INO PDA: Geographic Information System for Integrated Water Resources Management in Cimanuk River Basin (Final Report)

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RETA 6325: Promoting Effective Water Management

Policies and Practices – Phase 5

Pilot Demonstration Activities for Indonesia

Appropriate Information System for

IWRM Cimanuk River Basin

Contract Nr. C70-088

FINAL REPORT

Volume 1

Main Text

PT Waindo SpecTerraJAKARTA, Indonesia

D S Cipanas Pangkalan

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of

the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not

guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of

their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.



FINAL REPORTVolume 1

Main Text



PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page i

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 11.1 The Objective of PDA Cimanuk 1

1.2 The Cipanas-Pangkalan River Basin 1

1.3 The Surveys 4

1.4 The Upper Catchment 71.5 Hydrology 7

1.6 Asset Management (O&M) 71.7 Lessons Learned 7

2 Lessons Learned 9

3 Surveys 14

3.1 Village Boundaries 14

3.2 Land Use 163.3 Irrigation Infrastructure 17

3.4 Private Initiatives in the Irrigation Sector 19

3.5 The Upper Catchment 224 Hydrology 24

5 Asset Management 286 Other Data of Relevance 29

List of MapsMap 1: Location of WS Cimanuk and DAS Cipanas-Pangkalan

Map 2a: Forest Areas by Function

Map 2b: Forest Areas by Type

Map 3: Original and Corrected Village Boundaries

Map 3a: Desa Amis, Indramayu

Map 3b: Desa Pilangsari, Majalengka

Map 3c: Desa Narimbang, Sumedang

Map 4: Overview of the Updated Land Use Map

Map 5: Detail of Irrigation Infrastructure and Land Use

Map 6: Rivers and Location of Control Structures

Map 7: Drainage Infrastructure and Flood Prone Areas

Map 8: Actual Operations of the Irrigation Systems and Potential Well Sites

Map 9: Rain Gauges in the Upper Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin and Hypothetical Measuring Point

Map 10: Rice-surplus Kecamatan and Irrigation Schemes

Map 11: Irrigation Schemes in the Lower Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin

Map 12: Annual Population Growth Rates per Settlement Area

List of Diagrams

Diagram 1: Flow Chart of the Project

Diagram 2: Current Separation of Economy, Environment and CommunitiesDiagram 3: Desired Future Integration of Economy, Environment and Communities



PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page ii

List of Illustrations

Illustration 1 – 2: Pumping to assist gravity flow of irrigation water

Illustration 3 – 4: Water distribution by plastic hosepipesIllustration 5 – 6: Kayu putih and paddy production with water pumped from Cipanas River

List of Annexes

Annex 1: Mapping Errors of Village Boundaries

Annex 2: The Jakarta Post – engaging people in data collection

Annex 3: List of Persons and Meetings



PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 1

1 Introduction

1.1 The Objective of PDA Cimanuk

1.

The objective of the project is to explore the practical steps—including manpower, timeand financial requirements—needed to design and develop an information system that will

provide appropriate support for the management of the water resources.

2.

More specifically, the system is meant to support senior decision makers at central,

provincial, and district level in formulating policies and strategies for the integrated

management of water resources of a river basin—including, allocation and conservation of

raw water, the management irrigation systems, the regeneration of the upper catchment

areas, and the management of assets.

3. Apart from quantitative support in response to queries, the GIS for IWRM will also be

able to provide qualitative support to decision makers. This is quite an important aspect of

the GIS, especially as many data quantifications lack accuracy, or are simply not available.However, in case the quantities are not accurately known, decision support can be obtained

from the relational qualitative information contained in the system. It involves the

combining of the relevant overlays to observe the relationship between features.

4. For instance, when combining, the map overlay of areas of shortage of irrigation water,

with those of the critical areas in the upper catchment, and the maps showing the condition

of the irrigation infrastructure, a first indication can be obtained about the main cause of the

water shortage: the critical upper catchments, or the state of repair of the infrastructure. If

then the infrastructure is in reasonably good condition, the water shortage can be assumed to

be caused by the lack of the proper vegetation cover of the upper catchment.

5.

The intended information system is designed to support decision making processes

covering areas delineated both by administrative as well as by hydraulic boundaries. The

system will thus be equally useful for district level planning and monitoring, as for the

management of water resources of a complete river basin.

6. An exhaustive list of river basins has been compiled under the National Movement –

Partnership in Water Conservation (GN-KPA), and each one of them will eventually be in

need of a similar system. The system to be developed under this project is meant to serve as

a prototype for replication in other river basins, and in projects such as ADB's Participatory

Irrigation Sector Project (PISP), or the World Bank's Water Resources Irrigation Sector

Management Project (WISMP).

1.2 The Cipanas-Pangkalan River Basin

7. The project covers the Cipanas-Pangkalan river basin, which is one of the four basins of

the Cimanuk river area, see Map 1. The total surface area of this river basin is just under

1,000 km2, its sawah area is 45,500 ha, and a total of 112 villages lie completely or partly

within the river basin.

8. Although fairly small the river basin provides a realistic and practical example of the

complex interaction of the upper catchment and its lower basin. The Cipanas River is locally

known as difficult [nakal] because of its annual flash floods during the wet monsoon, and

water shortages during the dry season.




Map 1: Location of WS Cimanuk and DAS Cipanas-Pangkalan[including the to-be-built Jati Gede dam area]

9.

The in many places critical condition of the upper catchment area is undoubtedly to blame for this sorry state of affairs. The exact extent of the land degradation could not be

mapped because of the lack of access to recent satellite imagery and a lack of funds to

acquire, for instance, a SPOT-5 or GeoEye scene of the area. 1 In spite of this lack of detailed

spatial data, the relational interpretation of available information justifies the conclusion that

for the purpose of diminishing flooding in the lower basin and shortages of water during the

dry season, programmes of regreening, reforestation and the introduction of appropriate

agricultural practices and crops, are urgently required. Map 2a and b.

1 He budget limitations of PDA projects did preclude the acquisition of the required imagery.




Map 2a: Forest Areas by Function

Map 2b: Forest Areas by Type




1.3 The Surveys

10.

The most important surveys carried out under the PDA Cimanuk were the surveys of the village

boundaries and land use, and of the irrigation infrastructure.

11.

The correct VILLAGE BOUNDARIES are essential as the database is designed to support

decision making at kabupaten and at river basin level. Villages can thus be aggregated

(grouped) into both an administrative or a hydraulic area. Because of the lack of Letter C

data (maps compiled several decades ago showing the village boundaries and land

parcelling) surveyors used GPS to establish the coordinates of map-recognisable physical

features, such as road intersections, bridges across rivers or canals, and the like, to map the

key points. Assisted by knowledgeable administrative staff of the villages these key points

were then mapped, and the boundaries in between these [way]points were subsequently

interpolated.

12. A boundary correction exercise had already been conducted in Indramayu and

discrepancies between the corrected Indramayu boundaries and the PDA results werenegligible. In the case of Majalengka and Sumedang the difference were, however,

substantial. See Map 3, 3a/b/c on page 14 & 15.

13. The boundary surveys were combined with the updating of the village LAND USE. The

corrected village maps therefore include the revised land use, and physical data resulting

from the surveys, but not recorded on previous maps. See Map 4 on page 16.

14.

The IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE was mapped in great detail. All primary and

secondary canals and structures were tracked and GPS readings of their location were taken.

Photographs were taken to record their conditions and state of repair. In respect of the

survey of tertiary canals a proxy method was chosen as a full GPS-assisted field survey

would not have been possible within the allotted time and budget. Together with localguides from the village administration, contracted by the project to assist the survey teams in

finding their way around the villages and to provide a reassuring explanation where villagers

might question the reason of strangers tramping around their fields, the layout of the tertiary

canals was sketched from the respective gates on the secondary canals. The size of the areas

irrigated from the tertiary canals was established by merging data received from the Dinas

Pengairan with information from the farmers. See Map 5 on page 17.

15. The rivers and the location of dams are shown on Map 6. From the information received

it appear that there are a limited number of flood protection works such as gabions, groins in

the rivers. Their location was, however, not established during the survey that concentrated

on the irrigation infrastructure.

16. And Map 7 presents the drainage infrastructure, together with the flood prone areas.

17. Other surveys and data collection covered solid waste disposal sites, domestic water

supply, demographic data and agricultural production. See Chapter 6.




Map 6: Rivers and Location of Control Structures




Map 7: Drainage Infrastructure and Flood Prone Areas




1.4 The Upper Catchment

18. Mapping and assessing the conditions of the upper catchment posed quite a number of

difficulties. Data and information on the area was hard to get. Satellite imagery, not older

than two to three years, was beyond the budgetary capacity to acquire, and/or simplyinaccessible to the project.

19. Moreover, the accessible data were more often than not made available in hard copy

format only, and not necessarily providing the information needed. Perum Perhutani kindly

provided data on forest land and forest classes, but could not make information on the

condition of the forests available. The forest land map is moreover a bit confusing as it

denotes the status of the land, ie, its tenure rather than forests. Map 2a and b on page 3.

1.5 Hydrology

20. Data and information on the hydraulics of the river basin is unfortunately limited. River

discharge, water quality and rainfall data are in very short supply. The calculation of thewater balance therefore had to be based on quite a number of assumptions and

interpolations, see Volume 2.

1.6 Asset Management (O&M)

21. Based on the GPS supported mapping of canals and structures, the recording of structure

type and a preliminary assessment of their dimensions and condition, a stand-alone interface

for asset management was made. Asset Management, Volume 3.

22. Consultant did, however, not proceed beyond the design of a prototype template as an

inter-agency agreement is needed on the to be used codification and technical specifications.

At present a number of different methods to codify and classify structures are in use, and asimilar duplication of methods occurs in respect of the definition of the reach of a river or

canal. In order not to add to the spectrum of confusing methods the O&M database has been

designed, but the fields were left empty until a standard approach to these technical issues

has been agreed upon.

23.

When the agreement has been reached the relevant staff of the district dinas should

conduct a quick survey of the infrastructure to qualify and improve the assessment done by

the PDA surveyors. The latter are not irrigation engineers, and their assessment of a

structure's condition [good, bad, or medium] is not necessarily the same as that of an

irrigation specialist. As it is the dinas that will have to formulate the O&M plans, it is the

dinas that should appraise the condition of the infrastructure .

1.7 Lessons Learned

24. It was initially intended to prepare the Lessons Learned as a separate document. Its

inclusion in the Final Report does, however, seem appropriate and useful as it will focus the

readers' attention on the specific elements and findings of the PDA, and assist in guiding the

reader by outlining the systems' potential and constraints.

25. The Lessons Learned therefore appear at the beginning of the report as Chapter 2. Also

for reasons of facilitating reading and understanding, a Flow Chart of the project has been

added below, Diagram 1.

26. The six lessons are:

1. development of a GIS is a multi-year undertaking;




2. a steering committee should be installed to ensure data sharing and to coordinate

acquisition of remote sensing data;

3. assignment of an administrator to supervise and control district level GIS-units in

respect of data protocol, metadata, and the like;

4. the district GIS database should also contain data and information of the whole DAS

(river basin) or WS (river area);5.

need for a nation-wide standard approach and operational procedure for asset

management;

6. participatory land use mapping and water quality surveys to be introduced.

Diagram 1: Project Flow Chart

BOUNDARIES

VILLAGES SURVEY

7. Maps Preparation.

8 Surve

IRRIGATION

INFRASTRUCTURE &

CANALS SURVEY


4. Base data of scheme

of irrigation canals &

infrstucture

preparation

5.

Irrigation

infrastructure &

LOGISTICAL

PREPARATIONS

1. Administration, Personnel

& Equipment Preparation

2. Define Need andInformation

3. Base Maps Preparation.

4. Socoalization/meeting with

stakeholders5. Mobilisation survey teams

DATABASE DESIGN

1. Uniform data

version2. Spatial data base

design

3. Attribute data basedesign

4. Attribute datainputting

5. Data Integration

APPLICATION SYSTEM

1. Design Application

2. Programming and

Visualisation3. Application System

4. Operation &

Maintenance5. Training, Workshop &

Lessons Learned

PRESENTATION/DISCUSSION

• Inception Report

• Discussion Survey Result

• Mid Term Report

• Discussion Draft Final Report

• Final Report

OTHER SURVEYS

7. PDAM (water supply)

Survey8. TPSA (solid waste disposal)

Survey

SECONDARY DATA

COLLECTION

9. Attribut data (population,

rice production etc)10. Hidrology data

(Hidrometry, river flows,

climatology etc)

PROCESSING

1. Updating Boundaries

and Land Use Map

2. Mapping IrrigationInfrastructure

3. Other Thematic Map

BOUNDARIES VILLAGES

SURVEY


2. Survey

IRRIGATION

INFRASTRUCTURE &

CANALS SURVEY


10. Base data of scheme of

irrigation canals &

infrastucture preparation11. Irrigation infrastructure &

canals existing survey

(drainage included)12. Interview with WUA




2 Lessons Learned27. The strength of a GIS is its ability to visualise the relationship between different sets of

data and information and to draw conclusions from this visualisation. As the system's data

and information is moreover geo-referenced, the conclusions can be pinpointed with great precision to a geographic location. For instance, by combining the map overlays of

kecamatan with rice surplus production of more than 500kg per head per year, with the

irrigation schemes, and the actual use of the irrigation infrastructure, conclusions can be

reached on what schemes to prioritise for maintenance works; maintenance budgets are

channelled to the high producers because they have to maintain their production potential, or

the laggards are to be given an extra push to catch up. See Map 10 on page 25 below.

28. To fully utilise the power of relational visualisation, the geo-referenced data needs to be

up-to-date, reliable and of similar resolution and scale. The rice production example above,

while adequate to illustrate the point, suffers from the fact that paddy production figures are

available per kecamatan only, while the source of the water used for irrigation is available per tertiary gate.

29. This is but the tip of the iceberg. Currently available spatial and attribute data generally

lack accuracy, while their format is typically not directly compatible with the requirements

of a digital database. For the purpose of correcting these shortcomings field surveys were

needed and secondary data had to be crosschecked. The most important surveys were (a)

correcting the village boundaries as mapped on the 1:25,000 scale map of Java, (b) updating

the land use and vegetation cover, and (c) mapping the irrigation infrastructure and

assessing its conditions. This resulted in a very useful base map depicting roads, rivers and

other water bodies, settlements, land use and vegetation cover.

30.

Due to the PDA-imposed limitations of time and financial resources the data collection,improvement and processing was taken to a first level only, which, while permitting GIS

operations in support of the standard IWRM problems, does not enable the further

refinement of the system's usage. Referring again to the example of rice production, the

detailed assessment of the relationship between the sources of water and paddy production is

not possible with the currently available data.

31.

To cull details from aggregated statistics would not only necessitate extending the design

and development period of the GIS, but would need to be accompanied by an adaptation of

data collection methods and protocols. This implies that the widespread use of GIS and

access to its database will have to be supported by a reformulation of the objectives and

operational procedures of the data collection agencies. This would be best achieved if adistrict steering committee were established to synchronise and supervise data collection and

the development and maintenance of a GIS.

32. It should be emphasised that where a GIS is set up by outside consultants, these should

closely supervised by the steering committee to ensure cooperation and consultation with the

local parties consisting of users, data collectors and publishers of statistical yearbooks. In

time the local parties will have to continue and undertake the database maintenance and

upgrading activities.

33. An extended development period would moreover provide the opportunity to fine-tune

the database content and level of detail and adjust the information to local conditions and the

needs of the ultimate users.




A first lesson to be learned from the PDA Cimanuk experience would therefore be that the

development of a Geographic Information System should be implemented over a number of

years and in close cooperation with the local GIS users and data collectors. This will ensure

the development of a strongly user-orientated information system.

34. Extending the GIS development period and instituting guidance by a steering committee

would moreover provide the time and the opportunity to get all involved agencies

accustomed to the idea that data exchange and data sharing is required and has quite a

number of advantages. Due to a lack in the understanding of this basic principle data

collection was often made difficult if not outright impossible. Little information could, for

example, be extracted from the agencies involved in the maintenance of vegetation cover in

the upper catchment. An assessment of the recharge areas and rates, a difficult operation

under the best of conditions, was therefore all but impossible.

35. To easily bypass these difficulties would have required the necessary funds to acquire

satellite imagery. Limitations in the budget did, however, prevent the use of this solution.36.

If a steering committee had been in place the acquisition of the needed satellite imagery

would have been fairly easy. In view of the size of a single scene 2 and the large number of

potential users, data sharing is of paramount importance, as it would reduce the cost of the

material to individual users. Duplication, or even triplication, of orders could then be

avoided and result in a considerable saving of funds.

37. Data sharing will thus reduce the costs per user and bring the needed data within the

financial reach of the agencies concerned.

A second lesson would therefore be that to counter the general lack of access to data and

current reluctance to data sharing, a steering committee, mandated to guide and control, notonly the free exchange of data, but also the coordinated procurement of remote sensing data,

will be required

38.

The reference to a steering committee for the easy access to, and sharing of data, directly

links into the next lesson, that is, the need for a strong technical administrator of the

systems.

39. While designing the GIS, Consultant contacted, or came across, a fairly large number of

geographic information systems being designed, developed and/or already in operation. The

most relevant of these are the ones at the Water Resources Data Centre (WRDC) at Bina

Program SDA, and the GIS being developed at PUSAIR, of the Agency for Research andDevelopment, both of which are part of Dep PU. At district level the Bapeda and the Dinas

Pengairan (Irrigation) also operate information systems with differing databases, metadata

and information contents.

40.

It became clear that at district level the systems are being, or have been, developed in

isolation, using a range of maps and metadata, and operating systems. The latter is not much

of a problem as data export/import between systems has become a standard operational

requirement. But difficulties of data exchange do occur when, for instance, the coordinate

system, or horizontal datum of the spatial data are not the same.

2 SPOT-5, natural colour, 2.5 metre resolution at a price of USD10,400 per scene of 60x60km, or USD2.89/sqkm;

Radarsat International, SAR imagery at 25 metre resolution, scene size 100x100km, per scene USD3,000.




41. These problems do require a controlling and coordinating body, the administrator, to

ensure that the individual kabupaten systems adhere to a set of standards and formats. A

simple two-tiered structure – the bottom tier the kabupaten GIS-units, and the administrator

as the second layer – would be sufficient. For reasons of efficiency the base layer might,

however, be split along geographic boundaries, eg, islands or island groups.

42.

The task of administrator could be allocated to a dedicated unit such as WRDC, or to a

body like PUSAIR. In both organisations the development of a GIS for water resources is in

progress. Administrator and steering committee, while closely working together, should,

however, be different units. The committee's main task is to bring about a change in

mentality; the administrator's purely technical, ensuring adherence to standards, protocol,

metadata, and the like.

A third lesson would therefore be that, while district based, the design, development and

maintenance of information systems requires a strong organisational structure designed to

guide, supervise and control the district levels in respect of map formats, protocols and

metadata to ensure that exchange and sharing of data is technically feasible.

43. The currently used systems are largely inward-looking, that is, they record the features

of the district, immured from their neighbours and ignoring the larger region the district is

part of. Happenings and phenomena befalling their area are seen in their local context only,

and the fact that adjacent areas play a role in some of these occurrences is ignored.

44. The lower basins on Java's north coast typically suffer from flash floods during the wet

monsoon, while during the dry season they experience water shortages. Both phenomena are

largely the effect of a deteriorating vegetation cover of the upper catchment. By seeing the

problems exclusively in a local context, the flood control intervention designed in the lower

basin will be only partly effective. A more complete solution would require reforestation andregreening in the upper reaches. But as the upper catchment areas do not experience the

negative effects of flash floods, reforestation and regreening might not have a high

developmental priority.

45. Intensive inter-district consultations will be needed to create an understanding of the

inter-relationship. The minimum outcome of these meetings would be a cost sharing agree-

ment. Districts could, however, aim at a win-win solution, whereby the improvement of the

upper reaches were to have a positive developmental effect on the population living in the

degenerated areas. The people's welfare could, for instance, be improved by the introduction

of adapted agricultural practices and systems.

46.

The need for inter-district cooperation would more easily be discerned and undertaken by the local governments of both upper and lower reaches, if their GIS were to include

information on critical land, agricultural practices, farm incomes, flood hazards, flood

extents, and the devastating effects of floods.

A fourth lesson is therefore that the district GIS-database should be enlarged to contain the

data of the full river basin (DAS), or even river area (WS), of which the kabupaten is a part.

Its database should thus include the relevant spatial and attribute data collected and

processed by other adjacent districts.

47.

Sooner or later during the development of the GIS the need will be felt for a stand-alonemodule, or an add-on, for asset management. These systems are fairly easy to establish but,






55. A similar school involvement could be established for water quality information. In view

of the ever-increasing population and density levels, and the expected lack of adequate water

supply, the people's awareness of water supply and quality is essential. Schools could teach

the need for healthy sanitary and environmental conditions by introducing the testing and

analysis of the local waterways in their curriculum.

56.

Aspects to be tested could include: dissolved oxygen levels; biochemical oxygen

demand; phosphate levels; turbidity; faecal coliform levels; rubbish, litter and oil in and on

the water. The schools would need to be provided with testing kits and materials.

57. An assessment of the relationship between land use, community attitudes and behaviour,

and water supply could cap the programme.

Participatory land use mapping and the involvement of schools in environmental surveys

such as the testing of water quality would constitute a valuable addition data collection

efforts. With proper stimulation and support the process would be sustainable and the

collected information invaluable.




3 Surveys

3.1 Village Boundaries

58.

Accurate boundaries are of importance as the intended information system is designed tosupport decision making processes for areas delineated by administrative as well as

hydraulic boundaries. That means that the system would be equally useful for district level

planning and monitoring, as for the management of a river basin's water resources.

59. This twin goal can be achieved by making the village the enumeration unit of the

database. Attribute data will be geo-referenced to the respective villages, and the database

will consequently consist of a set of villages, and their respective spatial and attribute data,

that can be grouped into an administrative or a hydraulic area. This approach obviously

requires that village boundaries are correctly mapped.

60. The district of Indramayu had undertaken this

boundary correction exercise previously and the maps

available in the district Bapeda and other offices, do

show the correct village boundaries. Majalengka

and Sumedang, on the other hand, still utilise the

uncorrected version of the Java topo map, scale

1:25,000. An overview of the original and the

corrected boundaries is presented in Map 3, while

Map 3a-c present samples of individual villages as

mapped on the Java topo map, the corrected

version (Indramayu) and the PDA Cimanuk

version.61. Apart from showing the divergences in the

form of maps, a table has been prepared

listing the 21 villages of the Sumedang

and Majalengka part of the river basin

with an error-classification, see

Annex 1. The Indramayu villages

have been excluded as the kabupaten

had already conducted a boundary

correction exercise.

62.

Some villages still possessed aLetter C map. These maps were

made several decades ago, based on

surveys with theodolite, compass and

chain. Where available the maps are

used to administer land holding and

ownership. Letter C maps were

scanned and digitised for further

processing at the project office and entry into the database.

63. In all other cases the surveyors used GPS to establish the coordinates of the key points,

ie, physical features that can be recognised on the base map [road intersections, bridges

across rivers or canals, and the like]. In close consultation with the village administrative

staff the boundaries in between these GPS waypoints were subsequently interpolated.

Ma 3: Ori inal and Corrected Villa e Boundaries




Map 3a: Original and Corrected Village Boundaries – Amis, Indramayu

Map 3b: Original and Corrected

Village Boundaries – Pilangsari,

Majalengka

Map 3c: Original and Corrected

Village Boundaries – Narimbang,

Sumedang




3.2 Land Use

64. The updating of the land use and vegetation cover was done in parallel with the village

boundary survey. The revised land use, and other additional physical information

encountered during the surveys, were then overlaid on the revised village maps. These mapswere subsequently combined into a base map that seamlessly covers the Cipanas-Pangkalan

river basin. See Map 4 below.

Map 4: Overview of the Updated Land Use Map




3.3 Irrigation Infrastructure

65. The irrigation infrastructure was surveyed by tracking all primary and secondary canals

and structures and taking GPS readings in respect of their location. Photographs were taken

to record their conditions and state of repair. In respect of the survey of tertiary canals a proxy method was chosen as a full GPS survey would be too time consuming and costly.

Together with local guides, that is, typically knowledgeable staff from the village

administration contracted by the project to assist the survey teams in finding their way

around the villages and to provide a reassuring explanation where villagers might question

the reason of strangers tramping around their fields, the layout of the tertiary canals was

sketched from the respective gates on the secondary canals. The size of the areas irrigated

from the tertiary canals was established by merging data received from the Dinas Pengairan

with information from the farmers.

66. The collected information was added to the revised village maps to obtain a corrected

and updated topographic map of the Cipanas-Pangkalan river basin. See Map 5.

Map 5: Detail of Irrigation Infrastructure and Land Use




67. Comparing the total size of the updated technically irrigated sawah area with the original

Java 1:25K map, shows a decrease of more than 2,600ha, or a 5% decrease over the past ten

years. Based on the 1997 data the sawah area measured 48,100ha, whereas the calculations

based on the updated map (2007) give a total of 45,500ha.

68. Some of the decrease is due to the shortage of water. A substantial amount of technically

irrigated land was converted [back] to rain-fed irrigation because of this shortage of water

during the second and third planting seasons. The rain-fed sawah area increased by 3,650ha,

from 1,750ha to 5,400ha. A total of 2,200ha seems, however, to have been lost to the

enlargement of built-up areas.

69. This information is obviously of the greatest importance for planning and forecasting the

production of rice. Accurate projections are needed in the context of the government's rice

self-sufficiency policy. And accurate projections will need accurate information on the size

of the planted sawah areas.

70. In view of the potentially rapid changes in land use—especially on Java where the need

for additional housing, industrial and other commercial areas for the ever increasing

population competes with agricultural uses—the data on sawah areas will need to be updated

regularly. Updating can simply be done by acquiring and processing the appropriate remote

sensing data. Another method to be given a try-out would, however, be by establishing a

participatory e-information system involving the local communities, that is, farmers and

farmer groups, and/or secondary schools and pupils.

71. This participatory information system would rely on the farmers to provide the data on

the planned use of their sawah area prior to the start of a planting season. Data transmission

would be by internet from a local internet kiosk (warnet ). The kiosk would be selected on

capacities and capabilities and where necessary trained and upgraded. A large scale digital

maps of the area, clearly denoting the various sawah and other agricultural areas would be

provided, together with a license and contract to perform the services of transmitting thedata to a regional centre for further processing.

72. Rather than paying [the farmers] for providing this information, an attractive

compensation in he form of free access to the internet for e-based agricultural extension

services, current market prices in the region and outside, and other information of impor-

tance to farmers, could be introduced.

73. Alternatively, the local secondary school could be enrolled in the programme. The

schools would be assisted in the acquisition of computers, thus making it possible to include

IT science in their curriculum. As part of the IT education and training, the pupils would be

given the task to collect the data on the planned planting of crops and enter this into the

school computers for transmission to the centre. This geography-based IT curriculum could be expanded to cover environmental issues and water quality (see Volume 2, Hydrology).

74. Participatory mapping is more and more used and promoted. Google Earth, for instance,

has been sending GPS-kits to India to enable locals to make detailed maps of their respective

areas. Once the data is uploaded and verified against data from other participants it becomes

part of the map.

75. The idea is to draw details on top of the Google Earth imagery. And rather than having a

slow-moving national apparatus produce the maps, a group of inspired amateurs is asked to

do the job. The result will most likely not be a cartographic masterpiece, but for use in

information systems more than adequate. It would moreover be cheaper and faster than the

traditional way.




3.4 Private Initiatives in the Irrigation Sector

76. Farmers and/or Water Users Associations (WUA/P3A) were asked to assist in the

surveys, in particular in respect of the tertiary canals and the provision of qualitative

information on the actual performance of the irrigation system – in particular on the issue of

water supply during the planting seasons. The surveyors, however, quickly discovered that

the P3A, although existing on paper, were neither active, nor interested in performing thetasks as assigned to them by the new regulations on irrigation. And it soon became clear that

the operations of a large segment of the irrigation schemes had been taken over by private

sector interests.

77.

Under the operational procedures introduced by the private sector individual farmers, or

small groups of farmers, acquire the services of a contractor to provide the water to irrigate

their sawah. Where the sawah is located within pumping-distance from a primary canal /

river with sufficient flow, these sources are used to supply the necessary water. Beyond this

range, wells are drilled and groundwater is pumped. The capacity of the pumps used is in the

range up to 10 litre per second. Contract-pumping typically is done with larger capacity

pumps, ie, from 8 to 20 HP. Illustrations 1 to 4.

Illustration 1 - pumping

Illustration 2 - pumping




Illustration 3 & 4 – water distribution




78. Payment for the pumping service varies. Contract pumping on a plot that is estimated to

yield 500 to 600 kg of wet paddy (5-6 kwintal), will be charged one kwintal; while higher

yielding plots will generally be charged around 20% of the yield. Fixed rates are also in

use—charges range from Rp 15,000 per hour, to one kwintal of wet paddy per 1,500 m2 of

sawah.

79.

Besides pumping, a shadow water allocation system (giring air ) is in operation, too. The

system supplements, and sometimes overrides, the one operated by Dinas Pengairan /

Irigasi. At a cost of Rp 25,000 per tertiary gate leading to the sawah area, the services of a

Water Allocation Controller (WAC) are procured. The WAC agrees to supply the volume of

water needed to achieve a satisfactory harvest. The gate will be opened when water is

required during the planting cycle, but a maximum of seven supply-days applies. A whole

village, or group of farmers, will normally contract the services and the area covered

typically involves some 10 tertiary gates.

80. Based on the information received from the farmers on the water supply system used and

observing and recording the location of the pumps, the actual operations of the infrastructure

has been colour-coded and added to the database as a separate overlay.

Map 8: Actual Operations of the Irrigation System

and Potential Well Sites




81. It appears that the involvement of the private sector is most pronounced during the

second planting season (MT-II), and hat the largest majority of farmers are making use of

these services. During the third planting season (MT-III) large areas are not cultivated

because of a very pronounced lack of water that even the private sector cannot overcome.

The involvement if the private sector during the first planting season is limited due to the

abundance of water, in fact, during this season many pumps are used to drain the sawah of a profusion of water.

82.

These findings are applicable to the lower basin of the pilot area, ie, they reflect

conditions in Indramayu District. The sawah of the districts of Sumedang and Majalengka

included in PDA Cimanuk are typically terraced and are irrigated without lengthy canals,

directly from a spring. The springs do moreover not dry up, thereby doing away with the

need for pumping or other irrigation support.

83. It was, however, confirmed that in the lower areas of Majalengka pumps are widely used

to ensure the water supply to the sawah. Contracts to supply the services are tendered by the

village head, in cooperation with the respective WUA. And the system seems to guarantee

good service at a reasonable price.

84. It would be interesting to establish the geographic spread of private sector involvement

in irrigation management; it would seem unlikely that it is restricted to Indramayu and

Majalengka.

3.5 The Upper Catchment

85. Mapping and assessing the conditions of the upper catchment posed quite a number of

difficulties. Data and information on the area was hard to get or simply inaccessible, and

acquisition of satellite imagery, not older than two to three years, was beyond the project's

budgetary capacity.

86.

The accessible data were more often than not made available in hard copy format only,and did not necessarily provide the information needed. Perum Perhutani kindly provided

data on forest land and forest classes, but was not able to make information on the condition

of the forests and the forest land available. The forest land map is moreover a bit confusing

as it denotes the status of the land, ie, its tenure, which is not necessarily the same as land

under forest, see Map 2a & b on page 3 . The general conclusion from the boundaries and

irrigation infrastructure surveys is, however, that forests are making way for annual crops

and shrub vegetation.

87. A detailed assessment of the conditions of the upper catchment area will unfortunately

not be possible without recent high resolution remote sensing imagery, eg, SPOT-5,

GeoEye, aerial photography, or similar scans.

88. In the middle reaches of the catchment, water is diverted to irrigate small sawah areas

interspersed within the dry land, eg, kayu putih [a type of eucalypt the leaves of which are

used for essential oil distillation]. This of course reduces the volume of water available for

the lower basin sawah areas, too. Illustrations 5 & 6.

89. The pages below contain a few suggestions regarding the institutional steps needed to

restore the upper catchment area to its former sustainable role in the storage and supply of

water. In view of global warming the regeneration of the upper catchment appears to be a

very important issue.




Illustrations 5 & 6: Kayu Putih and Paddy Production, with Water Pumped from Cipanas River.




4 Hydrology90. Information derived from the GIS needs to be complemented by information derived

from hydrological data, such as on water quality, or on the water balance. The project

intended to collect the hydrological data and map the results of analysing the water quality

records. The same approach was to be used for the calculation of the [current] water balance.

However, the plans came to naught, or very nearly so, when it was discovered that the

Cipanas area is only very lightly served by hydrological stations, flow recorders, water

quality measurements, and the like.

91. The water balance is the outcome of calculations using hydrological data, such as

rainfall, climate, precipitation and runoff rates. In case groundwater is extensively used,

geological surveys are needed to establish the groundwater volumes, recharge areas and

rates, runoff, and the like. A water balance model calculates the supply of and demand for

water, and the resulting deficit or surplus under certain conditions.

92.

Due to the lack of empirical data an estimate had to be made of surface water flow in the

Cipanas river. For this purpose a measuring point [see Map 9] was assumed in the river on

the border of the upper and the lower parts of the basin. Flow estimates per month were then

calculated by entering the

rainfall data from the three

rain gauges in the upper area

of the basin into the Mock

model. Based on the flow data

[estimates] and the monthly

water requirements for a

cropping pattern of padi-padi- palawija, the number of

hectares that could be irrigated

by these flows was calculated.

In the months of October and

November, the peak of the

water requirements, an area of

some 4,300 ha could be

irrigated. The rectangle shows

the size of this area in relation

to the sawah of the lower

basin. For details seeVolume 2.

Map 9: Rain Gauges in the Upper Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin

and Hypothetical Measuring Point

4,300 ha




Map 10: Rice-surplus Kecamatan and Irrigation Schemes

93. As the total sawah area in the lower Cipanas-Pangkalan basin amounts to over 35,000

ha, it should be clear that there must be additional sources of water to irrigate the area. In

fact, the area is served by two main

sources: the Cimanuk, which supplies the

Rentang irrigation scheme [24,500ha],

and the Cipanas and Pangkalan rivers

which serve the remaining area.

Map 11: Irrigation Schemes in the Lower Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin






100. To achieve this integration of the three elements will require a concerted effort by the

government agencies involved. Their activities should concentrate on (a) the promotion of

long term economic development that increases the benefits from a given stock of resources;

(b) a fair distribution of the benefits and costs of the use of resources and environmental

protection; (c) dissemination of information and education on these issues. 5

101.

The proposed participatory approach to data collection on land use and the environ-

ment would, quite clearly, fit this programme very well.

5 Integrated Watershed Management, Institute of Resources and Environment, and Centre for Continuing

Studies, University of British Columbia, Canada.




5 Asset Management102. The asset management programme has been added as a stand alone system, and its

manual appears in Volume 3. The programme is equally appropriate for river, irrigation and

drainage infrastructure. It utilises MapInfo software as it was observed that most regional

agencies use this software and are fully conversant with it.

103. Consultant did, however, not proceed beyond the design of a prototype template as

an inter-agency agreement is needed on the to be used codification and technical specifica-

tions. At present a number of different methods to codify and classify structures are in use,

and a similar duplication of methods occurs in respect of the definition of the reach of a river

or canal. In order not to add to the spectrum of confusing methods, the PDA project has

assumed that the O&M system will utilise the existing 12-digit reach code, and the 16-digit

code for structures.

104. The fields have, however, been left empty until a standard approach to these

technical issues has been agreed upon. The full development and data entry of the O&M

programme will, moreover, require the dedicated cooperation of the relevant dinas. The

PDA surveyors are not irrigation engineers, and their assessment of a structure's condition

[good, bad, or medium] is not necessarily the same as that made by an irrigation specialist.

105. Therefore, even before an agreement has been reached on standards, the staff of the

relevant district dinas should conduct a quick survey of the infrastructure to check and

improve the assessment done by PDA. As it is the dinas that will have to formulate the

O&M plans, it is also the dinas that should appraise the condition of the infrastructure .




6 Other Data of Relevance106. Data of relevance, but of lesser importance to the management and decision making

processes of the water resources sector than the ones reviewed above, include the coverage

and volumes supplied by the piped water distribution system, the solid waste disposalsystem, and the demography of the river basin.

107. The piped water distribution system of relevance to the Cipanas-Pangkalan river

basin is located in the lower basin in Kabupaten Indramayu. The part of the system

supplying households and other consumers in the lower reaches of the river basin are, the

Lohbener, the Losarang and part of the Kandanghaur sub-systems. The total capacity of the

supply system is about 700 l/sec, of which some 80% is actually used by a total of just over

84,000 households.

108. Some 55,000 consumers of the piped water system are located in the river basin and

their total consumption is slightly over 800,000m3 per month. As the water supplied to

households and other consumers is derived from surface sources, there appears to be direct

competition with the needs of the irrigation sector.

109. Solid waste is disposed of in landfills, legally and illegally. With on illegal dump,

classified as permanent due to its long-standing use, on its eastern boundaries the Cipanas-

Pangkalan river basin is relatively unspoilt. The larger area, that is the district of Indramayu,

singly, or grouped with adjacent districts, should, however, review the current situation in

detail to avoid serious pollution of its surface and groundwater resources.

110. Population growth statistics have been added in support of socio-economic regional

planning as these provide a quick overview of the people's perception of the area's economic

potential. Assuming that people will flock to areas of high potential and leave areas with a

low prospect for improving one's livelihood, the annual population growth rates of the vil-

lages will indicate whether immigration occurs, or a reverse outflow of people.

111.

To this end the population figures per village were processed to show annual

population growths rates. These rates were then divided into three categories:

a/ larger than the national growth rate of 1.8%;

b/ less than 0%; and

c/ between 0% and 1.8%.

112. Based on the assumption that for the island of Java the national growth rate is equal

or very close to the natural growth rate [difference between birth and deaths], the rate of

more than 1.8% indicates that an inflow of people is taking place, while a rate of less than0% indicates the opposite, that is, people are leaving the area. The third group [0%-1.8%]

reflects a relative decrease in population.

113.

Colour-coded and geo-referenced per settlement area of each village, ie, green for an

absolute population increase, red for an absolute decrease and grey for a relative decrease,

Map 12 shows the people's perception of the area's economic prospects. The inflow and

outflow are shown, the why this happens and where the people are coming from or are

moving to would need a special analysis. This is, however, a quick way to obtain an insight

into an areas welfare and wellbeing, and provides district planning bodies with a reliable

basis for further surveys and research to uncover the details behind the positive and negative

views of the communities.

114. The Indramayu growth rates are based on Population Registration 1981 and 2001,

and for Sumedang the years of 1990 and 2000 of the same source.



115. For the district of Majalengka population data per village were not available.

116. The fact that population figures per village are not ubiquitously available, either from

the National Population Census, or from the Registration, is difficult to understand. Whereas

regional / rural development planning nowadays emphasises participatory approaches, the

data providers have not caught on yet and still prepare statistics in the traditional

aggregations. Especially population statistics urgently need a greater level of detail.

Map 12: Annual Population Growth Rates per Settlement

Documents

INO PDA: Geographic Information System for Integrated Water Resources Management in Cimanuk River Basin (Final Report)