Inner and East Asia, Inner and East Asia, 600 – 1200600 – 1200

Thinking Skill: Gather and Thinking Skill: Gather and organize information and data organize information and data

I. The Early Tang Empire, 618 - 715I. The Early Tang Empire, 618 - 715A. Tang OriginsA. Tang Origins Sui Dynasty (581 – 618)Sui Dynasty (581 – 618) Emperor Li ShiminEmperor Li Shimin Extension of autonomyExtension of autonomy Allowed local nobles, gentry, officials, and Allowed local nobles, gentry, officials, and

religious establishments to exercise religious establishments to exercise significant powersignificant power

Turkic Inner Asian-Tang Emp. And nobility Turkic Inner Asian-Tang Emp. And nobility descended from Turkic elitesdescended from Turkic elites

Appreciated Pastoral nomadic culture of Appreciated Pastoral nomadic culture of Inner Asia and Chinese traditions Inner Asia and Chinese traditions

Culture/militaryCulture/militaryB. BuddhismB. Buddhism and the Tang Empireand the Tang Empire Followed Inner Asian precedents in Followed Inner Asian precedents in

political use of Buddhism political use of Buddhism Presence of Buddhism, responsibility of Presence of Buddhism, responsibility of

kingking Mahayana Buddhism dominant – facilitated Mahayana Buddhism dominant – facilitated

cultural exchangecultural exchange Early Tang dependence on Buddhist Early Tang dependence on Buddhist

monasteriesmonasteries Cosmopolitan - diversity, contacts with Cosmopolitan - diversity, contacts with

Inner AsiaInner Asia

C. To Chang’an by Land and C. To Chang’an by Land and SeaSea

Roads, Grand CanalRoads, Grand Canal Tributary systemTributary system Compass design, ocean Compass design, ocean

vesselsvesselsD. Trade and Cultural D. Trade and Cultural

ExchangeExchange Cultural impact from Inner Cultural impact from Inner

Asia/IslamAsia/Islam Clothing Clothing Stringed instruments, food and Stringed instruments, food and

winewine 1000 CE exports exceeded 1000 CE exports exceeded

imports – balance of tradeimports – balance of trade Silks, porcelainSilks, porcelain Increased trade– traders use Increased trade– traders use

credit/finance networkscredit/finance networks

B. Upheavals and Repression, 750 – B. Upheavals and Repression, 750 – 879879

New fears of Buddhism undermining New fears of Buddhism undermining Confucianism, Han YuConfucianism, Han Yu

Emperor Wu Zhao – favored Emperor Wu Zhao – favored Buddhism/Daoism, reviled by Buddhism/Daoism, reviled by Confucian writersConfucian writers

Buddhists severed ties to this worldBuddhists severed ties to this world 840 – Tang destroyed thousands of 840 – Tang destroyed thousands of

monasteries, government gained monasteries, government gained new sources of revenuenew sources of revenue

Fall of Buddhism in Tang ChinaFall of Buddhism in Tang ChinaC. The End of the Tang Empire, 879 C. The End of the Tang Empire, 879

– 907– 907 Empire dependent on local military Empire dependent on local military

rulers/complex tax systemrulers/complex tax system 755 – Rebellion led by General An 755 – Rebellion led by General An

Lushan -> rise of military governorsLushan -> rise of military governors Prosperity but political disintegration Prosperity but political disintegration

and cultural decayand cultural decay 879 – 881 – Huang Chao (gentry) 879 – 881 – Huang Chao (gentry)

led greatest uprising Hatred of led greatest uprising Hatred of foreignersforeigners

Warlords wiped out rebelsWarlords wiped out rebels Mass migrations to the southMass migrations to the south

Discuss the absorption and also repression Discuss the absorption and also repression of Buddhism in China. What was the impact of Buddhism in China. What was the impact

of these two trends in Asian history?of these two trends in Asian history?

Tang adopted many Buddhist ideas, and Tang adopted many Buddhist ideas, and many of the Tang regions had Budd. many of the Tang regions had Budd. Populations. Bud. played an important Populations. Bud. played an important political function, giving emperors the political function, giving emperors the spiritual function of creating a harmonious spiritual function of creating a harmonious Bud. society. Bud. Monks counseled and Bud. society. Bud. Monks counseled and prayed for leaders and contributed moneyprayed for leaders and contributed money

As the Tang political and military decline As the Tang political and military decline became reality, however, there was strong became reality, however, there was strong backlash against Bud. Tang elites blamed Bud. backlash against Bud. Tang elites blamed Bud. for undermining Confucian ideas of the family as for undermining Confucian ideas of the family as the model for the state. Han Yu’s “Memorial on the model for the state. Han Yu’s “Memorial on the Bone of Buddha” in 819 was a strong the Bone of Buddha” in 819 was a strong statement criticizing Bud. In 840 the gov.t statement criticizing Bud. In 840 the gov.t moved to crush the monasteries; 4,600 temples moved to crush the monasteries; 4,600 temples were destroyed and 26,500 monks and nuns were destroyed and 26,500 monks and nuns were converted to workers. This was a huge were converted to workers. This was a huge loss to China’s cultural heritage. loss to China’s cultural heritage.

III. The Emergence of East Asia to 1200III. The Emergence of East Asia to 1200Three new states: origins, beliefsThree new states: origins, beliefsA.A. The Liao and Jin ChallengeThe Liao and Jin Challenge Liao Empire of Khitan (916 – 1121) – Siberia to Central AsiaLiao Empire of Khitan (916 – 1121) – Siberia to Central Asia Pastoral traditions, importance of Buddhism to emperorPastoral traditions, importance of Buddhism to emperor Siege machines, horsemenSiege machines, horsemen 1005 – Song tribute to the Liao1005 – Song tribute to the Liao Alliance with Jurchens of northeast AsiaAlliance with Jurchens of northeast Asia Destruction of Liao capital in 1115 Destruction of Liao capital in 1115 ““Southern Song” (1127 – 1279) – Song make payments to Jin to Southern Song” (1127 – 1279) – Song make payments to Jin to

avoid warfareavoid warfareB. Song IndustriesB. Song Industries INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION???INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION??? Indian/West Asian mathematicians/astronomers – Indian/West Asian mathematicians/astronomers –

fractions/calendarsfractions/calendars 1088 – Su Song and giant celestial clock1088 – Su Song and giant celestial clock Advances in magnetic compassAdvances in magnetic compass Junk ships – rudder, watertight bulkheads…copied in Persian Junk ships – rudder, watertight bulkheads…copied in Persian

GulfGulf HUGE ARMY (1.25 million men) – half the territory of the TangHUGE ARMY (1.25 million men) – half the territory of the Tang Use of steel/iron – sources in the northUse of steel/iron – sources in the north Government monopoly by 11Government monopoly by 11thth c. – producing as much cast iron c. – producing as much cast iron

as 18as 18thth c. Great Britain c. Great Britain Mass productionMass production 1100s - Gunpowder - impact1100s - Gunpowder - impact

C. Economy and Society in Song ChinaC. Economy and Society in Song China Neo – Confucianism, Zhu Xi, ideal human – the sageNeo – Confucianism, Zhu Xi, ideal human – the sage Chan Buddhism (Zen in Japan) – mental disciplineChan Buddhism (Zen in Japan) – mental discipline Rigorous examinations for bureaucratic officesRigorous examinations for bureaucratic offices Social implications of scoring well/poorly on examsSocial implications of scoring well/poorly on exams Printing – woodblock to moveable typePrinting – woodblock to moveable type Mass printing of books, exam materials, instructions on Mass printing of books, exam materials, instructions on

cultivationcultivation Agriculture south of the Yangzi River, plow/rakes, control of Agriculture south of the Yangzi River, plow/rakes, control of

malariamalaria Migration to the south, displacement of native peopleMigration to the south, displacement of native people 1100 – population in Chinese territories over 100 million1100 – population in Chinese territories over 100 million Large citiesLarge cities Problems in cities – waste management, water supply, etc.Problems in cities – waste management, water supply, etc. City of HangzhouCity of Hangzhou Credit – “flying money”Credit – “flying money” Government issued paper money - inflationGovernment issued paper money - inflation Cost of military expendituresCost of military expenditures Sold rights to collect taxesSold rights to collect taxes New social hierarchy based on new sources of wealth – New social hierarchy based on new sources of wealth –

MODERN – growth of middle class and private capitalism seen MODERN – growth of middle class and private capitalism seen in 18in 18thth c. Europe c. Europe

Women’s rights/educationWomen’s rights/education Development of footbinding – status symbolDevelopment of footbinding – status symbol

IV. New Kingdoms in East AsiaIV. New Kingdoms in East Asia

Expanding Expanding Confucian world Confucian world view targeted the view targeted the southsouth

Cultivation of rice Cultivation of rice needed structured needed structured societysociety

Korea, Japan and Korea, Japan and Vietnam all Vietnam all centralized power centralized power during the Tang during the Tang period – saw period – saw Buddhism and Buddhism and Confucianism as Confucianism as compatiblecompatible

A. Korea A. Korea

Mountains, little agricultural landMountains, little agricultural land Early 500s - kingdom of Silla (south); power of landowners, Early 500s - kingdom of Silla (south); power of landowners,

Koguryo kingdom in north, after 688 Silla ruled but needed Koguryo kingdom in north, after 688 Silla ruled but needed support of Tangsupport of Tang

After early 900s (fall of Tang) house of Koryo (Korea) After early 900s (fall of Tang) house of Koryo (Korea) united peninsula – alliance with the Songunited peninsula – alliance with the Song

Koryo kings supported Buddhism – woodblock printing Koryo kings supported Buddhism – woodblock printing from 700sfrom 700s

Process of woodblock printing, later advancesProcess of woodblock printing, later advances Koryo Founded 918, destroyed by a Mongol invasion 1259Koryo Founded 918, destroyed by a Mongol invasion 1259

B. JapanB. Japan GeographyGeography Mid 600s Yamato followed Tang Mid 600s Yamato followed Tang

governmentgovernment Wooden Architecture, Buddhism Wooden Architecture, Buddhism No walls, No Mandate of HeavenNo walls, No Mandate of Heaven Unchanging Unchanging TennoTenno dynasty, role dynasty, role

of prime minister and of prime minister and ShintoShinto KyotoKyoto Fujiwara family – cultural Fujiwara family – cultural

development, Confucianismdevelopment, Confucianism Power of warriors, civil warPower of warriors, civil war Education of women – Education of women – The Tale of The Tale of

GenjiGenji Kamakura Shogunate – Kamakura Shogunate –

Buddhism, rise of samuraiBuddhism, rise of samurai

C. VietnamC. Vietnam

Red River and Mekong, irrigation systemsRed River and Mekong, irrigation systems ““Annam” – Confucian bureaucratic training, Annam” – Confucian bureaucratic training,

Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism 936 – Dai Viet – good relations with Song936 – Dai Viet – good relations with Song Rivalry with Champa (south) – foreign influencesRivalry with Champa (south) – foreign influences Champa and voluntary tribute – Champa riceChampa and voluntary tribute – Champa rice Confucian hierarchy – differences in treatment of Confucian hierarchy – differences in treatment of

womenwomen