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Interaction between organisms. We share our environments with many different species. Some interactions are good while others can be harmful. Competition. when two or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource (food, water, shelter , sunlight). Competition. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Interaction between organisms
We share our environments with many different species. Some interactions are good while others can be harmful.
Competition
• when two or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource (food, water, shelter, sunlight)
CompetitionCompetition can happen within a population, like these elk who are fighting over the same territory or mate.
Or competition can happen between different populations, like these different species of trees and plants who are competing with each other for sunlight and space.
Predators and Prey – one organism eating the other
• prey – the organism being eaten• predator – the one who eats the prey
When a bird eats a worm, the worm is the prey and the bird is the predator.
Who’s the predator, who’s the prey?Alligator and turtle
Who’s the predator, who’s the prey?
Lion and zebra
Who’s the predator, who’s the prey?Praying mantis and hummingbird
With the predator being so powerful, we start to feel bad for the prey. But nature has given prey a few methods and abilities to help them out.
3 Prey adaptations
Camouflage Defensive Chemicals Warning Coloration
camouflage – blending in with the background
• One way animals avoid being eaten is by being hard to see. Many animals mimic twigs, bark, leaves, stones, or other material in their environment.
A snow fox and a toad are using camouflage to hide.
Can you find me?
A praying mantis
Can you find me?
Two snow grouse
Can you find me?
A flounder
Can you find me?
A leaf mimicking walking stick
Can you find me?
A baby pheasant
Can you find me?
A cicada
Can you find me?
A moth
Can you find me?
A wolf spider
Can you find me?
A weasel
Can you find me?
A wolf
Another prey adaptation is the use of chemicals to defend themselves
• defensive chemicals – inject or spray attackers
Who might do this?
Defensive Chemicals
• The skunk and the bombardier beetle both spray predators with irritating chemicals.
Defensive Chemicals
• Bees, ants, and wasps inject a powerful acid into their attackers.
Defensive Chemicals
• The skin of both the poison arrow frog and a bird called the Hooded Pitohui contain a deadly toxin. Any animal that eats, or tries to eat either of these animals will likely die.
Our last prey adaptation is the use of warning colors
• warning coloration – warn predators that they are dangerous
Predators will avoid any animal that has the colors and patterns they associate with pain, illness, or unpleasant experiences.
The most common warning colors are red, yellow, orange, black, white
Some species have very close interactions with other species
• Symbiosis - close, long-term association between two or more species
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
3 main types include:
Mutualism
• both benefit
Mutualism
• Example: good bacteria in your intestines
The bacteria get a meal from you while they help break down food, and you get vitamins that the bacteria produce.
Mutualism
• The aphid and the ant
The ant will protect the
aphid in return for
the honeydew that aphids
produce
Commensalism
• one benefits and other unaffected
Commensalism
• Example: remoras and sharks
Remora fish attach themselvesto sharks to hitch
a ride and eat any scraps left
by the sharks. Sharks are unaffected.
Commensalism
• Clown fish and sea anemone
The clown fish lives among the tentacles of the sea anemone as protection. Seaanemone is unaffected.
Parasitism
• one benefits and the other is harmed
Parasitism
• Parasite – the one that benefits• Host – the one that is harmed
The mosquito is the parasite and the human is the host
Parasitism
• Example: wasp & caterpillar
Wasp lays her eggs on the
caterpillar. When the eggs hatch,
they eat the caterpillar as
food.
Who is the host and who is the parasite?
Parasitism
• In the example of the wasp and the caterpillar, the host dies. Most parasites don’t kill their hosts because parasites depend on their hosts. If a parasite were to kill it’s host, the parasite would have to find another one.
Parasitism
• Roundworms and dogs
Roundworms live inside the dog and feed off its intestinal material, harming the dog.
Who is the host and who is the parasite?
Let’s practice!
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Both benefit One benefitsOther unaffected
One benefitsOther harmed
Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism?
• Barnacles and whales
Barnacles attach themselves to the bodies of whalesand are transported tovast areas where food might be. Whales are unaffected.
Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism?
• Ticks and humans
Ticks suck blood from the human
Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism?
• The Oxpecker and the rhino
The Oxpecker bird eats blood sucking insects off the Rhinos skin.
Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism?
• Cowbirds and dickcissel birdsCowbirds will lay their eggs in the nest of dickcissel birds. When the eggs hatch, the baby cowbirds push out the dickcissel babies and the cowbirds are fed and raised by the dickcissel parents.
Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism?
• The boxer crab and small anemones
The boxer crab will carry small anemones in its claws to scare off predators. In return, the anemones eat any scraps that fall when the crab eats.
Mutualism, Commensalism, or Parasitism?
• Cattle crane and cattle
The cattle crane eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they graze in pastures. Cattle are unaffected.