1R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

INSE

711

0 �

Win

ter

2005

Val

ue A

dded

Ser

vice

s Eng

inee

ring

in N

ext G

ener

atio

n N

etw

orks

W

eek

#2

2R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Out

line

1.B

asic

s2.

Med

ia H

andl

ing

3.Q

ualit

y of

Ser

vice

(QoS

)

3R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Bas

ics

-D

efin

ition

s

-H

isto

ry

-St

anda

rds

.

4R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Def

initi

ons

�N

ext g

ener

atio

n ne

twor

ksLo

osel

y us

ed to

refe

r to:

Third

gen

erat

ion

netw

orks

Cur

rent

ly b

eing

dep

loye

d m

ainl

y in

Eur

ope

and

Asia

�In

tern

et T

elep

hony

�3G

Or

Net

wor

ks w

hich

will

repl

ace

the

third

gen

erat

ion

netw

orks

�Be

yond

3G

�4G

Or b

oth

�3G

and

Bey

ond

3G (3

GB)

5R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Def

initi

ons

�

Dis

tinct

ive

char

acte

ristic

s

1.Pa

cket

sw

itchi

ng (i

nste

ad o

f circ

uit s

witc

hing

in to

day�

s 2G

net

wor

ks)

2.Q

oS e

nabl

ed (u

nlik

e th

e In

tern

et b

est e

ffort)

3.Vo

ice

+ da

ta (u

nlik

e to

day�

s 2G

net

wor

ks w

hich

focu

s on

voi

ce

6R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Def

initi

ons

.

Yes/

No

Yes/

No

Cal

l set

up

requ

ired

Yes/

No

Yes/

No

Non

opt

imal

usa

ge o

f ban

dwid

th

Yes/

No

Yes/

No

Fixe

d ba

ndw

idth

ava

ilabl

e

Yes/

No

Yes/

No

Poss

ibilit

y of

con

gest

ion

durin

g co

mm

unic

atio

n

Pack

et s

witc

hed

Circ

uit s

witc

hed

Der

ived

crit

eria

Yes/

No

Yes/

No

Ded

icat

ed P

hysi

cal p

ath

Pack

et s

witc

hed

Circ

uit s

witc

hed

Prin

cipa

l Crit

eria

7R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Def

initi

ons

�

The

mai

n co

mpo

nent

s

1.Si

gnal

ing

2.M

edia

han

dlin

g

3.Q

ualit

y of

ser

vice

4.Va

lue

adde

d se

rvic

es

8R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

A br

ief h

isto

ry �

Mile

ston

es

�La

te 7

0s:

�Fi

rst t

wo

party

voi

ce c

alls

ove

r Int

erne

t (N

etw

ork

Voic

e Pr

otoc

ol

(NVP

-R

FC 7

41 -

Nov

embe

r 197

7)

�80

s:

�Em

erge

nce

of p

ropr

ieta

ry s

yste

ms

for I

nter

net T

elep

hony

�90

s: �Em

erge

nce

of s

tand

ards

(e.g

. SIP

, H.3

23, M

egac

o/H

.248

)

�Ea

rly 0

0s:

�Ba

ckin

g by

telc

os(e

.g. 3

GPP

spe

cific

atio

ns)

�Ba

ckin

g by

oth

er n

ew p

laye

rs (e

.g. c

able

indu

stry

)

9R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

The

stan

dard

s: T

he d

edic

ated

bod

ies

�3G

PP (T

hird

Gen

erat

ion

Part

ners

hip

Proj

ect -

1)-

Esta

blis

hed

in 1

998

as c

olla

bora

tion

agre

emen

t bet

wee

n se

vera

l st

anda

rds

bodi

es (e

.g. E

TSI,

CC

SA, A

RIB

,T1)

-Ai

m a

t est

ablis

hing

sta

ndar

ds g

loba

lly a

pplic

able

to th

ird g

ener

atio

n m

obile

net

wor

ks b

ased

evo

lved

GSM

cor

e ne

twor

ks

3GPP

2 (T

hird

Gen

erat

ion

Part

ners

hip

Proj

ect �

2)-

Esta

blis

hed

in 1

998

as c

olla

bora

tion

agre

emen

t bet

wee

n se

vera

l st

anda

rds

bodi

es (e

.g. C

CSA

, AR

IB,T

IA)

-Ai

m a

t est

ablis

hing

sta

ndar

ds g

loba

lly a

pplic

able

to th

ird g

ener

atio

n m

obile

net

wor

ks b

ased

evo

lved

IS-9

5 co

re n

etw

orks

Pack

etca

ble

(For

mer

ly k

now

n as

sof

t sw

itch

cons

ortiu

m)

�Es

tabl

ishe

d in

199

7�

Aim

at e

stab

lishi

ng s

tand

ards

for d

eliv

erin

g re

al ti

me

mul

timed

ia

serv

ices

ove

r tw

o w

ays

cabl

e pa

cket

net

wor

ks

10R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

The

stan

dard

s: T

he o

ther

bod

ies

�

Inte

rnet

Eng

inee

ring

Task

For

ce (I

ETF)

-Fo

cus

on p

roto

cols

Inte

rnat

iona

l Tel

ecom

mun

icat

ions

Uni

on (I

TU)

-Fo

cus

on te

leph

ony

netw

orks

ITU

-TIT

U-R

11R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

The

stan

dard

s: P

roto

cols

at t

he n

etw

ork

leve

l �

.

12R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Med

ia h

andl

ing

�

1. In

trod

uctio

n

2. M

edia

tran

spor

tatio

n

3. T

he p

rogr

amm

er�s

vie

wpo

int

13R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Intr

oduc

tion

�

Med

ia h

andl

ing

�-T

rans

porta

tion

�-

Con

vers

ion

-M

ixin

g

Rel

ated

con

cept

s-

Med

ia s

tream

-Si

mpl

e st

ream

s (e

.g. v

oice

)-

Mul

tiple

xed

stre

ams

(e.g

. voi

ce +

vid

eo)

-Po

rts o

r tra

nspo

rt se

lect

ors

-C

onte

nt ty

pe (I

.e. f

orm

at)

-Ex

ampl

es: M

PEG

Key

issu

e: R

eal t

ime

deliv

ery

and

proc

essi

ng

14R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Med

ia tr

ansp

orta

tion

�

Two

com

plem

enta

ry p

roto

cols

-Act

ual t

rans

porta

tion:

Rea

l-tim

e Tr

ansp

ort P

roto

col (

RTP

) -

Con

trol o

f tra

nspo

rtatio

n:R

TP C

ontro

l Pro

toco

l (R

TCP)

.

15R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Med

ia tr

ansp

orta

tion

�

Mai

n ch

arac

teris

tics

RTP

: No

prov

isio

n fo

r Qua

lity

of s

ervi

ceN

o gu

aran

tee

for o

ut o

f seq

uenc

e de

liver

yTy

pica

lly ru

ns o

n to

p of

UD

P bu

t may

run

on to

p of

oth

er p

roto

cols

RTC

P: Hel

p in

pro

vidi

ng c

ontro

l

16R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Med

ia tr

ansp

orta

tion

�

Two

part

y au

dio

call

-Inf

orm

atio

n re

quire

dPo

rts

Two

part

y au

dio

and

vide

o ca

lls-I

nfor

mat

ion

requ

ired

Ports

17R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Med

ia tr

ansp

orta

tion

�

Mul

ticas

t aud

io c

onfe

renc

e on

Inte

rnet

-Inf

orm

atio

n re

quire

dM

ultic

ast a

ddre

ssPo

rts

Mul

ticas

t aud

io /

vide

o co

nfer

ence

on

Inte

rnet

-Inf

orm

atio

n di

strib

uted

to th

e pa

rtici

pant

sM

ultic

ast a

ddre

ssPo

rts

18R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTP

con

cept

s �

Sess

ion

-Lo

gica

l ass

ocia

tion

betw

een

parti

es c

omm

unic

atin

g w

ith R

TP-

Iden

tifie

d fo

r eac

h pa

rtici

pant

by:

-IP

add

ress

(may

be

com

mon

for a

ll pa

rtici

pant

s)-

RTP

por

t-

RTC

P po

rt

End

syst

em-

Appl

icat

ion

that

gen

erat

es th

e co

nten

t to

be s

ent a

nd/o

r -

rece

ive

the

cont

ent t

o be

con

sum

ed-

Exam

ples

: IP

phon

es, P

Cs,

mic

roph

ones

�

19R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTP

con

cept

s �

Mix

ers

/ tra

nsla

tors

-In

term

edia

te s

yste

ms

-C

onne

ct 2

or m

ore

trans

port

leve

l clo

uds

-En

d sy

stem

s-

Mix

ers

/ tra

nsla

tors

-U

se c

ases

-C

entra

lized

con

fere

nce

brid

ges

-H

eter

ogen

eous

con

fere

nces

-Lo

w s

peed

con

nect

ion

-H

igh

spee

d co

nnec

tion

-D

iffer

ent e

ncod

ing

sche

mes

-So

me

parti

cipa

nts

behi

nd fi

rew

alls

20R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTP

con

cept

s �

Sync

hron

izat

ion

sour

ce (S

SRC

)-

Gro

upin

g of

dat

a so

urce

s fo

r pla

ying

bac

k pu

rpos

e (e

.g. v

oice

vs.

vi

deo)

-An

end

sys

tem

can

act

as

seve

ral s

ynch

roni

zatio

n so

urce

s (e

.g. I

P ph

one

with

vid

eo c

apab

ilitie

s)-

Tran

slat

ors

forw

ard

RTP

pac

kets

with

thei

r syn

chro

niza

tion

sour

ce

inta

ct

Con

trib

utin

g so

urce

(CSR

C)

-A

sour

ce o

f a s

tream

of R

TP p

acke

ts th

at h

as c

ontri

bute

d to

the

com

bine

d st

ream

pro

duce

d by

an

RTP

mix

er-

Mix

ers

inse

rt th

e lis

t of c

ontri

butin

g so

urce

s in

the

pack

ets

they

ge

nera

te

21R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTP

pac

kets

: Str

uctu

reH

eade

r-

Fixe

d-

May

be fo

llow

ed b

y on

e he

ader

ext

ensi

on if

ext

ensi

on b

it is

set

Bod

y -C

onta

ins

the

actu

al d

ata

22R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTP

hea

der �

Sele

cted

fiel

ds

Vers

ion

:Ex

tens

ion:

Payl

oad

type

: For

mat

of p

aylo

ad (e

.g. e

ncod

ing

sche

me)

Prof

ile fo

r aud

io a

nd v

ideo

con

fere

nce

Oth

er ty

pes

Sequ

ence

num

ber

Tim

e st

amp

CSR

C li

sts

23R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTC

P co

ncep

ts �

Mon

itor:

-Ap

plic

atio

n th

at re

ceiv

es R

TCP

pack

ets

sent

by

parti

cipa

nts

inan

RTP

se

ssio

n

Rep

orts

-R

ecep

tion

qual

ity fe

edba

ck-

Sent

by

RTP

pac

kets

rece

iver

s (w

hich

may

als

o be

sen

ders

)

Perm

anen

t RTP

sou

rce

iden

tifie

r (C

NAM

E)-F

or k

eepi

ng tr

ack

of e

ach

parti

cipa

nt

24R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTC

P pa

cket

s �

Pack

et ty

pes

Sim

ple

Com

poun

d

Exam

ples

of p

acke

tsSe

nder

repo

rtsR

ecei

ver r

epor

tsB

ye

25R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

RTC

P pa

cket

s �

Rec

eive

r rep

ort (

Sele

cted

fiel

ds)

Vers

ion

Tim

e st

amp

Send

er�s

pac

ket c

ount

Rec

eptio

n re

port

blo

cks

26R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Prog

ram

mer

s vi

ewpo

int

�St

anda

rd A

PIs

-Ea

se a

pplic

atio

n de

velo

pmen

t by

offe

ring

�hig

h le

vel�

prog

ram

mat

ic

inte

rface

s to

pro

toco

ls-

Enab

le th

e de

velo

pmen

t of p

orta

ble

appl

icat

ions

-An

exa

mpl

e fo

r med

ia h

andl

ing

-Ja

va M

edia

Fra

mew

ork

(JM

F)

27R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Prog

ram

mer

s vi

ewpo

int

�JM

F ke

y de

sign

goa

ls

-Be

eas

y to

use

-Su

ppor

t cap

turin

g m

edia

dat

a-

Enab

le th

e de

velo

pmen

t of m

edia

stre

amin

g an

d co

nfer

enci

ng

appl

icat

ions

in J

ava

-En

able

cus

tom

ized

sol

utio

ns b

ased

on

the

exis

ting

API (

e.g.

hig

her

leve

l API

)-

Prov

ide

acce

ss to

raw

med

ia d

ata

-En

able

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f cus

tom

ized

dow

nloa

dabl

e de

-mul

tiple

xers

, m

ixer

s/tra

nsla

tors

and

so

on �

28R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Prog

ram

mer

s vi

ewpo

int

�JM

F RT

P/R

TCP

APIs

key

des

ign

goal

s

-Be

eas

y to

use

-Su

ppor

t med

ia d

ata

rece

ptio

n an

d tra

nsm

issi

on u

sing

RTP

/RTC

P-

Enab

le th

e de

velo

pmen

t of m

edia

stre

amin

g an

d co

nfer

enci

ng

appl

icat

ions

in J

ava

29R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Prog

ram

mer

s vi

ewpo

int

�JM

F hi

gh le

vel a

rchi

tect

ure

Med

ia h

andl

ing

appl

icat

ions

wri

tten

in J

ava

Pres

enta

tion

API

s (e.

g. st

art/s

top)

and

proc

essi

ng A

PIs (

e.g.

enc

odin

g/de

codi

ng)

Plug

-In

API

s (e.

g. in

tera

ctio

ns w

ith c

odec

s, m

ultip

lexe

rs/d

e-m

ultip

lexe

rs)

30R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Qua

lity

of S

ervi

ces

1. I

ntro

duct

ion

2. E

arly

atte

mpt

s

3. D

iffer

entia

ted

serv

ices

31R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Intr

oduc

tion

�

1. C

ircui

t sw

itche

d te

leph

ony

-R

eser

ved

path

-Si

ngle

gra

de o

f ser

vice

(The

hig

hest

)

2. C

lass

ical

Inte

rnet

-N

o re

serv

ed p

ath

-Si

ngle

gra

de o

f ser

vice

(I.e

bes

t effo

rt)-

Hig

hly

unsu

itabl

e fo

r tel

epho

ny

32R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Early

atte

mpt

s �

IP P

rece

denc

e an

d Ty

pe o

f Ser

vice

Type

of s

ervi

ce o

ctet

Prec

eden

ce: I

ndic

ate

the

prio

rity

�O

: low

est

�7:

hig

hest

Type

of s

ervi

ce�

Low

del

ay�

Hig

h th

roug

hput

�

And

othe

rs

Nev

er g

ot w

idel

y de

ploy

ed: o

nly

anec

dota

l, ad

hoc

and

exp

erim

enta

l im

plem

enta

tions

33R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Early

atte

mpt

s: In

tegr

ated

Ser

vice

Arc

hite

ctur

e -

IntS

erv

�Pr

ovid

e en

d to

end

QoS

gua

rant

ees

Serv

ice

clas

ses

1. G

uara

ntee

d se

rvic

e-

Har

d gu

aran

tee

on d

elay

and

ban

dwid

th-

Para

met

ers

prov

ided

by

appl

icat

ion

Peak

rate

Pack

et s

ize

Burs

t siz

e 2.

Con

trol

led

load

-So

fter v

ersi

on o

f gua

rant

eed

serv

ice

-G

uara

ntee

that

the

QoS

is e

quiv

alen

t to

wha

t it w

ould

hav

e be

en if

the

netw

ork

is n

ot o

verlo

aded

-May

not

mee

t som

e of

the

hard

requ

irem

ents

(e.g

. del

ay)

34R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Inte

grat

ed S

ervi

ce A

rchi

tect

ure

-Int

Serv

�R

equi

rem

ents

on

each

rout

er in

the

path

:

1.Po

licin

g2.

Adm

issi

on c

ontr

ol3.

Cla

ssifi

catio

n4.

Que

uing

and

sch

edul

ing

35R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Res

ourc

e R

eser

vatio

n Pr

otoc

ol -

RSV

P �

Soft

stat

e si

gnal

ing

prot

ocol

use

d in

InSe

rvfo

r uni

-di

rect

iona

l res

ourc

e re

serv

atio

n

Rel

y on

two

mes

sage

s:

PATH

-Pr

opag

ated

from

sen

der t

o re

ceiv

er

RES

V-

Prop

agat

ed in

the

oppo

site

dire

ctio

n

36R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Inte

grat

ed S

ervi

ces

�D

isad

vant

ages

-R

equi

re m

ajor

new

sof

twar

e an

d fir

mw

are

in ro

uter

s-

Maj

or o

verh

ead

due

to fl

ows

man

agem

ent

-Fl

ows

are

quite

sim

ilar t

o te

leph

one

calls

-Se

t up

-Te

ar d

own

37R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Diff

eren

tiate

d se

rvic

es -

Diff

Serv

�

Aim

at a

ddre

ssin

g In

tSer

vdr

awba

cks

by fo

cusi

ng o

n tr

affic

agg

rega

tes

inst

ead

of in

divi

dual

flow

s:

Scal

abili

ty-

No

need

for r

oute

r to

mai

ntai

n flo

w s

tate

s-

No

for r

efre

shm

ent m

essa

ges

due

soft-

stat

e

Lack

of g

ener

al a

pplic

abili

ty

-W

ork

even

if e

very

rout

er in

the

path

doe

s no

t sup

port

it

No

need

for a

pplic

atio

ns to

sup

port

new

API

s

38R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Diff

eren

tiate

d se

rvic

es -

Diff

Serv

�

Fund

amen

tal p

rinci

ple:

A c

ode

poin

t �D

iffer

entia

ted

serv

ice

code

poi

nt (D

SCP)

to te

ll ro

uter

s ho

w to

tr

eat a

pac

ket r

elat

ivel

y to

oth

er p

acke

ts

Per h

op b

ehav

iour

(PH

B)

-D

efau

lt-

Expe

dite

d fo

rwar

ding

-As

sure

d fo

rwar

ding

Rou

ters

use

PH

B to

dro

p/ p

riorit

ize

pack

ets

on th

eir o

utpu

t que

ue

39R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Diff

eren

tiate

d se

rvic

es -

Diff

Serv

�

The

two

appr

oach

es:

Abso

lute

ser

vice

diff

eren

tiatio

n-

Try

to m

eet I

ntSe

rvgo

als,

but

:-

With

out p

er-fl

ow s

tate

-W

ith s

tatic

/ se

mi-s

tatic

reso

urce

rese

rvat

ion

Rel

ativ

e se

rvic

e di

ffere

ntia

tion

-Lo

wer

leve

l of a

mbi

tion

-Ju

st e

nsur

e th

at re

lativ

e pr

iorit

ies

are

resp

ecte

d

40R

och

H. G

litho

-Er

icss

on/C

onco

rdia

Uni

vers

ityJa

nuar

y 20

05

Ref

eren

ces

...

1.M

edia

han

dlin

gR

FC 1

889

(RTP

/RTC

P)JM

F:

http

://ja

va.s

un.c

om/p

rodu

cts/

java

-med

ia/jm

f/ind

ex.js

p

2. Q

oS B. C

arpe

nter

and

K. N

icho

ls, D

iffer

entia

ted

Serv

ices

in th

e In

tern

et, P

roce

edin

gs o

f the

IEEE

, Vol

. 90

, No9

, Sep

tem

ber 2

002

RFC

163

3 (In

tSer

v)R

FC 2

205

(RSV

P)R

FCs

2430

, 247

4 �

(Diff

Serv

)