Imperialism and Imperialism and the Victorian Erathe Victorian Era

Warm Up – Define the Warm Up – Define the following:following:

1.1. ImperialismImperialism

2.2. CapitalismCapitalism

3.3. NationalismNationalism

4.4. RacismRacism

5.5. Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria

1.1. ImperialismImperialism – – A policy in which a strong A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically and sociallypolitically, economically and socially

2.2. Capitalism – Economic system in which the Capitalism – Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned means of production are privately owned and operated for profitand operated for profit

3.3. Nationalism – The belief that people Nationalism – The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation – should be loyal mainly to their nation – that is, to the people with whom they that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and a history, rather than share a culture and a history, rather than to a king or ruler.to a king or ruler.

4.4. Racism – Belief in the superiority of one Racism – Belief in the superiority of one race.race.

5.5. Social Darwinism – ideas about “survival Social Darwinism – ideas about “survival of the fittest” applied to humans.of the fittest” applied to humans.

Imperialism Imperialism or or

NationalismNationalism??

In your group, In your group, decide whether the decide whether the picture depicts picture depicts imperialism or imperialism or nationalism and tell nationalism and tell why you chose as why you chose as you did.you did.

Why Imperialism? Why Imperialism?

Empire BuildingEmpire Building EconomicsEconomics Political and Military Political and Military

InterestsInterests Power and AuthorityPower and Authority Nineteenth Century – Nineteenth Century –

1800s1800s British Dominance - British Dominance -

called the Victorian Era called the Victorian Era after Queen Victoria who after Queen Victoria who ruled for 64 yearsruled for 64 years

The Sun Never Sets on the The Sun Never Sets on the British EmpireBritish Empire

Examine the map below and then decide Examine the map below and then decide in your groups what the title means.in your groups what the title means.

Forms of ImperialismForms of ImperialismFormForm DefinitionDefinition ExampleExample

ColonyColony A country or A country or territory governed territory governed internally by a internally by a foreign power.foreign power.

Somaliland in East Somaliland in East Africa was a Africa was a French Colony.French Colony.

ProtectorateProtectorate A country or A country or territory with its territory with its own internal own internal government but government but under the control under the control of an outside of an outside power.power.

Britain established Britain established a protectorate over a protectorate over the Niger River the Niger River Delta.Delta.

Forms of Imperialism ContinuedForms of Imperialism Continued

Sphere of Sphere of InfluenceInfluence

An area in which An area in which an outside power an outside power claims exclusive claims exclusive investment or investment or trading privileges.trading privileges.

Liberia was under Liberia was under the sphere of the sphere of influence of the influence of the United States.United States.

Economic Economic ImperialismImperialism

An independent An independent but less but less developed developed country controlled country controlled by private by private business interests business interests rather than other rather than other governments.governments.

The Dole Fruit The Dole Fruit company company controlled controlled pineapple trade in pineapple trade in Hawaii.Hawaii.

Imperial Management MethodsImperial Management Methods

Indirect ControlIndirect Control Direct ControlDirect Control• Local government officials used.Local government officials used.• Limited self-rule.Limited self-rule.• Goal: to develop future leaders.Goal: to develop future leaders.• Government institutions are Government institutions are based on European styles but based on European styles but may have local rules.may have local rules.

• Foreign officials brought in to Foreign officials brought in to rule.rule.• No self-ruleNo self-rule• Government institutions are Government institutions are based only on European styles.based only on European styles.

Examples:Examples:• British colonies such as Nigeria, British colonies such as Nigeria, India, BurmaIndia, Burma• U.S. colonies on Pacaific Islands.U.S. colonies on Pacaific Islands.

Examples:Examples:• French colonies such as French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam.Somaliland, Vietnam.• German colonies such as German colonies such as German East Africa.German East Africa.• Portuguese colonies such as Portuguese colonies such as Angola.Angola.

White Man’s BurdenWhite Man’s Burden Racist or Satirical?Racist or Satirical? ““Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to

no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions — military command, high civil office, legions — everything, now restrains itself and anxiously everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: hopes for just two things: bread and circuses” bread and circuses”

~Juvenal Satire ~Juvenal Satire 11stst Century Rome Century Rome 100 A.D.100 A.D.

Imperialism and Empire - AfricaImperialism and Empire - Africa Textbook – page Textbook – page

710710 1880 – Most of 1880 – Most of

Africa consisted Africa consisted of independent of independent statesstates

1914 – With the 1914 – With the exception of exception of Ethiopia and Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Liberia, all of Africa was Africa was controlled by controlled by EuropeansEuropeans

Europeans Claim Muslim LandsEuropeans Claim Muslim Lands Ottoman Empire loses power after Sulemain dies.Ottoman Empire loses power after Sulemain dies. Geopolitics – an interest in or taking of land for its Geopolitics – an interest in or taking of land for its

strategic location and products, played an strategic location and products, played an important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire.important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire.

Russia wanted control of the declining Ottoman Russia wanted control of the declining Ottoman Empire (specifically control of the Mediterranean Empire (specifically control of the Mediterranean Sea).Sea).

Crimean War (Russia v. Ottomans).Crimean War (Russia v. Ottomans). Britain and France did not want Russia controlling Britain and France did not want Russia controlling

Ottoman lands so they helped and defeated Ottoman lands so they helped and defeated Russia.Russia.

The War exposed Ottoman weaknesses. (lost a The War exposed Ottoman weaknesses. (lost a considerable amount of land). considerable amount of land).

Egypt Initiates ReformsEgypt Initiates Reforms Egypt’s strategic location at the head of the Red Egypt’s strategic location at the head of the Red

Sea made it valuable to Britain and France.Sea made it valuable to Britain and France. Leader Muhammad Ali began a series of Leader Muhammad Ali began a series of

economic and military reforms.economic and military reforms. Suez Canal construction – human-made Suez Canal construction – human-made

waterway that cut through the the Isthmus of waterway that cut through the the Isthmus of Suez connecting the Red Sea to the Suez connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

This project proved to be enormously expensive This project proved to be enormously expensive and created huge amounts of debt for Egypt.and created huge amounts of debt for Egypt.

As a result: British occupied Egypt.As a result: British occupied Egypt.

Suez Canal - 1875Suez Canal - 1875(page 708)(page 708)

Europeans needed a faster way to Europeans needed a faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the get from the Mediterranean to the Indian OceanIndian Ocean

The French and the Egyptians, with The French and the Egyptians, with funding from France, began a canal funding from France, began a canal to connect the two water bodies.to connect the two water bodies.

Because Egypt could not pay their Because Egypt could not pay their canal debts, they sold their shares canal debts, they sold their shares to Great Britainto Great Britain

1882 – Egyptian nationalists rebel 1882 – Egyptian nationalists rebel against foreign influence. British against foreign influence. British make Egypt a protectorate and take make Egypt a protectorate and take over control of the canal.over control of the canal.

Persia Pressured to ChangePersia Pressured to Change

Russia and Britain competed to Russia and Britain competed to exploit Persia commercially.exploit Persia commercially.

Persia lacked the capital to develop Persia lacked the capital to develop its own resources, so it began its own resources, so it began granting concessions to Western granting concessions to Western businesses. (tobacco and oil)businesses. (tobacco and oil)

Forces Enabling African and Forces Enabling African and Indian ImperialismIndian Imperialism

European technological superiorityEuropean technological superiority• SteamboatsSteamboats• Automatic machine gunAutomatic machine gun• LocomotiveLocomotive• TelegraphTelegraph

Europeans had the means to control their Europeans had the means to control their empiresempires• Easy travelEasy travel• Wide spread communicationWide spread communication

African and Indian disunityAfrican and Indian disunity• Huge variety of culturesHuge variety of cultures• Fighting among culturesFighting among cultures• Huge business interests and support fromHuge business interests and support from

companiescompanies

What is direct control?What is direct control?

1.1. Foreign leaders come Foreign leaders come in to govern.in to govern.

2.2. Foreign leaders come Foreign leaders come in to help lead.in to help lead.

3.3. Local leaders take Local leaders take charge of foreign charge of foreign country’s policy.country’s policy.

4.4. Local leaders govern.Local leaders govern.

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What is indirect controlWhat is indirect control

1.1. Foreign leaders Foreign leaders govern.govern.

2.2. Foreign leaders come Foreign leaders come in to help lead.in to help lead.

3.3. Local leaders take Local leaders take control of outside control of outside country’s foreign country’s foreign policy.policy.

4.4. Local leaders govern Local leaders govern how they want.how they want.

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Geopolitics is __________Geopolitics is __________

1.1. an interest in or taking an interest in or taking of land for its strategic of land for its strategic location and products.location and products.

2.2. an interest in or taking an interest in or taking land for political land for political reasons.reasons.

3.3. an interest in or taking an interest in or taking of land for of land for geographical reasons.geographical reasons.

4.4. an interest in or taking an interest in or taking land for economic land for economic reasons.reasons.

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The Crimean War was betweenThe Crimean War was between

1.1. Russia v. BritainRussia v. Britain

2.2. Russia v. Britain & Russia v. Britain & FranceFrance

3.3. Russia v. FranceRussia v. France

4.4. Russia v. Russia v. Ottoman, Britain, Ottoman, Britain, & France.& France.

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What project created large amounts What project created large amounts of debt for Egypt?of debt for Egypt?

1.1. Panama Canal Panama Canal construction.construction.

2.2. Suez Canal Suez Canal construction.construction.

3.3. Root canal Root canal construction.construction.

4.4. Croydon Canal Croydon Canal construction.construction.

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Foreign businesses wanted to exploit Persia Foreign businesses wanted to exploit Persia for two major resources which included for two major resources which included

_____ & _______._____ & _______.

1.1. tobacco & tobacco & cottoncotton

2.2. cotton & oilcotton & oil

3.3. wheat & wheat & tobaccotobacco

4.4. tobacco & oiltobacco & oil

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British in IndiaBritish in India British East India company controlled British East India company controlled

much of India using sepoys.much of India using sepoys. Sepoys – Native Hindu or Muslim Sepoys – Native Hindu or Muslim

mercenary private policemercenary private police Crops: opium poppies for sale in China Crops: opium poppies for sale in China

and cotton and tea for sale in the rest of and cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empirethe British empire

Cotton textile making outlawed in IndiaCotton textile making outlawed in India India was so profitable, it was called the India was so profitable, it was called the

“Jewel in the Crown.”“Jewel in the Crown.”

Negative Impacts of Colonialism in Negative Impacts of Colonialism in IndiaIndia

British held most of the political British held most of the political power.power.

British emphasis on cash crops & British emphasis on cash crops & restriction of Indian-owned industries restriction of Indian-owned industries led to famines.led to famines.

Presence of missionaries and their Presence of missionaries and their racist attitudes threatened traditional racist attitudes threatened traditional Indian life. Indian life.

Positive ImpactsPositive Impacts

Construction of the world’s 3Construction of the world’s 3rdrd largest largest railway network throughout India.railway network throughout India.

Telegraph and telephone lines were Telegraph and telephone lines were also developed.also developed.

Damns, bridges, canals enabled India Damns, bridges, canals enabled India to modernize.to modernize.

Some estimates – literacy increased. Some estimates – literacy increased.

Sepoy MutinySepoy Mutiny

Growing resentment that Europeans Growing resentment that Europeans were attempting to convert Indians were attempting to convert Indians to Christianity.to Christianity.

As economic problems increased > As economic problems increased > so did resentment.so did resentment.

Rumors their rifles were greased with Rumors their rifles were greased with beef & pork. Muslims and Hindus beef & pork. Muslims and Hindus were outraged. were outraged.

Imperialism and Empire - IndiaImperialism and Empire - IndiaPage - 713Page - 713

The Sepoy Rebellion allowed The Sepoy Rebellion allowed British soldiers to invade and British soldiers to invade and control all of India control all of India

The British established control The British established control of India and its neighbors by of India and its neighbors by 1914.1914.

The British controlled The British controlled Australia, New Zealand and Australia, New Zealand and much of the far east. The much of the far east. The worlds’ biggest empire!worlds’ biggest empire!

Imperialism in China – page 714Imperialism in China – page 714 Because of repeated Because of repeated

attempts at invasion, attempts at invasion, China distrusted China distrusted foreigners and tried to foreigners and tried to remain isolationist.remain isolationist.

They were They were unsuccessful.unsuccessful.

Britain gained spheres Britain gained spheres of influence in China of influence in China through smuggling through smuggling opium. Resulted in opium. Resulted in Opium War (page 614) Opium War (page 614) and Boxer Uprising. and Boxer Uprising. (page 714)(page 714)

Imperialism in AmericaImperialism in AmericaPages – 717-718Pages – 717-718

Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny – to expand Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny – to expand from “sea to shining sea.” Indian wars, the Mexican War from “sea to shining sea.” Indian wars, the Mexican War and the Civil War have been called examples of such and the Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism. Americans moved out into the Pacific imperialism. Americans moved out into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth century (1800s). Took control of Ocean in the nineteenth century (1800s). Took control of Hawaii.Hawaii.

Japan – in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opened up Japan – in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opened up trade with Japan by threatening military action.trade with Japan by threatening military action.

Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan itself was an imperialist power, taking control of the itself was an imperialist power, taking control of the Pacific. This led to American involvement in WWII.Pacific. This led to American involvement in WWII.

Fought a war with Spain in 1898. Acquired the Fought a war with Spain in 1898. Acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War)War)

The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade.

NationalismNationalism

Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they

colonized.

Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world.

Missionary SpiritMissionary Spirit

Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies.

Economic CompetitionEconomic Competition

CausesCauses

The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

ColonizationColonization

Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia.

ChristianizationChristianization

Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies.

Colonial EconomicsColonial Economics

Effects

Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they

colonized.