Industrial Revolution

Industrial RevolutionWhy study the Industrial Revolution?This Revolution has altered our lives more than any other event in the past 12,000 yearsWhere we liveHow we workWhat we wearWhat we eatWhat we do for funHow we are educatedHow long we liveHow many children we have

This gave countries the technological and economic advantage necessary to eventually rule the world

What is the Industrial Revolution?Societal shiftusing tools to make products using new sources of energyCoal, power machines, etc.Home factoryCountry cityHuman/animal power engine power(coal later oil)Where it all beganTake a guessEnglandWhy did countries want to industrialize?To make labor more efficient and productive

Three Phrases1770s -1860s Started in Britain and spread to Western Europe and the US 1870s -1950s Spread to Russia, and Island Nations1960s Present Spread to Asia and South AmericaSome countries did not industrialize Britain tried to spread Industrialization

Reasons Had ALL the factors necessary to IndustrializeOther countries had some, but not all

-Agricultural Revolution- Coal and Iron-Population growth-Government Policies-Financial Innovations-World Trade-Enlightenment and Scientific Rev-Cottage Industry-Navigable Rivers and Canals-Continent of Eurasia

ConsequencesRapid urbanizationBy 2008 more people in urban than rural (world population)

Uneven spread of wealthMonopolies Dominate the market2006 10% of the worlds wealthiest people owned 85% of the worlds wealth 2010 in developing countries (85% of people in the world live) 16,000 children die an hunger each day 1 child every 5 minutes (global hunger)Grow accustom to new technologiesWouldnt know what to do without, cell phones, cars, etcInventionsAnd InventorsAGRICULTUREHow it influenced other inventionsJethro TullInvention: Mechanical seedersowed the seeds deep and in neat rows

Invention: Horse drawn Hoemore efficient planting (pull a plow quickly)

provided the basis for modern agriculture

Charles Turnip TownshendIdea: Plant clover to nourish soil Four field crop rotationTurnip to provide food for live-stockstored longer a lot into a small area

Ireland's lord-lieutenant

Robert BakewellIdea: Stock Breeding Breeding certain animals for desirable qualitiesCattle, horses and Sheep

William Coke Coke of NorfolkIdeas: Fertilizer they ran out of poop! field grasses how to manage an estate

Different varieties of animals breeding cattle, sheep and pigs

Arthur YoungEnglish writer who traveled around Europe

Invention: Created a periodical of annuls of agricultureCampaigned for the rights of agricultural workers

Justus von Liebig

Invention : Chemical (nitrogen-based) FertilizerFather of fertilizer Industry

plant nutrition and maintained that plants feed upon nitrogen compounds, carbon dioxide from air, and some minerals found in the soil.

Cyrus McCormickInvention: improved the reaperused interchangeable parts so the reapers could be fixed easily2-3 acres by hand 12 acres with reaper / per day

John DeereCast Iron plow was used in the westward expansion of the US

Invention : Steel plow1837 used steel from broken saw blade and field tested this new plowFarmers were able to till more fertile soil

Enclosurelandowners closed off public lands in order to better organize and keep track of land and animals

Divisions made with dry-stone wall or hedges

Caused massive urbanizationPeasant farmers were forced to give up their shares of land to wealthy land owners

Importance of the Agricultural to the Industrial RevolutionCrop yield increasedEnough food was available for people in the citiesFalling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goodsHealthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infantsIn the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 millionWool yield increased due to better care of animals and selective breedingMore wool was available for the textile industry and at less costReady workforce availablePeasants were turned off their land by enclosuresFamilies moved into the citiesThere was much unemployment and many people were looking for workLabor was cheap

Recap Entrance SlipName at the top!

Why did new agricultural inventions help lead to the decline in farmers in the late 1700s?

What was the most important/significant invention discussed today? This is your opinion, so back it up why?

What connection(s) can you make to todays society and the industrialization occurring in Great Britain in the 1700s/1800s?

TEXTILESInventions and ideasMaterialsWoolSilkLinenCottonCottonHard to growneeds certain climatesHard to harvest

Britain didnt have the climate for cotton

So where are they getting it?India had been growing it for yearsBritain had already taken control of Indiaparliament banned all cotton products in India so Britain could take over production

Through tariffs and other restrictions, the British government discouraged the production of cotton cloth in India; rather, the raw fiber was sent to England for processing. The Indian Mahatma Gandhi described the process:English people buy Indian cotton in the field, picked by Indian labor at seven cents a day, through an optional monopoly.This cotton is shipped on British ships, a three-week journey across the Indian Ocean, down the Red Sea, across the Mediterranean, through Gibraltar, across the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean to London. One hundred per cent profit on this freight is regarded as small.The cotton is turned into cloth in Lancashire. You pay shilling wages instead of Indian pennies to your workers. The English worker not only has the advantage of better wages, but the steel companies of England get the profit of building the factories and machines. Wages; profits; all these are spent in England.The finished product is sent back to India at European shipping rates, once again on British ships. The captains, officers, sailors of these ships, whose wages must be paid, are English. The only Indians who profit are a few lascars who do the dirty work on the boats for a few cents a day.The cloth is finally sold back to the kings and landlords of India who got the money to buy this expensive cloth out of the poor peasants of India who worked at seven cents a day.John KayInvention: Flying shuttlehttp://youtu.be/tg2ZqO1X-Qsallowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms

James HargreavesInvention : Spinning Jenny cotton production could not keep up with demandDouble productivity of yarn production

Sir Richard ArkwrightInvention: ( Worlds first true) factory to produce cotton

Invention: Water frameWater power to produce better thread than the spinning jennycombine power, machinery, semi-skilled labor and new raw material (cotton)

Samuel Crompton's Invention: Cromptons MuleCombined spinning Jenny and the water frameProduced large amounts of fine, strong yarn

Edward CartWrightInvention: Power loomimprove the speed and quality of weaving

Didnt work so well at first

Francis Lowell CabotIdea: Power loom idea taken from Britain to bring industry to AmericaFirst factory in Mass. ( Lowell named after him)

Eli WhitneyInvention : Cotton Ginallowed cotton to be easily separated from its seed in a short amount of time.

Took him 10 days to put his ideas togetherTook almost a year to get a patentIndustry in the South Benefitted (more slaves)1 man could do the work of 10

Looking for a new power sourceTwo sources of free energyWindWaterWater supply areas were scarceUsually too far for people to travel to

Coal / Iron OreWhat Mr. Duton gets in his stocking every year

Raw Materialsfuel for heating and other purposes wood Forests were depletedCoal makes its debut Hard to extract from the ground

coal has a higher carbon content than wood. This means that it is a more efficient fuel. When wood or coal are heated to about 1200C in the absence of air (oxygen), they provide charcoal and coke respectively. Both charcoal and coke have higher carbon contents than wood or coal which means that they make even more efficient fuels.

%masscarbonoxygenhydrogenwood53425peat60346lignite (soft, brown coal)67286Bituminous (household) coal8866anthracite (hard) coal9433Coal MinesDangerousVentilation of tunnelsa fire was lit at the bottom of one of the access shaft This created hot air which drifted upwards and drew fresh air into the tunnelcarbon monoxide and other explosive gases were common in coal minesfrequent explosions and fires

Coal ProductionCoal output was able to increase so rapidly because steam pumps were developed which enabled deeper seams to be exploited

YearCoal output (tons)

17002600000179076000001795over 10000000

Iron Orebrittle due to impurities

(Steel is a perfect form of Iron ore (steel is more flexible- meant to give) Only the rich had steel swords because it was so hard to makeWhere there is a demand there is a supply ** someone will make it

ABraham DarbyIdea: coke smelting iron ore with coke from coal removed some impurities improved iron refining metalsadvanced the mass production of brass and iron goodCharcoal was becoming scarce

John Iron mad Wilkinson Invention: world's first iron barge in 1787iron bridges, ships cannons, boring holes in iron burred in an iron coffin

Henry cort Idea: puddling furnacecast iron wrought ironlarge-scale and inexpensive conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, one of the most essential materialsiron alloy with a very low carbonRolled straight away while it was still softrails for railways pipessheet iron for shipbuilding

Henry BessemerInvention: Bessemer Process molten iron pigA method for making steel by forcing compressed air through molten iron to burn out carbon and other impurities

How many have you seen this?Bessemer court it was from a mill who closed

SteamInventions and ideas

Steam power had been around for thousands of years no one knew how to use itThomas SaveryInvention: vacuum-powered mine pumping enginefirst steam engineEngine driven by steam power advanced labor power

Thomas NewcomenInventions: (invented a simple engine that used steam to) pump water out of coalmines Heres how his engine worked: Boiled water created steam, which entered a chamber or cylinder, which pushed a piston up. The piston lifted a pump

Partnered with Savery

James Watt

Watt and Matt Boulton (business partner)Invention: watt engine

absent minded geniusCouldnt focus for too long always trying to improve inventions

4x as productiveCheap!

TransportationInventions and ideasRoads, canals and trainsJohn MacadamInvention: Road construction(every road was curved so there was no standing water)much faster, more comfortable and easier than beforetar mixed with road-stone

Europe and England First used in Maryland (all over PA)Macadams roads - excellent

Canals1760 -1840Digging a canal done by hand(France thought it was a waste of resources)Erie canal connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River wanted to build all the way to PITTSBURGH!

George StephensonInvention: steam engine locomotive and iron rails -Father of Railwayscotton industry was so large- needed a way to transporttracks at four feet, eight and a half inchesbecome the worldwide standard railroad gauge.

The RocketCompetition in Liverpool (other 6 broke down no contest)29 miles per hour no other way to go that fast before

1900s - miles of trackRussia had 53,234 Germany 51,000set the stage for WWI

Advantages of RailroadsIncreased demand for coal and ironJobs for railway workersBetter transportation of materials, goods, foodRipple effect on industrial economycars better roads hotels for travelers gas

Robert fulton and LivingstonInventions: First steam ship 5 miles per hourOverload them to make moneyEngines werent regularly inspected

Paved the way for ship improvements

Factories

symbols of the Industrial Revolution

Factoriessemi- skilled laborhorrible places to workLong hours Little payHazards environments

Work disciplineRural workers had to adjust to boring work and long hours (new)Fines,Dismissalbeat if you were not performing tasks no rights if you quit, hire someone

1850 Britain is the wealthiest country at this timeUS in 1945 (#2)

http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/033.html

Samuel SlaterIn 1789, Samuel Slater memorized the British spinning machinesHe came to the USA and began building cotton spinning machines to sell to Americans.

Francis Cabot LowellHe built the USAs first power loom in Waltham, Massachusetts. Girls worked in the power loom factory. They would work 12 to 14 hours a day 6 days a week.They had to go to bed by 10 and wake up at 5:00 to work. They got $3 a week for working 70 hours.

Thomas Alva EdisonHe loved inventing new machines.When he was 11, he built his own telegraph set.His workshop was called, Menlo Park where he invented 1093 machines. He spent years trying to come up with a substance which would burn for a long time. His dad wanted Edison to read books and stop doing science experiments so Edisons dad gave Edison a penny every time he read. Edison used the pennies to buy chemicals.

Interesting Facts AboutThomas Alva EdisonAt the age of 12 years old, he got his first job selling newspapers and candy to passengers on the trains. He also printed a weekly newspaper, the Weekly Herald. After about a years time, he got permission to use one of the train baggage cars for his science experiments. One day his chemicals spilled causing a fire in the train. He lost his job and his chemicals.

Interesting FactsHe used the Detroit Free Library to get books. He read almost every book there by going book by book, shelf by shelf. He loved Science books best and decided he wanted to invent ways to make life better for people. At 16, he got a job as a telegraph operator. His job was to report to Toronto every hour by telegraph signal. Edison invented a way to have the signal sent to Toronto automatically every hour. He almost got fired when his boss found him asleep.

Alexander Graham BellHe invented the telephone. By 1900, 1.5 million telephones were being used.He started the Telephone Bell Company.

Elijah McCoyElijahs parents were slaves who escaped to the North. He went to Scotland to study machinery and engineering. After getting his degree, he moved back to After that, he moved to Detroit. Because he was black, he could only get a job as a machinist. While working, he noticed that men called "grease monkeys" had to crawl around on the machines oiling them. Some of these boys got hurt. In 1872, he invented a way to oil machines without stopping

John D. RockefellerHe came from a poor family. However, he started an oil-refinery business/Through buying other companies and labeling them different names, he got a monopoly.

VocabularyCorporation:Shareholders:A large business owned by people who invest into it.People who invest money into a company.Sweatshops:Small factories that wer unsafe and unhealthy and paid little money for the work.