IMRAD Lecture of Ma'Am Golda 2

7/28/2019 IMRAD Lecture of Ma'Am Golda 2

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Prof. Golda Aira V. Crisostomo, Ph.D.,

CIOP

Director, Letran Research Center


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Prepared by: Golda Aira V.Crisostomo, Ph.D. 2

-BIG THING


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Where are

we,

Where Might

We Go?


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Teaching the learning

environment (30 %)

Research volume, income andreputation (30 %)

Citations research influence (30 %)Industry income innovation (2.5 %)International outlook staff, studentsand research (7.5%)

Source:

Times Higher Education (THE)World University Ranking 2011-2012


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Prepared by: Golda Aira V.Crisostomo, Ph.D.

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Academic Criteria

Academic Reputation

Employer Reputation

Faculty Student

International Faculty

International StudentsCitations per Paper

Methodology

Asian University Rankings vs WorldUniversity Rankings

Academic Reputation Index

Employer Reputation

Faculty Student Ratio

Bibliometrics - Papers per Faculty andCitations per Paper

Methodology: International Factors
http://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/methodology-international-factorshttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/methodology-international-factorshttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/academic-peer-reviewhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/employer-reviewhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/student-facultyhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/international-facultyhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/international-studentshttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/aur-worldhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/aur-worldhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/asian-university-rankings-academic-peer-reviewhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/asian-university-rankings-recruiter-reviewhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/asian-university-rankings-student-faculty-ratiohttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/methodology-international-factorshttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/methodology-international-factorshttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/bibliometrics-papers-faculty-and-citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/asian-university-rankings-student-faculty-ratiohttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/asian-university-rankings-recruiter-reviewhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/asian-university-rankings-academic-peer-reviewhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/aur-worldhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/aur-worldhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/aur-worldhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/aur-worldhttp://www.topuniversities.com/wur-methodology/aur-worldhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/citations-paperhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/international-studentshttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/international-facultyhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/student-facultyhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/employer-reviewhttp://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2011/indicator-rankings/academic-peer-review


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QS (Quacquarelli Symonds)

ACADEMICREPUTATION

this survey asks activeacademics across the

world about the topuniversities in fieldsthey know about

EMPLOYERS

REPUTATION

recruiters who hiregraduates on a globalscale

Prepared by: Golda Aira V.

Crisostomo, Ph.D.

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FACULTY STUDENTRATIO

CITATIONS PER PAPER

Citations per publishedresearch

THOMSON REUTERS

SCOPUS


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Crisostomo, Ph.D. 7

TITLE OF THESTUDY

CHAPTER 1

1. Introduction2. Statement of

the Problem3. Objectives

4. Hypothesis/Assumption

5. Theoretical /Conceptual

Framework6. Definition of

Terms


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Crisostomo, Ph.D. 8

CHAPTER 2- REVIEW OFRELATED LITERATURE

SYNTHESIS

Unpublished

Theses and

Dissertations

Books

Journals (?)


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1. Demonstrate ability to develop research

questions and propositions born out of sound

LITERATURE REVIEW

2. Demonstrate ability to identify the rightRESEARCH METHOD and TECHNIQUES

consistent with the nature of the questions asked


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Crisostomo, Ph.D. 11


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INQUIRY or investigation

aimed at the DISCOVERY &INTERPRETATION of facts orREVISION OF ACCEPTED

THEORIES

in theLIGHT OF

NEW FACTS & insights intothe practical application ofsuch new facts & insights

on the particular subject.


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STEP 1 :

BIG


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STEP 1 :

BIGHAIRY


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STEP 1 :

BIGHAIRY

AUDACIOUS


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Prepared by: Golda Aira V. Crisostomo,

Ph.D. 16

STEP 1 :

BIGHAIRY

AUDACIOUS

GOAL


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STEP 2 :


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Field of Expertise:Organizational Behavior, Culture, Leadership,

Politics and Development

Specific Projects

The influence of organizational

politics on employees affective

organizational commitment Culture of Public and Private

Higher Education Institutions

Organizational development

programs in Higher Education

Priority Research

Areas:

Organizational practices,

culture and change

Organizational knowledge

Transformation of

organizations in emerging and

changing societies

Higher Education as

organization

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Priority Research Topics

1. Capacity and Policy Development Governance

Public Resources

Government Procurement Systems

Public Financial Management Growth and Competitiveness

Skills and Innovation Policy

Knowledge Economy

Education and Innovation

Sustainable and Land Use Planning

2. Environment and Climate Change Mitigation


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3. Communication and Green Media Development Values Orientation, Communication and Media Education

(VOCAME)

4. Human Capital Investment Talent Management

Dynamic Capitalism

Education Investment and Economic Growth

Organizations Financial Performance

5. Organizational Culture, Leadership and Development

Organizational Practices, Culture, and Change Organizational Knowledge

Transformation of Organizations in Emerging and ChangingSocieties

Higher Education as Organization


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6. Promotion of Historical Awareness

Colonial Influence in the Philippines

Historical events that transpired in Intramuros

Historical Personalities Institutions of great influence to nation building

7. Preservation of Cultural Heritage

Literature and Lifestyle

Performing Arts, Visual Arts, etc.

Religious and Political Culture

Translations


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STEP 3 :

THESIS FORMAT


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Prepared by: Golda Aira V. Crisostomo,Ph.D.

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Chapter 1: The Problem: Rationale

and Background

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Theoretical FrameworkSignificance of the Study

Scope and Limitation

Hypothesis

Assumptions

Definition of Terms

Chapter 2 : Review of RelatedLiterature

Chapter 3 : Research Methodology

Research Design

Research Locale

Population and Sampling

Research Instrumentation

Data Gathering ProcedureStatistical analysis

Ethical consideration

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis

and Interpretation of Data

Chapter 5 : Summary, Conclusion

and Recommendation

THESIS FORMAT

IMRAD

Title

Authorship and AffiliationAbstract (100-150 word count)

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Theoretical Background

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.2 Literature Review2.3 Research Model

(Simulacrum)

3.0 Methods

3.1 Subjects

3.2 Instruments

3.3 Data Collection &

Procedure3.4 Data Analysis

3.5 Ethical Consideration

4.0 Results/ Findings

5.0 Discussion

6.0 Conclusion

7.0 References


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WHAT IS IT?

IMRAD, which stands forIntroduction, Methods,

Results and Discussion

is a standard layout for

academic journal

articles.

It also typically requires

a title, abstract, tables

and figures,

acknowledgments andreferences to literature

cited.


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WHAT IS IT?

It requires suitablebackground knowledgeso that the paper:

1) complies withwidely recognizedpublication standards

2) is approved in thepeer-review processwith the minimum ofamendments


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This is what a typical thesis might look like.


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This is what a Publishable Article (IMRAD)

might look like.


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Ph.D.

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WHAT IT IS

Short and sweet

Must have only 4,000

to 6,000 word count

Single spaced

Font size: 11

Length: 10 to 15 pages


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BENEFITS OF IMRAD It is concise.

IMRAD structure

facilitates modular

reading.

Readers usually do notread in a linear way but

browse in each section of

article, looking for

specific information.

This is normally found in

pre-established areas of

the paper.


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HISTORY 1950s: Adoption of IMRAD format After 1965: IMRAD began to

predominate

1979: IMRAD introduced as

standard by the American

National Standards Institute

1980s onwards: Absolute

leadership of IMRAD

Wide use of IMRAD may be

credited to editors - to benefit

readers and facilitate peerreview


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BASIC STRUCTURE OF IMRAD

Introduction (What question was asked?)

Methods (How was it studied?)

Results (What was found?)

And

Discussion (What do the findings mean?)


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INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION

It describes the background of the work and puts it in

context.

It should define the nature and scope of the problem.

It must state the aim of your study.

It mentions former studies when it helps in setting

focus for the subject of the report.


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INTRODUCTIONIt provides the rationale for the current study. What gap in

knowledge did you try to fill? What controversy did you try to

resolve?

It should forward the papers hypotheses.

It usually requires a research model or simulacrum.

It should end in a CENTRAL QUESTION to be answeredby the report.


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A literature review is an account of what has been

published on a topic by accredited scholars and

researchers.

Its purpose is to convey to readers what knowledge andideas have been established on a topic and what their

strengths and weaknesses are.

The main focus of your academic research paper is to

develop a new argument.

The literature review serves as a foundation and as

support for a new insight that youll contribute.


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A literature review must:

Be organized around and related directly to the

research question

Synthesize results into a summary of what is and is

not known

Identify areas of controversy in the literature

Formulate questions that need further research


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It states the general purpose of the study of what it intends to determine and the

specific objectives of the research paper. However, research questions in IMRAD

format are stated declaratively.

Key points for writing good objective:

The purpose of the research objectives is to focus on the research problem.

Avoid the collection of unnecessary data.

Provide direction to research study.

Objectives must be clear and well defined.

Measurable

Achievable

Realistic

Timely


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A well-thought-out and focused research question leads

directly into your hypotheses.

What predictions would you make about the

phenomenon you are examining?

It is a tentative explanation for an observation,phenomenon, or problem that can be tested by further

investigation.

It can be a more specific prediction about the nature

and direction of the relationship between two variables.


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METHODS

It describes the procedure used to answer the researchquestion.

It must be detailed enough for the reader to be able to

duplicate it.

If the choice of method needs to be justified, it should be

done here.


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METHODSIt describes your sample and how/why they have

been selected.

It includes rules of analysis, and rules of verification

and validation.

It may include deductive reasoning, approximations,statistical analysis and simulations.


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This part discusses thoroughly about the

qualifications needed by the researchers for their

participants. It often includes the age, other

characteristics that may typify what the study is all

about and the number of participants needed.


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It is the core of the paper and shows the outcome of

the method.

The results should be presented in a clear, accurateand concise format.

There should be no redundancy so stick to what is

relevant.

The text should tell the story and the tables give the

evidence while the figures illustrate the highlights.

RESULTS


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RESULTSSummary statistics, figures and tables should be used when

convenient for the sections purpose.

Do not repeat in the text all the data given in the tables or

illustrations; emphasize or summarize only important

observations.

While this section should contain the explanations necessary forit to be understandable, interpretations and deductions are to

be kept for the Discussions section.


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The third part of the IMRAD format which considered as

the core of the paper and shows the outcome of themethod.

What should be remembered in writing the Results:

The results should be presented in a clear, accurate,and concise format.

There should be no redundancy so stick to what is

relevant.

The text should tell the story and the tables give theevidence while the figures illustrate the highlights.


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DISCUSSION


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It reveals the importance of the research paper in

general. It also includes the benefits it may bring to

specific types of profession, branches of any courses orany particular field.

OTHER SECTIONS OF AN IMRAD


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OTHER SECTIONS OF AN IMRAD

ARTICLE

Title Page

Abstract

Acknowledgment

References

Appendices


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TITLE PAGE

Title of the article (maximum of 40 characters or 12

salient words); only first word is capitalized (APA)

Full name(s) of author(s)

Academic degree(s)

Institutional affiliation(s) of author(s)

Communication address

Key words


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Title of the Article

Full name(s) of Author(s)

Institutional Affiliation

Communication Address

Key Words


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ABSTRACT It must be short, onlyaround 100 words. It

must summarize:

the context orbackground for the study

the study's purposes

basic procedures for thestudy

main findings principal conclusions


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REFERENCES

All sources referred to inthe paper must be listed

and no others.

If any standard is fixed

by the journal where thepaper is intended to be

published, it should be

adhered to.

Otherwise, a generalstandard like APA can be

followed.


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APPENDICES Appendices may be used

for material logicallybelonging to the report,but too bulky to be partof the main text.

In that case, thesummarytables/statistics/figuresshould be in the maintext, but detailed

description will beplaced in an appendix ortwo.

STEPS IN THE


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STEPS IN THE

RESEARCH PROCESSTopic or Problem Identification

Review of Literature

Hypotheses Development

Framework Development

Objective Formulation

Research Plan Formulation

Data Gathering/Collection

Data Analysis & Interpretation

Conclusion

Communicating & Utilizing the Findings

RESEARCH


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RESEARCH

PROCESS


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STEP


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STEP 4 :

R i


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Reconnaissance

Good research is good because itadvances our collective understanding

What has been done before

Weaknesses and strengths of existingstudies

Implications of the findings

GENERATIVITY is one of thehallmarks of scholarship (Shulman,1999)


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R i


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Reconnaissance

To be useful andmeaningful,education research

must beCUMULATIVE.

Must be build on andlearn from PRIORRESEARCH


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Reconnaissance3 CHARACTERISTICS

It clarifies andperhaps resolves theproblems within a fieldof study rather thanglossing over thoseproblems

It satisfies the formalcriteria of a goodtheory

It results in aprogressive shiftthat yields a newperspective on theliterature with

More explanatory

More predictive power


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Other TECHNOLOGY- DRIVEN


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literature sources

Elsevier science journals

ScienceDirect

Subject areas in ScienceDirect

Subscribed, non-subscribed, complimentary

www.doaj.org (Directory of Open Access

Journals)


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STEP 5
http://www.doaj.org/http://www.doaj.org/


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STEP 5 :

Cases for Research on Life-giving


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Cases for Research on Life-giving

Forces in Nursing


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Researcher MajorObjectives/

Central

Question

DelineatedFactors Locus Methods

Ruggiero (2005) Explore the

relationships andrelative

contributions of

selected work, shift

worker health and

demographic

variables to job

satisfaction

stress; workload,

shift schedule;depression; age;

sleep; family

issues

New Jersey, USA Questionnaire;

Survey

Hoffman and Scott

(2003)

Examine the

variation in role

stress and career

satisfaction by

work shift patterns.

Work shift;

patterns; pay;

autonomy;

professional status

Michigan, USA Questionnaire

STEP 6


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STEP 6 :

Which among the identified conceptual tags/ parameters/variables

are considered IMPORTANT and CONTROVERSIAL in the field


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are considered IMPORTANT and CONTROVERSIAL in the field

where I belong?


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Conceptual Tags Literature Source

(Authors, Year)

Is the CT still

important?

Is the CT still

controversial?

/= YES x = NO

STEP 7


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STEP 7 :


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Crisostomo, Ph.D.

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Conceptual Tags Lexical Definition(According to AuthoritativeSources)

OperationalDefinition (how theterm is/will be used in the

paper)

Self- Efficacy Ones interest andwillingness to use and

interact with IT (Hasan,

2003)

Perceived Beliefs Refers to perceived

usefulness, ease of use,compatibility, and tialability


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RESEARCH STEPS

1. Know your BHAG

2. Knowing your field ofEXPERTISE

3. Knowing parts of aPUBLISHABLE paper

4. Immersing oneself in

Literature



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RESEARCH STEPS

5. Organizing yourLiterature

6. Identifying ResearchConceptual Tags

7. Defining ResearchConceptual Tags


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Do a Simulacrum that incorporates the ff.h th


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hypotheses:

H1: More positive perceived IT beliefs lead to a more positive attitude towards IT

adoption

H2: A better task technology fit will lead to a more positive attitude towards IT

adoption

H3: A better task-technology fit and a more positive perceived IT belief are positively

correlated with each other

H4: A more positive attitude will lead to a higher degree of intentions towards IT.

H5: The higher the level of self-efficacy, the higher the degree of positive attitude

towards IT adoption

H6: The higher the level of self-efficacy, the higher the degree of intentions towards

IT adoption

H7: A higher level of subjective norm will cause a higher degree of intentions towards

IT adoptionPrepared by: Golda Aira V. Crisostomo, Ph.D.

TITLE:A study of hotel employee behavioral intentions


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88Prepared by: Golda Aira V. Crisostomo, Ph.D.

PerceivedIT beliefs

Task-

Technology

FIT

Subjective

Norm

Self-

Efficacy

ATTITUDE

Behavioral

Intention

H3

H1

H2H5

H7

H4

H6

CENTRAL QUESTION:To investigate the relationship between attitude, self-efficacy

and subjective norm and behavioral intention toward the

perceptions of adoption of information technology by hotel

employees

toward adoption of information technology


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Documents

IMRAD Lecture of Ma'Am Golda 2