Imperialism, Alliances, and Imperialism, Alliances, and the Road to Warthe Road to War

1850-19001850-1900

Europe exercised influence over rest of Europe exercised influence over rest of world: emigrants streamed out world: emigrants streamed out almost all of Africa divided b/t European almost all of Africa divided b/t European

nations, dominance formed a world economynations, dominance formed a world economy Fostered hostility and competition in Europe Fostered hostility and competition in Europe

and a terrible war that undermined it’s and a terrible war that undermined it’s strengthstrength

peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the peace settlement disillusioned idealists in the West, treated Germany harshlyWest, treated Germany harshly

frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed frenzy for imperial expansion destroyed Europe’s peace, prosperity and dominanceEurope’s peace, prosperity and dominance

Expansion of European Expansion of European Power and New Power and New

ImperialismImperialism Explosive developments in science, industry Explosive developments in science, industry

agriculture and military powered Europeagriculture and military powered Europe allowed a few Europeans to impose will on othersallowed a few Europeans to impose will on others

ScienceScience Improved medicine- Anesthesia and Improved medicine- Anesthesia and

antiseptics, Quinine to control malariaantiseptics, Quinine to control malaria Improved sanitation = healthier populationImproved sanitation = healthier population Europeans had another weapon: Europeans had another weapon:

they thought their way of life was better to everyone they thought their way of life was better to everyone else’s else’s

1919thth Century Military Century Military advantagesadvantages

Europeans had another weapon: Europeans had another weapon: they thought their way of life was better to everyone they thought their way of life was better to everyone

else’selse’s

Europe Non-European Areas

Firepower-Minié ball (bullet)Breech-loading rifleMachine gun – 1883 Maxim gun

Africa- Spears and Cowhide ShieldsIndia and China- Muskets and CannonsJapan- Swords, Muskets and Cannons

Ironclad ships China- Wooden “junks”

Mass production Hand made production

The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867Colonial expansion seen as bad until 1867

contradicted capitalismcontradicted capitalism After 1867After 1867

European states spread control over 1/5 world land area:European states spread control over 1/5 world land area: Invested capital in less industrialized countriesInvested capital in less industrialized countries

transform local economy and culture and would loan transform local economy and culture and would loan money or intimidate local rulers money or intimidate local rulers

Failing that dominant power would establish more direct Failing that dominant power would establish more direct political controlpolitical control full annexationfull annexation

ColonyColony ProtectorateProtectorate ””spheres of influence”spheres of influence”

Motives for the New Imperialism: The Motives for the New Imperialism: The Economic InterpretationEconomic Interpretation

Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly Lenin: “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism”stage of capitalism” European powers didn’t make full European powers didn’t make full

monopolymonopoly not many colonies formednot many colonies formed

Cultural, Religious, and Cultural, Religious, and Social InterpretationsSocial Interpretations

Justifications for imperialismJustifications for imperialism duty to bring civilization to backward duty to bring civilization to backward

peoplespeoples tool of social policy tool of social policy

BritainBritain Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as Joseph Chamberlain argued for empire as

source of profit to finance welfare source of profit to finance welfare some argued colonies would attract a some argued colonies would attract a

country’s excess populationcountry’s excess population most went to America)most went to America)

Imperialism and European Imperialism and European SocietySociety

Policies in colonial possessions were often Policies in colonial possessions were often used as test beds for social policy at home; used as test beds for social policy at home; hospitals, schools, law enforcement, and hospitals, schools, law enforcement, and infrastructure was often tested in colonies.infrastructure was often tested in colonies.

Imperialistic ventures were used as Imperialistic ventures were used as nationalistic propaganda at home and was nationalistic propaganda at home and was a way of forming national unity in the face a way of forming national unity in the face of class tensions.of class tensions.

Liberals often opposed imperial ventures Liberals often opposed imperial ventures where conservatives favored them. where conservatives favored them.

The British EmpireThe British Empire IndiaIndia

By the mid 1850’s, most of the local Indian states By the mid 1850’s, most of the local Indian states were controlled by the East India Company.were controlled by the East India Company.

In 1857, Indian troops rebelled against British rule In 1857, Indian troops rebelled against British rule in the Great Mutiny (aka the Sepoy Rebellion).in the Great Mutiny (aka the Sepoy Rebellion).

Began as a result of BEIC abuses, cultural frictions, and Began as a result of BEIC abuses, cultural frictions, and rumors of pig and cow fat used in powder charges (insult rumors of pig and cow fat used in powder charges (insult to Hindus and Muslims)to Hindus and Muslims)

As a result, the British government took direct rule As a result, the British government took direct rule of India in 1858 (British Raj)of India in 1858 (British Raj)

Independence movement had to find balance of positive and Independence movement had to find balance of positive and negative aspects of British rule – Indian National Congressnegative aspects of British rule – Indian National Congress

Execution of Sepoys:Execution of Sepoys:“The Devil’s Wind”“The Devil’s Wind”

Indian National CongressIndian National Congress

(formed in 1885)(formed in 1885) Educated Indians, predominantly Educated Indians, predominantly Hindu, demanded increasing Hindu, demanded increasing equality & self-gov'tequality & self-gov't

India became independent in 1946 India became independent in 1946 (just after WWII) (just after WWII)

The British EmpireThe British Empire ChinaChina

The British established a trade system of The British established a trade system of importing opium from India to China in return for importing opium from India to China in return for tea during the 19tea during the 19thth century. century.

When the Chinese government attempted to stop When the Chinese government attempted to stop this, Britain went to war with China in 1842 (the this, Britain went to war with China in 1842 (the Opium War).Opium War).

China was quickly defeated, resuming the import China was quickly defeated, resuming the import of opium and Britain annexed Hong Kong in 1842.of opium and Britain annexed Hong Kong in 1842.

As a result of further conflict, namely the Taiping As a result of further conflict, namely the Taiping Rebellion, China gave away more of its Rebellion, China gave away more of its sovereignty. sovereignty.

Strategic and Political Strategic and Political Interpretations: the Scramble for Interpretations: the Scramble for

AfricaAfrica Great BritainGreat Britain

Only power w/extensive overseas Only power w/extensive overseas holdings on eve of the scrambleholdings on eve of the scramble

Britain purchased major interest in Suez Britain purchased major interest in Suez canal 1875canal 1875

when Egypt troubled, British established when Egypt troubled, British established control/advanced into Sudancontrol/advanced into Sudan

North AfricaNorth Africa

Who took over N. AfricaWho took over N. Africa How was the take over of North How was the take over of North

Africa unique?Africa unique? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken

over?over?

EgyptEgypt

Who took over EgyptWho took over Egypt How was the take over of Egypt How was the take over of Egypt

unique?unique? What issues made Egypt a What issues made Egypt a

complicated territory to control?complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken

over?over?

The Belgian CongoThe Belgian Congo

Who took over the CongoWho took over the Congo How was the take over of the Congo How was the take over of the Congo

unique?unique? What issues made the Congo a What issues made the Congo a

complicated territory to control?complicated territory to control? What specific territories were taken What specific territories were taken

over?over?

France and Smaller France and Smaller NationsNations

18301830 sent expedition to attack pirates in sent expedition to attack pirates in

AlgiersAlgiers extended their controlextended their control took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West took over Algeria, Tunisia, annexed West

Africa, Congo and MadagascarAfrica, Congo and Madagascar smaller states acquired new African smaller states acquired new African

coloniescolonies compelled Britain to expandcompelled Britain to expand political status equated with # of coloniespolitical status equated with # of colonies

GermanyGermany::

Bismarck declared protectorates overBismarck declared protectorates over SouthwestSouthwest East AfricaEast Africa TogolandTogoland Cameroons Cameroons

acquired only for diplomatic positionacquired only for diplomatic position

The Irrational ElementThe Irrational Element Germany’s annexations started scrambleGermany’s annexations started scramble

areas not profitable/strategic areas not profitable/strategic In Asia, Japan emerged as great powerIn Asia, Japan emerged as great power

Frightened other powers interested in ChinaFrightened other powers interested in China Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of Russia, France and Germany forced Japan out of

Liaotung PeninsulaLiaotung Peninsula US proposed Open Door Policy 1899US proposed Open Door Policy 1899

became informal protectorate for all of Western Hemispherebecame informal protectorate for all of Western Hemisphere By turn of centuryBy turn of century

most of world came under industrialized West(except most of world came under industrialized West(except for Ottoman Empirefor Ottoman Empire

fate closely tied w/European developments)fate closely tied w/European developments)

Reactions to ImperialismReactions to Imperialism

Egypt, 1798-1882Egypt, 1798-1882

– Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt after French leave and Ottomans are ineffectiveafter French leave and Ottomans are ineffective

– Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and ArabiaExpands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez CanalSon Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal

– Modernization policy had mixed resultsModernization policy had mixed results– Egyptian power underscores Ottoman weaknessEgyptian power underscores Ottoman weakness

Carved into Carved into spheres of spheres of influence influence in late 19th century in late 19th century - - Britain, France, Germany, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan each came Russia and Japan each came to control a piece of eastern to control a piece of eastern ChinaChina

Dr. Sun Yat-senDr. Sun Yat-sen SSought to overthrow the Manchuought to overthrow the Manchu Sparked the beginning of a Sparked the beginning of a

Chinese nationalist movementChinese nationalist movement Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy, ,

sponsored by the U.S. in 1899, sponsored by the U.S. in 1899, sought to open commerce to sought to open commerce to imperial latecomersimperial latecomers

Urged the Europeans to allow free Urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China while trade within China while respecting its territorial integrity.respecting its territorial integrity.

China 1800-1914

China, 1800-1914 China, 1800-1914

The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900 Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive

Europeans out of ChinaEuropeans out of China Western victory results in more concessions Western victory results in more concessions

from China to the Westfrom China to the West Promoters of modernization in China opposed Promoters of modernization in China opposed

by Empress Cixi who served as regent to by Empress Cixi who served as regent to emperoremperor• Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu

dynasty in 1911dynasty in 1911

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

Anti-colonial revoltsAnti-colonial revolts

• Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at discriminationresentment at discrimination

• Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent pastindependent past

• Later movements sought freedom within setting of Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern institutionsmodern institutions– Young TurksYoung Turks– African National Congress (South Africa) African National Congress (South Africa)

Imperialism Cultural EffectsImperialism Cultural Effects

Artifacts and ideas from non-Artifacts and ideas from non-European sources influenced artists European sources influenced artists like Gauguin and Picasso - like Gauguin and Picasso - PrimitivismPrimitivism

Authors like Kipling and Conrad Authors like Kipling and Conrad wrote from their own experiences wrote from their own experiences both the pro and con views of both the pro and con views of ImperialismImperialism Kipling- White Man’s BurdenKipling- White Man’s Burden Conrad – Heart of DarknessConrad – Heart of Darkness

Emergence of the German Empire Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873-and the Alliance Systems (1873-

1890)1890)

German Empire revolutionized German Empire revolutionized diplomacydiplomacy

Britain/Russia retained standingsBritain/Russia retained standings Austria severely weakenedAustria severely weakened

nationalism threatened disintegrationnationalism threatened disintegration France damaged by Franco-Prussian France damaged by Franco-Prussian

WarWar afraid of new neighborafraid of new neighbor

Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-Bismarck’s Leadership (1873-1890)1890)

After 1871, Bismarck After 1871, Bismarck declared Germany satisfieddeclared Germany satisfied didn’t want territorydidn’t want territory afraid of war afraid of war cooled French resentment cooled French resentment

prevented alliance of France prevented alliance of France w/another nationw/another nation

War in the BalkansWar in the Balkans Bismarck established Bismarck established Three Emperors’ LeagueThree Emperors’ League: :

Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873)Germany/ Austria/Russia(1873) Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War Collapsed from Austro-Russian rivalry from Turkish War

in 1875in 1875 Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to Ottoman weakness caused Serbia/Montenegro/others to

rebelrebel Russia joined frayRussia joined fray

Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace:Ottoman Empire forced to sue for peace: Treaty of San StefanoTreaty of San Stefano:(1878) :(1878) Russian victory Russian victory got money/land,got money/land, alarmed other powers, alarmed other powers, jingoismjingoism: superpatriotism: superpatriotism

The Congress of BerlinThe Congress of Berlin Disraeli sent fleet to ConstantinopleDisraeli sent fleet to Constantinople

Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin Britain/Austria/ Russia met at Berlin under Bismarckunder Bismarck Bulgaria reduced, Bulgaria reduced, Austria-Hungary given Austria-Hungary given

Bosnia/HerzegovinaBosnia/Herzegovina some territories divided up some territories divided up

Balkan states annoyed by settlementBalkan states annoyed by settlement resented Austrian occupationresented Austrian occupation south Slavic question a threat to Europesouth Slavic question a threat to Europe

German Alliances with Russia German Alliances with Russia and Austriaand Austria

Bismarck made secret treaty Bismarck made secret treaty w/Austriaw/Austria

Would aid each other if attacked by Would aid each other if attacked by RussiaRussia Frightened Russia into bargaining Frightened Russia into bargaining

w/Germanyw/Germany Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans Aimed to resolve conflicts in Balkans

w/Austriaw/Austria

The Triple AllianceThe Triple Alliance

Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria Italy joined dual Alliance with Austria and Germany 1882and Germany 1882

Bismarck negotiated the Bismarck negotiated the Reinsurance Reinsurance TreatyTreaty Russia would stay neutral if attackedRussia would stay neutral if attacked William II gained German throne in 1888William II gained German throne in 1888

ImpetuousImpetuous disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an disagreed strongly w/Bismarck, wanted an

empireempire

Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907)1907)

Franco-Russian AllianceFranco-Russian Alliance after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890after Bismarck’s retirement in 1890 system of alliances collapsedsystem of alliances collapsed succeeded by General Leo von succeeded by General Leo von

CapriviCaprivi alienated Russiaalienated Russia drove Russians toward Francedrove Russians toward France alliance against Germany signed 1894alliance against Germany signed 1894

Britain and GermanyBritain and Germany Germany became enemy in British eyesGermany became enemy in British eyes

overtook British production overtook British production William II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mindWilliam II tried to ally w/Britain, but changed his mind

Barred British attempts to build railroad from Barred British attempts to build railroad from Capetown to CairoCapetown to Cairo

other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that other blocking in Africa: wanted to show Britain that Germany could make trouble for themGermany could make trouble for them

Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Germany got a navy in 1898 under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz,Tirpitz, doomed to failure, doomed to failure, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain, wasted German resources/began naval race w/Britain,

they abandoned friendshipthey abandoned friendship At first, Britain wasn’t concernedAt first, Britain wasn’t concerned

embarrassed from Boer war embarrassed from Boer war tried to make Alliancetried to make Alliance Germans refused, held out for greater concessionsGermans refused, held out for greater concessions

The Entente CordialeThe Entente Cordiale

British ended “splendid isolation”British ended “splendid isolation” Allied w/Japan to defend against Allied w/Japan to defend against

Russia,Russia, settled differences w/France settled differences w/France after Russo-Japanese War of 1905after Russo-Japanese War of 1905

British apprehension toward Russia British apprehension toward Russia was loweredwas lowered

The First Moroccan CrisisThe First Moroccan Crisis 1905, William II tried instigating 1905, William II tried instigating

independence in Moroccoindependence in Morocco challenge to France challenge to France Germans demanded international Germans demanded international

conference to show powerconference to show power met in 1906 in Spainmet in 1906 in Spain

Austria sided w/GermansAustria sided w/Germans Spain sided w/Britain/ France:Spain sided w/Britain/ France: Germany overplayed their hand, pushed Germany overplayed their hand, pushed

France/Britain togetherFrance/Britain together

British Agreement with RussiaBritish Agreement with Russia With French supportWith French support

British made agreement with Russia British made agreement with Russia like Entente Cordialelike Entente Cordiale

settled quarrels in Asiasettled quarrels in Asia Triple Entente formed vs. Triple Triple Entente formed vs. Triple

AllianceAlliance Germany felt encircledGermany felt encircled

let up on Austria in Dual Alliancelet up on Austria in Dual Alliance Bismarck’s alliances shatteredBismarck’s alliances shattered

The Road to War (1908-The Road to War (1908-1914)1914)

Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Ottoman empire controlled strip of Balkan Peninsula,Peninsula, mostly nationalist Slavs,mostly nationalist Slavs, wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia wanted Serbia to unite Slavic provinces(Bosnia

especially); especially); Young Turks brought revolution in Young Turks brought revolution in

Ottoman Empire 1908Ottoman Empire 1908 threatened to revive it and stop European threatened to revive it and stop European

powers from pouncing on its corpsepowers from pouncing on its corpse

The Bosnian CrisisThe Bosnian Crisis 1908,1908,

Austria/Russia made deal: Austria/Russia made deal: Russia would support annexation of Russia would support annexation of

Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria Bosnia/Herzogovina if Austria supported opening of Dardanelles to supported opening of Dardanelles to Russian warshipsRussian warships Austria annexed 1Austria annexed 1stst

Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Russians were refused Dardanelle demand by Britain/France; Britain/France;

Serbs frustrated by annexation, Serbs frustrated by annexation, Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s Triple Entente strained by Britain/France’s

refusalrefusal

The Second Moroccan The Second Moroccan CrisisCrisis

Germany sent gunboat Germany sent gunboat PantherPanther to to MoroccoMorocco angered Britainangered Britain turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto turned Entente Cordiale into a de facto

alliancealliance

War in the BalkansWar in the Balkans Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire,Italy wanted Libya, attacked Ottoman empire,

forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan forced Turkey to cede Libya;/islands, encouraged Balkan states to attackstates to attack

– – in 1912, many states attacked empire/won easilyin 1912, many states attacked empire/won easily dispute over division of territory,dispute over division of territory,

22ndnd Balkan War in 1913 Balkan War in 1913 Austria determined to suppress SlavsAustria determined to suppress Slavs Serbs retreatSerbs retreat Austrians got better results from brute force than Austrians got better results from brute force than

diplomacydiplomacy