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Part 3 Intelligent Medical Environments The four chapters in Part 3 deal with medical machines based on the design philos- ophy of medical processors, medical networks, artificial intelligence (AI) in the sci- ence of medicine, and the deployment of nationally and internationally distributed medical knowledge bases. Chapter 9 contains the methodology that the computer scientists have very diligently pursued in developing the architecture and composition of computers from its very inception during the late 1940s to the newer multiple processor, multi-threaded infused chip-based machines. As many as 64 processor VLSI chips are on the horizon. Chapter 10 evolves and covers the functionality, role, and architectures of proces- sors, bus structures of medical machines. The medical processor chip plays the most crucial part. In conjunction with memories, I/O systems and global Internet switches, the medical machines will play the role of networked computers in global computing environments. Medical machines can be built many ways as computers are built. Unfortunately, there are no centralized or standard committees to suggest global medical protocols or interfaces. Hospitals and medical centers follow their own style of conducting the medical practice as they fit. The local software designers will write medical-ware macros and utilities as they see fit and the IT engineers and network designers will simply adhere to the local directions rather than following global medical standards. Chapter 10 also summarizes the role of network and Internet technologies in the medical field. As much as processor technology has evolved, network technology has kept pace. As much as silicon and the high-k dielectric gate 1 have contributed 1 Chris Auth et al.: 45 nm High-k1 metal gate strain enhanced transistors. Intel Technology J 12(2):77 89, 2008. For the 45 nm technology node, high-k1 metal gate transistors have been introduced for the first time in a high-volume manufacturing process [1]. The introduction of a high-k gate dielectric enabled a 0.7x reduction in Tox while reducing gate leakage 1000x for the PMOS and 25x for the NMOS transistors. Dual-band edge work function metal gates were introduced, eliminating polysilicon gate depletion and pro- viding compatibility with the high-k gate dielectric. In addition to the high-k1 metal gate, the 35 nm gate length CMOS transistors have been integrated with a third generation of strained silicon and have demon- strated the highest drive currents to date for both NMOS and PMOS. An SRAM cell size of 0.346 μ 2 has been achieved while using 193 nm dry lithography. High yield and reliability has been demonstrated on multiple single-, dual-, quad-, and six-core microprocessors.

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Part 3

Intelligent Medical Environments

The four chapters in Part 3 deal with medical machines based on the design philos-

ophy of medical processors, medical networks, artificial intelligence (AI) in the sci-

ence of medicine, and the deployment of nationally and internationally distributed

medical knowledge bases.

Chapter 9 contains the methodology that the computer scientists have very diligently

pursued in developing the architecture and composition of computers from its very

inception during the late 1940s to the newer multiple processor, multi-threaded

infused chip-based machines. As many as 64 processor VLSI chips are on the horizon.

Chapter 10 evolves and covers the functionality, role, and architectures of proces-

sors, bus structures of medical machines. The medical processor chip plays the

most crucial part. In conjunction with memories, I/O systems and global Internet

switches, the medical machines will play the role of networked computers in global

computing environments. Medical machines can be built many ways as computers

are built. Unfortunately, there are no centralized or standard committees to suggest

global medical protocols or interfaces. Hospitals and medical centers follow their

own style of conducting the medical practice as they fit. The local software

designers will write medical-ware macros and utilities as they see fit and the IT

engineers and network designers will simply adhere to the local directions rather

than following global medical standards.

Chapter 10 also summarizes the role of network and Internet technologies in the

medical field. As much as processor technology has evolved, network technology

has kept pace. As much as silicon and the high-k dielectric gate1 have contributed

1 Chris Auth et al.: 45 nm High-k1 metal gate strain enhanced transistors. Intel Technology J 12(2):77�89,

2008. For the 45 nm technology node, high-k1 metal gate transistors have been introduced for the first

time in a high-volume manufacturing process [1]. The introduction of a high-k gate dielectric enabled a

0.7x reduction in Tox while reducing gate leakage 1000x for the PMOS and 25x for the NMOS transistors.

Dual-band edge work function metal gates were introduced, eliminating polysilicon gate depletion and pro-

viding compatibility with the high-k gate dielectric. In addition to the high-k1 metal gate, the 35 nm gate

length CMOS transistors have been integrated with a third generation of strained silicon and have demon-

strated the highest drive currents to date for both NMOS and PMOS. An SRAM cell size of 0.346 µ2 hasbeen achieved while using 193 nm dry lithography. High yield and reliability has been demonstrated on

multiple single-, dual-, quad-, and six-core microprocessors.

to the performance of processors, so much have fiber and erbium contributed to the

transport of data from one knowledge bank to another. Processing of data and

information that was the forte of CPUs has become merged with switching and gra-

phics in the newer more powerful processors of this decade. Network transmission

is much understood and deployed by the optical fiber and wireless cellular indus-

tries. Massive and global network switching is gradually being shifted in the

domain of optical switches and the communication processors in laptops, iPods,

and androids.

Chapter 11 tackles the issues in the design of medical processors. These processors

can only be in a genesis of computer processors and extensions of object proces-

sors. Medical processors deal with a rich array of medical sub-functions, utilities

and procedures. In addition, they contend with a rich variety of medical objects

(drugs, nurses, doctors, staff, patients, accountants, etc.) that are unique and distinc-

tive. If the medical functions are treated as “verb functions” and objects are treated

as “noun objects”, then the syntactic and semantic rules become complicated but

not insurmountable for compiler designers to handle. The rules and grammar of

“medical language” will thus be handled with a rich rules and grammar of the med-

ical compiler.

Chapter 12 revisits the medical machines from the perspective of practical proce-

dures in hospitals, medical centers, nursing homes, etc. If the procedures have a

distinct medical code, then this code drives the machine in an error proof, sophisti-

cated, efficient, and optimal fashion. The sub-procedures become the micro-code

that is assembled in view of the human and resource limitations of the hospital or

the medical center where the machine is located. The composition of the sub-

procedure is by itself a layer of the medical-ware and the compiler design.

142 Intelligent Networks: Recent Approaches and Applications in Medical Systems