Infectious diseases on exotic birds ii

Infectious diseases on exotic birds II.

Winter semester 2010

Large Birds - pet

- intestinal dysbiosis- metabolical disorders- intoxication- PBFD, Chlam, Polyo- mycosis- parasitosis

Small birds - pet

- intestinal dysbiosis - metabolical disorders (obesity, gout)- megabacteriosis- intoxication- PBFD, Chlam, Polyo- mycotic infection- parasitic infection

Breeded parrot – from South America, Africa, Australie

- intestinal dysbiosis - intestinal parasites- PPDD or NGD- PBFD, Chlam, Polyo,

Pacheco- mycotic infection- blood parasites

Birds of prey- endomycosis- pododermatitis- parasitic invasion

(coccidia, round worms of digestive and respiratory systems)

- bacterial infection of digestive and respiratory systems

- fractures

Currently Important Disease

- Neuropathic gastric dilatation (NGD)

- Endomycosis (mainly Aspergillosis)

- Intestinal dysbiosis

- Parasitic invasion

Neurophatic gastric dilatationSynonyms

• Psittacine proventricular

dilatation syndrome (PPDS)

• Macaw wasting syndrome• Characteristics

• im medium size and great species of parrots• lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of intrinsic and extrinsic

splanchnic nerves of the muscularis tunics of the alimentary tract and non-suppurative encephalitis

• stasis of contents gastrointestinal tract

• dilatation of crop, proventriculus, gizzard or duodenum

Occurence of NGD in others birds species

Neurophatic gastric dilatation

Etiology – diferent oppinion

• unclear

• viral etiology has been suggested• demonstration of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic

inclusion bodies in affected tissue of some birds

• virus → then immunity mediated disease?

• low pathogenic paramyxovirus?

• (adenovirus x polyomavirus x viruses of encefalitis?)

• New – avian bornavirus (august 2008)



Clinical sings

• lose weight, often in birds with intake of feed

• nondigested seeds in feaces, regurgitation

• progressively depression, inappetence and cachexy


Intravital diagnostic X-ray – proventriculus full with feed

Neurophatic gastric dilatation Intravital diagnostic X-ray– proventriculus full of gas

Normal configuration of digestive tract

Neurophatic gastric dilatationDiagnostics

Post mortem findings

• dilatation of crop, proventriculus, gizzard or duodenum

• wall of proventriculus thin, transparent

• sometimes thinner wall and atrophy of musculature of gizzard


- dilatation of stomach with nondigested feed- thinner wall with petechial bleedings

Wall of proventriculus

Infiltration of lymfocytoplasmocytal

cells

Erytrocyts in haemorhage

secretion glandula

Neurophatic gastric dilatationFor histological confirmation of diagnosis :- crop- proventriculus- myocard- adrenals- CNS- peripheral nerve

Neurophatic gastric dilatationDiagnostics - confirmation• lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of intrinsic and extrinsic

splanchnic nerves of the muscularis tunics of the alimentary tract, in some cases, leiomyositis in organs innervated by affected nerves and non-suppurative encephalitis, myelitis and radiculoneuritis have been described

Influence of nutrition – occurence in free living birds?

Possible nutritional supplements

oyster mushroom

Endomycosis

Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. Mucor spp.

Birds of prey and owls from northern regions.In AGPAGP (predisposition to avitaminosis vit. A) or in immunosupresive individual (peracute PBFD)

Aspergillosis – 4 forms

1.Acute – short time exposition of organismus to the great mount of spores

2.Tracheal – formation of

lesion in bifurcation of trachea

Aspergillosis – 4 forms

3.Chronic – granulomsin airsacs and lunges

4.Invasive – spore are haematogenic way

transmit to other systems

Aspergillosis - therapy1.Removing of lesion (if is possible)2. Using the treatment which kill the fungus

(in granuloma), long time therapy 2 – 6 monts (necessary control of all systems)

3. Supportive therapy

Aspergillosis - therapy

Terbinafine – high fungicidity

Amphotericin B – poor resorbtion from GIT, aplication i.v., i.os., i.t. (nefrotoxicity)

Flucytosin – combination with amphotericinEnilconazol – for deramatophytic infection,

nebulizationClotrimazol – topic aplication, nebulizationItraconazol – systemic infection, p.o.

•Penicilium spp.

Intestinal dysbiosis

Evaluation of feaces adspection methods

- change during seasons - color and consistency- change color and consistency start 24 to

48 hour before clinical sings- appearance on the slide

Appearance on the slide

+

-

Quantity of nondigested fibre

PolyuriaPolyuriaOverproduction of clear and wattery urine Feaces are formedOwner ussually say - DIARRHOEA !Etiology is verry diferent, first stress.

Blood in urineCloacal papilomaCloacal papiloma- Herpesvirus- surgical management,

repeatedly using of Lotagen - Policresulenum

- topicaly acyclovir in Vectavir

- systemic acyklovir Herpesin

Blood in urineIntoxication with heavy metals (Pb)

- charcoal- psyllium, Smecta, clay- Lactulosa- Duphalyte- saline- Catosal- Metalcaptase

Diarrhoical feacesIs characterised change of color and consistence of feaces.

1. Change in microbial microflora (bacteria, yeast, flagellated protozoan)

2. Affected of others connected organs (liver, pancreas, stomach) infected and neinfected

3. Combination of 1. and 2.

Change in microbial microflora

Sporogenous bacteria Coliform bacteria


Sporogenous bacteria

- sprouted grains or so-called milky maturity

- color of feaces - dark, brown to tarry

- slimy consistence (attach around the cloaca)

- smell (feaces of healthy parrot is without smell)

Sporogenous bacteria


Coliform bacteria

- for aviary birds are allways potentially dangerous

- source – feaces from free living birds, which contaminated water or feed

Coliform bacteria

Changes in others connected organs

Steatosis of liver Inflamation of pancreas

Combination of changes of microbial microflora with others infectionNGD Chlamydiosis Bacterial inflamation

of liver and intestine

Important parasital disease

Goal - elimination of impact of parasital diseases on breed to minimum

• Ascaridia

• Capilaria

• Filaria

Ascaridia Broad spectrum of species as formerly :

• Ascaridia hermaphrodita (macaws, amazons)

• Ascaridia sergiomeirai (conures)

• Ascaridia ornata (orange-winged parrot )

• Ascaridia nicobarensis (long-tailed parakeet)

• Ascaridia platyceri (small parrots from Australia)

• Ascaridia galli (poultry, small parrots from Australia)

• Ascaridia columbae (pigeons, poultry, small parrots from Australia)

Ascaridia

Budgerigargranuloma in liver

in parrots and pigeon is possible partial migration of larvas

Ascaridia, Capillaria Clinical sings

• gradual lose weight, during massive infection paradox lacking

• death loss post short period of apathy

Ascaridia, CapillariaDiagnostics

• eggs in feaces (past 2 months past invasion)

• finding of worms during post mortem

Therapy

(number of birds and method of application)

• fenbendazol (Panacur)

• levamizol (Concurat)

• ivermectin (Ivomec)

Precaution

antiparasitic drogs kills only the larve, but the eggs be able persistent in enviroment some months

eggs are destroy only temperature over 80°C ( boiled water, steam, fire, hot air)

Fillaria Typical for imported parrots, in

Europe is not possible transmission,

therapy is dificult

In bids of prey are in air sacs.

Serratospiculum seuratiDiagnostics

• endoscopically


Therapy





Cyathostoma bronchialeDiagnostics

• endoscopically


Therapy





Hemosporidia – Haemoproteus spp Plasmodium spp.

Therapy Chloroquin

Hemosporidia – Leukocytozoon spp.

Biting lice – Mallophaga spp.

Spray Biokill,

Frontline cleaning of

enviroment

Knemidocoptes pilae

Occurence on the beak, cere, around the eyes on the skin of the legs.

Therapy Therapy Ivomec/Propylenglykol

1 : 9 to the skin or rightside v.jugularisrepeated past one weak

Thanks for your attention !!

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Infectious diseases on exotic birds ii