15
Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern Steve Borgatti Mb 109

Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

Inter-Group RelationsMarsden & Krackhardt-Stern

Steve BorgattiMb 109

Page 2: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

Ties across boundaries

• Homophily strongly structures human interaction– Temporal/spatial propinquity– Social categories such as age, sex, education, race, religion– Organizational categories such as department, unit, division, etc.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 20 40 60 80 100Distance (meters)

Prob

of D

aily

Com

mun

icat

ion

Thanks to David Krackhardt for the slide

Page 3: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

GenderWho do you discuss important matters with?

1515970Female7481245Male

FemaleMale

From Peter Marsden

Page 4: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

RaceWho do you discuss important matters with?

343521Other1120666Hispanic3428340Black

2030293806WhiteOther

HispanicBlackWhiteRace

From Peter Marsden

Page 5: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

ReligionWho do you discuss important matters with?

37411127Other14131126692None

1568713Jewish134124790241Catholic3083223052129Protestant

OtherNoneJewishCatholicProtestantReligion

From Peter Marsden

Page 6: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

AgeWho do you discuss important matters with?

3872121381273460 + 1082101211008450 - 59

70842461708840 - 4910612817150119130 - 39

56155183186567< 30

60 +

50 -59

40 -49

30 -39< 30Age

From Peter Marsden

Page 7: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

Krackhardt & Stern E-I Index

• We can measure the relative homophily of a group using the E-I index

– E is number of ties between groups (External)– I is number of ties within groups (Internal)

• Index is positive when a group is outward looking, and negative when it is inward looking– E-I index is often negative for close affective relations, even

though most possible partners are outside a person’s group

IEIE

+−

Page 8: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

Slide by David Krackhardt

The Natural Organization

Page 9: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

The Optimal Organization

Slide by David Krackhardt

Page 10: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment

• Weekend class exercise• Class divided into two independent organizations

– Each subdivided into 4 departments, with some interdependencies• A measure of overall performance which included financial

performance, efficiency, and some human resource metrics• Staffing was controlled by the experimenter

– “natural org” placed friends together within departments– “optimal org” separated friends as much as possible (high E-I value)

• As they went along, the experimenter introduced organizational crises, such as imposing layoffs

Page 11: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

From Krackhardt & Stern

Page 12: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

From Krackhardt & Stern

Page 13: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

Krackhardt & Stern Results

Page 14: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

Results for best trial

‘Natural’

‘Optimal’140

120

100

80

60

40

20

6 trials at 3 universities. Results shown for most dramatic trial.

Page 15: Inter-Group Relations Marsden & Krackhardt-Stern · The Krackhardt & Stern Experiment • Weekend class exercise • Class divided into two independent organizations – Each subdivided

Why?

• In crisis, the organization needs to pull together* across departments

• But when you have few close ties across departments– The tendency is opposite – start retrenching, pointing fingers

• When you have lots a friends across departments, – you trust them not to screw you, and – you are more inquiring and willing to share needed information

than blaming and hoarding