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.........................................?

................................................................??? w uL w UdNJK WUF uL

...............................

....................................... vL d UdJ s qOK b vK u w uL

..................

.......?u?...................................... ...................................... WUF uL s

.........................................

...........................WdG d W bM WOIM UNU w uL UB dF UOzUdN

UUDK VdL qOu qJA

.............................................. `B VzuA iF WKuL nB uL rOFD bM

........................................................................ WKuL nB uL r s

................... q ................................... WUM w WKuL nB uL b

u YO c UNOd v ld UdNJ qOu vK WKuL uL b ................

ld wzUdNJ UO qOu vK WUF uL b b ...................................vK

................................... vK u YO c UNOd v

d??_ b?? bM .........................b vK WUD w?? wzUOLOJ qUH qLF

d dD bM .......................

............................................................................... s U wzUdNJ UO

.....................................

................... VDI s WOzUdNJ b w UO U uJ wD U V

....................... VDI v

. dU t ed ...................... ? UO UI

WOUuu .......................... U bu dO_

b S WOU(1) bI s w uu(3) U qu d WOzUdNJ WMA s WOL XIb

dO U quL w UL UO

.............................................. s dOFK WOzUdNJ WFb uI `KDB b U

wK UL q UO b d

.............bN d .............WOzUdNJ WFb uI

WOMO d_U WOzUdNJ WFb uIK dU UOK dU bNK ed

b???????????????WOzUdNJ WUI* WOzUdNJ b

(Simple Electrical Circuit) WDO WOzUdNJ b WOU WOU_ UuJL s UNUJ j w WOzUdNJ b uJ

Source wzUdNJ bB* wzUdNJ UO Ud wzUdNJ jGC bN' d du c u

(Load) wzUdNJ qL( a dL UBLU WOzUdNJ eN_ b s U u

(Conductors) u* ? wzUdNJ bBL sO UO Ud d qJA w

sJLuOML U s lMB U UU qL

WU{S p WOKU d WOzUdNJ b w rJ qF

tKBH wzUdNJ qLU UO qu SwitchUH

dUM WUL FusedNB WU{ sJL ULWuN

qJA w sO UL dHL UO s b

UNze WU uJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ

s wzUdNJ UOK dL qL YO iF UNCF WKB

UNze b uJ UbM WuH WOzUdNJ b uJ qL d d dD v bBL wd b

wzUdNJ UO d lML YO qB dO uBH UuDF

(Short Circuit ) dB WU w WOzUdNJ b UO ob WCHM WUI d qL b dU qJA wzUdNJ bBL wd qB UbM

WDO WOzUdN b ed duB jD* qJA

iF v R b WFHd d ZM qzU

(Short dB qB tQ uI WOzUdNJ b e

WOzUdNJ b w dBI b b w Circuit)

TU qOu u e u b U s

qJA w sO UL _ w

WDO WOzUdNJ bK ed jD* WUD UB vK u WDO WOzUdN b ed jDL duB jDL qJA sO

WDO b c q r WOUJ s rdU UBL WKO d UL UO b UOI dO UN WU

bIFL b r w WIdD c b b VFB s t dO qJA sOL w WMOL WIdDU

b UuJ qL u b qJA U v WMOLU We UDD ULF r V cN

ed L UNu w WOzUdNJ ud v dF V UDDL c q d q sJ WOzUdNJ

u wU b sOVU VDI v dOA dOB dP VuL VDI v dOA qu j WUDK

WOzUdNJ dUMF iF

wzUdNJ ed wzUdNJ dBMF

qu

jD vK sOKu lUI

qOu uB wzUdN

ULNMO wzUdN

sOKu sO bI u vIK

wKO UB

dOQ UB

WuU WO WOK

WuU WO_ U) s WUD

wzUdN dB b qJA

U qu

( DC )dL UO bB

( AC )UM UO bB

wzUdN d

wzUdN U

dNB

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UdJ dO U WUI WU b

WOzUdNJ WUIL dF quL c w

wzUdNJ UO dL UL WU bI UNQ

d db s qJA w UL UNO

cN U b v lL WdFL uL q

WOU

UDL U??e?? q WUF uLK

UdJ Wd W{UFL s dO bI

wzUdNJ UO dL `L wUU Ud

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WU u UNQ

U????M?? q?????? W???K???u???L??? u????L???? U?????

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Q U??I?? c?? U??d???? U??d????J?? Wd

u UNQ b WCHM WUI uL cN

l WOzUdNJ b w UL UO WLO s b WUIL Q UM sJL d ULWKu

bI l{ UO_ s dOJ w U UM d v U s nK WUI UN WKuL uL q

WOzUdNJ d_ w uuL sO dUM UL qO vKF WOzUdNJ b w WUIL s b

UDDL w UN ed R dU WOzUdNJ WUILK UA UUI s U w U Wb eN

qJA w sO{uL sedU WOzUdNJ

WOzUdNJ WUIL u qJA

WOzUdNJ WUI* dOH qJA

wzUdNJ UO

WOzUdNJ WUIL

wzUdNJ bN

_ (1) UO bN Wb _ dF () UGO wUuO dU t ed WUIL UO b

Xu(1) bN bM dO (1) tb UO dL `L w WUIL bI u

t ed UOL (103 U (K)sOdU t ed uKOJ _ UHUC s

WbL Wd eN_ iF WUI rO `{u wU b (106) U (M) sOdU

WOKLF UO w

1 s q qOu pK

uOK 20s d UD WFD

50 - 0 wzUdN uJ

50 - 15 d_ w 5 dUM

UbM 60 - 0 WMU uJ UbM 600-0 UNd UHS WUI* WLO lHd U uJ

U{ `OUB

:(Conductance) WOKu* b U s d wzUdNJ UOK UL WOKu b V VUML s uJ UO_ iF w

(Conductance).WOKuL vL WOU b cNwzUdNJ UO dL UN{UF

UN e??d??w??zU??d??N??J?? U??O???? ddL vK U??L?? b??? s?? dF W??U??I??L?? fJ w?? WOKuL

b UL r dO_ W wohm WLK uJF w mho u bu UIGdU

WUIL uKI w WOKuL S UO{USdU UN ed WOKuL UOI Siemens eMOLO

G= 1R

WF w UL

:(FUSES) dNB* bze UO s WOzUdNJ b dUM WOzUdNJ eN_ bFLK WUL dBM u uOH dNBL

dNBM dBM w dNBL qL hKeN_ c nK v R c b dB UO s s

()qJA `{u ULsOF b s UO U bM b `H

dNBL qL qJA

b WK

WOU WK_ s V

WOU WOU_ dUMF s WOzUdNJ b uJ

WuH WOzUdNJ b uJ uJ UbM WIKG WOzUdNJ b uJ

uJ UbM

UbM uA dBI b

w WOzUdN WUIL

wUuO dU UN ed UNUO b dU WOzUdNJ WUILK ed

s b vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL qLF

s U Wd WOzUdNJ eN_ w sO dUM

w WOU dUMF WUIL WOdI WLOI

qOu pK

WU U dH w sO dBM ?

b???????????????udL* UO

b??????????????? WOzUdNJ UUI* bM UNO wzUdNJ UO d oOF w U* WOU w WOzUdNJ WUI* Q oU w X

WUI s U w WOzUdNJ UL_ Q X UL _ bu UI wzUdN bB0 UNK

c w wzUdN bB0 tK WO t U* UO WLO b% w w qL( WUI Q uU s XLKF

d UNu UE UUI* u v U qu WUI b% w quF v dF u b

UNKOu

uL WUI

qu* WUI w qu WF vK qJA w 5 u UL qu* WUI bLF

qu* u tu l Ud VUM qu* WUI tu UU qu* WUI e

qu* WUI vK dR* quF qJA

qu* lDI WU qu* lDI WU ULK t qu* lDI WU l UOJ UUM qu* WUI VUM

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WFHd U* UO ob UNUI uJ dOG UNFDI WU w uU* U WCHM U* UO ob UNUI

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bb d qJO dJOM WJO1.9

b'

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quL UL WOuM WUIL qu* uqu* lDI WU

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L

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d rK

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W (1) UNd W dOG WO (1) UNUI U* pK s WMO WUI WLO w UBIM Ue tQ

Wu W bu tLO s dOF r)wUuO d(U d( qUFLK eduOK

WLO e w uLK (Positive Temperature coefficient) Uu WUILK d( qUF* uJ

UdJ Wd U v UNd W U R w WOIM UF* q UNd W UU UNUI

wzUdNJ UO qOJA b U& w rEM qJA UNF WOKL VFB U2 WOzuAF

WLO qI w uLK (Negative Temperature coefficient) UU WUILK d( qUF* uJ

WO UNUI qI w WOOdJ qOU; uF u* U q UNd W UU UNUI

u* iF d( qUF* WLO wU b' 5d( qFH WOzUdNJ WMA U s be* bu

UdNJ U w Wb*

UL d qUFL

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uH+ 0.0045

XOd- 0.0004

sM 0.0041

WJO UUuJ+0.000005

b'

WOU WF bU(RHOT

) WMU WUI* WLO U sJ1

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= R20

{1 + (THOT

- 20)}

YO

Wu 20 W bM WUI* WLO R20

ULK d( qUF* ( )

WUILK WOzUNM d( W THOT

U???????????? W u bM 7M s uMB wzUdN UB qOH WOzUdNJ WUI* V

20 WdG d W bM qOH WUI XLK tKOGA UM Wu 2020 v UNd

Wu W qJ 0.005 U 7M d( qUF* 50 U Wu

q????????????????(R

HOT = R

20 {1 + (T

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R2020

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WUOF* UNUUI WOzUdNJ _ WOzUdNJ eN_ WUM w qb UL WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI w WOzUdNJ _ b

pK u vK UNLO w bLF WUI _ cN UdO WOzUdNJ Ud; u; q

V UN_ UNO ud dO WUI* c uJ UU tU u tFDI WU

qUM pK b vK bN' u vK bN' u WLO bLF bB* bM j) Wb w tM q qL( bM j) WUN w bN' uJ

UOd w bN' u U u t tOK UF* s d U* UO WLO pK WUI

.(%5) Ud; w (%3) Wb eN w WJA bN s (%2.5-1.5) t U U{

WuIM* WOzUdNJ WUD w UH _ 5 v R Wd WU v WUD c s e qu% vK _ WUI qLF YO

UQ _ c d9 c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* iF b' 5

6 4 2.5 2 1.5 1 23 lDI* WU

36 24 18 16 13 11 dO dI* UO

WKL c UO WLO WOUM WUOF* UUI* b'

v R b pK d W lHd Ud0 uL* WLOI pK d U* UO WLO U&

w b U qJA ozd uA wzUdN U9 b v wUU tHKG c UF UNB

bI bbL 2 3(2.5) U{ bbL 2 31.5) WOeM* bbL

UUI* u UOU b hzUB rOI WOzUdN UUI b eK WOdJ WOzUdNJ b qL oOI

WOzUdN UO qL WdF WO rO UN WHK UJQ UUI* lMB c b c qL VUM

WLOI dOG WLOI WU UUI* UL 5Oz 5u v UUI* rI WuKF

Fixed Resistors WLOI WU UUI* dU dO qJA U dU qJA WUI* r vK VJ dOG WU WLO UN w UUI* w

WOzUA WOJK WOud UUI v UNFM U* UI UUI* c rI u

Carbon resistors WOudJ UUI* qJA w `{u UL WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM YO WHK UQ WOudJ UUI* bu

UH pOdO u q WKu dO U u* udJ s Ze s UUI* c lMB

sJ1 v bF0 WUI* Ud d d(U bL& r UOuD uJ U uKD* qJAU U* VB

qJA k WOU) _U UNKOu

WOzUAG WUI* WOudJ WUI* VOd qJA WOzUdNJ UNb l VUM UUI* U qJA

Film resistors WOzUAG UUI* wuD qOJA qO `D u WUI U s fU UA d WOzUAG UUI* rOLB VKD

U* u dOG pc UAG c w wu e lDI WUILK WuKD* WLOI vK uB( r we

w u W UUI* c bu qJA w `{u u UL UNLO wUU WUI* wd 5

tAuOdJ qJOM wbFL UAG dbBI bO wbFL bO_ UA wudJ UAG

UNM WHKJ vK wUU W d UNMJ WOudJ UUIL wU qJA YO s WOzUAG UUIL

Wirewound resistors WOJK UUI* ? pK u lMB qJA w `{u UL eF qOJA qO vK pK s UH b s lMB

d( UNUI qUF WFHd* WOuM UNUI V dJ b w dJ qJOM pzU s

WLOI iHM*

WDK wUe D s WO WID vDG jO; ju dOQ s WUI* UuJ WUu

k d( bb vK UNb 5 uOM*_ s d b0 nKG UNCFXML qd s

WUI* r vK dU uU UNb _U WUI* WLO VJ UUI* s uM c w qJA

UI tAUM rOBS1852 WOUDd WOUOI WHu* w b; eOd UE lWd(

WOJK UUI* qJA WOJK WUI* VOd qJA

Surface Mount Resistors-SM Resistors WOD UUI* `D* UL 5KJA duWUJ WOU WuD* UuK WLz UNKF U2 UNL dGB U9

WOU v_ 5U) UU s uJ eOd UE UeOd w b WD* WUI*wuD_

WUI*qJA dNE UL UH_ bnUC* qL dO_ WU WU) U WUI* WLO 9

WU WOu WIK v WU{_U UI tdAMwUL) wuK eOd UE UeOd w b WOuD_

qJA dNE UL WUILK d( qUF* q9

UeOd d WOD UUI* qJA

Network Resistors WOJA UUI* ? UNHOKG r WNUA* UUI* s WuL s U w

w 5 u ULWKUJ* b WHK tA wU G

WOdJ b w WOJA UUI* bqJA

WNUA* UUI* s dO b u% w

WOJA UUI* qJA

Variable Resistors WLOI dOG UUI* UNLO dOOG sJL dOGL UUILK U UHK ud eN w uBU rJ `OUH dF

uB UMUJS wMF cN (1000) UNLO dOG WUI uI UbM UNOUHdb WuN

(1000) dHB sO d rO vK UNM

dOG* WUI* qL qJA

WUIL WLO vK ULNUu qB WUIL wUN L Ud d W dOGL WUILK

vK sOUNM b l tUu qB UI dBM u d oeM e qB YU dD WOKJ

qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUIL s WHK rO

vK uHK pK s lMB WOD Wdz udJ s UWJ qJ vK UIL dBMF lMB

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du dQ 3 WDuL bI rz wN _ WuHKL u_ U UO 1 uKO1 sO

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wjC Zb q WO{d bF qLF b dOG UQ dOG* UUI* du

oO j{ v WU( bM b c oOb jC u oKG* uM uH* uMUJ W du

qJA k WUI*WLO w dOG b WUI* UH db ZMO YO b

dOG* WUI* qJA

YO rI u bN UOI(Potentiometer) bN UOI r UC dOGL WUIL vK oKD

k udJ U vK oeML Wd pc (VIN

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wK UL qL WU w dL bN WLO b qJA

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x R

2

R

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WOFL eN_ w UN'U rJK Q dO_

bN' UOI qJA

WU) UUI* WOKL UIOD rz WU lM dD WU u s lMB

UUI* qL s UNKL nK WOdJ b w WMOF

UUI* c s WUF

udO qJA udO WUI qJA k UN{UH d( W UHU uLK qJA UNUI dOG w WUI* w

w d( Wb fL UNb sJ1 UL d( W UH s WUL( w b

Uu UNM bu d( W UO eN w bd Wb eN w rJ

d( W UHU UNLO qI w (NTC) VU d qUF WUI d( W UHU UNLO e w (PTC) Vu d qUF WUI

UUI* c u qJA dNE

(VDR) bNK WFU uUH WUI UNd vK dR* bN' U l WUI* c WLO qI

UH s WOzUdNJ bF* WU U w UU b

u vK WUI* c qu wzUdNJ bN' w TUH*

bNK TUH UH b UbM tU d* UN' l

s e h9 UOE( uUH WUI qI UN' wd 5

tb dJM TUH* bN'

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bM UO d lDI qBHM WKu vK UK dNB b v WUI* c s dI* b

2 s q UNLO dOG WUI b WOudJ WUI* WU w U WKu U( U sJ1 qDF

bF UNb sJ1 WUI* c d% dI* b UO U UbM l s q dOG UNb

qDF

Light Dependent ResistorLDR uC vK bLF* WUI* UU UNLO hUM WUI* c WOzu{dNJ dUMF b s b uC vK bLF* WUI*

2 s d v qB b b WOU E w uC vK bLF* WUI* WLO uJ UNOK jU uC b

_ s U lC v UNUI iHM uCK dF UbM sJ UO

uOUJ bOd q uCK WU( WKu* t u* s uC vK bLF* UUI* lMB

uC vK bLF* WUI* VOd qJA 5 CdSe e uOUJ bOMOKO CdSe

r qOu wdD e pOdO Ue s WU WI vK uCK WU U s WIO WI qJA

uCK WU( U* vK uC uI `L WOU cU t wJO wbF w l{u

qOu d

uCK WU U

WU bU

WOzuC WUI* e ?qJA WOzu{ WUI qJA WOzu{ WUI* lDI qJA

eN w UU qLF U* qO vKF UOdJ w bb UIOD uC vK bLF* WUILK

tUO u{ uu U d_ VKD YO qd* w VNK nU WO u_U rJ c

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UOL uKOJ U WuKDL WLOI s dF WUIL WOU WUFL s UN wQ WUIL Ub w uBI bI w bIL bI

P = V2

R = I2 x R

U tM dF bLF* buU d( W w dOG qJ WUI* w dOG u d( W qUF uOK*U e_U

tM dF se s WMOF b vK WMOF d X% qB c WUI* WLO w VKI u dI % Wu WM

UUI* eOd rE UU

UUI* u rE 5UE UM UNUNUH UNLO v dOA WOu ud WLKF WOzUAG WOudJ UUI* uJ

qJA dE wUL) wuK eOd wUd wuK eOd UL wuK eOd w sbLF

qJA

wUd wuK eOd WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b%

WU WIK( b% WUILK wU rd WOU WIK( b%

W b WFd WIK( U UH_ b dAF nUC*

qJA k WdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH

wUd wuK eOd qJA

U???????????? cN v_ vK_ sb U UOd oU qJA w WMOL WUIL WLO U

WLOI

q????????????????( sO WUIL r vK WMOL u_ UIK v dEMU

(4) bF qUI dH v_ WIK u

(7)bF qUI wHM WOU WIK u

(100) nUCL qUI dL WU WIK u

5% UH W qUI w WFd WIK u

sO UNCF VU U_ l{u

uKO 4.7 4700 47100 WUIL WLO

WLOIK vK_ b

4700 + 4700 x 5

100 = 4700 + 235 = 4935

WLOIK v_ b uKO

4700 - 4700 x 5

100 = 4700 - 235 = 465

wUL) wuK eOd WOU WIK( b% WUILK _ rd UO WN s v_ WIK( b% wUd UEM w U( u UL

dAF nUC* WFd WIK( b%WUILK YU rd b WU WIK( U WUILK wU rd

`{uWdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH W b dO_ WU) WIK( UH_ b

UNUH UUI* WLO bb UEM c b WId qJA w 5* U*

BS1852 ud UE WOU Wb_ d( WDu dAF nUC* WLO pc WdAF WKUH UJ bb% r UEM c w

WLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u

0.18 wMF R18

560 wMF 560R

WdA WKU nUCL(K)d( b YO uKO2.7 wMF2K7

uKO39 wMF 39K

UHd1%F

2%G

5%J

10%K

20%M

b'

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b' k UH v U wU{ d U( r r s

WLzUI c ULF WId WOU WK_ `{u

5% UH 0.18 wMF R18J

10% UH 560 wMF 560RK

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E6 WKKU UC dF WOU WOU_ WOb WdAF rOI WKK UMeK

1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8

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WOU rOI 2.2 WLOI WUI*

2.2,22,220.2.2K,22K,220K,2.2M

w 10% UNUH mK w UUILK E12 WKKK WOU_ rOI

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w 5% UNUH mK w UUILK E24 WKKK WOU_ rOI1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0

3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1

UUI* qOu UFw W dD UUI* qOu sJ1

wu vK qOu dDU uu v_ WUI* wd b YO UNCF WKB UUI W qJA 5

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b e lOL s UO lDI UUI* b Xd UUI*

UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI* w jI b WUI0 UUI* bS p b c jO sJ1

uL* (Total) WLKJ UBU wQ(T)d( YO(RTd(U( UN ed qJA w `{u u

UO b dOG UUI* WuL s b b w UNF{ sJ1 w WUI*WUJ* WUI*U bBIwKJ

WOzUdNJ b WUJ* b

wu vK UUI* qOu qJA

w UL UNLO V q d VUM UUIL vK VT bBL bN u wu w

qJA

(V1 = I

T x R

1) v_ WUIL vK bN d bN u

(V2 = I

T x R

2) WOU WUIL vK bN u

(V3 = I

T x R

3) WU WUIL vK bN u

wUU V

T =V

1 + V

2 + V

3 UL bN dH d uLLK UU(V

T) bBL bN uJ

IT R

T = I

T R

1 + I

T R

2 + I

T R

3

RT = R

1 + R

2 + R

3

VOd w WKb UUILK d' uL* U wu b WUJ* WUI* WLO 5 cJ

qJA k b c

wu vK UUI* qOu qJA

bK (RT) WUJ* WUI* (VT)bB* bN vK wu w wzUdNJ UO WLO bLF

wU uM vK uU vK UM (ITb UO V (

WUJ* WUI* bB* bN UO

IT =

VT

RT

U???????????? V qJA w 5 UL wu vK (30) (20) (10) UUI* XK

WOKJ WUI*

q????????????????( R

T = R

1 + R

2 + R

3

= 10 + 20 + 30

= 60

U???????????? (6) UNLO WU (4) UNLO WOU (2) UNLO v_ UUI XK

Xu (6) UbN WUD wD sO wu vK

WOKJ WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r wKJ UO V WUJL b r ?

q????????????????(

2 4 6 12

6V 6V

qJA

2 + 4 + 6 = 12 WOKJ WUI* w jI b WUI0 UUI* bU WOzUdNJ b j WUJ* b ?

WD* b c vL qJA w `{u UL WOKJ WUJ* WUI*

dO 0.5 = 12 6 WOKJ WUI* wKJ bN' (IT) wKJUO

U???????????? Xu (220) dIL UNKOGA bN (100) UNM q b WNUA U{ `OUB WL

UB q vK bN u V Xu(220) bB wd sO wu vK XK

q????????????????(UU UNOK u u bBL bN S wu vK Wuu WNUA `OUBL UL

Xu 44 = 5220 UB q vK bN u

dIL UNKOGA bN vK qB r UN_ b WCHM uJ u `OUBL c U{ b

Xu (220)

u vK qOu UL u b U w lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU WOzUdNJ UL_ WcG

WUDK wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ UL_ qu YO qJA w `{u

UF* j) UH j UL 5D WUu bB*U wzUdN qL q qu Xu (220) WOzUdNJ

Xu (220) fOzd bB* bN vK wzUdN qL q qB cN duOM

lUB* UM* w WOzUdNJ WUDU UL_ WcG qJA

(V T) WOzUdNJ WUDK wOz bB wd 5 u vK Wuu UUI W qJA 5

uJO bB* bN vK WUI q qB% cJ

WU WUIL bN WOU WUIL bN v_ WUIL bN bBL bN

qJA

UNLO V wJ VUM bK WuJ* UUI* vK u w bB* UO u UL

uJ uU bU qJA w UL

v_ WUI* wKJ bN' (I1) _ WUI* UO

I1 =

VT

R1

WOU WUI* wKJ bN' (I2) WOU WUI* UO

I2 =

VT

R2

WU WUI* wKJ bN' (I3) WU WUI* UO

I3 =

VT

R3

WFd WUI* wKJ bN' (I4) WFd WUI* UO

I4 =

VT

R4

WOKJ WUJ* WUI* (VT) bB* bN vK u w wKJ bB* UO WLO bLF

WOdH UO uL U (IT) bB* UO bK

IT = I

1 + I

2 + I

3 + I

4

VT

RT

= V

1

R1

+ V

2

R2

+ V

3

R3

+ ...

1

RT

= 1

R1

+ 1

R2

+ 1

R3

+ ...

UUI* UuJF lL qU l u b WUJ* WUI* uKI WLO U d vMF0

UUI* c s _ WLO dG s u b WUJ* WUI* WLO qI p s ZM Wuu*

5U 5U UM

S (R) b q WUI u vK (N) Ub WNUA* UUI* s WuL qOu bM WUJ* WUI*

RT =

R

N

UU UNOK bB* UO u

S qJA w UL u vK 5UI qOu bM qU 5UI* rO d{ qU WUJ* WUI*

5UI* rO lL qJA

RT =

R1 x R

2

R1 + R

2

U????????????WOzUdNJ WUI* V u vK (40) (60) 5UI* XK

q????????????????(WUF* b sJ1 jI 5UI vK u% b U0

RT =

R1 x R

2

R1 + R

2

= 60 x 40

60 + 40 = 24

U???????????? w UL u vK 60 (R

3) 200 (R

2) 300 (R

1) UUI* XK

V qJA

WOKJ WUI* Xu (20) bN bB wd 5 WuL* XK WUI q d UO wKJ UO

300 200 6020V 20V

40

qJA

q????????????????(

1

RT

1

R1

+ 1

R2

+ 1

R3

1

300 +

1

200 +

1

60 WOKJ WUIL

WU( c w dG_ dA* nUC* UNUUI bOu uJ c lL WOKL VKD

S (600) U

1

RT

2

600 +

3

600 +

10

600

15

600

vK qB WUFL c wI VKI

RT =

600

15 = 40

wKJ UO I

T =

VT

RT

= 220

40 = 5.5A

WOdH UO ?

I1 =

VT

R1

= 220

300 = 0.73A

I2 =

VT

R2

= 220

200 = 1.1A

I3 =

VT

R3

= 220

60 = 3.67A

U????????????WOKJWUIL V u vK Wuu (200) UNM q bI WU UUI l

q????????????????(WUF* b sJ1 WU UUI* U0

RT =

R

N =

200

4 = 50

Vd* qOu UUI* tO qJA w `{u UL u vK qOu wu vK qOu 5 lL' sJ1

WU w (R1) WUI* l wu vK Wuu WuL* c u vK Wuu (R

4) (R

3) (R

2)

Vd* qOuU dF p S U w u wu qOu 5 e*

K

WLO dO_ dI V WUI* h bM qJA

UNL vK WK* WLOIK UdI WUVdL qOu qJA

UUI* UD UU UNd W UH v R U2 t uL* b( s Ud U* UO U WO U WUI* qDF

WUI* qDF s ZM WOudJ WUI* XH WOJK WUILK uJ* pK tF lDIM c b( v

WcG bB qB bF dO_ bU UNLO UOI WUI* qD UA r UNUJ w WuH

YO dJ* ULF WO WLOI dOG vL d qD UM WUI* d b qB b s

WLOI YO s UHu* fH UN dQ WHU WUI* b Vd% WUI* WLO lHd

uU uB_ bI _U

U?????????? qJA w WMOL WOzUdNJ bK WOKJ WUIL V

6 4

5 2.4 5

7.4

qJA

q????????????????(qd vK qLF b cN WOKJ WUIL U VKD

WUI w ULN sJL u vK Uuu R3

R

2 sOUIL UL v_ uD

(RT1

) WUJ

RT1

= R

1 x R

2

R1 + R

2

= 6 x 4

6 + 4 = 2.4

w UFL sJL wu vK Uuu R1

R

T1 sOUUIL UL WOU uD

(RT) WUJ WUI

RT = R

1 + R

T1

= 5 + 2.4

= 7.4

b WK ...................... bu UI ...................................................................... w WOzUdNJ WUI* ..................................................................................w qu WF vK U qu WUI bLF ....................................................................................................................w ULK WOuM WUI* ........................................................................................................... bu WOuM WUI* UI ................................. w tU u UF Wb qu* WUI U w b w WF

XU pK WUI V d (0.0178) UMK WOuM WUI* d (80) tu UM s pK 23 (2,5) tFDI WU 23 (1,5) tFDI WU

pUE V 5U U

................................................................................................................ tQ dF d( qUF* V UN_ UNO ud dO WOzUdNJ _ WUI

.................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................... v R p S dI* UO s d UO qu w d

:w WU UUI* u ........................................ ? ........................................ ........................................

WOU UUI* u VOd r dOG* ? WOJK WOudJ

:WOU UBU wMF U .................................................................................. (PTC) .................................................................................. (NTC) .................................................................................. (VDR) ?

: WOU UUI* Ub d .................................................................................. (PTC) .................................................................................. (NTC) .................................................................................. (VDR) ?...................................................... dNBL WOudJ WUI*

(1000) v dH s dOG WUI vK uBK UNKOu WOHO r 1000 dOG WUI U* WOdH WOzd uD) w WOzUdNJ bbL w pL d b s

WLO U wC dL wHM dH VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI UNO UL WLO U WUI* c

c WLO U w w dL dL VOd vK w WOu UIK l UNOK WOud WUI UNO UL WLO U WUI*

bK WOKJ WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r wu vK (35) (25) (20) UUI* XK uKD* R3=15 R2=18 R1=12 Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK XK UU W

WOKJ WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r b w U* UO V WUJ* b r ?

U q vK bN' u V ?WCHM UNU{ b uJ Xu (220) bB wd 5 wu vK Wuu* `OUB* qK

wu vK XK (484) UNM q WUI 100Xu220 WNUA U{ `OUB WF uKD* Xu (220) bB wd 5

WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r UB q vK bN' u `OUB* d U* UO V ?UB* vK bN' u UB* w U* UO UB qJ WOIOI( bI ?

WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (120)(60)(30) UUI* XK WUJ* WUI* V WOzUdNJ b r u vK (8) (12) 5UI* XK

uKD* (100) UNM q WUI WNUA uK UB sdA vK u WM q WUJ* WUI* V

Xu (220) bB* bN U UB q w U* UO WLO wKJ UO WLO V wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ eN_ qu lUB* UM* w qK

WUJ* WUI* V qJA w WMO* b w

25

5050

qJA

WUI (120) UNM q WLO UUI WuL du (50) UNLO WUI eN& nO (10) UNLO d

b??????????????? uU

c uUI u uU iF UNCF vK WOzUdNJ b w WUIL UO bN rO bLF

v W r cN wL bI ucL W WOzUdNJ bu jd w WF `{u

w UL UO b VUM wK U vK hM WF c nA c u wUL_ rUF

tUI l UOJ quL wd sO bN d l Ud UUM qu

UO Ud V w uI u bN WOzUdNJ b w bN bB u buL WUD

WU WUIL WLO dH UO q bN q ULK UO bN ULK tOK UM wzUdNJ

WUI u S fJFU iHM UO d v R WOU WUI u S XU bN dS

lHd UO d v R WCHM

uU U w uUI WOU UJ W UM

UO I V

R WUIL bN UO

UO WLO vK WF c hM WUIL bN Wb UO WLO U WF c b

WUIL WLO vK WuI bN WLO U

WUI* R V

I UO bN WUIL

WLO vK WF c hM UO bN Wb WUIL WLO U WF c b

UO WLO vK WuI bN WLO U WUIL

bN' ?V = R I UO WUIL bN

wd sO bN WLO vK hM WUIL UO Wb bN WLO U WF c b

WUIL WLO w WUIL d UL UO WLO d{ qU U WUI

uU dz

UO bN sO WF dc WId qN

w WMOL uU dz b w WUIL

qJA

WLO pF j uU dz b

U WuKDL WF dNE WuNL bu

qJA w `{u u UL WuNL WLOI

U

(6)UBL WUI XU S Xu (12) WOzUdNJ WFb UNu WUD qLF UO UBUBL c w UL UO b V

qUNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd

(V=12) Xu (12) bN (R= 6) ( 6 ) WUIL

(I = ?) dO () U?O

R=6

I=?

12V e uU dzb WUFU WuKDL WF VJ

I VR

I 12

6 2A

uU qJA

U

dO (3) bI UO V Xu(220) bN bB s qLF ZK W U

U WUI b

q

UNUODF q WOzUdNJ b rd

(V=220) Xu (220) bN(I = 3 A) d?O(3) U?O

(R = ?) ( ) WUILR=?

I=3A

V=220V

e uU dz WUFU WuKDL WF VJ

R VI

R 2203 = 73

ld b WK

uU h d

UL dIL bN s vK bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U

UL dIL bN s q bN wzUdN UB idF bM b U

b V WOzUdNJ b r Xu (12) WUD s qLF (4)tUI UO UB

UBL w UL UO

WOzUdNJ b r Xu (220) d bN bB s qLF (80) tUI ZK W U

U w UL UO b V

bN d V WOzUdNJ b r dO tb UO Ud d (6) UNLO WUI

WUIL wd sO

WOzUdNJ bI WUD

s u UL b vMH WUD S dF u UL WUD UJ b w UdNJ

WOzuC WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WUD UJ nK qu WOzUdNJ WUD U sJL d v qJ

s d UJ v WOzUdNJ WUD qu WOzUdNJ eN_ b UL WOzUdN WU v Wd

WOzUOLOJ WOJOUJOL WOzuC Wd WUD q bOHL WUD

WOzUdNJ WUD bOu WUD U??B?? r??? s?? WOzUdNJ b??u??L?? dF

d??O??Q???? d???U??? v??K?? U??N??K??L?? w??? b??L????F?? W??O??zU??d??N??J??

buL UHK uL b YO wOUMGdNJ

WOzUdN WF u dOQU UNO buO wOUMG U q

qJA w `{u UL

b Wd WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD w

U U WOLA WuM WUD d rH

U c??w??U?? j??G??{ U???

WU UMOu qOGA w qLF

bu qOGA Ub uI WL{

b??u??L?? b???? U??L?? WOzUdN

W??U??u?? W??D??u????L?? d??O??G??B??

UD w U eb Ud

WOd WOzUdNJ W??U??D?? bOu

UL uN b

WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI oKD u uD WUu pKNL v WOzUdNJ WUD bOu WD s WOzUdNJ WUD qIM

b w UJA c b UduB UL qJA sO WOzUdNJ lu qIM UJ UNOK

pKNLU wNM WOzUdNJ bI bOu WD s

WOzUdNJ WUD UB s bB WOOUMGdNJ qJA

WOzUdNJ WUD bOu UD; WOU_ e_qJA

b???????????????

vK WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI UJ u%

qOGA vK qLF WU WOzU UMOu

bu*

5?? d b??N Z??M W?OzUdN bu

Xu uKO 10-6

Xu uKO 33 v bN' ld u ?

l rd Xu uKO 132

bI iOH p UO iH bN'

od s WHKJ qOKI _ w bN' u qOKI v WU{U qIM uD w uIH*

dG lDI WU b

ed* b* v WOHd oUM* d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM w WOzuN wUF jGC uD

WOUMB

Xu uKO 15-6 s d ju bN v lHd* bN' iH u vK u% WOd UD ?

WOUMB ed* b* u d WOzUdNJ WUD qIM ju bN uD

Xu 380 Xu 220 v iHM bN v ju* bN' iH u

iHM* bN'U pKN* e WOzu WO{ O ?

Electical Power) WOzUdNJ bI w qG qIM e d cqJA w

j b vK d?? v WDI s bMB qI

r pd w cL qGA WLO vDF qIM

dsuOM bu qGA UI WOU WFU U

WbL bu fH w u UC vL

WUD UOIqGA

se bI

bu WOU w cL qGA bI qGA c t r c bFL wN bI U

d fLO rUFK ULdJ u UC vL WOU w u w bI UO b

(W) dU uK ed WU W

WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI qJA

qJA

bI WUD se

UdJ pd w WU G bN bB c WOzUdNJ b w

UO l w WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD bF vL b e d UO

UI P dU UN edWOzUdNJ bI b?? e d wzUdNJ

WOzUdNJ bI Q Wd qL UO uI qL bN ULu bu

bNU UO d{ qU U

bN' x UO bI

P = I x V

YO

uU bI :P

dO_U UO b : I

XuHU bN' :V

WOKL bu uKOJ b pc WOKLF UIOD WU rz UNS dOG b u U0

(KW) 5d(U t ed 1000 U u bI UOI

U uU sL b V dO 5 bI UO V Xu 220 bN wzUdN s

uKOJ

q

bN UO bI 1100 = 220 5 = uU bI

uKO 1.1 = 1000 1100 = uKOJU bI

s uJ b UN dI* qOGA bN bI WOzUdNJ eN_ UHu Wu vK U q

qOu UI dbI U* qO vK UM vMO UN' t c UO WLO WdF tO ud*

bN' bI Wb UO WLO U sJ1 UN' c WUL( wzUIK lUI dNBM* UO

WOU WFU WOzUdNJ UUU WO_ UL

bI

bN

UO

qJA

U

dH t c UO b V Xu 220 bN qLF uKO 5 tb wzUdN d

q

Xu 220 bN

5000 uKO 5 bI

UO

bN bI UO

dO 22.7 = 220 5000 UO

iF w d_ WOdJ dUMF UUI* u* w d qJA WOzUdNJ bI b

s bbF w bOH dO uJ b UNMJ WOzUdNJ d_ UM* w UL bOH d( c uJ UO_

WOdJ dUMF u; Ud; u* w UL U{ uJ U0 q d_ eN_

w b* bI s dF W U P = IVwU_ bI uU V = IR uU Z sJ1

UL WF cN 5KJ UM dU qJA WUI*

WUI* UO Wb bI

WUI* UO ld bI P = I

2 V

WUI* bN' Wb bI

WUI* bN' ld bI

P V2

R

U

tb V Xu 220 bN 484 tUI wzUdN UB

484 WUI* q(

Xu 220 bN'

bI

WUI* bN' ld bI

100 = 484 (220 220) bI

WUI* w b* bI qJA

(Horse Power) UB( bI

UF w wJOUJO* UB( bu UO_ iF w WOzUdNJ UC* Ud; b vDF

c fLO q s bI UOI bu c XF{ bHP 5d(U UN ed 746

ULz UWU Ud; lOMB U w qLF U

dOJ tU WOd; c TUJ UB r Q

qI ld u i UB( UNO ZM w

746 UbI b s eM U bFLse s WUM b*

4\3 U bu UB( Q dc VUM* s

UdI uKO

(Electical Energy) WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD YO UNb s WOzUdNJ eN_ b WdF0 WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD V%

se bI WUD WUU se uKOJU bI (KWh) WU uKOJU WUD bI YO

UOI b vK lUB* UM* w WOzd lu Wu u%

kpKN* UNOK UM VU w WJKN* WOzUdNJ WUD

w WOzUdNJ WUD N d_ WOzUdNJ eN_qJA

uN nOJ Wb 5 eN q WOUF bI eN_

UO( w b WFzUA eN_ iF b `{u wU b'

WOKLF

UNbI

U{ `OUB100 v 10s d WHK bI du

WOzUdNJ UJL 2000-1000

WOeML W300

WOzUdNJ WbL 2200

WOzUdNJ d_ 3000

ueHK UN 80

WOzUdNJ WUD UO UN qJA

U w WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD V UU (8) bL qLF uKO (2) UNb WOzUdN Qb

UK (30)WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ dH c

q

uKO (2) QbL b

UU(8) qLF s

UK (30) WU uKOJ dF

WU uKO WJKNL WUD

UK N nOUJ

se bI WUuKO WJKNL WUDWU uKO 16 = 8 2 = WU uKO WJKNL WUD

WUuKOJ dF WJKNL WUD WJKNL WUD nOUJUK 480 =16 30 WJKNL WUD nOUJ

b WKWUML UF WLKJU dH

w WOzUdNJ bI

w bI UO b

vK uU bI bI rI uKO v uU bI qu ?

? uKOJU bI bI dC v uKOJU bI qu

UF wJOUJO* UB( ?

? UB(U bI bI dC v UB(U bI qu

wU_ bI uUI mOB V

(220) bN U S dO (3) bI UO V WOeM W `D s bOK W s

uU tb V Xu

uU QbL b V dO (11)bI UO V Xu (220) bN qLF WOzUdN Qb

uKOJ

c t c UO b V Xu(220) bN qLF uKO (4) tb wzUdN U

qL

WUIL UO Wb bI wDF w WF V

uU sL b V dO(5) bI UO tO d (50) tUI wzUdN s

uKOJ

WUIL bN Wb bI wDF w WF V

UBL b V Xu (220) bN (806) tUI wzUdN UB

WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD wDF w WF V

Ue WJKNL WOzUdNJ WUD UOI WOKLF bu d

WOzUdNJ WUD V UOu WU (12 bL qLF uKO (1,5) UNb WU W

UK (30) WU uKOJ dF U UNHOUJ WJKNL

b??????????????? udO uU b bN UO UqOK w uU b sJL t oU b w XE bI

UM sJu wu vK Wuu UUI b b WUI vK u w WDO WOzUdNJ

dHL uU bU UNKOK sJL w bIFL WOzUdNJ b s dOJ

UuO Ud qFbIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK WOKL dO w dD sOuI s bbF UM

bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK udO wuU

uU rU _ uUI dF bIFL WOzUdNJ b qOK ULN UuU udO Uu rUF l{

qOBH s wA sOuUI sc dAM bNK udO uU wU uUI vL ULMOUOK udO

UOK _ udO uU w qOu dH WDI bI w WOzUdNJ UOK d uLL vK uUI c hM

d uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL dH U WOzUdNJ b

bIF fH s WU UO uL U bI WMOF WDI v WUI UOK

wuU w u??? d `KDB tuM V

UN lL w WODI uM U WOL v dOA udO

WUML U UNzUDS pwzUdN bN UO q

WU uJ Wu uJ UUN

kqJA v dE _ udO uU rNH

W pUM ULMO bIF v tL bOu u 1 UO UM

bIF fH UG 4UO 3 UO 2 UO UO

d od t bu tS bIF v 1 UO qb UbM t

d_ UH od s UGL u u

wK UL UUMJ WUF v c UMLd u

_ UO

wU UOYU UO

ld UO

_ udO uU qJA

4UO 3UO 2UO 1UO

I1 = I

2+ I

3 + I

4

I1

_ I2

_ I3_ I

4 = 0

VU bIFK UGL UO Vu bIF v qb UO Ud UM UM k

U??????????????qJA w I

3UO U WLO b

q????????????????( v UN (I

3) (I

1) UO dH

bIF UG I4 I

2 UO ULMObIF

uL UOK udO uU UMI

U bI WMOF WDI v WUI UO

bIF fH s WU UO uL

I1 = 6A I

3 = ?

I2 = 3A

I4 = 5A

qJA

I1 + I

3 = I

2 + I

4

6 + I3 = 3 + 5

I3 = 8 - 6 = 2A

bNK wU udO uU WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK vK wzUdNJ bN rO lOL d uLL vK uUI c hM

dH U

UUIL d{ qU d uLL uI sJL YO j uB uUI c WUO sJL

UNO WOzUdNJ WFb uIK d uLL U WOzUdNJ b w WIKG WIK w WU UO

b VOd w uQ

emf = I x R

bFuUI c oOD UM Wd U v U V

VDI v VU VDI s WUDK WOzUdNJ WFb uI U

d U UWUD w UO U s dEM iG UN VuL

UNO UO U fH uN WUIL wd sO bN

R1

V1

E1

E2

V2

R2

wU udO uU qJA

wzUdN UO WOzUdN WF u q S Vu* wb U& uWU UI U& Uc S

UU uJ p nU U q Uu uJ WU UI U& w

qJA w WMO* WIK( vK bNK udO uU oD UM

E1 - E

2 = V

1+ V

2

E1 - E

2 = I (R

1 + R

2)

U????????????qJA w WMO* b w WUI q w U* UO WLO V

R1

68

E1

12V 9VE2

R2

33

R3

22

I1

I2

I3

I3

bIF

qJA

q????????????????(bIF vK UOK udO uU oOD

I1 + I

2 = I

3

dHBdO WIK( vK bNK udO uU oOD

E1 = I

1 x R

1+ I

3 x R

3

E1 = I

1 x R

1+ (I

1 + I2) x R

3

12 =68 I

1 + 22 (I

1 +

I2)

12 =90 I

1 + 22

I2

........ (1)

dC)dHBWOU) dJ WIK( vK bNK udO uU oOD

12 - 9 = 68 I1 - 33 I

2

3 = 68 I1 - 33 I

2 ........ (2)

d{3 ? v_ WUF* dC uIM2 1 5O 5UF* q UMOK V

vK qBM 2 ? WOU WUF*

36 = 270 I1 + 66 I

2

6 = 136 - 6 I2

vK qBM 5UF* 5U lL$ r

42 = 406 I1

I1 = 0.103A

v_ WUF* w (I1) WLO s uF r

12 = 90 x 0.103 + 22 I2

I2 = 0.124A

I3 = I

1 +

I

2 = 0.103 + 0.124 = 0.227A

WK

UOK _ udO uU h d qJA w ld UO U& WLO V

bNK wU udO uU h d qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V qJA w WMO* b w UO WLO V

I1 = 4A I

3 = 3A

I2 = 2A

I4 = ?

qJA

R1

8

12V 6V

R2

6

R3

4

R1

9V

R2

8

612V

qJA qJA

UFu*

b dUM b UNHu WOzUdNJ WUI* oU w X

WOzUdNJ b dUM s d dBM vK dF WOzUdNJ

uI wzUdN dBM u lu*U (Capacitor). wzUdNJ lu* u

wzUdN U qJ vK sA WOKL UM w WOzUdNJ WUD eU

UFu* dAM b c w mdH WOKL UM w UN

WHK* UNBzUB UNuUFu qJ

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lu* VOd qJA

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b?????????????????????

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bN `B UbM Xu 10 luL wd vK bN `B v b w UO d dL

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luL kUO UHL ` sJL UuA luL tO `B c Xu w t ? qJA sO

uK s tuD t wzUdN U qJA uJ w luL wu sO uuL tM vK p bF

r bNK bBL dOB dH tb sJL b s luL qB bM VU uK v VuL

sA UO pc k d d UF v tu uF YO wzUdN qL tK bM tM mdH

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WOzUdNJ WF b tOK 5F bN oOD bM lu UNe lOD w WMA bI* UO w (Capacitance) WF

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:WOU WFU lu* WF

uuJ We* WMA

XuH u_ 5 bN' d = UH WF

C = Q

V

lu* mdH s WOKL qJA

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U 1 10-9 nF UuUM

U 1 10-12 pF UuJO

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WOU WUF*U vDFlu* wdE = 0.5 CV2

YO

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lu* wd 5 bN' =V

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WLOI WU UFu* WdA q s WF b; lu* u WLOI XU lu*

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w lu* vL WObF* u_ q q WCH s

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uK q WUM WOzUOLO U0 WFA u s WI uOMu_ bO s WU WI wKH

uK qJA dL WcG bN l lu* qOu bMF uK uOMu_ s u uOu_

U tu UF ju u tOK Vd* uOM*_ bO `B luLK Vu* VDI wKH

luLK VU VDI uKF uK u WI qJA ULMO bO

s uM c q bMF wzUOLOJ luLK Vu* VDI vK b WOHO qJA 5

d db' WOU d_ bN' WDI l Vu* dD qu WOdJ b w UFu*

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d* UO w

sJ1 lu* wu wD u bO_ UI VOd WDI* dO WOzUOLOJ UFu* lMB

d* bN' dL* bN' UB l UFu* c b

WO WKu dH UNMe bM UNHK UNOD 5 U d u WOzUOLOJ UFu* U s

tHK UF UH'

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U

wbF u

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wJO

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w lu* vL uOMu_ s b uOUM b sJ1 WOOdJ uOUM UFu U9 UN WOOdJ uOMu_ UFu s WHKJ d w uOUM lu WU( c

d( W dOG l UNF U UNL dGB uOMu_ UFu s UNdOE vK

se bM UNO d u

:(Variable capacitors) WLOI dOG* UFu* dz qJ vK UM uOMu_ s Wu `zUH s UFu* s uM c uJ

`zUH s WuL l qbU `zUHB cN `L WIdD bK qU u vK WUCO

qJA w 5 UL uN w UFu* s uM c w WUF U* uJ WU* w UN WU d

l{ V UNM WHK UF vK uB( sJ1 ud eN w UU UFu* c b

lu* WF uJ WU `zUHB l UOK b `zUHB qb UbMF iF l UNCF UNKb u_

dGB UNLO bM WF uJ UOK uH* l{u v `zUHB b UbM U vLEF UNLO bM

Ue dOG UFu qJA

b (Trimmer Capacitor) oOb jC lu rU dF dOG* UFu* s U u UM

od s U p rWuKD* WLOI j{ dG WF w WHOH dOOG b w WU( uJ UbM

jC wd WDu 5uK 5 WU* dOG

UFuLK WOMH UHu* hzUB) c r uKD* ULF rz* lu* UO UNu0 r WMOF WOM hzUB UFuLK

WF r vK WuJ UuJO UuUM UdJO*U UNM dF* luLK WOL WLOI w

lu*

dI* WOKOGA WOuH WID UON v R WLOI c U& lu* vK dLU UNDOK uL* uBI WOuH w

r UF WI pL l Ud WLOI c VUM tHK v R U2 lu* wu 5 uu* WUF

lu* r vK UNLO qO s d* dL* bNK WMU dI* WOKOGA WOuH s dOF

Wb UH ?Wu* WMU tM dF WOL WLOI s t uL* vB_ d u

d( W qUF b Wu W d( W dOG l lu* WF bI dOG u

d* UO ? W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ UF w U dL* UO u

WMOF d

eF WUI WMOF d W bM tM dF dI* WOKOGA WOuH jOK bM wzUdNJ eF WUI w

dI se s WMOF b vK b d w qB c Wu* WMUlu* WF WLO dOG u

UFu* qOu wK UL u vK wu vK UUI* UL UFu* qu

c UF WUL WHUC TUJ wu vK 5Fu q wu vK UFu* qOu uL TUJ UF WUL tO b luL LF wu vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF

5uK 5 WKUH WU* l UOJ UUM VUM WF U0 5Fu* w UF wUL

WOKJ WF WLO iOH v R UF WUL U S

wu vK UFu* qOu qJA

5Fu* vK WOzUdNJ WMA uJqJA w 5 u UL wu vK UFu q

5HJ* wu 5 bN' d uL UO (VT)wKJ bN' d UWU

VT = V

1 + V

2

Q

CT

= Q

C1

+ Q

C2

1

CT

= 1

C1

+ 1

C2

uKI U W&UM WUJ* WF uKI SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0

WuL* w lu dG WF s q WUJ* WF uJdHM* UFuLK WHK* UF s q

WOU WFU vDF WUJ* WF WLO uKI Swu vK UFu* s n b q

1

CT

= 1

C1

+ 1

C2

+ 1

C3

+ ...... + 1

Cn

u vK UUI* U WUF* U c t qJA WUF* cN k

U?????????????? uKD* wu vK Wuu (C

3 = 2 F) (C

2=3 F) (C

1=4 F) UFu W

WuL* cN WOKJ WF U

q????????????????(1

CT

= 1

C1

+ 1

C2

+ 1

C3

1

CT

= 1

4 +

1

3 +

1

2 =

13

12 = 0.92 F

lu* u WU WHUC TUJ u vK 5Fu qOu u vK UFu* qOu uL TUJ Wu WU tO b luL LF u vK 5uu* 5Fu* wMF c

U S lu* u WU l Ud UUM VUM WF U0 5Fu* wu wU

WOKJ WF U v R lu* u WU

u vK UFu* qJA

q wd 5 bN' d uJ WU( c wqJA w 5 u UL u vK UFu q

5Fu* wM uL* WU uJ WOKJ WOzUdNJ WMA U(VT) bB* bN' UU ULNM

QT =Q

1 + Q

2

CTV

T =C

1V

T + C

2V

T

C

T =C

1+ C

2

uL* U W&UM WUJ* WF SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0

vDF WUJ* WF WLO Su vK UFu* s n b q dH* UFu* UF d'

WFU

C

T = C

1+ C

2 + C

3 + ...... + C

n

vK Wuu* UUI* rO lL q lL& u vK Wuu* UFu* UF rO k

WH bN' WLO UNOK oD u vK Wuu* UFu* UL wu

U???????????? WOKJ WF V u vK Wuu UdJO UNM q WF UFu W

WuLLK

q????????????????(C

T = C

1+ C

2 + C

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sAK wMe XU U_ RC rU dF w UUI UFu s WuJ* WOzUdNJ b q9 U tu

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sA WOKL b UH* bMF qJA w UL WUI wzUdN bB WUu U lu* sA

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sA WUN bM wzUdNJ bB* bN' UdI UU

R

Vs

Vc

Vs -V

c

C

I

se1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC

W

sA

bN vMM

UO vMM

lu* mdH s vMM qJA

sAK wMe XU bB* WOu WLO s 63.2% v WOd 5 bN' d qB v lu* sA se dF

WO WUF*U tLO vDF lu* sA wMe XUU

= RC

YO WOUU wMe XU

R_U WUI* CUHU lu* WF

WLO s 63.2% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB YOlu* s vMM qJA 5

wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU WOM d w bB* WOu

s 63.2% v qB WM lu* wd 5 WOuH WLO be u (2RC) U iIM s bF (5) U WOM d d bF sJb U lu* s r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e'

U2bB* WOu WLO s 99.3% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB(5RC) sAK wMe XU UF{

tKLQ UuA lu* U s UMMJ1

v UOb hUMU cQ r sA WOKL b bM UO dO uJO lu* s UO WMU U

WOM d w wzb* UO s 37% v qB WM UO qI usA UN bM UdI dH `B

U iIM s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WUcJ wI* e' s d 37% v qB WM UO qI u (2RC)

U???????????? uKO(200) WUI* WLO UdJO lu* WF d qJA w

WKU uB lu* sA se lu* sA wMe XU V

q????????????????( = RC

= 200 x 10+3 x 2 x 10-6

= 0.4 S

WOU wKO 2 5 0.4 5 wMe XU sA s

mdH WOKL ? o lu s WMA mdH bM b U vK dFMUFu* s WOHO vK UMdF bF

5 sA U lu qOu r UbM tM

tM mdH lu* b WUI wd

lu* wd 5 bN' d cQ WUI*

5 u UL w vMM o UOb hUMU

wd 5 WOuH qB YOqJA w

WLO s37% UdI 36.8% v lu*

XU WLOI WU WOM d w wzb* bN'

5 bN' WLO qI u 2RC U s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN wwMe

U qJA lu* mdH r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e' s 37% v qB WM lu* wd

lu* wd 5 bN' qB 5RCsAK wMe XU UF{ 5 U WOM d d bF sJb

U qJA UdH lu* U s UMMJ1 U2 wzb* bN' WLO s 1% v

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cN ned b UdJO*U ULz WF uJ WF UuUMU WF wMF

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p bF d r U W s uJ ed 5LO v UO s Uuu uJ lu* k

w u ud c dOH W 5L

pc 2 U S dC qUF u YU rd UuJOU WF w UO s 5L

cJ 1000 w WdC WF wMFO 3 U 100 w WdC WF wMF

se1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC

W

mdH

bN vMM

CR

lu* mdH s vMM qJA

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d( U 10% wMF K d(U Wb b U_ l c d(

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lu*

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q????????????????(

w lu* WF 10000 dC qUF uJO 4 u YU rd UM

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d( UHF 1%

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M 20%

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WF dOG s d WF WU( c w lu* wDF

s p ZM uK qJA q dI* tF

WOB dE s qOGA d

lu* WUI UOI qDF c UA sJ1

WF UO UN b s WU( c w b

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WK

WOU qL' qL ................................................................ UNb WOzUdN dUM UFu*

.............................................................. s tUJ j w lu* uJ w UFu* w wzUdN UF Wb* WUF u* ?

................ ................ ................ ................ ............... ................

................................................................................. WOzUdNJ WF pc b dO b UNMJ ........................... w WOzUdNJ WF UO b ?

WOU WF UO b WOKLF UIOD w b

............................ Ue ............................ ............................ Ue ............................ ............................ Ue ............................

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....................................................................................................

lu* r q lu* u s uBH td b UdJO tLO w lu ....................................................................................................

..................................................

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(N)wULA tD lI 11 UbI We _ u

lI ULWO{_ dJK wdG' wuM' VDI s dIU

dJK wdG' wULA VDI s dIU (S) wuM' tD

U* ULKF uI qJA w `{u u UL WO{_

Ud UNH u _ v uF wOUMG*

dNBM* wbF* _ VK w WOzUdN UOWO{_ WOOUMG* qJA

WKu t tS UOI dO d wOUMG VOC oK

c vK UL UdI _ u U&U UuM UL

UU& 5F w WKu XKLF WIOI(

uH s WFO WFD s U w Wb( WKu

Wd( d uJ YO dOG u vK edL jMGL*

WOOUMG* WO{_ UD_ v U dOA w UOI

WKu qJA

wOUMG* U* ?WOOUMG* U UNO dNE w fOUMG*U WDO; WIDM* u wOUMG* qI( U*

WOOUMG* uI uD w WOOUMG* uI uD wOUMG* U* qL

u ULO dOG wUL VD c c U* 5 WOL uD

fOUMGLK wOUMG* qI( WIDM w Wd( d dwOUMG* U* qJA

l{ - sJ UN sJ1 wOUMG* qI( U* qJA w WOOUMG* uI uD

tu qJA w `{u u UL UNu bb d d Ue udJ s WFD X% fOUMG

WOOUMG* uI uD d pMJ1 p bM WOOUMG* uI uD V bb( d

WOOUMG* uI uD eO2 r s WU) WOOUMG* uI uD t wuM' VDI v wULA VDI s wOUMG

VDI s UNU qLJ wOUMG* r' q U

qJA w 5 u UL wULA VDI v wuM'

w WOOUMG* uI uD Q wMF c

qHI U t UNO j q WKB uD

jMG2 VOCI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA

5 u UL UIKD lUI WOOUMG* uI uD fOUMG* r XOH - u v qJA w

lUI UH bN tKJ tuAlUI WOOUMG* uI uD qJA

WOOUMG* UD_ 5 dUM U u ZM WOOUMG* UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH s

qJA w `{u u UL

UD WOOUMG* uI uD qUH qJA

WOOUMG* WUJ b wwOUMG U w U WDI bM wOUMG* U* u b s dF WOOUMG* WUJ

vL bu UI (B) d(U UN edld* d* WU* b d WIb* WOOUMG* uI uD

Tesla

wOUMG* iOH vL WDMG2 bb WFD w wOUMG* U* uD) wKJ uL* U

(B) WOOUMG* WUJ d{ qU u(Weber) du bu UI d(U t ed (FLUX)UNOK uL qJA wOUMG* iOH UNODG c (A) `D WU0

= B X A

U* WU vK wKJ wOUMG* iOH WL qU UFWOOUMG* WUJ U

B = A

U dF ld dd w WOOUMG* WUJ b

U?????????????? iOH WLO b 2r 20 WU wDG wK 2.5 tU dH w wOUMG U

wKJ wOUMG*

q????????????????( 2.510-3 wK 2.5 = B

A = 20cm2 = 20

10000 =2010-4m

? =

= B A

= 2.5 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-4

= 50 x 10-7 = 5 x 10-6

= 5Wb

(Permeability) WOOUMG* WUH uI uD eOd dd9 vK U* b s dF w

WUH qUF uH bb(U WOOUMG* uLK WOOUMG*

u* U WCHM WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF lHd

WOOUMG WUH qUF UNK pO uNU WOOUMG* dO

uNKK lHd WOOUMG* uI uD) UN{UF iHM

qUF ULMO ddM 12.57 10-7 U WUH qUF

d ddM 2400 u; bb WUH

WOOUMG* uI uD d9 qJA

UN qN_ dL* w

bb WFD XF{ S UN qN_ U* w d* qCH UN WOOUMG* uI uD hzUB s

d t lL WOOUMG* uI uD S qJA w 5 u UL fOUMG* wOUMG* qI( w

uN s qN d2 UN qJA bb( _ bb( WFD

qUF UddM12.5710-7 4 10-7 tLO 0 edU UH eO( WUH qUF* ed

WOM WUH qUF 0 UH eO( WUH qUF d{ qU WDMGL* ULK WIKD* WUH

r)wOUMG* juK

=r

0

qUF UNK WOOUMG* u* U dH WUH qUF UdI UF WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* dO u*

w b' w 5 u UL lHd WUH

WOOUMG* U*WOOUMG* ULK WOM WUH qUF0.002W/m2 U U WU bM

wOUMG* bb(200

qJOM100

78.5%s WuJ WJO

bb +21.5%qJO8000

+2%qJO 75%s WuJ WJObb +18% U +5% d

20000

WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM duE dOH WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM b

fOUMG* bI pbU WDMG* q WHK* WOOUMG*

s p dO dDK t{dF bM WOOUMG* tuI rzb

s q vK WdEM c hM WOOUMG* duE

U* w t b dOG fOUMG w WOOUMG* U*

uJ qJA w `{u UL WDMGL* dO WOOUMG*

UF YO UNMO ULO WU wzuA qJA WN c

WDMG bM UOU UOOUMG d UN dNE UOOUMG

Ud o w dD bS WOOUMG U s VOC

w UL tOd w WOOUMG* UNKB dNE t Vd

qJA

fOUMG

Wd( U&

jMG2 dO VOC

jMG2 VOC

WOOUMG* U* VOd qJA

WDMGL* dO WDMGL*

WOOUMGdNJ nA WOOUMG* UdNJ 5 bO W bu

UO d UbM t U w bO wU*_ rUF

UOOUMG U qu* c u bu qu w wzUdN

TUM ULK UO{u wK ULO qu* p qJ U ULN

u* w wzUdNJ UO d s

rOI qu w wzUdNJ UO d u bu rOI qu w wzUdN UO d UbM

tH qu* Ued dz qJA UOOUMG U qu* c

uL u w uu uJ qu* c u vK b9

UbF ULK bUqu* s UMd ULK UI qu* vK

U* uD U& Q ULK qJA w 5 u ULtM

qON q squ* w U* UO U& vK bLF qu* u

bOF U&U qu w qb UOK ed `KD rd WOKL

U) UOK ed UL U UNKb dOG b dUM s U UNKb dOG b dUM U&U qu* s

qu u U* uD qJA

wzUdN UO tO d1

dM qu w U* UOK wOUMG* U* jOD sJ1

qJA qu* c UNd udJ s WFD vK bb( d

qJA w 5 u UL uL VUM qu* s dIU U WDI bM (B) U* WU

WU* l UOJqu* c w U* (I) U?O b l Ud

u ju UM{d (r)qu* 5 UNMO WuLF

qu* s dIU U WDI bM WOOUMG* WUJ vDFdH

WFU

UOK wOUMG* U* jOD qJA

rOI qu U* wzUdNJ

B =

0I

2r

U???????????? tb UO t d1 rOI pK s 350 Ub WU vK "UM wOUMG* U* WU b

dO 20

q????????????????(

B = 12.5 x 10-7 x20

2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10-3

B = 800 x 10-6 = 800T

vMLO bO bU WOOUMG* uI uD U& bb WdF bUI c

c qJA `{u rOI qu u bu*

b9 qu* vK vMLO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI

WOI U& pbO qu* w U* UO d U&U pUN l

qu* u wOUMG* U* U& v lU_ U& bb vMLO bO bU qJA

rOI qu u wOUMG* U*

weK nK s "UM wOUMG* U* ? nK qJ vK qu w wzUdN UO d UbM

qu* c u bu qJA w 5 u UL weK

fOUMG* tM c wOUMG* U* tA UOOUMG U

U* UHK UNM w U* uD b YO rzb

s "UM wOUMG* U* tu w tA bu U uJ

rzb fOUMG*

wOUMG* U* qJA

weK nK s "UM

nK u wOUMG* U* u Ue d UMUO Ue r v_ WIdD

UHK b U WOU WIdD ed w bb VOC US r WU WIdD v R U2 qJA w 5 u UL nK*

WUHM V dO qJA wOUMG* U* u U

uD eOd v UD* bbK WFHd* WOOUMG*

wOUMG* U*

wOUMG* U* b U qJA

nK* ed w bb VK UU

WO WFU qu weK nK ed bM (B)wOUMG* U* WU vDF

UO d qJ UHK b nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH (B)wOUMG* U* WU

B = x N x I

L

YOnK* VK U* WIKD* WUH

nKLK wKJ UHK b N

d*U nK* u L

dO_U nK* UO I

U???????????? WU bdO1 nK* w U* UO WLOWH 100 tUH b d 0.1 tu weK nK

U nK* VK U* wM WUH qUF rK nK* ed bM wOUMG* U*

79.577

q????????????????(

B = x N x I

L

B =

r

0 x N x I

L

B = 79.577x12.57 x 10-7 x 100 x 1

0.1 B = 0.1 T

nKLK dO bO bU UO tO d nK WOD 5OF WdF bU UM

qJA `{u nKLK dO bO bUI dF wzUdN

vK dO bO iI pQ qO YO bUI c

U* UO Ud U&U b lU t YO nK* u

VDI vK UN l b uJ czbM nK* w

wuM' VDI u d dD uJ wULA

nK WOD 5OF vMLO bO bU qJA

wzUdN UO tO d1

wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI ? l{ sJ wOUMG U qu* c u QAM qu w wzUdN UO d t pF d

u d qu* pd% v R 5U* 5 qUH qB d wOUMG U w qu* c

s bOF U&U wzUdN UO qu* w d qJA w `{u u UL 5OOUMG 5D 5 l{

U t% WOOUMG* uI uD nUJ U WO vK_ v d qu* S qb v dUM

nUJ U WO qH_ v qu* c d U) v dUM U&U qu* w UO U& fJ

tu WOOUMG* uI uD

wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI qJA

dLK vMLO dO bO bU w qu vK dR* uI U& bb WdF bU UM

`{u dLK dO bO bUI dF wOUMG U

U& v vDu l dOA YO bUI c qJA

v vDu vK bUF WU l dOA qu* w UO

WU vDu vK bUF UN l U* uD U&

qu* vK dR* uI U& v

U& bb dO bO bU qJA

wOUMG U w qu vK dR* uI

qu* vK dR* uI WLO wKU vK wOUMG U w UO qL qu vK dR* uI WLO bLF

Iqu* w U* UO WLO Bqu* tO uu* wOUMG* U* WU

Lqu* u wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We

WOU WFU qu vK dR* uI WLO vDF

suOMU dR* uI

wOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu* uUwOUMG* U* WUdO_U UO

F= I x B x L x Sin

dHB UNLO U900U* vK uL qu* U UN WLO vB mK uI k00wOUMG* U* uD) Uu qu* uJ UbM

U???????????? tU wOUMG U w qu* l{dO 15 bI UO qL d 0.2 tu qu

U* uD qu* s We XU qu* vK dR* uI V 0.8

300wOUMG*

q????????????????( F = I x B x L x Sin

F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x Sin30

F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x 0.5

F = 1.2 suO

wOUMGdNJ dOQ ed w (Electro Motive Force) WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b (1831) U U rUF nA UO UOI dOuUHK UN qB nK qJ vK qu0 rUF c UF bI (EMF) d_U UNO

qJA w `{u UL rz fOUMG s "U wOUMG U w nK* c d wzUdNJ

WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b qJA

dOuUHK' dR d wOUMG* U* uD lDI qu* d UbM t U rUF k

dR uF nK* Wd nu UbM dOQU "U qu* c w WOE( WOzUdN WF u bOu vK

fOUMG b WOM fH vK uB( sJ1 uI c vK dHB WDI v dOuUHK'

fOUMG* pd% qu* XO sJ1 UL qJA w 5 u UL rzb fOUMG* s b wzUdN

d wOUMG U vK uBK UH WDu wzUdNJ fOUMG* nK w U* UO lODI

qu* w wzUdN bN bOu wOUMGdNJ id Y( dOQU dUE c dF

5F wOUMG U 5 UNMO WO Wd u s "U

dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vK dR* quF WO quF vKqu w dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO bLF

Bqr tO d c wOUMG* U* WU vwOm* U* uD qu* UN lDI w Wd

L qu u q wOsG* U* uD qu* UN lDI w We

uUwOUMG* U* WU WOUd*UWdXuHUWdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uIwOUMG* U* qu* 5 We VOd*Uqu*

E= V x L x B x Sin

dOQU bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& dOQU qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI WOD

WOM Wd( U& vK bLF UNM "UM UO U& wUU

t lDI c U& wOUMG* U* uD qu* 5

wOUMG* U* uD qu* buLK dO vMLO bO bU qJA

WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& bb

l U w vK hM w buLK vMLO bO bU oD WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& 5OF

Q wOUMG* U* U& v dOA UN vK bUF* WU l qu* Wd U& v dOA UN

UL qu* w bu* WOzUdNJ WFb uI U& v dOAO WU UN vK bUF j_ l

qJA w `{u u

b WK WOOUMG* w WOU_ U*

WOU UdH qL ............................................................................................................ u* w WOOUMG* u* ................................. ................................. ................................. WOOUMG* u* dN s ..................................................................................................... u* w WOOUMG* dO u* ......................... ........................... ............................. WOOUMG* dO u* vK WK_ s ......................................................................................................... b u wFOD fOUMG*

w d W WOOUMG* u* WDMG r ............................. ? ............................. ............................. ......................................................................................................... s rzb fOUMG* lMB

UL 5OOUMG 5D fOUMG qJ ............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI ............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI

................................... WHK* UD_ ................................ WNUA* UD_ .................................................................................. WIDM* u wOUMG* qI( U* .............................................................................................. w WOOUMG* uI uD ?

WOOUMG* uI uD eO2 r ............................................................... ............................................................... .................................. bu UI ..................................................... w WOOUMG* WUJ ............................................................................... vK u* b s dF WOOUMG* WUHM .............................................................................................. WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* u* ....................................................................................... WUH qUF UN WOOUMG* dO u*

rz fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r WOOUMGLK Wc WdEM rd l d

WOOUMGdNJ UOUWOU UdH qL

................................................................................. bu qu w wzUdN UO d UbM

....................................... qJ vK rOI qu u bu* wOUMG* U* qJ uJ

.................................................................................... tA nK* tM c wOUMG* U* w W nK* tM c wOUMG* U* b U sJ1

............................. ? ............................. ............................. WOU u* u wOUMG* U* uD r wzUdNJ fOUMGLK wOUMG* U* uD r

WOU u* vK dR* uI U& b dLK vMLO bO bU bU wOUMGdNJ qd* VOd 5 UD UOO{u UL r

wOUMGdNJ dOQ UUWOU UdH qL

........................................................................................................ u wOUMGdNJ dOQ WOU quF vK dOQ bN' WLO bLF

............................. ? ............................. ............................. ............................................................. vMM l dOG* UO bu tM c UO bN' WKU r UbM U qJA w 5* dOG* UO bu nK UNM w bN' Wu vMM r ...................................................................................................................... u U* dOQ

WOKLF UIOD w U* dOQ Ub d ...................................................................................................................... u wc dOQ .................................................... YO uJ U nK w bu* wJF dOQ bN' WOD .................................................................................................................................... w WO(

UNUe Ue WO( UO b d nK* WO WLO b% w quF d

............................. ? ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ? .............................

WOzUdN UHK d U* wzUdNJ UO lD bM bu* wJF dOQ bN' UC d wJF dOQ bN' Ub b d

bI s w dO 0 v 10 s nK* c w U* UO UN dM 3 tO mK nK nK* w bu* dOQ bN' WLO V WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5

UM* UOK WOU_ U*

UM* UO dAM b c w (DC) dL* UO l wOz qJA UMKUF WIU b w

UM* UO bu s WOOz uB tOK qB clUB* uO w ULF lzUA (AC)

tBzUB UdL* UO s UO c eO1 c ULUdNJ Wd WDK bzUF

gUMUM* UO bOu WOHO eO2 hzUB 5M U c vK b c w VO$

uD d d q t WIKF* WOU_ rOUH*

dL* UO s UM* UO eO1 c U

WOU UIM w dL* UO s UM* UO nK

dLL bN bB WOD U V p se dL U WLOI XU dLL UO

qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U U XU dLL UO qJA

jI b U& w d dL* UO qJA

fJFM UML bN bB wd WOD qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U

dLU dOG UML bN UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU VuL sO qJA

d sOL tUd U fJF UdNJ Wd WDK t Ue c UML UO se l

bu WOU w

b?????????????????????

qJA tUd U& fJF UM* UO qJA

uI w WOdJ bOu dLL UO bu UUD s dLL UO vK qB

bu s WOOz uB tOK qBM UML UO U dL UO v UF UML UO qu

UML UO bOu WOHO UI dAM UdNJ Wd WDK bzUF UML UO

b WuN p UML bN iH ld WOOUMGdNJ uL b sJL

v dF d v u s dLL UO qu eN bF U bI w dzU

U WLE w UML UO UL v c wOzd V u c UHJ WCHM bIF

rUF U lOL w WOzUdNJ WUD lu qI

( Waveforms ) WOu* UJ_ wu* qJA se d0 UO bN' WLO w dOG j/ 5 wUO r s U wu* qJA

b WDu dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA UM sJ1 rOI j s U dL* bN' UOK

bM Wd d UNH rOI bM bN' UO UUO qO UML S qJA w WMO* WDO

qJA w 5 u UL rOI j vK qB u se l bN' UO 5 WF vMM r

dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA qJA

WUI* d UO lODI UH UMb U

dL UO Wu vK qB u rEM qJA

qJA w 5 u UL WOC

w Ub$ w Uu* UJ s bbF UM

Wu* u_ pK 5 sWOzUdNJ b

s uJ w bIF* Uu* UC UM UCM UAM* s Wu WK* Wu* WFd* Wu*WOO'

WHK d bM UuJ* s bbF

UuLK WFzUA UJ_ qJA

UM* UO bOu

bOu dU vK tKL b w UM* UO bu bLF

w d qu w W&UM WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI

w 5* jO UM* UO bu uJ wOUMG U

5D 5 u u WU Wd b nK s qJA

ULNOK 5OU e wIK tOUN XK 5OOUMG

U YO 5IK( 5U vK UIeM udJ s UUd

qL 5UdH l WOU WUI XK ULbK WU

tHB d WU UI U&U U b UbMF bK

ULMO wuM' VDI s dIU U* w qH_ v _

5HBM b w dOQU bu* bN' S cN wULA VDI s dIU vK_ v d tHB d

v R bN' c wu vK 5UD XK u UL UU9 d nBM w dOQU bu* bN' rb

WOudJ dH e wIK d qL( WUI w wzUdN UO ob

sewC dL UOwCM dL* UO qJA

jO UM* UO bu qJA

tU{ w WKU eM u U nK* Wd lU pOK bN' c bOu r nO d wJ

WHK*

90-0 l{u U* uD nK* u 5 dH We uJ UbM

wOUMG* U* uD) Wu nK* d Wd uJ

WEK c w dOQ bN UM uJ UNFDI

wOUMG* U* uD lDI b v nK* b U

v qB v UHU bN' c b dOQ bN tO buO

s b d nK* lDI YO W (90) We bM vLEF tLO

qJA w `{u u UL uL qJA U* uD

180 - 90 l{u bN' b W (90)s b W be UbM

UbM U* uD s q b lDI nK* _ UHU

d dH bu* dOQ bN' `B W (180) We qB

5 UL wOUMG* U* uD) Uu d nK* _ WOU

qJA w

270-180 l{u ? bN' b W(180) s b W be UbM

c w sJ WOU d U* uD lDI t_ UHU

WMU tOd U& UJF V nK* tOD fJFM WEK

bM rE_ VU bN' qJA wOUMG* U* uD)

U* uD lDI WDIM c w nK* _ W (270) We

uL qJA

360 - 270 l{u ? b b UNO b w WDIM u nK* t UbM

5* bN' vMM vb dHB u WOU UHU bN'

WOO Wu qJA YO WOO Wu rU (36) qJA w

nKLK WKU q bM b

qJA

qJA

qJA

qJA

bOu uI dOG UO u UdNJ Wd s lUB* U?M* qB c UF wzUdNJ UO

WOU q w WOO Wu (50) bu wUU bu WOU w d (50) bF0 b dO WOzUdN bu

WMe U W bu WDu WOzUdNJ WUD UD w UM* UO bOu r

td - U2 bOIF d WIOI( w bu* c uJ Generator Three-Phase Synchronous w 5D s d b UL wzUdN fOUMG0 rzb fOUMG* b UHK* s d b b

WOO Wu qJ UNK b UM* UO bu bB* ed db c d; Wd V bu*

UOE( dOG tOD WOD t b% Ud UNM d

Frequency d mK v dHB s beU b YO WOEK UNLOI U dOG qLA UO bNK WKUJ Wu*

mK v fUF* U& w beU b p bF dHB v uF v hUM r Vu* vK_ b(

d l WLEM uB jLM c dJ d d dHB v qB v hUM r VU vK_ Ub

UI(f) d(U dK ed( Frequency ) d b WOU w bu* Uu* b vL se

( Hz) .d(U UN ed edO vL bu

nB w 25 qLJ qJA w WMO* WOO' Wu*

U Ud S wUU bu WOU w 50 WOU

rEF U w qLF* UM* UO d edO 50

d qLF b* Uu U edO 50 U rUF

tU t q UOzuA d c q UO sJ r edO

uI dO d bF t b; WLOI s d UH

UbM 5FK WuK uB UFDI u{ wDF wKOH UB*

UO qI w Wb* _ WUI UH v R d UH UL edO 40 v d iHM

UM*

Wu 25

WOU nB

qJA

0 90 180 270 360

WOO WuL

WKU b

WOO' Wu* qJA

edON UHUC b c b WOU d b UB ueHK ud U w

WO

edO 1000 (KHz) edO uKO

edO 1000,000 = (MHz) edO UGO

edO 1000,000,000 (GHz) edO UO

d(U UN ed b se r