

WHAT IS SELECTIVE BREEDING?

Selecting animals with certain desirable

characteristics to use for breeding purposes

ORIGIN OF CATTLE

• Bos taurus- European cattle• Bos indicus- Humped cattle from

tropical countries. – India

• First brought to the U.S. by Columbus

Bos indicus

Bos taurus

Cattle

ORIGIN OF CATTLE

• Major growth of large herds in great plains states because of grazing.

• Midwest and north central states became the main area for finishing cattle because of grain.

US Cattle

Grazing

Finishing

ORIGIN OF SWINE

• Sus scrofa and Sus vittatus.• Chinese were first to tame pigs• Brought to new world by Columbus• DeSoto took hogs westward• Midwestern cornbelt states

became largest hog producing area

Sus vittatus

Sus scrofa

Swine

ORIGIN OF SHEEP

• One of the first animals tamed by humans

• Brought to new world by Columbus• Used by colonists mainly for wool• Northeast and Western states are

main sheep producing areas

4000 BC

Sheep

ORIGIN OF GOATS

• Pasang and Grecian Ibex- Wild goats found in Asia Minor

• Goats brought to new world for milk and hair

Western Asia

Goats

ORIGIN OF HORSES

• Evolved from Eohippus• First tamed in Asia or Persia• Brought to new world by Columbus• Horses were left behind by

explorers• Brought to new world for work

animals

Asia and Persia

Horses

ORIGIN OF POULTRY

• Gallus gallus- Wild jungle fowl, ancestor of tame chickens

• Turkeys were probably tamed by people originally living in America

India and ChinaEgypt

North America

Poultry

Objective

• 1.01• Define terms used to identify

animals by sex, age, & physical traits in the beef, swine, and poultry industry

Terms

Cattle SwinePoultry

Not castrated Bull Boar RoosterCastrated (young) Steer Barrow CaponCastrated (old) Stag StagYoung female Heifer GuiltThat has not given birth

Older female Cow SowThat has given birth

Baby Calf Pig Chick

Objective

• 1.02• Identify the major breeds of beef,

swine, and poultry

Angus

Beef Breeds

• Angus– Black– Polled– Originated in Scotland– It is the most “registered” purebred– High in carcass quality

Hereford

Beef Breeds

• Hereford– Red and White face– Horns– Originated in England– Docile

• Gentle temperament

– Good foragers• Efficient converters of forage crops

Charolais

Charolais

Beef Breeds

• Charolais– White to light straw colored– Naturally Horned

• Breeding-up has created polled animals

– Large framed– Originated in France

Brahman

Brahman

Beef Breeds

• Brahman– Light Gray to Black or Red– Originated in India– Pronounced hump– Loose Dewlap– Insect tolerant– Disease tolerant

Polled Hereford

Polled Hereford

• Developed from the horned Hereford breed

• Originated in 1901• Warren Gammon• Des Moines, Iowa

Limousin

Limousin

• Native to the south central part of France

• Golden-red cattle

Beefmaster (Bull)

Beefmaster

• Developed from:– Brahman

– Hereford

– Shorthorn

• Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908

Shorthorn

Texas Longhorn

Chianina (pronounced kee-a-nee-na)

Dairy Breeds

Holstein

Dairy Breeds

• Holstein– 90% of the dairy cattle in the US– Black and white– Leading producer of milk– Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per

cow per year

Jersey

Guernsey

Other Dairy Breeds Jersey

Cream to light fawn to almost black Number one in milk fat

Guernsey Fawn and white

Ayrshire Cherry red and white

Brown Swiss Solid brown

Ayrshire

Brown Swiss

Identifying Breeds of Swine

American Landrace

• White• Long Body• Big loped forward ears• Large litters• Good mothering ability• Originated in Denmark

American Landrace

Duroc

• Red• Drooped ears• Good growth rate• Excellent feed conversion

Duroc

Hampshire

• Black with a white belt• Erect ears• Good muscle• Carcass leanness

Hampshire

Yorkshire

• White• Erect ears• Large litters• Good feed efficiency• Excellent growth and mothering

ability• Long carcass

Yorkshire

Poland China

• Drooped ears• Black and white• Sound in its feet and legs

Poland China

Chester White

• Chester County, Pennsylvania• Intermingled English breeds

Chester White

Tamworth

• English breed• Ireland • Bacon-type

Tamworth

Berkshire

• Black and white• Erect ears• Fast and efficient growth• Reproductive efficiency• Cleanness• Meatiness

Berkshire

Spotted Swine

• Popular with farmers and commercial swine producers for their ability to transmit their fast-gaining, feed efficient, meat qualities to their offspring

Spotted Swine

Assignment

• Read pages 239 to 268 in the Livestock and Companion Animals textbook

• Answer the following questions and turn in on notebook paper:

Assignment (p. 239-248)

1. What is a new breed of pig that looks like the Hereford Cattle Breed?

2. Explain what a hybrid hog is.3. What is the current consumer trend in

swine type?4. How many piglets are produced on

average at each birth?5. How do you accurately measure

backfat?

Total Confinement

Farrowing Crate

Identifying Breeds of Poultry

Breeds, Varieties, Types & Classes

• Breed- group of related fowl that breed true for a specific trait

• Type- purpose for which it is breed

(meat or egg type)• Classes- geographic origin

(Mediterranean, American, English and Asiatic)

Egg Producers

Layers- chickens that produce eggs• White egg producers- small in size

– White Leghorns- white plumage

• Brown egg producers- larger birds that

are not as economical as Leghorns– Rhode Island Reds- dark red plumage– New Hampshires- red plumage– Plymouth Rocks- white plumage

White Leghorns

Barred Rock

Rhode Island Red

Layer Cages

Meat Producers

• Chickens used for meat production are called Broilers

• Birds used for meat production are usually commercial crosses– Example: White Plymouth Rock

females mated to Cornish (English class) males

Confinement Broiler House

Confinement Broiler House

Turkeys

Broad Breasted White• White plumage• Shanks, feet, and beak is white to pink• White pinfeathers

– Increases the value of the carcass

• Can survive better in hotter climates• Good body confirmation but smaller

than other breeds

Broad Breasted White

Turkeys

Broad Breasted Bronze• Black plumage• Dark colored pinfeathers• Largest of the turkey

varieties• Poor fertility and

reproductive problems– Males are not good breeders

Broad Breasted Bronze

Turkeys

Beltsville Small Whites• Developed by the USDA• Similar to the Broad

Breasted Whites• Averages about 10 lbs.

less in mature body weight

Beltsville Small Whites

Commercial Livestock

• Used in the livestock and poultry industry

• Crosses of more than one breed or strain of breeds

• Adds in genetic diversity– Livestock have more desired traits– Undesirable traits can be lessened

• Used by most producers

Livestock External Anatomy

Objective

• 1.03• Recognize the major parts of

cattle, swine and poultry

Cattle Parts

Cattle Parts

Cattle Parts

• In your notebook draw a diagram of a beef cow labeling 20 different parts including the 11 red stars in the class diagram

Cattle Parts

Swine Parts

• In your notebook draw a diagram of a swine labeling 15 different parts including red stars in the class diagram

Swine Parts

Poultry Parts

• comb• wattles• beak• eye ring• ear lobe• vent• hock

Diagram a chicken in your notes labeling these parts: (use the diagram in your textbook for help)

toesbreastbackabdomenbodyshank

Poultry Parts

External Parts• Anatomy

– The science of body structure

• Modified skin:– horns– hooves– feathers– fur– wool– hair

Selective Breeding

• Only the best animals are chosen as breeding stock:– Confirmation– Breed character– Structural soundness of feet and legs– Body capacity

Structural Soundness

Structural Soundness

Structural Soundness

Structural Soundness

Competency 2.00

• Recognize the benefits and importance of agricultural animals

Objective

• Breeds 2.01• State the importance of livestock

products and by-products

Livestock Products

• Work in groups of three and write down as many animals products and by-products as you can.

• You have 10 min. to complete this task!

Livestock Products

1. Food– meat, milk, cheese, eggs

2. Clothing– wool, leather from hides

3. Shelter– tents from hides

4. Power– work in less developed countries

Livestock Products

5. Recreation– horse back riding, rodeos

6. Fuel– burn dry animal manure

7. Animals are converters– eat stuff humans will not eat and

convert these materials into food– meat, eggs, milk, etc.

Which of the following was not made from animals:

Answer!

By-Products1. Wool2. Leather 3. Candy and chewing gum from

animal fat 4. Gelatin - from horns, hooves,

bones, and hides 5. Glue, cosmetics, waxes, soap,

lubricants, brushes, etc.

Wool

By-Products6. Animal feeds from scrap meat and

bones and blood meal 7. Insulin

– for diabetics– from livestock pancreas

By-Products

8. Heparin– for blood clotting– from livestock lungs

9. Candles10. Fertilizer

Trends in Animal Science

Objective

• 2.02• Describe the economic importance

and trends for each major classes of livestock and poultry produced in North Carolina

Swine

Trends in NC Swine

• The top agriculture commodity in North Carolina – found mostly in the eastern 1/2 of the

state

• North Carolina ranks 2nd nationally– Iowa is 1st

Trends in NC Swine

• The swine industry brings in over 1.5 billion dollars to the state

• The number of swine farms is decreasing– The size of farms is increasing

Poultry

Trends in NC Poultry

• Broilers are Cleveland County’s top agriculture commodity

• Broilers are NC’s second rank commodity

• Broilers bring in over 1.3 billion dollars in cash receipts to NC agriculture

Trends in NC Poultry

• Recent health concerns has increased the consumption of poultry products– less fat– subcutaneous fat layer

Animal Agriculture

• North Carolina livestock commodities brings in twice as much money as other agriculture products

Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Cash Receipts from Farm Marketing, 2001

Cleveland County Livestock Rank Within State, (2002 estimates)

• Hogs- 61st (1,500) (4,100 in 2004)

• Cattle- 7th (23,500)– Beef Cattle 6th– Milk Cattle 23rd (800)

• Broilers- 23rd (7,200,000)• All chickens- 30th

Statistics

Charts and statistics provided by:• NCDA

– http://www.ncagr.com/stats/index.htm

• USDA– http://www.usda.gov/nass/