Index

Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

A

Abacavir, for HIV infection, 855

Abscessbrain, 804, 889liver, 927–928lung, 882oropharyngeal, 881–882perirectal, 887skin and soft tissue, 877

Acanthamoeba infections, 936

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.See Human immunodeficiencyvirus infection.

Acyclovir, for herpesvirus infections, 839,841–842

Adefovir, for hepatitis B, 853

Adenoidectomy, for otitis media, 723

Adenovirus infections, 707

Adolescentsimmunizations for, 670–671, 677prolonged fever in, 815, 818–819

Aeromonas infections, 886

African trypanosomiasis, 921–922, 925–926

AIDS. See Human immunodeficiencyvirus infection.

Albendazolefor blood and tissue nematodes, 939, 941for cestodes, 939, 941–942for giardiasis, 928–930for intestinal nematodes, 937–938, 940for microsporidiosis, 932, 936for trematodes, 939, 943

Allopurinol, for leishmaniasis, 927

Amantadine, for influenza, 702–703, 848–849

Amebiasis, 923, 927–928

American trypanosomiasis, 921, 924–925

Amikacin, for meningitis, 801

Amoxicillinfor gastrointestinal infections, 886–887for Helicobacter pylori infections, 753for Lyme disease, 891for oropharyngeal infections, 882for otitis media, 719–720, 722, 880for pharyngitis, 739for respiratory infections, 883

Amoxicillin-clavulanatefor otitis media, 719–721, 880for skin and soft tissue infections, 876

Amphotericin Bfor fungal infections, 896–899for leishmaniasis, 922–923, 927for Naegleria fowleri infections, 932, 936

Ampicillinfor endocarditis, 885for gastrointestinal infections, 888for meningitis, 800–801for respiratory infections, 885for skin and soft tissue infections, 876

Amprenavir, for HIV infection, 858

Anaerobic infectionsosteomyelitis, 782treatment of, 882–883

Ancylostoma duodenale infections, 937–938

Anidulafungin, for fungal infections, 908

Antibiotics. See also specific drugs.selection of, 869–894

adverse reactions and, 892for arthritis, 879for central nervous system

infections, 889–890for endocarditis, 885–886for gastrointestinal infections,

886–888for oropharyngeal infections,

881–882for osteomyelitis, 878–879

0031-3955/05/$ – see front matter D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/S0031-3955(05)00093-3 pediatric.theclinics.com

Pediatr Clin N Am 52 (2005) 949–961

for otitis media, 880–881for respiratory infections, 882–885for sinusitis, 881for skin and soft tissue infections,

876–878for urinary tract infections,

888–889host factors in, 892microbiology and, 870–872Monte Carlo simulation in, 875, 892pharmacodynamics and, 872–873pharmacokinetics and, 873–875

Antifungal agents, 895–915azoles, 897, 900–905doses for, 897echinocandins, 897, 906–908polyenes, 896–899pyrimidine analogues, 897, 899–900spectrum of activity of, 896

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift, in influenzavirus, 699

Antimonial drugs, for leishmaniasis, 922–923,926–927

Antiparasitic therapy, 917–948for Acanthamoeba infections, 936for amebiasis, 923, 927–928for babesiosis, 931, 933–934for blood and tissue nematodes, 938,

940–941for cestodes, 938, 941–942for cryptosporidiosis, 929–930, 933for Cyclospora infections, 930, 933for giardiasis, 928–930for intestinal nematodes, 937–938, 940for isosporosis, 930, 933for leishmaniasis, 922–923, 926–927for malaria, 918–921, 924for microsporidiosis, 936for Naegleria fowleri infections, 932, 936for Pneumocystis jiroveci infections,

931–932, 935–936for toxoplasmosis, 931, 934for trematodes, 938, 942–943for trichomoniasis, 929–930for trypanosomiasis, 921–922, 924–926

Antiviral agents, 837–867for hepatitis, 851–854for herpesvirus infections, 839–848for HIV infection, 839, 854–859for human papillomavirus infections,

851–854for respiratory infections, 848–851licensed, 837–839mechanisms of action of, 840

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infections,pharyngitis, 730, 734

Arteminisins, for malaria, 919, 921, 924

Arthritisin hyperimmunoglobulinemia D, 831pyogenic. See Pyogenic arthritis.reactive, after streptococcal

pharyngitis, 742

Ascariasis, 937–938

Aspergillosis, 897, 900–908

Atavaquone-proguanil, for malaria, 919–920

Atazanavir, for HIV infection, 858

Atovaquonefor babesiosis, 931, 933–934for Pneumocystis jiroveci infections,

932, 935

Azidothymidine (zidovudine), for HIVinfection, 854–855

Azithromycinfor babesiosis, 931, 934for bacteremia, 891for Campylobacter infections, 767for cryptosporidiosis, 933for gastrointestinal infections, 886–887for Helicobacter pylori infections, 753for otitis media, 720, 880–881for pharyngitis, 739–740for respiratory infections, 882–883for Shigella infections, 761

Azoles, for fungal infections, 897, 900–905

B

Babesiosis, 931, 933–934

Bacitracin disk test, in pharyngitis, 736

Bacteremiameningitis in, 797treatment of, 877, 891

Bacterial meningitis. See Meningitis, bacterial.

Bacteroides infections, 884–885, 888

Bartonella henselae infections, 816, 891

Beef tapeworm, 939, 941

Benzathine penicillin Gfor oropharyngeal infections, 882for pharyngitis, 740–741

Benznidazole, for trypanosomiasis, 921, 925

Bilharziasis (schistosomiasis), 939, 942

Biopsybone, in osteomyelitis, 783–784stomach, in Helicobacter pylori

infections, 753

INDEX950

Boneculture of, in osteomyelitis, 783–784infections of. See Osteomyelitis.

Bone scan, in osteomyelitis, 784

Borreliosispyogenic arthritis in, 788treatment of, 891

Brain, abscess of, 804, 889

Bronchiolitishuman metapneumovirus, 704–705parainfluenza virus, 705–706respiratory syncytial virus, 696–698

Brudzinski sign, in meningitis, 797

Brugia malayi infections, 939–941

Brugia timori infections, 939–941

C

CagA protein, in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 752

Campylobacter infections, 764–767, 886

Cancercervical, human papillomavirus

immunization for, 682–683fever in, 817

Candidiasis, 897, 900–908

Carriage, streptococcal, after pharyngitis,743–744

Caspofungin, for fungal infections, 897,906–907

Cat tapeworm, 939, 942

Cat-scratch diseasefever in, 816treatment of, 891

Cefazolinfor pyogenic arthritis, 879for respiratory infections, 882, 884for skin and soft tissue infections,

876–878

Cefepimefor meningitis, 801for osteomyelitis, 879for respiratory infections, 884

Cefiximefor gastrointestinal infections, 886–887for urinary tract infections, 888

Cefotaximefor cat-scratch disease, 891for central nervous system infections,

889–890

for gastrointestinal infections, 887–888for Lyme disease, 891for oropharyngeal infections, 881–882for respiratory infections, 882–883for skin and soft tissue infections,

877–878

Cefpodoxime, for otitis media, 720

Cefprozil, for otitis media, 720

Ceftazidime, for osteomyelitis, 879

Ceftriaxonefor bacteremia, 891for central nervous system infections,

889–890for endocarditis, 885for gastrointestinal infections, 887–888for Lyme disease, 891for meningitis, 806for oropharyngeal infections, 881–882for otitis media, 720–721, 880–881for respiratory infections, 882for skin and soft tissue infections, 877for urinary tract infections, 889

Cefuroximefor oropharyngeal infections, 881for otitis media, 720for respiratory infections, 883for skin and soft tissue infections, 877

Cellulitis, 877–878, 881

Central nervous system infections, 889–890

Cephalexinfor osteomyelitis, 786, 878for skin and soft tissue infections,

876–877

Cephalosporins. See also specific drugs.for meningitis, 800–801for otitis media, 880for pharyngitis, 739–740for pyogenic arthritis, 791for Shigella infections, 761for urinary tract infections, 889

Cerebrospinal fluid, culture of, inmeningitis, 798

Cervical cancer, human papillomavirusimmunization for, 682–683

Cestodes, 938, 941–942

Chagas disease, 921, 924–925

Chlamydia infections, 885

Chloramphenicolfor meningitis, 801for Naegleria fowleri infections, 936

Chloroquine, for malaria, 918–920, 924

INDEX 951

Cholera, 886

Chronic inflammatory pseudotumor, feverin, 817

Cidofovir, for herpesvirus infections, 843–844

Cimetidine, for periodic fever, aphthousstomatitis, pharyngitis and cervicaladenopathy, 827

Ciprofloxacinfor gastrointestinal infections, 887for meningitis, 806for otitis media, 722for urinary tract infections, 888

Citrobacter infections, meningitis,795–796, 804

Clarithromycinfor gastrointestinal infections, 886for otitis media, 720, 880–881for pharyngitis, 739–740for respiratory infections, 882–883

Clindamycinfor babesiosis, 931, 933–934for gastrointestinal infections, 887–888for malaria, 920for oropharyngeal infections, 881–882for osteomyelitis, 785–786, 878for otitis media, 721–722for pyogenic arthritis, 791–792, 879for respiratory infections, 883–884for skin and soft tissue infections,

876–878

Clonorchis infections, 939, 942–943

Clostridium difficile infections, 886

Clotrimazole, for Escherichia coliinfections, 759

Colchicine, for familial Mediterraneanfever, 830

Colitisantibiotic-associated, 886hemorrhagic, in Escherichia coli

infections, 757–759

Common cold, rhinoviruses in, 707

Congenital heart disease, respiratory syncytialvirus infections in, 697

Coronavirus infections, 706

Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections,pharyngitis in, 730, 734

C-reactive protein, in osteomyelitis, 783

Croup, parainfluenza virus, 705–706

Cryptosporidiosis, 929–930, 933

Culturebone, in osteomyelitis, 783–784cerebrospinal fluid, in meningitis, 798stool, in Campylobacter infections,

766–767synovial fluid, in pyogenic arthritis, 790throat, in pharyngitis, 735–736, 744

Cutaneous larva migrans (hookworms),937–938

Cyclic neutropenia, fever in, 824–825,827–829

Cyclospora infections, 930, 933

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanceregulator, in Escherichia coli infections,755–756

Cysticercosis, 939, 941–942

Cystitis, 888

Cytokines, in meningitis, 797

Cytolethal distending toxin, in Campylobacterinfections, 766

Cytomegalovirus infections, 838–848

D

D test, in osteomyelitis, 785

d4T (stavudine), for HIV infection, 855

Dapsone, for Pneumocystis jiroveci infections,931, 935

ddI (didanosine), for HIV infection, 855

Deconditioning, in prolonged fever, 815,818–819

Dehydration, in Escherichia coliinfections, 758

Delavirdine, for HIV infection, 856

Dental abscess, 881

Dexamethasone, for meningitis, 802–803

Diabetes insipidus, fever in, 817

DiarrheaCampylobacter, 764–767Escherichia coli, 753–760Salmonella, 761–764, 887Shigella, 760–761, 887

Dicloxacillinfor osteomyelitis, 786, 878for skin and soft tissue infections, 877

Didanosine, for HIV infection, 855

INDEX952

Diethylcarbamazine, for blood and tissuenematodes, 939, 941

Diloxanide furoate, for amebiasis, 923, 928

Diphtheria, pharyngitis in, 730, 734

Diphyllobothrium latum infections, 939

Dipylidium caninum infections, 939

Dog tapeworm, 939, 942

Doxycyclinefor gastrointestinal infections, 886for Lyme disease, 891for malaria, 920for respiratory infections, 885

Drug hypersensitivity, fever in, 817

Dwarf tapeworm, 939, 942

E

Ear infections, inner. See Otitis media.

Echinocandins, for fungal infections, 897,906–908

Echinococcus infections, 939, 942

Efavirenz, for HIV infection, 856

Eflornithine, for trypanosomiasis, 922, 926

EHEC (enterohemorrhagic) Escherichia coliinfections, 757–759, 887

Eikenella corrodens infections, 876

Empyema, 883–884

Emtricitabine, for HIV infection, 855

Encephalitis, Acanthamoeba, 936

Endocarditisfever in, 816treatment of, 885–886

Enfuvirtide, for HIV infection, 859

Entamoeba histolytica infections, 923,927–928

Enteric fever, Salmonella, 761–764, 887

Enterobacter infections, 872, 884

Enterobius infections, 937–938

Enterococcus infections, 884–885, 888

Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coliinfections, 757–759, 887

Enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coliinfections, 756–759

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) Escherichia coliinfections, 754–756, 758–759, 886

Enterovirus infections, pharyngitis, 733

EPEC (enteropathogenic) Escherichia coliinfections, 756–759

Epiglottitis, 881

Epstein-Barr virus infectionsfever in, 816pharyngitis in, 734

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, inosteomyelitis, 783

Erythromycinfor Campylobacter infections, 767for gastrointestinal infections, 886for Helicobacter pylori infections, 753for oropharyngeal infections, 882for otitis media, 880–881for pharyngitis, 739for respiratory infections, 882–883

Escherichia coli infections, 753–760clinical manifestations of, 758complications of, 758diagnosis of, 758–759enterohemorrhagic (EHEC),

757–759, 887enteropathogenic (EPEC), 756–759enterotoxigenic (ETEC), 754–756,

758–759, 886meningitis, 795, 797noninvasive, 756–759treatment of, 759–760, 870, 872, 875,

886–888

Etanercept, for tumor necrosis factorreceptor-associated syndrome, 833

F

Famciclovir, for herpesvirus infections, 844

Familial Hibernian fever (tumor necrosis factorreceptor-associated syndrome),824–825, 831–833

Familial Mediterranean fever, 824–825,829–830

Fatigue, in prolonged fever, 815, 818–819

Feverof unknown origin, 815–817persistent, in meningitis, 804prolonged, recurrent, and periodic,

811–835algorithm for, 813–814cyclic neutropenia, 824–825,

827–829definitions of, 812differential diagnosis of, 823–833history in, 812, 815–821

INDEX 953

hyperimmunoglobulinemia D,824–825, 830–831

laboratory tests in, 822–823periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis,

pharyngitis and cervicaladenopathy, 823–827

physical examination in, 821–822tumor necrosis factor receptor-

associated syndrome,824–825, 831–833

recurrent, 819–821with prolonged illness, 815, 818–819

Filariasis, 939–940

Fish tapeworm, 939, 942

Fluconazole, for fungal infections, 897,901–902

Flukes, 938, 942–943

5-Fluorocytosine, for fungal infections, 897,899–900

Food and Drug Administration, vaccinelicensing by, 672

Foscarnet, for herpesvirus infections, 847–848

Fumagillin, for microsporidiosis, 932, 936

Fungal infections, treatment of.See Antifungal agents.

Furazolidone, for giardiasis, 928–930

Fusion inhibitors, for HIV infection, 839,858–859

G

Ganciclovir, for herpesvirus infections,844–845

Gastritis, Helicobacter pylori, 750–753, 886

Gastrointestinal infections, 749–777Campylobacter, 764–767clinical approach to, 767–768Escherichia coli, 753–760Helicobacter pylori, 750–753Salmonella, 761–764, 887Shigella, 760–761, 887treatment of, 886–888

Gatifloxacin, for meningitis, 801

Gentamicinfor endocarditis, 885for gastrointestinal infections, 888for meningitis, 801for respiratory infections, 884for urinary tract infections, 889

Giardiasis, 928–930

Gingivostomatitis, herpes simplex virus,733–734

Globotriosyl ceramide, in Escherichia coliinfections, 757–758

Glomerulonephritis, poststreptococcal,742–743

Gonorrheapharyngitis in, 730–731pyogenic arthritis in, 788–792treatment of, 886

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, forcyclic neutropenia, 829

Guillain-Barre syndrome, in Campylobacterinfections, 766

H

Haemophilus influenzae infectionsimmunization for, 805meningitis, 796–798, 804–806osteomyelitis, 781, 785otitis media, 712–713, 716–717,

720–722pyogenic arthritis, 788, 792treatment of, 870, 875, 877,

879–882, 890

Hearing impairment, in meningitis, 804

Heat labile (LT) toxin, in Escherichia coliinfections, 754–755

Heat stabile (ST) toxin, in Escherichia coliinfections, 754–755

Helicobacter pylori infections, 750–753, 886

Helminthic infectionsblood and tissue, 938–941cestodes, 938, 941–942intestinal, 937–940trematodes, 938, 942–943

Hematopoiesis, cyclic, 824–825, 827–829

Hemolytic uremic syndrome, inenterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliinfections, 757–759

Hepatitis, viral, 851–854

Hepatitis B, immunization for, 679–680

Herpes simplex virus infectionspharyngitis, 733–734treatment of, 838–839, 841–848

Hibernian fever, familial (tumor necrosis factorreceptor-associated syndrome),824–825, 831–833

Hip, pain in, differential diagnosis of, 790–791

INDEX954

HIV infection. See Human immunodeficiencyvirus infection.

Hookworms, 937–938

Human immunodeficiency virus infectionfever in, 816parasitic infections in, 931, 935–936treatment of, 839, 854–859

Human metapneumovirus infections, 704–705

Human papillomavirus infectionsimmunization for, 682–683treatment of, 851–854

Hydatid disease, 939, 942

Hymenolepis nana infections, 939

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodicfever syndrome, 824–825, 830–831

I

Imipenemfor gastrointestinal infections, 888for skin and soft tissue infections, 877

Immunizations, 669–693clinical trials of, 678costs of, 674for adolescents, 677future, 686–688Haemophilus influenzae, 805hepatitis B, 679–680human papillomavirus, 682–683influenza, 684–686, 701–702, 724licensing of vaccines for, 672meningococcal, 680–681Neisseria meningitidis, 805pertussis, 681–682pneumococcal, 679, 711–713, 805policy for, 671–674program for, challenges to, 674–677public health impact of, 669–670rotavirus, 683–684safety of, 675–677schedule for, 670–671shortages of, 674–675Streptococcus pneumoniae, 679,

711–713, 805subsidization of, 673–674varicella, 684websites on, 671

Immunotherapy, for respiratory syncytial virusinfections, 697–698

Impetigo, 876

Indinavir, for HIV infection, 857

Infectionsbacterial, antibiotics for. See Antibiotics.bone and joint, 779–794, 879

central nervous system, 889–890fungal, antifungal agents for, 895–915gastrointestinal, 749–777, 886–888heart (endocarditis), 816, 885–886immunizations for. See Immunizations.meningitis, 795–810oropharyngeal, 881–882otitis media, 711–728parasitic, 917–948periodic fever syndromes in, 811–835pharyngitis, 729–747, 882respiratory. See Respiratory infections.skin and soft tissue, 876–878urinary tract, 888–889viral

antiviral therapies for, 837–867respiratory, 695–710

Infectious mononucleosis, pharyngitis in, 734

Inflammatory bowel disease, fever in, 816

Inflammatory mediators, in meningitis, 797

Influenza, 698–704avian, 704clinical features of, 700–701epidemiology of, 699–700immunization for, 684–686,

701–702, 724pandemics of, 703–704transmission of, 700treatment of, 701–703, 838, 848–850types of, 698virology of, 698–699

Interferon(s)for hepatitis, 851–852for viral infections, 840, 851–852

Intracranial pressure, management of, inmeningitis, 803

Iodoquinol, for amebiasis, 923, 928

Isosporosis, 930, 933

Itraconazole, for fungal infections, 897,902–903

Ivermectinfor blood and tissue nematodes, 939–941for intestinal nematodes, 938, 940

J

Joint infections. See Pyogenic arthritis.

K

Kernig sign, in meningitis, 797

Ketoconazole, for Naegleria fowleriinfections, 936

INDEX 955

Kidneyfailure of, in enterohemorrhagic Escheri-

chia coli infections, 757–759infections of, 889

Kingella kingae infectionsosteomyelitis, 781, 785pyogenic arthritis, 788, 790–792treatment of, 878

Klebsiella infections, 872, 884

Kocher’s criteria, for pyogenic arthritis,790–791

L

Lamivudinefor hepatitis B, 853–854for HIV infection, 853

Larva migranscutaneous (hookworms), 937–938visceral, 939

Legionella pneumophila infections, 885

Leishmaniasis, 922–923, 926–927

Linezolid, for osteomyelitis, 785–786

Listeria monocytogenes infections, meningitis,795, 797, 802

Liver, abscess of, amebic, 927–928

Liver flukes, 939, 942–943

Lopinavir/ritonavir, for HIV infection, 858

LT toxin, in Escherichia coli infections,754–755

Lumbar puncture, in meningitis, 798, 802

Lung, abscess of, 882

Lung flukes, 939, 943

Lyme diseasepyogenic arthritis in, 788treatment of, 891

Lymphadenopathyin filariasis, 940in hyperimmunoglobulinemia D, 831in periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis,

pharyngitis and cervicaladenopathy, 823–827

treatment of, 876

Lymphatic filariasis, 939–941

M

Magnetic resonance imaging, inosteomyelitis, 784

Malaria, 918–921, 924

Mebendazolefor blood and tissue nematodes, 939, 941for cestodes, 942for intestinal nematodes, 937–938

Mediterranean fever, familial, 824–825,829–830

Mefloquine, for malaria, 919–921, 924

MEFV gene, mutations of, in familialMediterranean fever, 829–830

Meglumine antimonates, for leishmaniasis,922–923, 926

Meningitis, bacterial, 795–810clinical features of, 797–798complications of, 803–804definition of, 795diagnosis of, 798–799epidemiology of, 795–796pathogenesis of, 797prevention of, 805–806prognosis for, 804risk factors for, 796treatment of, 799–803, 889–890

Meningococcal meningitis, 796–797, 800,802, 804–806, 890

Meningococcal vaccine, 680–681, 805

Meropenemfor central nervous system infections, 889for gastrointestinal infections, 888for meningitis, 801for osteomyelitis, 879for respiratory infections, 883–883for skin and soft tissue infections, 877

Metapneumovirus infections, 704–705

Metarsoprol, for trypanosomiasis, 922, 926

Methicillin, resistance to, 871

Metronidazolefor amebiasis, 923.937for central nervous system infections, 889for gastrointestinal infections, 886for giardiasis, 928, 930for Helicobacter pylori infections, 753for trichomoniasis, 929–930

Mevalonate kinase defects, inhyperimmunoglobulinemia D, 830–831

Micafungin, for fungal infections, 907–908

Microsporidiosis, 936

Moraxella catarrhalis infectionsotitis media, 712treatment of, 880–881

INDEX956

Moxifloxacin, for meningitis, 801

MVK gene mutations, inhyperimmunoglobulinemia D, 830–831

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, 883, 885

Myositis, 876

Myringotomy, for otitis media, 716

N

Naegleria fowleri infections, 932, 936

Nafcillinfor central nervous system infections, 889for endocarditis, 885for meningitis, 800for pyogenic arthritis, 791

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act,675–676

Necator americanus infections, 937–938

Necrotizing fasciitis, 877

Neisseria gonorrhoeae infectionspharyngitis, 730–731pyogenic arthritis, 788–792

Neisseria meningitidis infectionsimmunization for, 680–681, 805meningitis, 796–797, 800, 802, 804–806treatment of, 886, 890

Nelfinavir, for HIV infection, 857

Nematodesblood and tissue, 938, 940–941intestinal, 937–938, 940

Neonatesmeningitis in, 795–796, 799–800osteomyelitis in, 783toxoplasmosis in, 934

Neuraminidase inhibitors, for viral infectionsmechanism of action of, 840respiratory, 849–850

Neurocysticercosis, 939, 941–942

Neurologic disordersfrom acyclovir, 852in meningitis, 803–804

Neutropenia, cyclic, 824–825, 827–829

Nevirapine, for HIV infection, 856

Niclosamide, for cestodes, 939, 941

Nifurtimox, for trypanosomiasis, 921, 925

Nitazoxanidefor cryptosporidiosis, 930, 933for giardiasis, 928, 930

Nitrofurantoin, for urinary tract infections, 889

Nucleoside analoguesfor hepatitis, 853for herpesvirus infections, 840–846for respiratory infections, 850–851mechanism of action of, 840

Nucleotide analoguesfor hepatitis, 853for herpesvirus infections, 840–846mechanism of action of, 840–848

O

Ofloxacin, for otitis media, 722

Omeprazole, for gastrointestinalinfections, 886

Onchocerca volvulus infections, 939–941

Opisthorchis infections, 939, 942–943

Orbital cellulitis, 878

Oropharyngeal infections, 881–882

Oseltamivir, for influenza, 702–703, 849

Osteomyelitis, 779–787chronic, 787chronic recurrent multifocal, 783clinical manifestations of, 782–783diagnosis of, 783–784epidemiology of, 780microbiology of, 780–782pathogenesis of, 779–780prognosis for, 787treatment of, 784–786, 878–879types of, 779

Otitis externa, 880

Otitis mediaacute, 711–728

clinical manifestations of, 713–715complications of, 715–716diagnosis of, 713–715etiology of, 711–713immunization effects on, 711–713outcome of, 715–718prevention of, 723–724recurrent, 713suppurative, 715–716treatment of, 716–717, 719–723,

880–881versus otitis media with effusion,

713–715watchful waiting in, 718with tympanostomy tubes, 722

with effusiontreatment of, 722–723versus acute otitis media, 713–715

INDEX 957

Otitis-conjunctivitis syndrome, 715

Oxacillinfor meningitis, 801for osteomyelitis, 878for pyogenic arthritis, 879for respiratory infections, 882, 884for skin and soft tissue infections,

876–877

P

Pain, differential diagnosis ofbone, 783–784hip, 790–791joint, 789

Palivizumab, for respiratory syncytial virusinfections, 697–698

Paragonimus westermani infections, 939, 943

Parainfluenza virus infections, 705–706

Parasitic infections, treatment of.See Antiparasitic therapy.

Paromomycinfor amebiasis, 923, 928for cryptosporidiosis, 930, 933for giardiasis, 928–930for leishmaniasis, 923, 927

Pasteurella multocida infections, 876

Pegylated interferons, for hepatitis, 851–852

Pelvic osteomyelitis, 783

Penciclovir, for herpesvirus infections, 844

Penicillin(s), for pharyngitis, 739–742

Penicillin Gfor central nervous system infections, 890for endocarditis, 885–886for gastrointestinal infections, 888for Lyme disease, 891for meningitis, 800–801for oropharyngeal infections, 881for respiratory infections, 883–884for skin and soft tissue infections, 877

Penicillin Vfor oropharyngeal infections, 882for pharyngitis, 739

Pentamidinefor leishmaniasis, 922–923, 927for Pneumocystis jiroveci infections,

931, 935for trypanosomiasis, 921, 925

Peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori in,751–752, 886

Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitisand cervical adenopathy, 823–827

Periorbital cellulitis, 877

Perirectal abscess, 887

Peritonitis, 888

Peritonsillar infections, 881

Pertussisimmunization for, 681–682treatment of, 882

PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis,pharyngitis and cervical adenopathy),823–827

Pharyngitis, 729–747antibiotic resistance in, 740–742chronic, 743–744clinical manifestations of, 732–734complications of, 742–743diagnosis of, 734–739epidemiology of, 731etiology of, 729–731in periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis,

pharyngitis and cervicaladenopathy, 823–827

organism carriage after, 743–744recurrent, 743–744suppurative, 742treatment of, 739–742, 882

Phosphatesfor herpesvirus infections, 847–848for viral infections, mechanism of action

of, 840

Pinworms, 937–938

Piperacillin-tazobactam, for respiratoryinfections, 884

Plasmodium infections (malaria),918–921, 924

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 679,711–713

Pneumococcal infections. See Streptococcuspneumoniae infections.

Pneumocystis jiroveci infections, 931–932,935–936

Pneumoniacoronavirus, 706human metapneumovirus, 704–705influenza virus, 701parainfluenza virus, 705–706respiratory syncytial virus, 696–698treatment of, 883–885

Polyenes, for fungal infections, 896–899

INDEX958

Pork tapeworm, 939, 941

Posaconazole, for fungal infections, 905

Praziquantelfor cestodes, 939, 941–942for trematodes, 939, 942–943

Prednisonefor periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis,

pharyngitis and cervicaladenopathy, 827

for tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated syndrome, 833

Primaquine, for malaria, 924

Protease inhibitors, for HIV infection, 839,857–858

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectionsotitis media, 722treatment of, 872, 875, 879–880, 884

Pyelonephritis, 889

Pyoderma, 877

Pyogenic arthritis, 787–792clinical manifestations of, 789diagnosis of, 790–791differential diagnosis of, 789epidemiology of, 788microbiology of, 788–789pathogenesis of, 787–788prognosis for, 792treatment of, 791–792, 879

Pyomyositis, 876

Pyrantel pamoate, for intestinal nematodes,937–938

Pyrimethamine, for Acanthamoebainfections, 936

Pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine, fortoxoplasmosis, 931, 934

Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, for malaria,919–920

Pyrimidine analogues, for fungal infections,897, 899–900

Pyrin protein defects, in familial Mediterraneanfever, 829–830

Q

Quinidine, for malaria, 921, 924

Quininefor babesiosis, 931, 933for malaria, 919–921, 924

R

Radiography, in osteomyelitis, 784

Radionuclide scan, in osteomyelitis, 784

Rapid antigen detection tests, in pharyngitis,736–738

Ravuconazole, for fungal infections, 905

Reactive arthritis, after streptococcalpharyngitis, 742

Respiratory infectionsbacterial, treatment of, 882–885viral, 695–710

adenovirus, 707coronaviruses, 706human metapneumoviruses,

704–705influenza. See Influenza.parainfluenza viruses, 705–706pharyngitis, 729–731, 733–734respiratory syncytial virus,

696–698, 838rhinoviruses, 707

Respiratory syncytial virus infections,696–698, 838, 850–851

Retropharyngeal infections, 882

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, for viralinfections, 839, 853–856

Rheumatic fever, after streptococcalpharyngitis, 742

Rheumatoid arthritis, fever in, 817

Rhinovirus infections, 707

Ribavirinfor hepatitis C, 853for respiratory syncytial virus infections,

697, 850–851

Rifampinfor endocarditis, 885for meningitis, 801, 806for Naegleria fowleri infections, 936for respiratory infections, 885

Rimantadine, for influenza, 702–703,848–849

Ritonavir, for HIV infection, 857

River blindness (Onchocerca volvulus),939–941

Rodent tapeworm, 939, 942

Rotavirus, immunization for, 683–684

Roundworms (ascariasis), 937–938

INDEX 959

S

Salmonella infections, 761–764, 817, 887

Saquinavir, for HIV infection, 857

SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 706

Scarlet fever, 732–733

Schistosomiasis, 939, 942

Scintigraphy, in osteomyelitis, 784

Seizures, in meningitis, 797, 803–804

Serratia infections, 872, 884

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 706

Shiga toxinin enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

infections, 757–759in Shigella infections, 760–761

Shigella infections, 760–761, 887

Sinusitis, 877, 881

Skin and soft tissue infections, 876–878

Sleeping sickness, 921–922, 925–926

Sore throat. See Pharyngitis.

Spiramycin, for toxoplasmosis, 931, 934

ST toxin, in Escherichia coli infections,754–755

Staphylococcus aureus infectionsosteomyelitis, 780–782, 785–787otitis media, 722pyogenic arthritis, 788, 791–792treatment of, 870–872, 876–885, 887

Stavudine, for HIV infection, 855

Stibogluconates, for leishmaniasis,922–923, 926

Stomach, biopsy of, in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 753

Stomatitis, in periodic fever, aphthousstomatitis, pharyngitis and cervicaladenopathy, 823–827

Stoolculture of, in Campylobacter infections,

766–767Escherichia coli identification in, 759

Stool antigen test, in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 753

Streptococcal antigen tests, in pharyngitis, 738

Streptococcal infectionsosteomyelitis, 780–781, 785pharyngitis

chronic, 743–744clinical manifestations of, 732–733

complications of, 742–743diagnosis of, 734–739epidemiology of, 731organism carriage after, 743–744organisms causing, 730recurrent, 743–744treatment of, 739–742

pyogenic arthritis, 788, 790treatment of, 876, 878–879,

881–882, 884

Streptococcus pneumoniae infectionsimmunization for, 679, 711–713, 805meningitis, 795–798, 800–802,

804–805osteomyelitis, 781, 785otitis media, 711–713, 715, 717–722pyogenic arthritis, 788, 792treatment of, 870, 872, 875, 877,

879–885, 888–891

Strongyloidiasis, 937

Subdural effusions, in meningitis, 804

Sulfisoxazole, for otitis media, 721–722

Suramin, for trypanosomiasis, 921–922, 925

Synovial fluid, culture of, in pyogenicarthritis, 790

T

Taeniasis, 939, 941

Tapeworms, 938, 941–942

3TC (lamivudine)for hepatitis B, 853–854for HIV infection, 855

Thiabendazole, for intestinal nematodes,937–938

Throat, infections of. See Pharyngitis.

Throat culture, in pharyngitis, 735–736, 744

Ticarcillinfor osteomyelitis, 879for skin and soft tissue infections, 876

Ticarcillin-clavulanate, for skin and soft tissueinfections, 876

Tinidazole, for giardiasis, 928–930

Tobramycinfor meningitis, 801for osteomyelitis, 879

Tonsillectomy, for periodic fever, aphthousstomatitis, pharyngitis and cervicaladenopathy, 827

INDEX960

Toxinsin Campylobacter infections, 765–766in Escherichia coli infections, 754–755

Toxocara cani infections, 939, 941

Toxoplasmosis, 931, 934

Tracheitis, 882

TRAPS (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated syndrome), 824–825,831–833

Trematodes, 938, 942–943

Trichomoniasis, 929–930

Trichuris trichiura infections, 937–938

Tricyclic amines, for viral infectionsmechanism of action of, 840respiratory, 848–849

Trifluridine, for herpesvirus infections, 846

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazolefor Acanthamoeba infections, 936for Cyclospora infections, 930for gastrointestinal infections, 886–887for isosporosis, 930, 933for meningitis, 801for osteomyelitis, 786for Pneumocystis jiroveci infections, 931,

935–936for toxoplasmosis, 931, 934for urinary tract infections, 888–889

Tripod phenomenon, in meningitis, 797

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, 940

Trypanosomiasis, 921–922, 924–926

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associatedsyndrome, 824–825, 831–833

Tympanocentesis, for otitis media, 721–722

Tympanostomy tubesfor otitis media, 722–723otitis media with, 722

Typhoid fever, 761–764, 887

U

Ulcer(s), peptic, Helicobacter pylori in,751–752, 886

Urea breath test, in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 753

Urinary tract infections, 888–889

V

VacA toxin, in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 752

Vaccinations. See Immunizations.

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 677

Vaccines for Children Program, 673–674

Valacyclovir, for herpesvirus infections,842–843

Valganciclovir, for herpesvirus infections,845–846

Vancomycinfor central nervous system infections, 890for endocarditis, 885for gastrointestinal infections, 886, 888for meningitis, 800–801for osteomyelitis, 878for otitis media, 722for pyogenic arthritis, 792, 879for respiratory infections, 882–884for skin and soft tissue infections,

876–878

Varicellaimmunization for, 684treatment of, 838–848

Vidarabine, for herpesvirus infections, 846

Viral infections. See also specific infections.antiviral agents for. See Antiviral agents.respiratory, 695–710

Visceral larva migrans, 939, 941

Voriconazole, for fungal infections, 897,903–905

W

Whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), 937–938

Worms. See Helminthic infections.

Wuchereria bancrofti infections, 939–941

Y

Yersinia infectionsfever in, 817treatment of, 887

Z

Zanamivir, for influenza, 702–703, 849–850

Zidovudine, for HIV infection, 854–855

INDEX 961