Insightful Exploration of Brihat Panchamula from

Insightful Exploration of Brihat Panchamula from Brahatrayi and

Nighantu

Dr.Bhavna Gupta: Junior resident, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda , IMS,

BHU Varanasi

Dr.Daneshwari Kanashetti: PhD scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda,

IMS, BHU Varanasi

Prof.Anil Kumar Singh: Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS

BHU Varanasi

Abstract- The word Mishraka means combination of two or more than two drugs, the

drugs possessing similar akriti(Morphology), guna(qualities) and karma(Pharmacological

activity) are categorized under Mishraka Gana or Mishraka varga. Brihat panchamula is

the group of root of five trees namely Bilva (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Agnimantha

(Premna integrifolia Linn.), Tuntuka (Oroxylum indicum Vent.), Patala (Stereospermum

suaveolens DC.) and Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Susruta Samhita is the first

treatise to elucidate Mahat or Brihat Panchamula with its properties and action. Charaka

has used the word Mahat Panchamula and Bilvadi Panchamula instead of Brihat

Panchamula in various contexts; he incorporated Brihat Panchamula dravya in

Sothahara mahakashaya. Vagbhata narrated Mahat or Brihat Panchamula in Aushadha

varga of Annaswarupa vigyaniya adhyaya. The drugs of Brihat Panchmula are common

ingredients of various vatahara and kaphahara formulations in all the three texts, later

upcoming writers of Nighantu enumerated same properties as explained by Sushruta

without any major differences. Root/Root bark of the plants are especially used in

medicine, even though all the parts of plants are edible for clinical use. Distinct

synonyms are introduced by acharyas for all the drugs that reveal the morphology,

properties and actions of drugs. Mode of action of Brihat Panchamula dravya is based

on their rasa panchaka that reveals its vata kaphahara property hence indicated in

number of diseases of Vata and Kapha origin like Shawasa, kasa, Shotha etc. A detailed

scrutiny of ayurvedic texts was carried out from Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata

Samhita regarding explanation of Brihat Panchamula, botanical identity, habit,

properties, inclusion of drugs of Brihat panchamula in various mahakashaya and gana in

Brahatrayi, formulations of Brihat Panchamula with specific indications are summarized.

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In addition to this Availability, Substitution and Adulteration, Pharmacological properties

of Brihat Panchamula are also narrated in present article.

Keywords: Mishraka varga, Brihat Panchamula, Mahat Panchamula.Dashamula

Introduction- Innumerable number of herbal plants are used in medicine, it is

exhausting to study them as a single plant/drug in terms of morphology, properties and

action. As yet for the purpose of better understanding many plants having similar

swarupa(morphological features), guna(properties) and karma(actions) are grouped

under the heading of mishraka vargikarana. Combining drugs for the purpose of

desired action may be another reason for incorporating the concept of mishraka

vargikarana. Mishraka implies groups of dravya/plants having similar morphological

characters or functions, hence they are grouped in the form of gana. The word gana

means group of dravya/substances. Acharya Sushruta has described this type of groups

of dravya in the classification under the umbrella of Mishraka vargikarana1. Raja

nighantu also included Mishrakadi varga in his 23 varga2. Sushruta has described

classification of drugs while mentioning the Karmatmaka vargikarana (drugs possessing

similar action are grouped under the same heading) as Dashamula3, Triphala4 etc.

Dashamula includes Brihat Panchamula and Laghupanchamula. It is estimated that more

than 10,000 M. tones of plant raw drugs belonging to Dashmula group is being

consumed every year by Indian herbal industry contributing to nearly ~Rs. 500 crore

(~USD 1 billion) turnover through the sale of herbal formulations containing this group

of medicinal plants5. Brihatpanchamula is a set of roots of five trees namely Bilva,

Agnimantha, Tuntuka, Patala and Kashmarya. Acharya Charaka included Brihat

panchamula dravya in Shothahara mahakashaya6. These groups of drugs can be studied

under the headings namely Audbhidadravya(plant origin drugs), Jangama dravya(animal

origin drugs), Parthivadravya(mineral drugs)7.

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Materials and Methods

A detailed scrutiny of ayurvedic texts is carried out from Charaka, Sushruta and

Vagbhata samhita. All Nighantu are screened for description of Brihat panchamula.

Botanical identity and habit of 5 trees are as given in table 1. Properties of Brihat

Panchamula drugs are provided in table 2 as per Dravyaguna vigyana. Inclusion of

drugs of Brihat panchamula in various mahakashaya and gana in Brahatrayi are

summarized in table 3. Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in brahatrayi

texts with specific indications are tabulated in table 4, 5, 6 and 7 referred from Charaka,

Sushruta and Vagbhata Samhita respectively.

Table-1; Plants of Brihat Panchamula with their botanical identification and Habit8

Plant Name Botanical Name Family Habit

Bilva Aegle marmelos Corr

Rutaceae Tree

Agnimantha Premna integrifolia Linn.

Verbenaceae Large shrub

or small tree

Tuntuka(Syonaka) Oroxylum indicum Vent.

Bignoniacea

e

Large

deciduous

tree

Patala Stereospermum suaveolens

DC

Bignoniacea

e

Large

deciduous

tree

Kashmarya(Gamb

hari)

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Small tree

Table-2; Properties of Brihat Panchamula drugs

Drugs Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka

Bilva9 Kashaya, Tikta Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu

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Agnimantha10 Tikta, Katu, Kashaya,

Madhura

Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu

Syonaka11 Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu

Patala12 Kashaya, Tikta Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu

Gambhari13 Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya Guru Ushna Katu

Table-3; Inclusion of drugs of Brihat panchamula in various mahakashaya and

gana in Brahatrayi.

Drugs Charaka Samhita

(Mahakashaya)14

Sushruta Samhita

(Gana)15

Astanga Hridaya

(Gana)16

Bilva Arshoghna,

Asthapanopaga,

Anuvasanopaga,

Sothahara

Varunadi,

Ambasthadi,

Brihatpanchamula

Varunadi,

Ambasthadi

Agnimantha Anuvasanopaga,

Sothahara,

Shitaprashamana

Varunadi, Viratarvadi,

Brihatpanchamula

Varunadi,

Viratarvadi

Syonaka Anuvasanopaga,

Purishasangrahaniya,

Sothahara,

Shitaprashamana,

Ambasthadi,

Brihatpanchamula

Viratarvadi

Vataghna

Patala Sothahara Aragvadadi,

Brihatpanchamula,

Adhobhagahara

Vataghna

Gambhari Virechanopaga, Sarivadi, Vataghna

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Dahaprashamana,

Sothahara

Brihatpanchamula

Brihat panchamula in Charaka Samhita

Charaka has used the word Mahat Panchamula and Bilvadi Panchamula instead of

Brihat panchamula in various contexts. He included same drugs in Dvipanchamula and

Sothahara Mahakashaya. He has mentioned Patala, Agnimantha, Syonaka, Bilva,

Kashmarya in Brahma rasayana along with other 4 panchamula (Lagu Panchmula,

Punarnavadi Panchmula, Jivaniya Panchmula). Chakrapani designated Brihat

panchamula wherever Charaka mentioned Panchamula. There is no explanation

regarding properties of this group but there are references of its actions and indications

as mentioned below.

Table-4; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Charaka Samhita with

specific indications

Formulations Indication References

Bilvadipanchamula Sthaulya Ch.Su. 21/24

HaritakyadiRasayana Rasayanartha Ch.Chi.1/73

Prathama Brahmarasayana Rasayanartha Ch.Chi.1-1/33

Chyavanprash avaleha Kasa, Swasa, Hridyaroga Ch. Chi1-1/63

Panchapanchamula Ghrita Raktapitta Ch.Chi.4/96

Dashamula Ghrita Swarabheda roga Ch.Chi.8/97

Kamsaharitaki Amavata,Raktapitta,Amlapitta Ch.Chi.12/50

Panchakola Ghrita UdaraRoga, Gulma,Arsha Ch.Chi.13/113

Kwatha Vrana Ch.Chi.25/77

Niruhavasti Vatavyadhi Ch.Si.3/35

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Punarnavadi Niruhavasti Tridosharoga Ch.Si.3/65

Yavagu/Kwatha Marmaghata Ch.Si.9/8

Vasti Vatavyadhi Ch.Si.11/23

Baladivasti ………….. Ch.Si.11/34

Vasti(kwatha) Alasaka,Visuchika,Panduroga Ch.Si.12/18

Note: Ch.Su-Charaka sutrasthana; Ch.Chi-Charaka chikitsa sthana; Ch.Si-Charaka

siddhisthana

Brihat panchamula in Sushruta Samhita

Sushruta Samhita is the first treatise to elucidate Mahat or Brihat Panchamula with its

properties and actions. Drugs of this group possess Tikta, Kasaya and Madhura rasa,

Ushna Virya and Katu Vipaka. They act as Kapha Vata shamaka and Agnideepaka.

Table-5; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Sushruta Samhita with

specific indications

Formulations Indications References

Trivrtadi samshodaniyagana Virechana Su.Su.44/35

Satapakataila Vatavyadhi Su.Chi.4/29

Kshirataila Mahavatavyadhi Su.Chi.5/22

Taila Gudabhramsha Su.Chi.20/62

Dipikataila Karnagata roga Su. Utt.21/20

Kwatha Gulma, Apasmara, Grihani,

Plihashoola

Su. Utt.36/5,

42/31

Kwatha Su.Ut.43/11,

55/46

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Note: Su.Su-Sushruta sutrasthana; Su.Chi-Sushruta chikitsasthana; Su.Utt-Sushruta

uttaratantra

Brihat panchamula in Asthanga Hridaya

Vagbhata described Mahat or Brihatpanchamula in Aushadha varga of Annaswarupa

vigyaniya adhyaya. The drugs possess Kashaya, Tikta rasa and Ushna virya. They act as

KaphaVatahara. Vagbhata used same group of drugs in various formulations according

to different dosha conditions17.

Table-6; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Asthanga Hridaya

Samhita with specific indications


Kwatha Sthaulya A.H.Su14/23

Kwatha HridyaRoga A.H.Chi 6/27

Kwatha Gudabhramsha A.H.Chi 9/53

Ghrita Vataja Gulma A.H.Chi 14/23

Ghrita Yonivyapat,Gulma,Udararoga A.H.Chi 21/32

Taila Sleshmayukta Vata A.H.Chi 21/64

KshiraVasti Pittavrata Vata A.H.Chi22/25

Kwatha Pittavrata Vata A.H.Chi22/56

Yavagu Shoola,Vibandha,Anaha A.H.Ka3/14

NiruhaVasti Vataroga A.H.Ka4/4

Vasti Panduroga,Vishuchika,Kapharoga A.H.Ka 4/34

Ghrita Balaroga,Grahanashaka,Agnidipaka A.H.Utt3/51

Mahapanchagavya Ghrita Arsha,Kamala,Panduroga A.H.Utt7/19

Taila Vataja karnashoola A.H.Utt18/4

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Note: A.H.Su-Asthanga Hridaya sutrasthana; A.H.Chi- Asthanga Hridaya chikitsasthana;

A.H.Ka- Asthanga Hridaya kalpasthana; A.H.Utt- Asthanga Hridaya uttaratantra

Table-7; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Astanga Sangraha

Samhita with specific indications


Kwatha Sthaulya A.S.Su24/15

Ghrita Jwara A.S.Chi2/7

Ghrita Rajayakshma A.S.Chi7/21

Kwatha Chardhi,Hridyaroga,Trishna A.S.Chi8/21

Taila Gudabhramsha A.S.Chi11/22

Kwatha Grahani A.S.Chi12/18

Taila/ Ghrita Kustha A.S.Chi21/3

Note: A.S.Su-Asthanga Sangraha sutrasthana; A.S.Chi- Asthanga Sangraha chikitsasthana;

Review in Nighantu

Kaiyadeva Nighantu18, Dhanwantari Nighantu19, Raja Nighantu, Madanapala Nighantu,

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu have narrarated Brihat Panchamula in a broader aspect.

Shodhla Nighantu used word Tintuka for Syonaka and Sriparni for Gambhari. Kaiyadeva

Nighantu has used the term Tarkari for Agnimantha. Bhavprakasha Nighantu has used

different Synonyms as Sriphala for Bilva, Sarvatobhadra for Gambhari and Ganikarika for

Agnimantha. Dhanwantri Nighantu described the properties of Brihat Panchmula under

Dashamula. Madanadi Nighantu has mentioned this group under the heading of

Dashamula. Saushruta Nighantu has only mentioned names of Brihat Panchamula

drugs. This group of plants are indicated in Sannipatajvara, Swasa, Kasa, Tandra,

Parshvashoola. Acharya Madanapala added mahatagnikari (increases agni) and Meda

Kapha Swasa Samirahari in the indications of Brihat Panchamula. Abhidhana Ratnamala,

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Asthanga Nighantu, Chamatkara Nighantu, Nighantu Shesha, Paryaya Ratnamala,

Rajavallabha Nighantu, Shivakosha Nighantu, Saraswati Nighantu, Siddhasara Nighantu

and Hridayadipaka Nighantu have not depicted Brihat Panchamula.

Useful part- As per classical texts (Samhita and Nighantu) root is the useful part of all

the five plants, the same is mentioned by official books like AFI part 1(Ayurvedic

Formulary of India) edition I. The same book of edition II suggests using of root and

stem bark.

Availability, Substitution and Adulteration

None of the authors mentioned substitute drug for Bilva, that suggests vast availability

of Bilva all over India. There are 2 types of Agnimantha Laghu (also called Tarkari) and

Vrddha Agnimantha which are identified as Clerodendron phlomidis Linn.f. and Premna

integrifolia Linn. respectively. Both belong to same family and possess similar

properties20. As per AFI part 1 Clerodendron phlomidis Linn.f. and Premna mucronata

Roxb. are substitute plants and according to 2nd part of same text it is mentioned that

Premna obtusifolia R. Br. and Premna mucronata Roxb. are substituent drugs. In API vol

3(Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India) it is mentioned that Clerodendron phlomidis Linn.f.

as the genuine botanical source of Agnimantha and accepted Premna integrifolia Linn.

and Premna mucronata Roxb. as substitutes for Agnimantha. Premna latifolia is

agnimantha bheda. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. as substitute for Syonaka and Trewia

nudiflora Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) as substitute for Gambhari mentioned by Bapalal Vaidya.

Chunekar explained Premna flavescens Ham. and Trewia nudiflora Linn. as substitutes for

Gambhari. Also, Gmelina asiatica Linn. as substitute of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Bhava

prakasha explained two types of Patala namely Patala and Sita patala with difference in

flower morphology but there is no variance in properties. Sita patala is also called as

Ghanta patala, botanically it is Stereospermum chelonoides DC.

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Pharmacological properties of Brihat panchamula as per recent research studies

1. Bilva possess various pharmacological activity like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-

diarrheal, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, analgesic, antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory

activity, cytoprotective effect, hepatoprotective effect, antifertility effect and

shows insects controlling property21.

2. Agnimantha Antinociceptive, antiarthritic, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-

inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antiparasitic,

gastroprotective, cardioprotective, CNS depressant, hepatoprotective,

hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, longevity promoting and neuroprotective

activity22.

3. Patala possess various pharmacological activity like Antihyperglycemic and

Antioxidant Activities, Anti-inflammatory effect, Hepatoprotective activity and

Anticancer activity23.

4. Shyonaka possess anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anticancer,

antioxidant, photo cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antiarthritic, antimicrobial,

antimutagenic and immunostimulant properties24.

5. Gambhari possess anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, diuretic,

hepatoprotective and antiepileptic properties25.

Discussion

Sushruta Samhita is the first treatise to elucidate Mahat or Brihat Pancamula with its

properties and actions. Drugs of this group possess Tikta, Kasaya and Madhura rasa,

Ushna Virya and Katu Vipaka. They act as Kapha Vata shamaka and Agnidipaka.

Charaka has used the word Mahat Panchamula and Bilvadi Panchamula instead of

Brihat Panchamula in various contexts. He included same drugs in Dvipanchamula and

Sothahara Mahakashaya. He has mentioned Patala, Agnimantha, Syonaka, Bilva,

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Kashmarya in Brahma rasayana along with other 4 panchamula. There is no explanation

regarding properties of this group. Vagbhata described Brihat panchamula in Aushadha

varga of Annaswarupa vigyaniya adhyaya. On screening various formulations of brihat

panchamula in Brahatrayi these were used mainly for Vata Kaphaja and tridoshaja

disorders and for rasayana purpose. Upcoming writers of Nighantu included same

properties as explained by Sushruta without any major differences, Dhanvantari

Nighantu added indications of Sannipata jvara, Swasa, Kasa, Tandra, Parshva shoola. All

the plants belong to brihat Panchamula group are trees possess Tikta Kashaya rasa,

Laghu Ruksha guna, Ushna virya and Katu vipaka. Regarding useful part of the plants

mula refers to roots, many authors mentioned to take roots but Bhava prakasha

mentioned that if the roots of trees cannot be possible to collect instead root bark of

trees can be taken. Problem of plant botanical identity, substitution and adulteration has

also crept in because some authors have treated taxonomic synonyms of the same plant

species as different botanical entity while a few have clubbed different species as one. At

present many market formulations contain Brihat panchamula drugs like

Dashamularistha etc.

Conclusion

Botanical identity can be as follows-Bilva is Aegle marmelos Corr, Agnimantha is Premna

integrifolia Linn, Paṭala is Stereospermum suaveolens DC, Syonaka is Oroxylum indicum

Vent, Gaṃbhari is Gmelina arborea Roxb. Root and stem bark can be used for medicinal

purpose. Mode of action of Brihat Pancamula dravya is based on their rasa pancaka.

Drugs of Brihat Pancamula are Ushna in virya and Laghu, Ruksha in Guna. Due to

Kashaya, Tikta Rasa Brihat Pancamula is Kapha Samaka and due to Ushna in virya it is

Vata Samaka and Agni deepaka and can be used in diseases like Svasa, kasa and Shotha.

This article helps researcher to analyze classical information and carry out further

research.

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Insightful Exploration of Brihat Panchamula from