Independence Movements in Independence Movements in Africa, India, and Latin Africa, India, and Latin

America 1900-1949America 1900-1949

Chapter 30

Turn to the person next to you and Turn to the person next to you and discuss the following questions and write discuss the following questions and write

the answers down.the answers down.

1. What do you know about Africa?

2. What do you know about India?

3. What do you know about Latin America?

Think of all questions in terms of the history, imperialism, and present times,

AfricaAfrica

Few Europeans lived in Africa, but the continent was dominated politically and economically by Europeans during the 1800’s

During colonialism African’s turned to Christianity and Islam (Islam spread the fastest)

African Leaders for African Leaders for IndependenceIndependence

Marcus Garvey and WEB Dubois in America pushed for the “Back to Africa” movement, considered Pan-Africanists

African National Congress in South Africa

After World War II Africans who had served in the military returned to Africa with new radical ideas for independence

Indian NationalismIndian Nationalism

India’s fertile land caused the population to increase from 250 million in 1900 to 289 million in 1941

Population increase led to environmental pressure, deforestation, declining farmland

Society was divided by the “Caste System”

Muslims and Hindus made up the predominant religions

British Rule in IndiaBritish Rule in India

Colonial India was led by a British Viceroy and the Indian Civil Service

Indian National Congress formed in 1885 in support of independence

The British attempted to suppress the push for Indian independence culminating with the Armritsar Massacre of 1919

Mahatma GandhiMahatma Gandhi

English educated lawyer who started work in South Africa

Returned to India during WWI and joined the Indian National Congress

Successfully led the Indian independence movement through non-violence

Indian IndependenceIndian Independence

1920’s the British slowly and reluctantly gave control of parts of India to the Indians

WWII divided India. The Indian National Congress opposed the war and a small amount joined the Japanese

1940 the Muslim’s League leader Muhammad Ali Jinah demanded a country be created for Muslims (present day Pakistan)

Independence of India lead to conflicts between Muslims and Hindus

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution 1821 a few wealthy Spanish families controlled 85%

of Mexico 1910 General Portifino Diaz had ruled for 30 years Francisco Madera overthrew Diaz in 1911 only to be

overthrown by General Huerta in 1913 Emiliano Zapata led a peasant revolt in Mexico City

while Poncho Villa organized armies in the north Zapata was killed in 1919 and Villa was assassinated

in 1923 Constitutionalist took over after years of fighting

and 2 million casualties.

Post Mexican Revolution Post Mexican Revolution 1920-19401920-1940

President Obregon was assassinated in 1928Plutarco Elias Calles took over and founded

the National Revolutionary Party renamed the Mexican Revolutionary Party

by President Lazaro Cardenas in 19341940 Mexico was still a land of farmers

with a poor industrial base but it had established a stable political system.

ArgentinaArgentina

After refrigeration ships were invented Argentina began to export meat by 1900

The government represented the oligarquia (wealthy land owners) who let foreign interests, mainly British, control industry.

1943 Juan Peron established a government based on the German Nazi’s

He supported rapid industrialization but was overthrown in 1952

Independence of BrazilIndependence of Brazil Brazil’s elite controlled the coffee, cocoa, and

rubber plantation WW I disrupted the trade and weakened the land

owning classes. The Depression hit Brazil hard and Brazil like

Europe turned to extreme governments Getulio Vargas staged a coup d’tat and took over

the government and industrialized Brazil.– Abolished the constitution and made Brazil a Fascist

state in 1938– He was overthrown in 1954