Index

Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

A

ABO incompatibility

extended donors in liver transplantation, 883

Acamprosate

for substance use disorders, 733

Active infections

extended donors in liver transplantation, 887–889

Addictio. See also specific types, e.g., Substance use disorders

treatment of

options, 732–735

Addiction rehabilitation

for addiction disorders, 732–733

Adefovir

lamivudine with

in posttransplant management in HBV patients, 759

in posttransplant management in HBV patients, 759

in pretransplant management in HBV patients, 754–755

Advanced donor age

extended donors in liver transplantation, 881–883

Age

advanced donor

extended donors in liver transplantation, 881–883

Alcohol addiction disorders

described, 729

Alcohol use

after liver transplantation for ALD, 740

predictors of, 743

described, 729

in liver transplant patients, 727–751. See also Liver transplant recipients, alcohol

and substance use in

treatment of

liver transplantation in

future directions in, 744–745

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD)

described, 729

liver transplantation for

alcohol use after

outcomes related to, 741–742

predictors of, 743

a1-Antitrypsin deficiency

in pretransplant patients, 766–767

Clin Liver Dis 15 (2011) 901–912doi:10.1016/S1089-3261(11)00117-6 liver.theclinics.com1089-3261/11/$ – see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Index902

Antiviral therapy

for recurrent HCV infection after liver transplantation, 848–853

preemptive posttransplant therapy, 848–849

pretransplant therapy, 848

Ascites

in liver transplant candidates, 786–788

Autoimmune hepatitis, 868–873

de novo, 872–873

described, 868

diagnosis of, 869–870

epidemiology of, 870

outcome of, 872

prognosis of, 872

recommendations, 873

recurrence of

predictors of, 870–872

treatment of, 872

Autoimmune liver diseases

recurrent and de novo, 859–878

autoimmune hepatitis, 868–873

primary biliary cirrhosis, 859–863

primary sclerosing cholangitis, 863–868

Azotemia

prerenal

in liver transplant recipients

management of, 807–808

B

Bilirubin

in MELD score, 686–687

Bone disease

metabolic

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 830–832

Breathing

sleep-disordered

in pretransplant patients, 772

Buprenorphine

for substance use disorders, 734

Bupropion

in smoking cessation, 734–735

C

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs)

for renal dysfunction in liver transplant recipients, 813–815

Cancer. See also specific types

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 832–835

tobacco use and, 742–743

Index 903

Chemotherapy

in cholangiocarcinoma management, 706

Cholangiocarcinoma, 699–715

biliary structures in

management of, 705

classification of, 700–701

described, 699

diagnosis of, 701–704

pathophysiology of, 700–701

risk factors for, 699–700

staging of, 704–705

treatment of, 705–712

chemotherapy in, 706

liver transplantation in, 708–712

described, 708–709

posttransplant management, 711–712

pretransplant management, 709–711

surgical resection in, 706–708

Chronic liver disease

complications of, 781

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

in pretransplant patients, 765–766

Chronic viral hepatitis

in liver transplant candidates

antiviral therapy for, 780

Cirrhosis

HCV, 729

primary biliary, 859–863. See also Primary biliary cirrhosis

CIT. See Cold ischemia time (CIT)

CNIs. See Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs)

Cold ischemia time (CIT)

increased

extended donors in liver transplantation, 883

Colon cancer

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 834

COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Creatinine

in MELD score, 687–688

D

DCD. See Deceased after cardiac death (DCD)

Deceased after cardiac death (DCD)

extended donors in liver transplantation, 880–881

Delta MELD, 692

Diabetes mellitus

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 826–828

new-onset

after liver transplantation, 816

Index904

Disulfiram

for substance use disorders, 733

Drug use

illicit

after liver transplantation, 740–741

injected, 729–730

E

Encephalopathy

hepatic

in liver transplant candidates, 791

End-stage liver disease

physical vs. psychiatric disorders in patients with, 728

substance use disorders in patients with, 728–730

Entecavir

in pretransplant management in HBV patients, 755

Ethical issues

liver transplantation for persons with substance use disorders, 736–737

Extended donors

in liver transplantation, 879–900. See also Liver transplant donors, extended donors

G

Gender

MELD score and, 690–691

Genotype

in pretransplant management in HBV patients, 755–756

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

in renal disorders

preoperative estimation in liver transplant recipients, 811–812

H

HBV. See Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

HCV. See Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

HE. See Hepatic encephalopathy (HE)

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE)

in liver transplant candidates, 791

Hepatic hydrothorax

in pretransplant patients, 767

Hepatitis

autoimmune, 868–873. See also Autoimmune hepatitis

chronic viral

in liver transplant candidates

antiviral therapy for, 780

Hepatitis B core antibody–positive donor livers

posttransplant management in HBV patients, 759

Hepatitis B immune globulin

in posttransplant management in HBV patients, 758

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

in liver transplant candidates

Index 905

antiviral therapy for, 780

liver transplantation for

current status of, 753–764

hepatitis B core antibody–positive donor livers, 759

posttransplant management, 756–760

pretransplant management, 753–756

prevalence of, 753

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

in liver transplant candidates

antiviral therapy for, 780

prevalence of, 729

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis, 729

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection

recurrent

after liver transplantation

diagnosis of, 848

donor-related and surgical predictors of, 846

management of, 845–858

antiviral therapy in, 848–853. See also Antiviral therapy, for recurrent HCV

infection after liver transplantation

immunosuppressive regimens in, 847–848

retransplantation in, 853

recipient-related predictors of, 847

viral kinetics in, 845–846

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)–positive donors

extended donors in liver transplantation, 885–886

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

in liver transplant candidates

RFA for, 785

screening for, 784–786

TACE for, 785–786

liver transplantation for, 717–725

MELD in, 718

recurrence-free survival after, 719

primary

UNOS modified TNM staging classification for, 718

Hepatopulmonary syndrome

in pretransplant patients, 767–770

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)

defined, 789

in liver transplant candidates, 789–791

HRS. See Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)

HTLV-I/II infection. See Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I/II (HTLV-I/II) infection

Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I/II (HTLV-I/II) infection

extended donors in liver transplantation, 886–887

Hydrothorax

hepatic

in pretransplant patients, 791

Hyperlipidemia

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 829–830

Index906

Hypertension

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 821–824

portopulmonary

in pretransplant patients, 770–772

I

Immune globulin

hepatitis B

in posttransplant management in HBV patients, 758

Immunosuppressive agents

for recurrent HCV infection after liver transplantation, 847–848

Infection(s). See also specific types

active

extended donors in liver transplantation, 887–889

Injected drug use, 729–730

INR. See International Normalized Ratio (INR)

Interferon

in pretransplant management in HBV patients, 754

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

in MELD score, 688

Intrinsic renal disease

in liver transplant recipients

management of, 809–811

L

Lamivudine

adefovir with

in posttransplant management in HBV patients, 759

in posttransplant management in HBV patients, 758

in pretransplant management in HBV patients, 754

Liver disease

pulmonary complications of

in pretransplant patients, 765–777

a1-antitrypsin deficiency, 766–767

COPD, 765–766

hepatic hydrothorax, 767

hepatopulmonary syndrome, 767–770

portopulmonary hypertension, 770–772

pretransplant pulmonary evaluation related to, 772–774

sleep-disordered breathing, 772

Liver disease(s)

autoimmune

recurrent and de novo, 859–878. See also specific diseases and Autoimmune

liver diseases, recurrent and de novo

chronic

complications of, 781

end-stage

substance use disorders in patients with, 728–730

Index 907

Liver-kidney transplantation

for renal dysfunction in liver transplant recipients, 812

Liver transplant candidates

care of, 779–806

described, 779–780

with chronic liver disease

ascites, 786–788

care of, 779–806

chronic viral hepatitis

antiviral therapy for, 780

HBV

antiviral therapy for, 780

HCC screening in, 784–786

HCV

antiviral therapy for, 780

HE, 791

HRS, 789–791

osteopenia/osteoporosis, 791

prophylaxis in, 783–784

SBP, 788–789

vaccination for, 791–792

variceal screening and management of, 780, 782–784

methadone-maintained, 738–739

tobacco use in, 730

Liver transplant donors

extended donors, 879–900

described, 879

donor-related issues, 880–889

ABO incompatibility, 883

active infections, 887–889

advanced donor age, 881–883

DCD, 880–881

HCV-positive donors, 885–886

HTLV-I/II infection, 886–887

increased CIT, 883

previous malignancy, 884–885

steatosis, 883–884

surgical technique–related issues, 889–893

living donors, 890–893

split liver transplantation, 889–890

Liver transplant recipients

alcohol and substance use in, 727–751

future directions in, 744–745

diabetes mellitus in

medical management of, 826–828

hyperlipidemia in

medical management of, 829–830

hypertension in

medical management of, 821–824

malignancies in

medical management of, 832–835

Index908

Liver (continued )

management of

medical, 821–843

metabolic bone disease in

medical management of, 830–832

renal dysfunction in

management of, 807–820

CNIs in, 813–815

combined liver-kidney transplant in, 812

medical, 824–826

postoperative disorders, 812–816

preoperative disorders, 807–812

GFR estimation in, 811–812

intrinsic renal disease, 809–811

prerenal azotemia, 807–808

renal replacement therapy in, 812

survival rate of, 821

Liver transplantation

in cholangiocarcinoma management, 708–712

extended donors in, 879–900. See also Liver transplant donors, extended

donors

for HBV, 753–764. See also Hepatitis B virus (HBV), liver transplantation for

for HCC, 717–725. See also Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver

transplantation for

MELD score in

application of, 688–691. See also Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)

score, in liver transplantation, application of

new-onset diabetes mellitus after, 816

recurrent HCV infection after

management of, 845–858. See also Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, recurrent,

after liver transplantation, management of

substance use disorders–related. See Substance use disorders, treatment of, liver

transplantation in

survival following, 821

Living donors

extended donors in liver transplantation, 890–893

Lung cancer

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 834

Lymphoma(s)

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 835

M

Malignancy(ies). See also specific types

de novo

in liver transplant recipients

surveillance programs for, 835

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 832–835

Index 909

previous

extended donors in liver transplantation, 884–885

MELD score. See Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score

Mental health evaluation

in liver transplantation assessment for patients with substance use disorders, 731

Metabolic bone disease

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 830–832

Methadone-maintained liver transplant candidates, 738–739

Milan Criteria, 718–721

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, 685–698

components of, 686–688

bilirubin, 686–687

creatinine, 687–688

INR, 688

delta MELD, 692

development of, 685––686

improving, 691–694

in liver transplantation

application of, 688–691

renal dysfunction, 689–690

in benefit assessment, 690

gender as factor in, 690–691

for HCC, 718

retransplantation-related, 691

in non–liver transplant settings, 691

reweighing components of, 693–694

serum sodium incorporation in, 692–693

N

Naltrexone

for substance use disorders, 733–734

New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplant (NODAT), 816

Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs)

in smoking cessation, 734

NODAT. See New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplant (NODAT)

NRTs. See Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs)

O

Oropharynx

carcinoma of

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 834

Osteopenia

in liver transplant candidates, 791

Osteoporosis

in liver transplant candidates, 791

Index910

P

Portopulmonary hypertension

in pretransplant patients, 770–772

Prerenal azotemia

in liver transplant recipients

management of, 807–808

Primary biliary cirrhosis, 859–863

described, 859–860

diagnosis of, 860–861

epidemiology of, 861

prognosis of, 863

recommendations, 863

recurrence of

predictors of, 861–863

survival rates for, 859

treatment of, 863

Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 863–868

described, 863–864

diagnosis of, 864–866

epidemiology of, 864–866

outcomes of, 866–868

recommendations, 868

recurrence of

predictors of, 866

treatment of, 868

Pulmonary disorders

in pretransplant patients, 765–777. See also Liver disease, pulmonary

complications of, in pretransplant patients

R

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

for HCC in liver transplant candidates, 785

Rehabilitation

addiction

for addiction disorders, 732–733

Renal disease

intrinsic

in liver transplant recipients

management of, 809–811

Renal dysfunction

in liver transplant recipients

management of, 807–820. See also Liver transplant recipients, renal

dysfunction in, management of

medical, 824–826

liver transplantation–related

MELD score for, 689–690

Renal replacement therapy

for renal dysfunction in liver transplant recipients, 812

Index 911

Retransplantation

MELD score and, 691

RFA. See Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

S

SBP. See Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)

Serum sodium

in MELD, 692–693

Skin cancer

in liver transplant recipients

medical management of, 833–834

Sleep-disordered breathing

in pretransplant patients, 772

Smoking cessation

medications for, 734–735

Split liver transplantation

extended donors in liver transplantation, 889–890

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)

in liver transplant candidates, 788–789

Steatosis

extended donors in liver transplantation, 883–884

Substance use

in liver transplant patients, 727–751

Substance use disorders

assessment of, 730–731

described, 728–730

in end-stage liver disease populations, 728–730

psychiatric diagnosis of, 730–731

treatment of

addiction rehabilitation in, 732–733

liver transplantation in

alcohol use on waitlist, 738

controversial issues related to, 736–739

ethical perspectives on, 736–737

future directions in, 744–745

listing criteria, 737–738

methadone-maintained candidates, 738–739

planning for, 730–731

general recommendations, 730–731

mental health evaluation in, 731

timing of referral in, 731

written behavioral contracts in, 731

posttransplant monitoring, 735–736

posttransplant outcomes, 739–740

pretransplant monitoring, 735

psychosocial aspects of, 739–740

quality of life after, 739–740

relapse rates after, 740–743

Index912

Substance (continued )

third-party payer contributions, 739

vascular complications of, 743

medications in, 733–734

monitoring in, 735–736

options, 732–735

verifying abstinence and participation in, 735–736

Surgical resection

in cholangiocarcinoma management, 706–708

T

TACE. See Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)

Tenofovir

in pretransplant management in HBV patients, 755

Third-party payer contributions

in liver transplantation for patients with substance use disorders, 739

Tobacco use

after liver transplantation, 741–742

cancer related to, 742–743

in liver transplant candidates, 730

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)

for HCC in liver transplant candidates, 785–786

Transplantation

liver. See Liver transplantation

liver-kidney

for renal dysfunction in liver transplant recipients, 812

split liver

extended donors in liver transplantation, 889–890

U

United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)

modified TNM staging classification of

for primary HCC, 718

UNOS. See United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)

V

Vaccination

for liver transplant candidates with chronic liver disease, 791–792

Varenicline

in smoking cessation, 735

Viral load

in pretransplant management in HBV patients, 753–756