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Inside the Human Brain
HSP3M
Inside the Teenage Brain Adolescence is characterized by
extreme mood swings and participation in risk-taking behaviour.
Many changes are occurring in the frontal cortex which account for these behaviours.
The frontal cortex, which is responsible for reason and logic, is not fully developed in adolescents.
Inside the Teenage Brain Due to this, many adolescents
misinterpret emotions causing conflict with parents, peers and teachers.
Example: Misinterpreting one’s behaviour as anger.
The adolescent brain does not interpret environmental information in the same manner as adult do.
Inside the Teenage Brain The cerebellum, responsible for
organizing thoughts and cognition, changes the most during adolescence.
The cerebellum is not fully developed until a person is 21 years old.
This lack of development can account for adolescents not always hearing or understanding what their parents or teachers are trying to communicate and their lack of organization.
Inside the Teenage Brain Getting adequate sleep is one of the
best things adolescents can do to enhance learning and brain development.
Adolescents need 9 ¼ hours sleep a night to function properly.
Despite this, on average adolescents get only 7 ½ hours sleep per night.
This continuous sleep deficit causes significant gaps in learning.
Inside the Teenage Brain Adolescents circadian clock keeps teens up
late at night, however as school starts early they are forced to get up before they have received enough sleep.
As a result most adolescents are not able function properly in school as they are still in a sleep like state.
Studies show that when teens get adequate sleep they perform better on cognitive tasks.
Teens that are sleep deficient show significant gaps in their ability to retain information and perform cognitive tasks.
Inside the Teenage Brain So why does school start so early? Later school start studies indicate that
when school starts later (10 am- 4:30 pm), teens perform better academically and they are less frequently absent.
However they are less likely to participate in extra curricular activities which are also beneficial to healthy development.
The Human Brain--Functions
Human Brain The brain is made of three main parts: the
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum,
thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system).
The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum.
The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla.
Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the brainstem.
Human Brain The cerebrum or cortex is the largest
part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action.
The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
Human BrainRight Hemisphere The right
hemisphere controls the left side of the body
Temporal and spatial relationships
Analyzing nonverbal information
Communicating emotion
Left Hemisphere The left
hemisphere controls the right side of the body
Produce and understand language
Human Brain Frontal Lobe- associated with
reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
Human Brain
The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex.
This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.
The Human Brain Thalamus is a large mass of gray
matter deeply situated in the forebrain at the topmost portion of the diencephalon.
The structure has sensory and motor functions.
Almost all sensory information enters this structure where neurons send that information to the overlying cortex.
The Human Brain Hypothalamus- The structure is
involved in functions including homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic nervous system.
Examples: Moods and motivation Sexual maturation Temperature regulation Hormonal body processes
The Human Brain
Amygdala- involved in memory, emotion, and fear.
The amygdala is both large and just beneath the surface of the front, medial part of the temporal lobe.
Human Brain
Hippocampus- This part of the brain is important for learning and memory. Specifically for converting short term memory to more permanent memory, and for recalling spatial relationships in the world about us.
Human Brain Pons- It is involved in motor control and
sensory analysis... for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons.
It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep.
Some structures within the pons are linked to the cerebellum, thus are involved in movement and posture.
Human Brain
Medulla- this structure is the caudal-most part of the brain stem, between the pons and spinal cord.
It is responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as breathing and heart rate.