Implementing Conservation Measures to Reduce Impacts to

Migratory Birds

Managing Exposure

• We cannot change how a species and resources respond to stressors

• But…we may be able to change how they are exposed

Consider how each stressor may affect the species and/or resources:

• Is the stressor direct, indirect, or both?• Where will each stressor occur?• When will each stressor occur?• How long will each stressor occur?• What is the frequency of each stressor?• How intense will each stressor be?

Understanding Exposure

Conservation Measures• Also called BMPs or Mitigation Measures • Should be targeted at specific stressors• Designed to avoid or minimize:• the production of the stressor• the exposure of resources & individuals

Project Type

Activities

Stressors

Resources

Conservation Needs

Species

THREAT

IMPACTS

EFFECTS

Avoid or Minimize the PRODUCTION

CONSERVATIONMEASURES

Avoid or Minimize the EXPOSURE

Common Avian Stressors• Artificial Light• Artificial Perches• Chemical Contamination• Human Disturbance• Invasive Species Introduction• Noise• Structural Additions to Landscape• Vegetation Manipulation• Vegetation Removal

Avoidance – Project Siting• Use disturbed lands• Minimize area of disturbance• Minimize fragmentation of intact habitat blocks• Avoid important migratory corridors or wintering areas• Avoid features that attract

birds (e.g., wetlands)

Seasonal AvoidanceAvoid disturbing activities during the nesting season– Nesting season varies by species and area– Contact local FWS Office– Clear woody vegetation a year prior to construction

If activities cannot avoid nesting season:– Provide justification– Pre-construction surveys– Establish work avoidance buffers

Minimization - Project Design

• Minimize lighting • Minimize noise• Minimize perches• Minimize nesting structures• Avoid guy wires• clearly mark lines

MinimizationWork Buffers

• Distances will vary• Species tolerance• Habitat type• Work type (e.g., prolonged loud noise,

short duration)• Work with FWS on appropriate distances

Avian Powerline Interaction Committee (APLIC)

Electric Utility Standards

Additional Measures• Prevent release of non-native plants• Minimize wildfire potential• Erosion Control• Minimize operational road traffic• Nest Management plan• Prepare HAZMAT plan

Compensation• In rare cases, NO avoidance or minimization

measures exist• Compensation IS a conservation measure–most intensive option–potentially compensate for impacts in the long

term–especially effective when stressors cannot be

avoided

Series10

250

500

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

POPU

LA

TIO

N H

EA

LT

H

MITIGATIVE MEASURES

IMPACT 3AVOIDANCE MEASURES

IMPACT 2

IMPACT 1

EFFECTS

EFFECTS

Significance Threshold (NEPA)

Post-Construction Monitoring• Essential to validate stressor management

assumptions• Generally, monitoring takes two forms• Fatality monitoring• Conservation measures effectiveness

Post-ConstructionFatality Monitoring

• Conducted when risk of mortality is possible or uncertain

• Evaluate all components of a project

• Evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of mortality

Post-ConstructionEffectiveness Monitoring

• Did Conservation Measures reduce the effects of project-related stressors?

• Did the measures avoid or minimize the consequences of stressors?

Series10

250

500

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

POPU

LA

TIO

N H

EA

LT

H

MITIGATIVE MEASURES

IMPACT 3AVOIDANCE MEASURES

IMPACT 2

IMPACT 1

EFFECTS

EFFECTS

Significance Threshold (NEPA)

MONITORING

Reporting

It is essential that project proponents report findings– Share data –Documented mortality–Conservation Measure

effectiveness

Essential To Success

Adaptive Management• Managing uncertainty• Flexible decision process• Allows adjustments • Ideal for stressor management• Key to conservation measure implementation

Without monitoring – no means to evaluate or adjust the measures to meet conservation needs