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IMPACT STUDY OF PALM OIL MILLS, OIL PALM PLANTATIONS AND … · Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah

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Page 1: IMPACT STUDY OF PALM OIL MILLS, OIL PALM PLANTATIONS AND … · Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Page 2: IMPACT STUDY OF PALM OIL MILLS, OIL PALM PLANTATIONS AND … · Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah

IMPACT STUDY OF PALM OIL MILLS, OIL PALM PLANTATIONS AND OTHER

POLLUTANTS ON THE QUALITY OF SELECTED RIVERS IN SABAH

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME I : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Project No. : Envsolve/4/01/145/FR/11 Issue Date : August 2011

Prepared By

1st Floor, No. 3, Lorong Kilang F, Kolombong,

88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Tel: 088-388 791 Fax: 088-388 792

Email: [email protected]

www.envsolve.com

L V E E N V S

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FINAL REPORT VOL I

Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah

Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENT i

LIST OF TABLES iii

SENARAI JADUAL iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv

SENARAI SINGKATAN NAMA v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... ES-1

1 STUDY BACKGROUND ............................................................................ ES-1

2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................ ES-2

3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA ........................................................ ES-4

4 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS ................................................... ES-8

5 KEY FINDINGS .............................................................................................. ES-9

5.1 RIVER POLLUTION ....................................................................... ES-9

5.2 HABITAT DEGRADATION ........................................................... ES-10

5.3 IMPACTS ON LOCAL COMMUNITY .......................................... ES-10

5.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS ..................... ES-10

5.5 KEY FINDINGS FROM OIL PALM PLANTATIONS ..................... ES-11

5.6 KEY FINDINGS FROM PALM OIL MILLS ................................... ES-13

5.7 KEY FINDINGS FROM RIVERINE HUMAN SETTLEMENT ...... ES-14

5.8 KEY FINDINGS FROM SAND MINING ....................................... ES-16

5.9 KEY FINDINGS FROM IRBM ...................................................... ES-17

6 STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS ...................................................... ES-18

7 NEXT STEPS ................................................................................................ ES-31

8 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... ES-32

RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF ..................................................... RE-1

1 LATARBELAKANG KAJIAN ..................................................................... RE-1

2 PENDEKATAN DAN METODOLOGI ........................................................ RE-2

3 DATA PRIMER DAN SEKUNDER ............................................................. RE-4

4 PENGURUSAN DATA DAN ANALISIS ..................................................... RE-9

5 PENEMUAN UTAMA ............................................................................... RE-10

5.1 PENCEMARAN SUNGAI ............................................................. RE-10

5.2 KEMEROSOTAN HABITAT ......................................................... RE-11

5.3 KESAN TERHADAP MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT ...................... RE-11

5.4 RISIKO DAN KESAN SOSIO-EKONOMI .................................... RE-12

5.5 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLADANGAN KELAPA SAWIT . RE-12

5.6 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI KILANG KELAPA SAWIT (KKS) .... RE-14

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5.7 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PETEMPATAN MASYARAKAT PINGGIR SUNGAI ................................................................................................. RE-16

5.8 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLOMBONGAN PASIR ............. RE-18

5.9 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PENGURUSAN LEMBANGAN SUNGAI BERSEPADU ......................................................................................... RE-20

6 STRATEGI DAN PELAN TINDAKAN ...................................................... RE-21

7 LANGKAH SETERUSNYA ...................................................................... RE-36

8 KESIMPULAN .......................................................................................... RE-37

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LIST OF TABLES

Table ES.1: Summary of Goals for Strategy and Action Plan ................................ ES-19

Table ES.2: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 1 ............................ ES-21

Table ES.3: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 2 ............................ ES-24

Table ES.4: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 3 ............................ ES-26

Table ES.5: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 4 ............................ ES-28

Table ES.6: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 5 ............................ ES-30

SENARAI JADUAL

Jadual RE.1: Ringkasan Matlamat untuk Strategi dan Pelan Tindakan ................ RE-22

Jadual RE.2: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 1 ................ RE-24

Jadual RE.3: Tindakan Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 2 . RE-27

Jadual RE.4: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 3 ................. RE-30

Jadual RE.5: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 4 ................. RE-32

Jadual RE.6: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan Matlamat No. 5 ........................... RE-34

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADP Agricultural Development Plan

AN Ammoniacal Nitrogen BMP Best Management Practices BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

C Clean COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage DO Dissolved Oxygen

DOA Department of Agriculture DOE Department of Environment

DOSH Department of Occupational Safety and Health EIAs Environmental Impact Assessments EPD Environment Protection Department EPDSS Environment Protection Decision Support System EQA Environmental Quality Act ESCP Erosion and Sediment Control Plan GIS Geographic Information System HCV High Conservation Value ICT Information and Communication Technologies IPM Integrated Pest Management IRBM Integrated River Basin Management LSD Lands and Surveys Department

MPN Most Probable Number MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board MTCE Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit NWQS National Water Quality Standards OPP Oil Palm Plantation P Polluted PCM Pollution Control Manager PMM Proposal Mitigation Measures POM Palm Oil Mill POME Palm Oil Mill Effluent SFD Sabah Forestry Department SEDIA Sabah Economic Development and Investment Authority

SP Slightly Polluted SS Suspended Solid SWD Sabah Wildlife Department SSWD Sabah State Water Department TOR Term of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solid TRPD Town and Regional Planning Department WAC Waste Accumulative Capacity WQI Water Quality Index WWFM World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia

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SENARAI SINGKATAN NAMA

JAS Jabatan Alam Sekitar

JANS Jabatan Air Negeri Sabah

JHL Jabatan Hidupan Liar

JKKP Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan

JKNS Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Sabah

JPAS Jabatan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar

JPS Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

JTU Jabatan Tanah dan Ukur

KePKAS Kementerian Pelancongan, Kebudayaan dan Alam Sekitar

LMSM Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia

KKS Kilang Kelapa Sawit

JPBW Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Wilayah

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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah

Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-1

EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

1 STUDY BACKGROUND

1. In the last five years there have been growing problems of pollution of rivers in

eastern Sabah impacting water supply and livelihood of local communities.

This study was commissioned to assess such issues by the Environment

Protection Department (EPD), Sabah, under the Sabah Development Corridor

Programme coordinated by Sabah Economic Development and Investment

Authority (SEDIA). The study was undertaken by Envsolve Sdn Bhd which

was appointed by the Government on 18 May 2009. The period of the study

was about 27 months. This study was to assess the water quality of selected

rivers in eastern Sabah and focused on the impacts of oil palm industries and

other pollutant sources on the river water quality of Sg. Muanad, Sg. Segaliud,

Sg. Kalumpang, Sg. Pang Burong and Sg. Segama.

2. The objectives of the Study as outlined in the Term of Reference (TOR) were:

To analyse the quality of the specific rivers which received impacts

from activities of oil palm plantations; palm oil mills as well as other

various pollutants from non-point sources; and

To formulate strategies and action plans to increase management and

control of pollution derived from oil palm plantations, palm oil mills and

other various pollutants from non-point sources.

3. Expected outputs from the Study are outlined below:

Practical guidelines and best management practices for oil palm

plantations with clear understandable instructions;

Practical guidelines and best management practices for palm oil mills

with clear understandable instructions;

Practical guidelines and best management practices for other

pollutant sources with clear understandable instructions;

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Establishment of a user-friendly, ICT and web-based monitoring

system;

A plan to clearly show the existing and functional water quality

monitoring stations;

A user friendly, up-to-date, complete database; and

Training for the related agencies and a national seminar.

2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

4. The field sampling was carried out in Sg. Muanad, Sg. Segaliud, Sg.

Kalumpang, Sg. Pang Burong and Sg. Segama from September 2009 to

January 2010 during the high flow season and March-April 2010 for the low

flow season. The programme included river water quality sampling,

hydrographic mapping and pollution source identification to provide better

understanding of the receiving river water quality. Public perception surveys

were also undertaken in all the villages in the respective basins to support the

findings.

5. A total of ninety one (91) sampling points were selected for the river water

quality sampling programme (Sg. Muanad - twelve (12); Sg. Segaliud - twenty

(20); Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong – twenty six (26); Sg. Segama –

thirty three (33). Basic parameters for the river water samples were measured

in-situ and a full set of water quality parameters were analyzed by an

accredited laboratory.

6. Hydrographic mapping was conducted to obtain a representative value of river

flow rates and river discharges required to compute the total pollution load

and for the water quality modelling. Locations for this programme were the

same as the locations of the water quality sampling points. Parameters for

this programme were divided into two categories, in-situ measurements (on

river width, river depth and flow) and desktop calculations (area, velocity and

discharge).

7. Twenty (20) mills were visited to identify the main pollution sources and

sampling of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) of each mill was conducted from

the final discharge points (X-point) .

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8. The public perception survey was conducted to gain a representative

perception from the community of the surrounding areas regarding the river

water quality and impact of oil palm industries on the community, themselves.

Interviews were carried out either individually or in groups in the selected

villages.

9. Riverine habitats were assessed by a combination of satellite images, land

use maps and field surveys. Information on status and values of existing

conservation areas were obtained from Forest Department, Wildlife

Department, Sabah Biodiversity Centre and various NGOs. Information on

importance and status of fish were obtained through interviews with fishermen

and sampling activities. Fish samples were collected for heavy metal

analysis.

10. Water quality models for the rivers were developed using QUAL2K software

utilizing information on river hydrology, point and non-point sources of

pollution as well as the water quality data analysed. Various water quality

improvement scenarios were modeled to determine the best improvement

scenarios which are necessary in the formulation of strategies and action

plans.

11. Strategies and action plans were formulated based on the results gained

throughout the study. Comments and feedback from various discussions,

meetings, interviews and stakeholders consultation workshops carried out

were analysed and included in the strategies and action plans where

appropriate. The budget for implementing the strategies and actions plans

over a 10-year period were developed in collaboration with the respective

government agencies.

12. A Cost-benefit analysis was carried out to assess viability of the strategies and

action plans as well as fine-tuning the budget for implementation.

13. An Environment Protection Decision Support System (EPDSS) was

developed on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform integrating

spatial and non-spatial databases obtained from various government/non-

government agencies such as the Environment Protection Department (EPD),

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Department of irrigation and drainage (DID), Sabah Forestry Department

(SFD), Department of Agriculture (DOA), Town and Regional Planning

Department (TRPD) and World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia (WWFM).

The EPDSS integrates GIS with QUAL2K using a loose coupling method.

The specific objective of EPDSS is to help decision makers in accessing

key information about the features and current pollution levels in the

basins and to assess the impact of various scenarios for pollution

reduction. The system provides a direct integration of the water quality

model into the ArcGIS platform and an accessible database integrates all

related raw data, modeling data, relevant maps and documentation.

3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA

14. Land Use and Human Activities – Sg. Muanad - 11 OPP, 2 POM, FR (Class

II and V), 5 human settlements and 1 water treatment plant; Sg. Segaliud – 13

OPP, 5 POM, FR (Class II and V), 2 human settlements and 1 water

treatment plants; Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong - 13 OPP, 5 POM, FR

(Class I, IV and V), 6 human settlements, quarry, 2 water intake

points/treatment plants; Sg. Segama - 17 OPP, 8 POM, FR (Class I, II and IV),

7 human settlements, commercial agriculture, sand mining, quarry, 1 water

intake point/treatment plant, livestock and tourism.

Based on the analysis of the revised 2011 land use maps (based on 2007

imagery) obtained from DOA, oil palm plantations have expanded to cover

a high proportion of the four river basins i.e. Sg. Muanad – 19,994 ha

(84.66%), Sg. Segaliud – 42,340 ha (70.53%), Sg. Kalumpang and Sg.

Pang Burong – 54,719 ha (48.64%), Sg. Segama - 118,920 ha (24.72%).

The study has identified a total of 20 mills in the basins which constitute

16.4% of the total palm oil mills in Sabah. Most of the POMs are located

at middle reaches of the rivers with a capacity of 45 metric ton/hr. About

25% of the mills are licensed to operate on low capacity, 65% operate on

medium capacity and only 10% of the mills operate on high capacity.

With reference to the data obtained from the Sabah Forest Department

(SFD), one of the major land uses within the study area is the forest

reserves. Two. basins in the study area i.e. Segama and Kalumpang

show of the highest proportion of forest cover at 352,000 ha (73 %) and

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58,300 ha (42%) respectively, while Segaliud and Muanad basins covered

approximately 15,600 ha (26%) and 1,850 ha (7.8%) of forest reserves.

Sand mining activities were identified only in Sg. Segama where they had

a major negative impact on the condition of the river. The study identified

fifteen (15) operators carrying out sand mining operations along the

middle stretch of the river.

Sg. Segama is the largest basin constituting 70 sub-catchments with a

total area of 474,270 ha. Sg. Kalumpang with its main tributary, Sg. Pang

Burong, totals up to 11 sub-catchments with a total of 113,824 ha while

the smallest basins are Sg. Muanad and Sg. Segaliud with 11 sub-

catchments (23,606 ha) and 32 sub-catchments (60,503 ha), respectively.

15. Department of Environment (DOE) Water Monitoring Stations – Sg.

Muanad, Sg. Segaliud and Sg. Pang Burong have two (2) DOE monitoring

stations each while Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Segama each have three (3)

stations. Sg. Pang Burong was noted to be the most polluted river with a

Class III and IV under the DOE classification.

16. River Water Quality (Sg. Muanad) - Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI)

analysis carried out, the water quality of the river is generally within Class III

of the NWQS with the status of Slightly Polluted (SP). DO levels were

between 1.55 to 7.49 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons and BOD

levels vary from 2 to 58 mg/l while COD at 15 to 80 mg/l. The SS levels are

rather seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water quality within

Class II while the values reach the worst water quality status of Class V during

high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to these SS levels at 6 to 656

NTU. Oil and grease levels are at an acceptable level of not detected to 7

mg/l. The presence of Faecal coliform varies from a level of not detected to

the worst water quality, Class V at more than 24,000 MPN/100ml.

17. River Water Quality (Sg. Segaliud) - Based on the Water Quality Index

(WQI) analysis carried out, the water quality of the river is generally within

Class III of the NWQS with the status of Slightly Polluted (SP). DO levels

were between 0.24 to 8.31 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons. BOD

levels varies from 2 to 40 mg/l while COD at 8 to 105mg/l. The SS levels are

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rather seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water quality are

within Class II while the values reach the worst water quality status of Class V

during high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to the SS levels at 5 to

891 NTU. Oil and grease levels are at an acceptable level of not detected to

11 mg/l. The presence of Faecal coliform varies in value from a level of not

detected to Class III at 1,100 MPN/100ml.

18. River Water Quality (Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong) - Based on

the Water Quality Index (WQI) analysis carried out , the water quality of the

river is generally within Class II of the NWQS with the status of Clean (C) to

Slightly Polluted (SP). As for Sg. Pang Burong, the water quality is generally

within Class IV-V of the NWQS with the status of Polluted (P). DO levels were

between 0.06 to 9.00 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons and BOD

levels varies from 1to 479 mg/l with COD at 4 to 656 mg/l. The SS are rather

seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water quality are within

Class III while the values reaches the worst water quality status of Class IV

during high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to these SS levels at 3 to

260 NTU. Oil and grease levels are at an acceptable level of not detected to

4 mg/l. The levels of Faecal coliform vary in value from a level of not detected

to severe pollution of Class V at 16,000 MPN/100ml.

19. River Water Quality (Sg. Segama) - Based on the Water Quality Index

(WQI) analysis carried out, the water quality of the basin is generally within

Class I and Class II of the NWQS in the upper stream and class III in the

middle stream with the status from Clean (C) to Slightly Polluted (SP). DO

levels were between 0.39 to 9.61 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons

while BOD levels varies from 1 to 35 mg/l and COD at 5 to 96 mg/l. The SS

levels are also rather seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water

quality are within Class IV while the values reaches the worst water quality

status of Class V during high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to

these SS levels at 1.28 to 726 NTU. The levels of Faecal coliform vary in

value from a level of not detected to the worse water quality level of Class V at

5,400 MPN/100ml.

20. A Public Perception Survey was undertaken to gather more information

related to the study of the rivers. A total of 824 respondents from 22

settlements were interviewed for this purpose. According to the survey, most

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of the respondents identified the rivers as polluted. Nevertheless, the local

people still depend on the river for fisheries activities, as water resource,

transportation and domestic usage. It is also learned that nearly half of the

respondents (45%) were aware of the need for riparian reserves and the

majority of respondents opposing to any plantation activities along the river

bank.

The survey also looked into other sources of pollution besides those from

the palm oil industry. The other high contributor of river pollution is the

sand mining in Sg. Segama. Three major impacts on the rivers were

observed namely; reduced river water quality, limited usage and soil

erosion. Respondents claimed that the main impacts of pollution to rivers

include dead aquatic life, bad odor, sedimentation, chemical

contamination and siltation. Palm Oil Mills were identified as major

sources of pollution and reportedly regularly discharged their effluents into

the river.

21. Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment. A study on heavy metal levels in fish

and other aquatic life was undertaken in Sg. Segaliud, Sg. Muanad, Sg.

Kalumpang, Sg. Pang Burong and Sg. Segama between June and August

2010. The findings reveal that iron (Fe) concentrations in fish samples taken

from selected points along the studied rivers were slightly elevated. Other

parameters such as zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) were also noted to

be higher at some points along the rivers. However, the levels in fish flesh

were all below the food safety levels. Elevated iron levels are believed to be

associated with soil erosion and high SS levels in the river as laterite soils

have naturally high levels of iron. Sampled sediments and groundwater also

had high iron levels.

22. Forest conversion to other uses has had a negative impact to the natural

biodiversity of the river basins. A large portion of original forest and wildlife

habitat has been cleared over the past 30 years but some of the valuable and

protected wildlife still remains within forest reserves especially in Segama and

Kalumpang basins.

23. Water pollution creates adverse impact to the aquatic life of the rivers.

Eutrophication of the rivers, for example, was evident at Sg. Segaliud, from its

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bright green water, caused by a dense bloom of algae. Large numbers of

dead fish were observed that believed to have been affected by reduced

oxygen levels as a result of pollution by POME.

4 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS

24. This study used water quality modelling namely QUAL2K to simulate and

calibrate the water quality of the rivers under study. For all these rivers, the

point and non-point sources have been determined. In this case, the point

sources are the POMs and the non-point sources are from the OPPs and

other activities which do not have a specific point of discharge.

This QUAL2K model was set to simulate the selected four (4) parameters

i.e. Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) and eight (8)

improvement management scenarios. Based on the simulation, scenario

81 is considered the best improvement scenario for all parameters.

25. Results from the QUAL2K models were further analyzed to determine the

carrying capacity of the rivers under the study area. Analysis of the carrying

capacity indicated that the Waste Accumulative Capacity (WAC) at the

midstream reaches of the rivers has far exceeded the carrying capacity even

though after incorporating the Scenario 8, particularly for Sg. Segaliud, Sg.

Pang Burong and Sg. Segama. This showed that any erection of new mills

upstream of most rivers is not a favourable option. In the case of Sg.

Muanad and Sg. Kalumpang, construction of a new mill if inevitable should be

sited downstream where the carrying capacity is below the BOD loading.

1Scenario 8 – BOD=20mg/l, SS=50mg/l, AN=30ug/l and land irrigated with assumption overflow of

20%. NPS loading from OPP reduced by 50%.

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5 KEY FINDINGS

5.1 RIVER POLLUTION

26. The four target river basins are significantly polluted – primarily by the palm oil

sector with minor contributions from settlement and sand mining activities.

Some stretches of the rivers are classified as Class IV or Class V (with Class

V being the most polluted). The main pollutants are:

a) BOD and COD which leads to reduced oxygen levels in the river may affect

the aquatic life as well as drinking water quality;

b) Total suspended solids or silt as a result of soil erosion from land clearing as

well as river bank erosion. This leads to silting of the river bed enhancing the

risk of flooding; direct negative impacts on fish and other aquatic life;

increased costs for water treatment;

c) Heavy metals – certain heavy metals including iron and manganese were

found in elevated levels in river water and sediments and to some extent in

fish. The source of heavy metals is likely to be linked to soil erosion (iron

naturally occurs in laterite soils) or possibly mill discharge. This can affect

aquatic life and drinking water quality.

d) Pesticides – four banned and one legal pesticides were detected at low levels

in river water samples in four rivers – indicating a need for further investigation

to determine and address the source.

The main four sources of pollutants were:

i. Palm Oil Mills – many of which are responsible for large scale direct

discharge of partly treated palm oil waste into the river systems.

ii. Oil Palm Plantations – through poor land management practices and

lack of maintenance of riverine buffer strips and reserves as well as

over-use of pesticides and fertilisers.

iii. Sand mining operations – which led to enhanced turbidity of rivers

impacting aquatic life and drinking water supply for local communities.

iv. Human settlements with poor solid and domestic waste management

facilities are a minor contributor to pollution loadings in the river system.

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5.2 HABITAT DEGRADATION

27. Riverine and forest habitat in the respective basins have been severely

degraded through previous logging and other resource extraction with

significant areas of forest of conservation importance being cleared in the past

10 - 15 years, primarily for the establishment of oil palm plantations. In many

basins remnant forest patches are isolated with inadequate buffer areas or

wildlife corridors to sustain them and associated biodiversity in the long term.

28. However, some very important forest blocks remain especially in the Segama

and Kalumpang basins and these are of international significance for

conservation and need enhanced resources for conservation and

management. Protection and rehabilitation of the forests will reduce erosion

and degradation of the rivers as well as providing key wildlife habitat and

enhanced options for ecotourism.

5.3 IMPACTS ON LOCAL COMMUNITY

29. More than 10,000 people live in 20 villages in the selected basins. Many of

the community members depend (or used to depend) on the natural

resources of the basin for their livelihood and welfare. Degradation of the river

water quality and habitat has had severe impacts by disrupting the water

supply or contributing to increased health problems as well as degrading the

river fisheries which used to provide significant income and food resources.

Loss of forests and riverine buffer zones has also reduced the opportunities

for community livelihood and ecotourism. Local communities have been

particularly impacted by pollution from palm oil mills and plantations. More

than 180,000 people obtain their drinking water supplies from the four rivers

concerned. Continuing pollution can lead to disruption of the water supply

with major social and economic impacts.

5.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS

30. There are significant socio-economic impacts and risks as a result of the

continuing river pollution. This includes potential disruption of the water

supplies to important towns and cities including Sandakan, Beluran, and

Lahad Datu; loss and degradation of mangroves and coastal fisheries which is

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one of the key industries in the region; increased risk of flooding and erosion

of river banks and damage to infrastructure; loss of potential future

development options such as aquaculture, ecotourism or carbon finance.

The nature and root causes of problems are described further below

according to the different sectors.

5.5 KEY FINDINGS FROM OIL PALM PLANTATIONS

31. Weak regulations and lack of monitoring for EIAs, ADPs and River

Reserves. Current legal and regulatory requirements i.e. Environmental

Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Agricultural Development Plans (ADPs)

related to the development and operations of oil palm plantations are

inadequate to effectively prevent impacts on rivers in a holistic manner. There

are gaps or loopholes in the application of EIAs and river reserve regulations

as well as laws that govern land clearing and slope/erosion activities. The

study found that not all oil palm plantations in the basins followed EIA

requirements as some land was either developed before regulations were in

place, the regulations were ignored or not enforced, or the size of the

development was less than the minimum area (100 ha) required by law (to

conduct EIA/PMM1). Little effort has been spent on executing and monitoring

compliance to agricultural development plan requirements. Current

regulations and policies do not require HCV assessments or the

comprehensive identification of “environmentally sensitive areas” prior to

approval for development.

32. Low proportion of oil palm estates are controlled under existing

environmental regulations. Few of the oil palm plantations in the selected

basins have undertaken EIAs or PMMs – either because they were approved

prior to the entry into force of the regulations in 2005 or because companies

did not undertake such studies before implementation. EPD also faces a

shortage of manpower to monitor the development of OPP.

33. River reserves encroached. Satellite image/aerial photos analysis and field

observations show that oil palms were planted within river reserves or buffer

1 Proposal for Mitigation Measures

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zones by many oil palm plantations in the studied area This is one of the

significant contributing factors affecting river water quality. Even though

regulations to protect river reserves exist, encroachments in these areas are

common occurrences. One of the factors contributing to this issue is that

River Reserves are generally not formally gazetted or demarcated in Sabah.

In addition, related departments are lack of personnel and resources for

regular surveys and enforcement activities.

34. Small tributaries neglected. It is observed that simply maintaining river

reserves on main/major rivers may not be sufficient to prevent further silting of

water courses. Silt can still wash into the main river via the smaller tributaries

than feed the main river. It is also observed that virtually none of the oil palm

plantations visited maintains any form of riverine buffer along the smaller

tributaries that run across their estates.

35. High Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in rivers due to inadequate erosion

control measures. The study showed that high levels of Total Suspended

Solids (TSS), most likely from soil erosion and siltation, is one of the major

problems faced in the study area. Requirements for implementing erosion

and sediment control plans prior to land clearing/development work needs

enhancement and effectively enforced. During field visits, it was also

observed that the use of heavy machinery for land clearing during heavy

rainfall periods has detrimental effects leading to increased soil erosion and

compaction.

36. High organic matter in rivers due to direct discharge and overflow of

POME from treatment ponds and land irrigation as well as excessive

fertiliser run-off. Excessive algal blooms were recorded in almost all studied

rivers. The most likely source of this problem is the direct discharge and

overflow of POME treatment ponds and land irrigation areas as well as over-

application of fertiliser by oil palm plantations.

37. Implementation of Best Management Practices (BMP) by oil palm sector

not consistent. It is also found that the implementation of Best Management

Practices (BMP) is not widespread in the study area, especially by small

holders and medium-sized independent growers. Poor practices in solid

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waste management, erosion control and fertiliser/pesticide application results

in the deterioration of overall river water quality.

5.6 KEY FINDINGS FROM PALM OIL MILLS

38. Inadequate planning for palm oil mill developments. Existing planning

guidelines for palm oil mills are seldom adhered to. For example, some of the

mills and POME treatment ponds are situated close to the rivers. DOE

Guidelines for Erection and Zoning of Oil Palm Sector (2007) has highlighted

those new mills must be situated in the middle of the estate with at least 500

metre radius of buffer zone. However, the offending mills may have been

constructed before the guidelines were implemented.

39. Weak legislation pertaining to effluent discharge offences. Under the

Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974, fines for effluent discharge offences

are insignificant in comparison to mill profitability and the cost for proper

maintenance of effluent treatment systems. The compounded amount is also

deemed too low to coerce mill operators to improve the performance of their

treatment systems. Accordingly, many mill operators regularly breach

regulations. There are also a number of operators who fail to take appropriate

action even after numerous offences.

40. Insufficent enforcement of regulations. During the study many problems

related to operation of palm oil mills were observed such as direct discharge

of POME; inadequate desludging/maintenance of POME treatment ponds;

and poor quality of treated effluent. These matters are regulated under the

jurisdiction of DOE which is meant to make regular visits to every mill.

Limitations in the number of personnel/resources and vehicles/equipment are

a major impediment to this department.

41. Palm oil mills fail to comply with effluent discharge requirements, partly

due to poor maintenance of treatment systems. The study found that only

five (5) out of twenty (20) palm oil mills in the study area are successful in

reducing their POME BOD levels to less than 100 ppm during low river flow

season and only one mill is close to complying with the requirement for new

mills i.e. less than 20 ppm. If treated POME with high BOD levels are not

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disposed properly, this can result in contamination of rivers. The study also

found that the efficiency of POME treatment systems drops tremendously

especially due to poor maintenance of facilities and equipment by owners.

From field visits/interviews, it is learned that many mills have not carried out

desludging of their effluent treatment ponds in more than 5 years. Poorly

maintained treatment ponds are also subject to frequent overflows and

leaching.

42. Ineffective implementation of land irrigation requirements. Since 2006

DOE has required all Palm Oil Mills to channel 100% of their POME to land

irrigation or disposal trenches located in the surrounding oil palm plantations.

This has been progressively implemented. From field visits, it was observed

that many land irrigation schemes by oil palm plantations in the selected

basins were not implemented in line with the plans approved by DOE. In

addition, there were many cases of poor management or maintenance

leading to regular overflow and contamination of adjacent waterways. There

were even records of large-scale direct discharge of POME into waterways

despite existing requirements. There is thus a need for review of the

experience with land irrigation and development of clearer guidelines and

procedures as well as provision of training to ensure sucessful implementation

of this requirement.

If uncontrolled, pollution from palm oil mills can have major impacts on

river quality thus negatively affecting water supply, fisheries, livelihood,

health and potential ecotourism in each river basin.

5.7 KEY FINDINGS FROM RIVERINE HUMAN SETTLEMENT

43. Legality of the riverine Settlements and Stakeholder engagement.

Studies on the human settlement along the riverine showed that most of these

establishments were sitting on the river reserves and have not been gazetted

as villages by the local district authority. For a settlement to be gazetted as a

village it will take lengthy procedures. Ungazetted settlements then would be

deemed illegal by the authorities.

Lack of enforcement from the relevant government agencies to prevent

construction of houses on the river reserve has also led to mushrooming

and expansion of the so-called illegal settlement. However, relocation and

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demolition of the structures were hardly seen as solutions to the problem

due to the sensitivity of the issues. Therefore the practical way is to

prevent any future riverine settlement in these areas.

44. Inadequate sanitation facilities. Based on the demographic profiling of the

riverine settlements, only a small percentage of the households from the four

river basins were equipped with proper sanitation facilities. Generally human

excrement is disposed using pit latrine which is the simplest type of pit toilet,

consisting of a relatively shallow trench. In the absence of proper sanitation

facilities, rivers will be the final recipient of their sanitation purposes. Lack of

coordination amongst the government agencies has also contributed to the

poor state of sanitation within the riverine settlements. Observing current

conditions, assistance from relevant department e.g. Health Department in

terms of toilets, septic tanks, etc. has not been extended to the riverine

settlements. This could be attributed to the settlements not being gazetted as

villages or the representative has not informed the respective departments. In

addition, households with septic tanks will not have their tank de-sludged due

to their areas are not within the council’s jurisdiction. Besides that, there is no

proper sewage management within studied riverine communities. Sewage is

normally discharged directly into nearby rivers.

45. Poor management of solid wastes. Poor solid waste management is also

another key finding in the study. Settlements along the river reserve almost

have no proper disposal system resulting in them burning their domestic

wastes. In the worst case scenario, the settlers would simply dispose their

rubbish on the riverbank, which will be flushed away by the river when the

water rises. Similar to the provision for sanitation facilities, the accumulated

rubbish will not be collected by the local council or relevant agencies as the

location of the villagers are not within their jurisdiction.

46. Insufficient Awareness. Observations and discussions in the riverine

settlements during the course of this study indicated that although the

communities were concerned over the pollution of the adjacent rivers – they

did not recognise their contribution to the problems through poor management

of solid and domestic wastes. There had been no awareness campaigns

carried out by the relevant agencies and little effort had been done to educate

these settlers on the importance of proper sanitation and solid waste

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management. Villagers are generally lack of the proper knowledge and skills

needed to manage their localised environmental issues.

47. Inadequate clean water for villagers. Most of the riverine communities do

not have access to clean water. No clean piped water has been provided by

the authorities. The study shows that rivers are unsafe for direct consumption

due to pollution. However, the communities are currently depending on river

water for various other uses especially during the dry seasons.

5.8 KEY FINDINGS FROM SAND MINING

48. Regulatory requirement from government agencies. Assessments

showed that some sand mining operators had yet to undertake EIAs or

receive approvals of EIAs but were still operating on the basis of having

permits from only LSD.

49. Insufficient Enforcementt. In terms of enforcement and monitoring , both

EPD and LSD have limited resources, which prevented them from exercising

their roles effectively. Limitations in the number of personnel, vehicles and

equipment are a major impediment to these departments. In addition, the

difference in terms of regulations requirement between JPAS and JTU put

them in a difficult position to penalise the polluters.

50. Inadequate Implementation of BMP. Most mining operations displayed poor

on-site management practices. None of the operators had a detention pond

to cater for run-off from sand washing activities while some operators were

discharging the sand wash-out water back into the river. Locations of

stockpiles were also inappropriately placed on the edge of the river bank,

which will be in danger of being washed away when the river rises or heavy

rainfall events. Similarly, maintenance yards were also in poor condition with

apparent traces of oil spillages. Even operators with approved EIAs were

observed not to be adhering to the conditions stipulated in the EIA approval.

Lack of enforcement by the relevant agency has contributed highly to the poor

implementation of BMP.

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51. Inappropriate operation practices. Existing guidelines on sand mining

prepared by the relevant agencies have spelled out appropriate operation

procedures to be adhered to by operators. However most of it was not

followed resulting in poor operation practices, contributing to the high level of

turbidity and TSS in the river.

52. Lack of awareness among the operators. Sand mining operations are

demand-based and dependent on the need of industries in getting supplies,

primarily for development purposes. Thus, sand mining operations have to be

carried out fast in response to demand. As a result, most guidelines are not

implemented or simply ignored by the operators. This necessitates the need

to continuously educate operators on the importance of ensuring that only

good practices are implemented for the ultimate aim of improving the water

quality of the targeted rivers.

5.9 KEY FINDINGS FROM IRBM

53. Current management of river basins is not holistic. Holistic management

of river basins requires coordination amongst multiple government agencies.

Relatively weak interagency coordination coupled with unclear jurisdiction and

regulations as well as poor enforcement and monitoring capabilities has

resulted in continuing pollution of the rivers by various sectors and the

ongoing degradation of protected/conservation areas and loss of riverine

corridors, especially in the lower reaches of each river basin in the study area.

54. Integrity of existing conservation areas is under threat. The study found

that almost all land outside the boundaries of forest reserves and conservation

sites have been converted to oil palm plantations, including some areas within

forest reserves. There is also significant encroachment of forest reserves and

catchment areas in terms of illegal logging, poaching, fires and squatters

reported. Until these problems are resolved, ecotourism potential of

established protected areas i.e. Danum Valley, Tabin Wildlife Reserve and

Tawau Hills Park cannot be fully realised let alone potential new ecotourism

sites like the Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands (Malaysia’s largest

RAMSAR site).

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55. River reserves encroached. Satellite image/aerial photos analysis and field

observations show that planting of oil palms within river reserves by most oil

palm planters in the studied river basins is common. This is one of the

significant contributing factors affecting river water quality.

56. Lack of resources and stakeholder participation in river basin

management. Planning, managing and monitoring of large river basins by

government agencies is a complex task requiring sufficient resources as well

as active multi-stakeholder participation. Currently, this is not evident and

needs to be addressed.

57. Degradation of forests. Remaining forest areas within the catchments are

currently degraded primarily due to earlier intensive timber extraction. As a

result, the forest areas especially on steep land are vulnerable to erosion

which contributes significantly to riverine pollution and siltation.

6 STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS

58. Based on the findings, a number of goals, strategies, thrusts and action plans

have been proposed for Oil Palm Plantations, Palm Oil Mills, Human

Settlements, Sand Mining and Integrated River Basin Management as well as

Catchment Protection.

59. Each strategy consists of a set of thrusts and action plans to prevent and

address pollution problems within the river basins. The strategies focus on

both major and minor pollution sources identified.

60. Five Goals have been formulated to achieve the overall objective of

enhancing the water quality of the selected rivers in Eastern Sabah through

control and minimisation of pollution from oil palm sector, sand mining and

human settlements.

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Table ES.1: Summary of Goals for Strategy and Action Plan

Goal Total cost (RM)

1

Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to

“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 through

reduction of impacts from Oil Palm Plantations

48,694,000

2

Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to

“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 though

reduction of impacts from Palm Oil Mills

26,480,000

3

Enhance environmental management of riverine

settlements to minimise pollution to support measures to

improve water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above)

by 2020.

31,021,400

4

Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated

pollution to support measures to improve water quality to

“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020

18,504,400

5

Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and

catchment protection in the selected river basins to support

measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class

II and above) by 2020

294,944,000

TOTAL 419,643,800

Goal 1: Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”

status (Class II and above) by 2020 through reduction of impacts

from Oil Palm Plantations

61. The problems relating to river pollution from oil palm plantations can be

addressed by a combination of three strategies:

Improve legal/regulatory Requirements and Development Planning for

Oil Palm Plantations;

Implement Sustainable and Best Agricultural Practices;and

Improve Capacity of Key Stakeholders to Support Effective Plantation

Management.

62. The implementation of regulations related to environmental impact

assessment for oil palm plantations needs to be enhanced especially to

ensure that all new plantations and replanted areas over 100 ha including

those upstream or adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas undertake

either an EIA or PMM for approval by EPD.

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63. The process for review, approval and implementation of Agricultural

Development Plan (ADP) needs to be enhanced. All plantation developments

above 50 acres need to prepare an ADP for approval by DOA, but currently

this is not an effective tool to minimize pollution and environmental impact.

Review by DID and EPD is proposed along with clear delineation of river

reserves, HCV areas and inclusion of Erosion and Sediment Control Plan

(ESCP) for each development.

64. Soil erosion linked to opening up of land for plantation development and

replanting is one of the main reasons for high siltation levels in the State’s

rivers. Strengthening the requirements for approvals related to land clearing

including mandatory development of erosion and sedimentation control plans

with proper terraces and sediment ponds together with early planting of

leguminous cover crops are required.

65. The selection of sites for plantations need to be improved to ensure that they

are only developed on suitable soils and also avoids any impact on high

conservation value areas including river reserves, water catchments, wildlife

reserves and corridors.

66. Implementation of sustainable and best management practices for OPP need

to be promoted through capacity building and incentives. Key focus of BMPs,

which can enhance productivity as well as minimizing pollution of water

courses, include reduction of fertilizer and pesticide use through

implementation of precision fertilizer management and Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) concepts; implementing soil and moisture conservation

practices; establishing, managing and enhancing HCV areas including river

reserves; improving environmental control of workers’ quarters, fuel storage

areas, solid and scheduled wastes, etc.; and implementing zero burning and

enhanced management of biomass.

67. New regulations and controls will not be effective without the capacity of

related stakeholders to implement and monitor the situation. Hence

enhanced capacity for enforcement and monitoring by government agencies

as well as implementation of BMPs by the plantation sector is needed.

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Improved levels of engagement of NGOs and communities especially in

monitoring are required.

Table ES.2: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 1

OIL PALM PLANTATIONS

Goal 1

Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to

“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 through reduction of

impacts from Oil Palm Plantations

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Strategy 1.1 Improve legal/regulatory Requirements and Development

Planning for Oil Palm Plantations

Thrust 1.1.1 Strengthen implementation of EIA/PMM

requirements EPD 1,536,000

Thrust 1.1.2 Review and implement agricultural

development plan requirements DOA 1,002,000

Thrust 1.1.3

Review and strengthen regulation

pertaining to land clearing and

slope/erosion control activities

EPD 300,000

Thrust 1.1.4

Review and strengthen requirements for

the identification and delineation of

“environmentally sensitive areas” and

High Conservation Value (HCV) areas in

and adjacent to plantation

EPD 742,000

Thrust 1.1.5 Undertake proper land use planning for

plantation sitting LSD 374,000

Sub-total 3,954,000

Strategy 1.2 Promote and Implement Sustainable and Best Agricultural

Practices

Thrust 1.2.1 Promote optimal and precision fertilizer

management/practices DOA 4,630,000

Thrust 1.2.2 Implement Integrated Pest Management

(IPM) concepts MPOB 4,875,000

Thrust 1.2.3

Implement soil and moisture conservation

practices (mulching, leguminous cover-

crops, silt-traps, etc.)

DOA 9,440,000

Thrust 1.2.4 Establish, manage and enhance HCV

areas including riverine reserves EPD 9,430,000

Thrust 1.2.5

Improve environmental control of workers’

quarters, fuel storage areas, solid and

scheduled wastes, etc.

DOSH 1,515,000

Thrust 1.2.6 Promote and monitor continuously

implementation of zero burning concept DOE 650,000

Sub-total 30,540,000

Strategy 1.3 Improve Capacity of Key Stakeholders to Support Effective

Plantation Management

Thrust 1.3.1 Enforce requirements under EIAs, EPD 12,500,000

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OIL PALM PLANTATIONS

Goal 1

Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to

“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 through reduction of

impacts from Oil Palm Plantations

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Agricultural Development Plans and other

regulations

Thrust 1.3.2 Increase capacity for implementing

sustainable agricultural practices DOA 1,700,000

Sub-total 14,200,000

TOTAL 48,694,000

Goal 2: Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”

status (Class II and above) by 2020 though reduction of impacts

from Palm Oil Mills

68. The problems relating to river pollution from Palm Oil Mills can be addressed

by a combination of four strategies:

Improve legal/regulatory requirements and development planning for

Palm Oil Mills

Implement Best Management Practices (BMP) for mill waste

management/utilisation

Improve Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment process

Improve capacity for key stakeholders to support sustainable mill

operation

69. Penalties imposed for non-compliance with Palm Oil Mill effluent discharge

standards are currently too low to act as an incentive for companies to comply

with the law. It is therefore proposed to amend EQA 1974 (Provision of

Structured Fines and Compound for Effluent Discharge Offences) to provide

for a structured series of minimum fines and if necessary, order the temporary

closure of the mill until it can comply with requirements.

70. Other legal or regulatory requirements needed for mills include regulations

under the Environment Protection Enactment related to development of mills

and associated treatment ponds and housing complexes as well as

development of clear guidelines for the implementation of land irrigation to

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prevent final treated discharge water being discharged into adjacent

waterways.

71. Adoption of standards and codes of practices for mills need to be enhanced

together with the provision of incentives to mill owners to introduce new

technology for waste reduction and treatment.

72. A paradigm shift addressing control of pollution from Palm Oil Mill waste is

needed by elimination of waste through conversion to value - added products.

There is now an increasing range of options for utilisation of “waste products”

to generate added value such as biogas, compost, biomass energy, fertiliser

and animal feed as well as extracting all water from the effluent to avoid

creation of liquid waste.

73. Mills that continue to treat waste through pond systems can enhance the

effectiveness of treatment by adopting new tertiary treatment technologies

and effective management and operation of treatment systems. Mandatory

appointment of a pollution control manager for each mill as well as annual

third party audits of treatment systems would ensure treatment systems

function properly.

74. The capacity for key stakeholders to address pollution from Palm Oil Mills

needs to be enhanced through increasing numbers of enforcement personnel

and effective deployment as well as enhanced self-monitoring and reporting

by mill operators combined with more strategic engagement of local

communities and NGO to monitor and provide feedback on pollution issues.

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Table ES.3: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 2

PALM OIL MILLS

Goal 2

Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”

status (Class II and above) by 2020 though reduction of impacts

from Palm Oil Mills

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Strategy 2.1 Improve legal/regulatory requirements and development planning

for palm oil mills

Thrust 2.1.1

Amend EQA 1974 (Provision of Structured

Fines and Compound for Effluent Discharge

Offences)

DOE 0

Thrust 2.1.2 Implement and enforce requirement for new

palm oil mills to obtain planning approvals EPD 450,000

Thrust 2.1.3 Promote standards and codes of practices

for mill operations MPOB 5,750,000

Thrust 2.1.4

Develop and Implement Incentive

Mechanism for good management of mill

waste

DOE 1,050,000

Sub-total 7,250,000

Strategy 2.2 Implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) for mill waste

management/utilisation

Thrust 2.2.1 Implement zero waste concept and convert

mill wastes into value-added products MPOB 7,390,000

Thrust 2.2.2 Optimise water use and recycle water used

for milling operations MPOB 400,000

Thrust 2.2.3 Develop and implement guidelines for land

irrigation practices DOE 2,750,000

Sub-total 10,540,000

Strategy 2.3 Improve Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment process

Thrust 2.3.1 Implement improved (state-of–the-art)

POME treatment systems MPOB 300,000

Thrust 2.3.2 Appoint Pollution Control Manager (PCM)

for each mill MPOB 150,000

Thrust 2.3.3

Conduct scheduled maintenance of effluent

treatment system to ensure compliance with

standards

DOE 320,000

Thrust 2.3.4

Conduct independent 3rd party

reviews/audits of plant efficiency, equipment

functionality and effluent treatment facilities

DOE 500,000

Sub-total 1,270,000

Strategy 2.4 Improve capacity for key stakeholders to support sustainable mill

operation

Thrust 2.4.1 Implement self-monitoring and increase

public participation in monitoring EPD 250,000

Thrust 2.4.2 Improve monitoring/enforcement capacity

and efficiency DOE 7,170,000

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PALM OIL MILLS

Goal 2

Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”

status (Class II and above) by 2020 though reduction of impacts

from Palm Oil Mills

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Sub-total 7,420,000

TOTAL 26,480,000

Goal 3: Enhance environmental management of riverine settlements to

minimize pollution to support measures to improve water quality

to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020

75. Riverine settlements along the selected rivers have been identified as a minor

source of pollution – mainly related to solid waste as well as sewage.

76. The problems relating to river pollution from human settlements can be

addressed by a combination of three strategies:

Strengthen Regulatory Control of riverine settlements

Raising Awareness amongst riverine settlers and Engagement of

Stakeholders

Implementation of Best Management Practices

77. A number of current settlements have been established near or on the banks

of the main rivers and tributaries. As a result, any pollution from the villages is

washed directly into the rivers. While resettlement may not be feasible at

present, measures are recommended to prevent future construction of

settlements in the river reserves.

78. The level of awareness amongst settlers on the importance of reducing river

pollution was low and as a result, they did not appear to be concerned about

direct disposal of waste into rivers. They appeared ignorant of health risks as

a result of pollution from their own sanitation systems or poor management of

domestic waste. Enhancing knowledge and skills should be combined with

the provision of alternatives and incentives to change their behaviour.

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79. Provision of alternatives for waste disposal, sanitation and water supply are

very important to change current practices. Without the provision of municipal

waste collection, most villages are burning/burying the waste or disposing of it

in the river. Facilitating the 4R2C (Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,

Compost, Closing the loop) system combined with sanitary disposal methods

can address current solid waste issues. For sewage and grey water, properly

designed and placed septic tanks and soakaways can be provided.

80. Many of the villages depend on river water especially in dry seasons and so

are vulnerable to river pollution from their own waste as well as from nearby

plantations and mills. Alternative clean water supplies can reduce the

vulnerability of affected communities. Appropriate techniques for rainwater

harvesting, groundwater use and securing springs and streams as water

sources need to be promoted.

Table ES.4: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 3

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Goal 3

Enhance environmental management of riverine settlements to

minimise pollution to support measures to improve water quality

to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Strategy

3.1 Strengthen Regulatory Control of Riverine Settlements

Thrust

3.1.1 Prohibition of future riverine settlement LSD 2,826,400

Strategy

3.2

Raise Awareness amongst Riverine Settlers and Engagement of

Stakeholders

Thrust

3.2.1

Awareness programme related to river

protection and management District office 730,000

Thrust

3.2.2 Engagement of Stakeholders Health Dept. 1,350,000

Thrust

3.2.3

Provision for grants/fund/incentives to

further engage the settlers to be more

committed towards river water quality

protection

District Office 5,500,000

Sub-total 7,580,000

Strategy

3.3 Implementation of Best Management Practices

Thrust

3.3.1 Provision for Proper Sanitation system

Health

Department 4,870,000

Thrust

3.3.2

Introduction of Solid Wastes Management

System District Office 2,365,000

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HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Goal 3

Enhance environmental management of riverine settlements to

minimise pollution to support measures to improve water quality

to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Thrust

3.3.3

Management of wastewater i.e. grey

water and septic overflow

District

Council 620,000

Thrust

3.3.4

Provision of alternative on safe water

supplies

Health

Department 12,760,000

Sub-total 20,615,000

TOTAL 31,021,400

Goal 4: Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated pollution to

support measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class

II and above) by 2020

81. Sand mining along the selected rivers has been identified as a significant

source of pollution and river degradation especially in the dry season when

downstream villages may depend on river water for domestic use.

82. The problems relating to river pollution from Sand Mining can be addressed

by a combination of four strategies:

Strengthening Legislative Control for River Sand Mining

Improvement of River Sand Mining Management and Planning Tools

Implementation of Best Management Practices

Capacity Building

83. Although there are a range of regulations from different government

departments related to sand mining there is little coordination and poor

implementation. As a result, much of the sand miners are operating without

full approvals and are not following specified conditions.

84. An important first step to address the problems is to introduce more

coordinated and effective implementation of regulations including the

imposition of minimum fines for those who repeatedly breach regulations.

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85. Most existing sand mining operations do not follow basic requirements to

protect river reserves, control run-off/discharge or implement other good

practices. This needs to be facilitated with clearer guidance, better

understanding by the operators and also effective enforcement.

86. Insufficient personnel and capacity to undertake regular checks on sand

mining operators is a constraint that needs to be addressed. Better

engagement should be facilitated by local government between sand miners

and local community members affected by sand mining activities.

Table ES.5: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 4

SAND MINING

Goal 4:

Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated pollution to

support measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class

II and above) by 2020

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Strategy

4.1 Strengthening Legislative Control for River Sand Mining

Thrust

4.1.1

Strengthen EPD’s Enforcement activities to

Control Sand Mining Activities without

approval of EIA through the provision of

additional staffing

EPD 6,166,400

Thrust

4.1.2

Provision for mandatory minimum penalties

for Operators Not Adhering to

laws/regulations

EPD 2,150,000

Sub-total 8,316,400

Strategy

4.2

Improvement of River Sand Mining Management and Planning

Tools

Thrust

4.2.1

Endorsement and Implementation of The

Proposed Strategies and Action Plan in the

State Policy on River Sand Mining

LSD 8,650,000

Strategy

4.3 Implementation of Best Management Practices (BMP)

Thrust

4.3.1 Control of run-off and discharge EPD 294,000

Thrust

4.3.2 Rehabilitation of river banks/river reserves EPD 100,000

Thrust

4.3.3

Improvement of Sand Mining Operational

Practices EPD 294,000

Thrust

4.3.4 Performance deposit by operators LSD 50,000

Sub-total 738,000

Strategy Capacity Building of Enforcers and Operators

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SAND MINING

Goal 4:

Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated pollution to

support measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class

II and above) by 2020

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

4.4

Thrust

4.4.1 Training for agency personnel EPD 700,000

Thrust

4.4.2

Periodical dialogue with the river sand mining

operators EPD 100,000

Sub-total 800,000

TOTAL 18,504,400

Goal 5. Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and catchment

protection in the selected river basins to support measures to improve

water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020

87. To ensure effective and sustainable measures are implemented to enhance

the quality of the selected rivers, it is essential to support Integrated River

Basin Management (IRBM) through an integrated and coordinated action by

different stakeholders and sectors to address river management issues. This

will be facilitated through the formation of river basin committees and

stakeholder coalitions.

88. Maintenance and rehabilitation of catchment forests is critical for reducing

erosion and silting of the respective rivers. Catchment forests in some of the

river basins have been heavily logged and degraded in the past and need

investments to enhance the rehabilitation process. Allocations have been

made for rehabilitating about 60,000 ha of forest especially in the Segama and

Kalumpang River Basins.

89. River reserves play a key function in protecting river banks and reducing the

flow of soil and agrochemicals into rivers. The river reserve along the

Segama River in particular, needs to be rehabilitated to provide a buffer zone

as well as wildlife corridor. Establishment of buffer zones along smaller

tributaries is also required.

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90. To provide riverine communities with benefits from river protection and

rehabilitation, community - based ecotourism is proposed for the Segama

river basin where there are significant tourism attractions in the lower basin.

91. A critical factor in ensuring good long term water quality is to establish a long

term monitoring programme to cover the physical, biological and chemical

aspects. To enhance monitoring and enforcement related to Palm Oil Mills

and prevent direct pollution discharges into the rivers, a network of real time

water quality monitoring stations is needed in critical locations. This will also

facilitate the engagement of a broader range of stakeholders in the monitoring

of plantation and mill practices.

Table ES.6: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 5

INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND CATCHMENT PROTECTION

Goal 5:

Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and catchment

protection in the selected river basins to support measures to

improve water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above) by

2020

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

Strategy 5.1 Strengthening institutional framework to implement Integrated

River Basin Management and catchment protection

Thrust5.1.1 Establish River Basin Management

Committees for each river basin DID 780,000

Thrust 5.1.2 Establish stakeholder coalitions for each

river basin DID 0

Thrust 5.1.3 Establish regulations to implement the

Water Resources Enactment DID 12,480,000

Thrust 5.1.4

Increase capacity and resources of relevant

government agencies to support integrated

management of targeted basins

MTCE 10,780,000

Sub-total 24,040,000

Strategy 5.2 Enhance the protection, rehabilitation and sustainable use of

remaining of forest and wetlands

Thrust 5.2.1

Strengthen the protection and management

of forests in the upper catchments of main

rivers

SFD 10,242,000

Thrust 5.2.2 Expand programmes to rehabilitate

degraded forests in the river catchments SFD 151,010,000

Thrust 5.2.3 Clarify and enforce river reserve regulations LSD 37,220,000

Thrust 5.2.4 Establish and rehabilitate wildlife corridors

and river reserves to link protected areas SFD 28,800,000

Thrust 5.2.5 Enhance management and promote

community based ecotourism in SWD 14,950,000

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INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND CATCHMENT PROTECTION

Goal 5:

Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and catchment

protection in the selected river basins to support measures to

improve water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above) by

2020

No Strategy or thrust Lead

Agency Cost (RM)

conservation areas

Sub-total 242,222,000

Strategy 5.3 Operate integrated monitoring programme for targeted river

basins

Thrust 5.3.1

Establish a real time web-based Water

Quality monitoring programme in the

selected basins

EPD 10,872,000

Thrust 5.3.2 Establish a catchment and conservation

forest monitoring programme SFD 5,250,000

Thrust 5.3.3 Introduce a biological monitoring system of

the main rivers DID 5,040,000

Thrust 5.3.4 Establish a community-based river

monitoring programme EPD 6,520,000

Thrust 5.3.5

Enhance water quality monitoring at water

intake points to safeguard drinking water

supplies

SSWD 1,000,000

Sub-total 28,682,000

TOTAL 294,944,000

7 NEXT STEPS

92. Implementation of the proposed strategies and action plans requires allocation

of human and financial resources, improved coordination among government

agencies, enhanced dialogue and involvement of various stakeholders as well

as affected communities.

93. The Environment Protection Decision Support System (EPDSS) has been

established through the project as a tool to assist decision making processes

among government agencies particularly in the planning and management for

future development within the studied river basins. This needs to be

administered and updated by EPD in conjunction with other agencies.

94. Guidelines have been developed through the project for the three sectors i.e.

oil palm industry, sand mining and settlements to provide guidance on best

management practices, monitoring and other issues to government agencies,

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the private sector and other stakeholders. These need to be disseminated

and widely promoted.

8 CONCLUSION

95. This two year study assessed the impacts on five selected rivers in eastern

Sabah especially by oil palm plantations and palm oil mills. It was concluded

that the rivers are seriously polluted especially because of continuing

discharges of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as well as soil erosion from

plantations and other areas. Lower level impacts are linked to sand mining

(on mid-reach of the Segama River) and also domestic waste from riverine

settlements.

96. As a result of the pollution, the water quality of the rivers is generally in Class

III level and downstream of some mills in Class IV or V. This is much worse

than the targeted Class II. The river pollution has significant impacts as the

rivers are very important as a source of water supply for more than 180,000

people in many towns and villages in eastern Sabah. The pollution and

degradation of riverine habitats and upstream catchments and downstream

mangroves has reduced the populations of fish and wildlife in the basins –

negatively affecting local communities and reducing options for ecotourism or

aquaculture. High sediment loads also increase flooding risk.

97. Root causes of the problems being faced include continuing breaches of

regulations by oil palm plantantions and mills; insufficient capacity and

resources for relevant government agencies to enforce existing and proposed

regulations; degradation of catchment and riverine forests due to land use

conversion to plantations and earlier log extraction; infrequent monitoring of

water quality and compliance with regulations and lack of mechanisms for

effective community engagement.

98. Strategy and Action Plan has been formulated for implementation over a 10

year period by government agencies in coordination with the private sector

and local communities. The cost for implementation has been estimated at

about RM420,000,000. A cost benefit analysis has indicated that the strategy

is viable with rate of return of 4.75% and breakeven benefit flow by year six.

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Best management practice guidelines have been prepared to cover the oil

palm sector, sand mining and riverine settlements.

99. For the longer term, it is believed that the pollution levels can be stabilised and

reduced provided that there is full implementation of the Action Plan and

associated regulations and expansion of oil palm plantations and mills is

strictly controlled. Riverine and catchment forests will also need to be better

protected and rehabilitated.

100. Resources need to be allocated for the rapid implementation of the Strategy

and Action Plan and the best management practice guidelines need to be

widely promoted. The relevant agencies need to strenghen their operational

capacity to manage the river basins in an integrated manner. A coordinated

approach to implementation is needed with the participation of all the sectors.

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RINGKASAN

EKSEKUTIF

1 LATARBELAKANG KAJIAN

1. Dalam lima tahun kebelakangan ini, terdapat peningkatan masalah

pencemaran di sungai-sungai bahagian timur Sabah yang memberi kesan

terhadap bekalan air dan sara hidup komuniti tempatan. Oleh yang demikian,

Jabatan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Sabah (JPAS) telah diarahkan untuk

menjalankan kajian ini di bawah Program Koridor Pembangunan Sabah yang

diselaraskan oleh Sabah Economic Development and Investment Autority

(SEDIA), dengan tujuan menilai isu berkenaan. Kajian telah dijalankan oleh

Envsolve Sdn Bhd yang telah dilantik oleh Kerajaan pada 18 Mei 2009.

Tempoh kajian adalah selama 27 bulan. Kajian tersebut bertujuan untuk

menilai kualiti air di sungai-sungai terpilih di bahagian timur Sabah dengan

memberi tumpuan kepada impak industri kelapa sawit dan sumber

pencemaran lain ke atas kualiti air Sungai Muanad, Sungai Segaliud, Sungai

Kalumpang, Sungai Pang Burong dan Sungai Segama.

2. Objektif Kajian seperti yang digariskan di dalam Terma Rujukan adalah:

Untuk menganalisa tahap kualiti sungai-sungai tertentu yang

menerima impak disebabkan oleh aktiviti perladangan kelapa sawit;

kilang kelapa sawit serta pelbagai bahan-cemar yang berpunca dari

punca tidak tetap (non-point source); dan

Untuk merangka strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan bagi meningkatkan

pengurusan dan pengawalan pencemaran dari aktiviti perladangan

dan kilang kelapa sawit serta pelbagai bahan-cemar yang berpunca

daripada sumber tidak tetap (non-point source).

3. Antara output Kajian yang dijalankan adalah seperti berikut:-

Garispanduan dan amalan pengurusan terbaik bagi perladangan

kelapa sawit (OPP) dengan arahan yang jelas, mudah difahami dan

praktikal;

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Garispanduan dan amalan pengurusan terbaik untuk kilang kelapa

sawit dengan arahan yang jelas, mudah difahami dan praktikal;

Garispanduan dan amalan pengurusan terbaik untuk sumber

pencemaran lain dengan arahan yang jelas, mudah difahami dan

praktikal;

Pengujudan sistem pemantauan menggunakan kemudahan ICT dan

berasaskan web yang mudah difahami dan senang dilaksanakan;

Pelan yang jelas menunjukkan stesen pemantauan kualiti air yang

sedia ada dan berfungsi;

Pangkalan data dengan input yang lengkap,terkini dan mesra

pengguna; dan

Latihan kepada agensi-agensi berkaitan dan seminar kebangsaan.

2 PENDEKATAN DAN METODOLOGI

4. Penyampelan lapangan telah dijalankan di Sungai Muanad, Sungai Segaliud,

Sungai Kalumpang, Sungai Pang Burong, dan Sungai Segama dari bulan

September 2009 hingga Januari 2010 ketika musim air pasang besar dan

Mac hingga April 2010 untuk air surut rendah. Program kajian merangkumi

penyampelan kualiti air sungai, pemetaan hidrografi dan pengenalpastian

punca pencemaran untuk mendapatkan kefahaman yang lebih baik ke atas

kualiti air sungai. Soal selidik persepsi masyarakat awam juga telah

dijalankan di kesemua perkampungan dalam lembangan sungai berkaitan

bagi menyokong hasil kajian.

5. Sejumlah sembilan puluh satu (91) tapak pensampelan telah dipilih untuk

program penyampelan kualiti air sungai (Sg. Muanad – dua belas (12); Sg.

Segaliud – dua puluh (20); Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong – dua puluh

enam (26); Sg. Segama – tiga puluh tiga (33). Parameter-parameter asas

untuk sampel air sungai diukur secara in situ dan satu set lengkap parameter

kualiti air dianalisa oleh makmal bertauliah.

6. Pemetaan hidrografi sungai dijalankan untuk memperolehi nilai perwakilan

kadar aliran sungai dan isipadu aliran sungai yang diperlukan untuk mengira

jumlah beban pencemaran dan untuk model kualiti air. Lokasi-lokasi untuk

program ini sama dengan lokasi-lokasi tapak pensampelan kualiti air.

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Parameter untuk program ini dibahagikan kepada dua kategori, pengukuran

in situ (untuk lebar, kedalaman dan aliran sungai) dan pengiraan (keluasan,

kelajuan dan isipadu aliran).

7. Dua puluh (20) kilang kelapa sawit telah dilawati untuk mengenalpasti punca

pencemaran utama dan penyampelan bahan buangan kilang kelapa sawit

bagi setiap kilang kelapa sawit telah dijalankan daripada titik akhir buangan

“(Titik X)”.

8. Soal selidik persepsi awam telah dijalankan bagi mendapatkan persepsi

umum masyarakat setempat berkaitan kualiti air sungai dan impak industri

kelapa sawit terhadap komuniti berkenaan. Temubual telah dijalankan secara

individu atau berkumpulan di beberapa buah kampung yang telah dipilih.

9. Habitat-habitat sungai telah dinilai melalui kombinasi imej satelit, peta guna

tanah dan tinjauan lapangan. Maklumat status dan nilai kawasan

pemuliharaan sedia ada diperolehi daripada Jabatan Perhutanan, Jabatan

Hidupan Liar, Pusat Biodiversiti Sabah dan beberapa badan bukan kerajaan.

Maklumat tentang kepentingan dan status perikanan telah diperolehi melalui

temubual dengan nelayan dan aktiviti penyampelan. Sampel ikan dikumpul

untuk analisa logam berat.

10. Model kualiti air untuk sungai telah dibentuk menggunakan perisian QUAL2K

yang menggunakan maklumat hidrologi sungai, punca pencemaran tetap dan

tidak tetap serta data kualiti air yang telah dianalisa. Beberapa senario

penambahbaikan kualiti air telah dimodelkan bagi mendpatkan senario

penambahbaikan terbaik yang diperlukan dalam merumus strategi dan pelan

tindakan.

11. Strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan telah dirumuskan berdasarkan keputusan-

keputusan yang diperolehi sepanjang jangka masa kajian. Ulasan dan

maklum balas daripada pelbagai siri perbincangan, mesyuarat, temubual dan

bengkel rundingan pihak berkepentingan yang dilaksanakan telah dianalisa

serta dimasukkan ke dalam strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan. Bajet untuk

perlaksanaan strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan bagi tempoh 10 tahun telah

dibentuk dengan kerjasama agensi-agensi kerajaan yang berkenaan.

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12. Analisa kos-faedah telah dijalankan untuk menilai daya maju strategi dan

pelan-pelan tindakan di samping memperhalusi bajet untuk perlaksanaan.

13. Sistem Sokongan Keputusan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar (EPDSS) telah

dibangunkan atas landasan Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) secara

bersepadu dengan pengkalan data spatial dan bukan spatial daripada agensi

kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan seperti Jabatan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar

(JPAS), Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS), Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah,

Jabatan Pertanian (DOA), Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Wilayah dan

World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia (WWFM). EPDSS mengintegrasikan

GIS dengan sistem QUAL2K menggunakan kaedah gandingan longgar.

Objektif spesifik EPDSS adalah untuk membantu pembuat keputusan

dalam menilai maklumat utama berkaitan ciri-ciri dan tahap pencemaran

semasa dalam lembangan dan untuk menilai impak pelbagai senario

untuk pengurangan pencemaran. Sistem tersebut juga menyediakan

kesepaduan terus model kualiti air ke dalam landasan ArcGIS dan

pangkalan data yang mudah dimasuki mensepadukan semua data

mentah, data model, peta-peta berkaitan dan dokumentasi.

3 DATA PRIMER DAN SEKUNDER

14. Guna Tanah dan Aktiviti Manusia - Sungai Muanad – 11 OPP, 2POM, FR

(Kelas II dan V), 5 penempatan manusia dan 1 loji rawatan air; Sungai

Segaliud – 13 OPP, 5 POM, FR (Kelas II dan V), 2 penempatan manusia dan

1 loji rawatan air; Sungai Kalumpang dan Pang Burong – 13 OPP, 5 POM, FR

(Kelas I, IV dan V), 6 penempatan manusia, kuari, 2 titik pengambilan air/ loji

rawatan ; Sungai Segama – 17 OPP, 8 POM, FR (Kelas I, II dan IV), 7

penempatan manusia, pertanian komersil, lombong pasir, kuari, 1 titik

pengambilan air/loji rawatan, penternakan dan pelancongan.

Berdasarkan analisa peta guna tanah tahun 2011 yang telah disemak

semula (berasaskan data imej 2007) yang diperolehi daripada Jabatan

Pertanian Sabah, keluasan ladang kelapa sawit telah bertambah meliputi

sebahagian besar ke empat-empat lembangan sungai iaitu Sungai

Muanad-19, 994 ha (84.66%), Sungai Segaliud - 42, 340 ha (70.53%),

Sungai Kalumpang-54, 719 ha (48.64%), Sungai Segama-118, 920 ha

(24.72%).

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Kajian ini telah mengenalpasti sebanyak 20 buah kilang kelapa sawit di

dalam lembangan-lembangan berkenaan iaitu 16.4% daripada jumlah

keseluruhan kilang kelapa sawit di Sabah. Kebanyakan kilang terletak di

bahagian pertengahan sungai dengan keupayaan memproses 45 metrik

tan sejam. Lebih kurang 25% daripada kilang-kilang ini dilesenkan untuk

beroperasi pada keupayaan rendah, 65% beroperasi pada keupayaan

sederhana dan hanya 10% beroperasi pada keupayaan tinggi.

Merujuk kepada data yang diperolehi daripada Jabatan Perhutanan

Sabah, satu dari guna tanah utama di kajian adalah hutan simpan. Dua

lembangan sungai dalam kawasan kajian, iaitu Segama dan Kalumpang

masing masing menunjukkan kadar terbesar litupan hutan iaitu masing-

masing 352,000 ha (73%) dan 58,300 ha (42%), sementara lembangan

Segaliud dan Muanad pula merangkumi lebih kurang 15,600 ha (26%)

dan 1,850 ha (7.8%) hutan simpan.

Aktiviti perlombongan pasir hanya dikenalpasti di Sungai Segama, di

mana ia memberi impak negatif yang besar kepada keadaan sungai.

Kajian telah mengenalpasti lima belas (15) pengusaha yang menjalankan

aktiviti melombong pasir di sepanjang bahagian pertengahan sungai

berkenaan.

Lembangan Sungai Segama adalah lembangan yang terbesar,

merangkumi 70 kawasan tadahan kecil dengan jumlah keluasan

474,270ha. Sungai Kalumpang dan anak sungai utamanya (Pang

Burong) merangkumi 11 kawasan tadahan kecil dengan jumlah keluasan

113,824ha manakala lembangan-lembangan terkecil adalah Sungai

Muanad dan Sungai Segaliud, masing-masing dengan 11 kawasan

tadahan kecil (23,606 ha) dan 32 kawasan tadahan kecil (60,503 ha).

15. Stesen Pemantauan Kualiti Air Jabatan Alam Sekitar - Sungai Muanad,

Sungai Segaliud dan Sungai Pang Burong masing-masing mempunyai dua

(2) stesen pemantauan Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) sementara Sungai

Kalumpang dan Sungai Segama masing-masing mempunyai tiga stesen.

Sungai Pang Burong dimaklumi sebagai sungai yang paling tercemar di mana

indeks kualiti airnya terletak pada Kelas III dan IV di bawah klasifikasi JAS.

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16. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Muanad) – Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks

kualiti air (WQI) yang telah dijalankan, kualiti air sungai tersebut pada

umumnya berada dalam lingkungan Kelas III di bawah Piawaian Kebangsaan

Kualiti Air Malaysia berstatus Sedikit Tercemar. Paras DO berada di antara

1.55 dan 7.49 mg/l pada kedua-dua musim pasang dan surut dan paras BOD

berubah-ubah antara 2 ke 58mg/l manakala bacaan COD di antara 15 ke 80

mg/l. Paras Pepejal Terampai agak bermusim di mana sewaktu musim air

surut rendah, kualiti air adalah di paras Kelas II sementara itu nilainya

merosot ke Kelas V dalam musim air pasang besar. Paras kekeruhan

berkaitan dengan paras SS di antara 6 ke 656 NTU. Paras minyak dan gris

berada pada paras yang boleh diterima iaitu di antara dari paras tidak dapat

dikesan sehingga 7 mg/l. Kehadiran Faecal koliform, nilainya berubah-ubah

dari paras tidak dapat dikesan ke nilai kualiti air paling buruk, Kelas V melebihi

24,000 MPN/100ml.

17. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Segaliud) – Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks

kualiti air yang telah dijalankan, kualiti air sungai tersebut umumnya berada di

tahap Kelas III NWQS iaitu Sedikit Tercemar. Paras DO berada di antara 0.24

dan 8.31 mg/l dalam kedua-dua musim pasang besar dan surut rendah.

Paras BOD berubah-ubah dari 2 ke 40 mg/l sementara COD di antara 8 dan

105 mg/l. Paras SS agak bermusim di mana sewaktu musim surut rendah,

kualiti air adalah di paras Kelas II dan kualitinya merosot ke Kelas V sewaktu

pasang besar. Paras kekeruhan berkaitan dengan paras SS di antara 5

kepada 891 NTU. Paras minyak dan gris berada pada paras yang boleh

diterima iaitu dari paras tidak dapat dikesan sehingga 11 mg/l. Kehadiran

Faecal koliform, nilainya berubah-ubah dari paras tidak dapat dikesan ke

Kelas III pada 1,100 MPN/100 ml.

18. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Kalumpang dan Sungai Pang Burung) –

Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks kualiti air yang telah dijalankan, kualiti air

sungai tersebut pada umumnya berada pada tahap Kelas II NWQS iaitu

tahap Bersih ke Sedikit Tercemar. Manakala Sungai Pang Burong pula

umumnya berada di paras Kelas IV-V NWQS iaitu status Tercemar. Paras

DO berada di antara 0.06 dan 9.00 mg/l dalam kedua-dua musim pasang

besar dan surut rendah manakala paras BOD berubah-ubah antara 1 ke 479

mg/l manakala bacaan COD di antara 4 ke 656 mg/l. Bacaan SS agak

bermusim di mana sewaktu musim surut rendah, kualiti air adalah pada kelas

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III dan kualitinya merosot teruk ke Kelas IV sewaktu pasang besar. Paras

kekeruhan berkaitan dengan nilai bacaan SS di antara 3 hingga 260 NTU.

Paras minyak dan gris dikesan pada paras yang boleh diterima iaitu dari tidak

dapat dikesan ke 4mg/l. Paras Faecal koliform berubah-ubah dari tahap tidak

dapat dikesan ke paras pencemaran yang teruk, Kelas V pada16,000

MPN/100 ml.

19. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Segama) – Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks

kualiti air yang dijalankan, kualiti air sungai tersebut berada di antara Kelas I

dan Kelas II NWQS di kawasan hulu dan Kelas III di kawasan pertengahan

dengan status antara Bersih dan Sedikit Tercemar. Paras DO berada di

antara 0.39 kepada 9.61 mg/l dalam kedua-dua musim pasang besar dan

surut rendah manakala paras BOD berubah-ubah antara 1 hingga 35mg/l dan

COD di antara 5 ke 96 mg/l. Paras SS juga agak bermusim di mana sewaktu

musim surut rendah, kualiti air berada pada kelas IV dan kualitinya merosot

ke Kelas V dalam musim pasang besar. Paras kekeruhan berkaitan dengan

nilai bacaan SS di antara 1.28 dan 7726 NTU. Paras Faecal koliform

berubah-ubah daripada tahap tidak dapat dikesan ke tahap kualiti terendah,

Kelas V pada nilai 5,400 MPN/100 ml.

Soal selidik tanggapan awam telah dijalankan untuk mengumpul

maklumat tambahan berkaitan kajian sungai yang dijalankan. Sejumlah

824 responden dari 22 penempatan telah ditemubual untuk tujuan ini.

Hasil tinjauan mendapati kebanyakan responden mengenalpasti sungai-

sungai yang dikaji sebagai tercemar. Namun begitu, mereka tetap

bergantung kepada sungai untuk aktiviti perikanan, sumber air,

pengangkutan dan kegunaan domestik. Adalah juga difahami bahawa

hampir separuh daripada responden (45%) sedar terhadap kepentingan

simpanan riparian dan kebanyakan mereka tidak bersetuju dengan aktiviti

perladangan di sepanjang tebing sungai.

20. Tinjauan ini juga meneliti punca pencemaran selain dari industri kelapa sawit.

Penyumbang besar yang lain ke atas pencemaran sungai ialah daripada

aktiviti perlombongan pasir di Sungai Segama. Tiga impak utama ke atas

sungai telah diperhatikan iaitu penurunan kualiti air sungai, kegunaan yang

terhad dan hakisan tanah. Responden menyatakan bahawa impak utama

pencemaran kepada sungai termasuk kematian hidupan akuatik, bau busuk,

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pemendapan, pencemaran kimia dan mendakan. Kilang kelapa sawit

dikenalpasti sebagai punca utama pencemaran dan dilaporkan sering

melepaskan efluen mereka ke dalam sungai.

21. Penilaian Pencemaran Logam Berat. Satu kajian paras logam berat di

dalam ikan dan hidupan akuatik lain telah dijalankan di Sungai Segaliud,

Sungai Muanad, Sungai Kalumpang, Sungai Pang Burong dan Sungai

Segama di antara bulan Jun dan Ogos 2010. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa

kepekatan besi (Fe) dalam sampel ikan yang diambil dari lokasi-lokasi

tertentu di sepanjang sungai agak tinggi. Parameter lain seperti Zink (Zn),

Plumbum (Pb) dan Kuprum (Cu) juga didapati lebih tinggi sedikit di beberapa

tempat di sepanjang sungai-sungai itu. Walau bagaimanapun, paras logam

berat di dalam isi ikan yang diuji tidak melebihi had piawaian keselamatan

makanan. Bacaan logam besi yang tinggi dipercayai mempunyai kaitan

dengan hakisan tanah dan paras SS tinggi di dalam sungai kerana tanah

laterit lazimnya mengandungi paras besi (Fe) yang tinggi. Sampel sedimen

dan air bawah tanah juga menunjukkan kandungan logam besi (Fe) yang

tinggi.

22. Penukaran hutan kepada kegunaan lain mempunyai kesan yang negatif

terhadap kepelbagaian biologi semulajadi lembangan sungai. Sebahagian

besar hutan semulajadi dan habitat hidupan liar telah dibuka sejak 30 tahun

yang lalu. Namun sebahagian yang penting dan dilindungi masih mendiami

kawasan hutan simpan terutamanya di lembangan-lembangan Sungai

Segama dan Kalumpang.

23. Pencemaran air mewujudkan impak buruk terhadap hidupan akuatik sungai.

Eutrofikasi sungai, contohnya, ketara di Sungai Segaliud, yang airnya

berwarna hijau akibat daripada kehadiran alga yang terlalu banyak. Terdapat

kes-kes ikan mati, dipercayai akibat daripada kekurangan oksigen hasil dari

pencemaran POME.

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4 PENGURUSAN DATA DAN ANALISIS

24. Kajian ini menggunakan model kualiti air yang dikenali sebagai QUAL2K

untuk mensimulasi dan menentu ukur kualiti air sungai-sungai dalam kajian

ini. Bagi kesemua sungai ini, punca pencemaran tetap dan tidak tetap telah

dikenalpasti. Dalam kes ini, sumber pencemaran tetap adalah POM dan

yang tidak tetap adalah OPP serta aktiviti lain yang tidak mempunyai titik

pelepasan tertentu.

Model QUAL2K ini telah ditetapkan untuk mensimulasi empat parameter

iaitu Jumlah Pepejal Terampai, permintaan Oksigen Biokimia, Oksigen

Terlarut dan Nitrogen Ammonia serta mensimulasikan 8 senario

pengurusan penambahbaikan. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, senario 81

dianggap senario pennambahbaikan terbaik untuk semua parameter.

25. Keputusan model QUAL2K dianalisa selanjutnya untuk menentukan

keupayaan tampung sungai-sungai di kawasan kajian. Analisa keupayaan

tampung ini menunjukkan bahawa Keupayaan Menampung Buangan

Terkumpul (WAC) di bahagian pertengahan sungai jauh melebihi keupayaan

tampungnya walaupun setelah diintegrasikan dengan senario 8, terutamanya

untuk Sungai Segaliud, Sungai Pang Burong dan Sungai Segama. Ini

menunjukkan bahawa sebarang pembangunan kilang kelapa sawit baru di

bahagian hulu semua sungai adalah pilihan yang tidak sesuai. Bagi kes Sg.

Muanad dan Sg. Kalumpang, pembinaan kilang baru, sekiranya tidak dapat

dielakkan, mestilah di lokasi yang lebih jauh ke hilir sungai di mana

keupayaan tampung di bawah bebanan BOD.

1Senario 8 – BOD=20mg/l, Jumlah Bahan Terampai (SS) =50mg/l, AN=30ug/l dan

tanah yang diairi dengan anggaran limpahan 20%. Bebanan NPS dari OPP

berkurangan sebanyak 50%.

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5 PENEMUAN UTAMA

5.1 PENCEMARAN SUNGAI

26. Empat buah lembangan sungai yang dikaji ternyata tercemar – terutamanya

oleh sektor kelapa sawit dengan selebihnya daripada penempatan dan aktiviti

perlombongan pasir. Sesetengah bahagian sungai diklasifikasikan sebagai

Kelas IV atau Kelas V (di mana Kelas V adalah yang paling tercemar).

Bahan-cemar utama adalah:

a) BOD dan COD yang membawa kepada paras oksigen yang rendah dalam

sungai, mungkin menjejaskan hidupan akuatik di samping kualiti air

minuman;

b) Pepejal terampai atau kelodak akibat hakisan tanah dari kerja-kerja

pembersihan tanah dan hakisan tebing. Ini membawa kepada masalah

pemendakan dasar sungai yang meningkatkan risiko banjir; impak negatif

secara langsung kepada ikan dan hidupan akuatik lain; meningkatkan kos

rawatan air;

c) Logam berat - sesetengah logam berat, termasuk besi dan manganum

didapati lebih tinggi dalam air dan kelodak sungai, dan juga ikan. Sumber

logam berat kemungkinan besar berkaitan dengan hakisan tanah (tanah

laterit semulajadi mengandungi besi) atau mungkin pelepasan dari kilang

kelapa sawit. Ini boleh menjejaskan hidupan akuatik dan kualiti air minuman;

d) Racun perosak - empat jenis racun serangga yang diharamkan dan satu jenis

racun perosak yang sah dikesan dalam paras yang rendah dari sampel air

empat buah sungai menunjukkan keperluan siasatan lanjut untuk

menentukan dan mengatasi puncanya.

Empat punca pencemaran utama adalah:

e) Kilang kelapa sawit–banyak daripadanya adalah bertanggungjawab

membuang secara terus ke dalam sungai,efluen yang hanya separa dirawat,

secara besar-besaran;

f) Ladang kelapa sawit–melalui amalan pengurusan ladang yang kurang baik

dan kekurangan penyelengaraan zon penampan dan simpanan sungai serta

penggunaan berlebihan racun perosak dan baja;

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g) Operasi lombong pasir–membawa kepada peningkatan kekeruhan sungai

yang menjejaskan hidupan akuatik dan sumber air minum masyarakat

tempatan;dan

h) Petempatan manusia dengan kemudahan pengurusan sisa pepejal dan

domestik yang kurang baik, menyumbang secara kecilan kepada beban

pencemaran sistem sungai.

5.2 KEMEROSOTAN HABITAT

27. Habitat pinggir sungai dan hutan di dalam lembangan-lembangan berkenaan

telah terjejas teruk akibat pembalakan terdahulu dan pengambilan sumber-

sumber lain yang mana kawasan hutan yang mempunyai nilai pemuliharaan

telah dibersihkan dalam 10-15 tahun lalu, terutamanya untuk tujuan

pembukaan ladang kelapa sawit. Di kebanyakan lembangan, bahagian-

bahagian hutan yang tinggal adalah terasing tanpa zon penampan atau

koridor hidupan liar yang mencukupi untuk menyokong mereka dan

kepelbagaian biologi yang berkaitan dalam jangka masa panjang.

28. Namun begitu, beberapa blok hutan yang sangat penting masih kekal

terutama di lembangan-lembangan Segama dan Kalumpang. Mereka

mempunyai kepentingan antarabangsa untuk pemuliharaan dan memerlukan

peruntukan yang lebih besar untuk pemuliharaan dan pengurusan.

Perlindungan dan pemuliharaan hutan akan mengurangkan hakisan dan

kemerosotan sungai di samping menyediakan habitat kepada hidupan liar

utama dan menambah peluang untuk ekopelancongan.

5.3 KESAN TERHADAP MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT

29. Lebih daripada 10,000 orang mendiami 20 buah perkampungan di

lembangan-lembangan yang dikaji. Kebanyakan masyarakat tempatan

bergantung (atau dahulunya bergantung) kepada sumber-sumber semulajadi

di lembangan untuk sara hidup dan kebajikan mereka. Kemerosotan kualiti

air sungai dan habitat telah mengakibatkan impak buruk melalui gangguan

bekalan air minuman atau membawa kepada peningkatan masalah kesihatan

di samping menjejaskan bekalan perikanan di sungai yang dahulunya

memberikan pendapatan penting dan sumber makanan. Kehilangan hutan

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dan zon penampan tebing sungai juga telah mengurangkan peluang

pendapatan komuniti dan ekopelancongan. Komuniti tempatan juga

menerima kesan buruk dari pencemaran kilang dan ladang minyak sawit.

Lebih daripada 180,000 orang mendapatkan bekalan air minuman daripada

empat lembangan sungai yang menjadi tumpuan kajian ini. Pencemaran yang

berterusan akan mengganggu bekalan air dan membawa Impak sosial dan

ekonomi yang besar.

5.4 RISIKO DAN KESAN SOSIO-EKONOMI

30. Terdapat kesan sosio-ekonomi dan risiko yang signifikan akibat daripada

pencemaran sungai yang berterusan. Ini termasuklah potensi gangguan

bekalan air ke bandar-bandar penting seperti Sandakan, Beluran dan Lahad

Datu; kehilangan dan kemerosotan hutan paya bakau serta perikanan pesisir

pantai yang merupakan industri penting kawasan ini; peningkatan risiko banjir

dan hakisan tebing sungai dan kerosakan infrastruktur; kehilangan potensi

pembangunan masa hadapan seperti akuakultur, ekopelancongan atau dana

karbon. Keadaan dan punca masalah-masalah ini dibincangkan di bawah

menurut sektor.

5.5 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLADANGAN KELAPA SAWIT

31. Peraturan yang lemah dan kekurangan pemantauan untuk EIA, ADP, dan

Rizab Sungai. Keperluan peraturan dan perundangan semasa seperti Kajian

Penilaian Kesan Alam Sekitar dan Pelan Pembangunan Pertanian yang

berkaitan dengan pembangunan dan operasi ladang kelapa sawit tidak

mencukupi untuk mencegah impak ke atas sungai secara berkesan dalam

bentuk yang menyeluruh. Masih terdapat kekurangan dan kelemahan di

dalam pelaksanaan EIA dan peraturan rizab sungai, begitu juga dengan

undang-undang yang mengawal aktiviti pembersihan tanah dan

cerun/hakisan. Kajian mendapati bahawa tidak semua ladang kelapa sawit di

lembangan-lembangan ini mematuhi keperluan EIA kerana sesetengah tanah

sama ada dibangunkan sebelum penguatkuasaan peraturan bermula,

peraturan sengaja diabaikan atau tidak dikuatkuasakan, atau saiz

pembangunan adalah kurang daripada kawasan minimum (100 ha) yang

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diperlukan oleh undang-undang (untuk menjalankan EIA/PMM1). Sangat

sedikit usaha yang dijalankan untuk melaksana dan memantau pematuhan ke

atas keperluan pelan pembangunan pertanian. Peraturan dan polisi semasa

tidak mewajibkan penilaian HCV atau pengenalpastian lengkap bagi

“Kawasan Alam Sekitar yang Sensitif ” sebelum mendapat kelulusan untuk

pembangunan.

32. Kadar rendah ladang kelapa sawit adalah dikawal di bawah peraturan

alam sekitar yang sedia ada. Sebilangan kecil daripada ladang-ladang

kelapa sawit dalam lembangan-lembangan yang terpilih telah menjalankan

EIA atau PMM – sama ada kerana mereka telah diluluskan sebelum

penguatkuasaan peraturan-peraturan dalam tahun 2005 atau kerana syarikat-

syarikat tidak menjalankan kajian-kajian tersebut sebelum pelaksanaan.

JPAS juga menghadapi kekurangan tenaga kerja untuk memantau

perkembangan ladang-ladang kelapa sawit.

33. Pencerobohan rizab sungai. Analisa imej satelit/gambar udara dan

pemerhatian lapangan menunjukkan bahawa pokok kelapa sawit sering

ditanam dalam rizab sungai atau zon penampan oleh kebanyakan pengusaha

ladang kelapa sawit di kawasan kajian. Ini adalah merupakan salah satu

faktor utama yang menyumbang kepada kemerosotan kualiti air sungai.

Walaupun terdapat peraturan untuk melindungi rizab/zon pemampan sungai,

pencerobohan kawasan-kawasan ini adalah perkara biasa. Salah satu faktor

yang menyumbang kepada isu ini adalah kerana rizab sungai secara

umumnya tidak diwartakan atau ditandakan secara rasmi di Sabah.

Tambahan lagi, jabatan-jabatan berkaitan kekurangan kakitangan dan sumber

untuk tinjauan dan aktiviti penguatkuasaan secara berjadual.

34. Pengabaian anak-anak sungai. Adalah diperhatikan bahawa hanya dengan

menyelenggara rizab sungai utama mungkin tidak mencukupi untuk

menghalang pemendakan berterusan dalam alur air. Kelodak masih boleh

memasuki sungai utama melalui anak-anak sungai. Adalah juga diperhatikan

bahawa yang kebanyakan pengusaha ladang kelapa sawit tidak

1Proposal for Mitigation Measures

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menyelenggara sebarang bentuk zon pemampan di sepanjang anak-anak

sungai yang melalui ladang-ladang mereka.

35. Jumlah Pepejal Terampai Tinggi dalam sungai akibat daripada langkah

kawalan hakisan yang tidak mencukupi. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa

TSS yang tinggi dalam sungai yang dikaji, berkemungkinan berpunca

daripada hakisan tanah dan kelodakan, adalah salah satu masalah utama

yang dihadapi dalam kawasan kajian. Keperluan syarat untuk melaksanakan

pelan kawalan hakisan dan kelodakan sebelum pembersihan tanah/kerja-

kerja pembangunan perlu diperkukuhkan dan dikuatkuasakan dengan baik.

Sewaktu lawatan lapangan, juga diperhatikan yang penggunaan jentera berat

untuk pembersihan tanah dalam waktu hujan lebat mempunyai kesan teruk

yang membawa kepada peningkatan hakisan tanah dan pemampatan.

36. Kandungan bahan organik tinggi dalam sungai akibat daripada

pelepasan dan limpahan air dari kolam rawatan POME dan kawasan

pengairan serta larian baja berlebihan. Ledakan pertumbuhan alga yang

luar biasa direkodkan di hampir kesemua sungai yang dikaji. Masalah ini

berkemungkinan besar berpunca dari pembuangan terus dan limpahan kolam

rawatan POME dan kawasan pengairan tanah di samping penggunaan baja

yang berlebihan oleh ladang kelapa sawit.

37. Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik oleh sektor kelapa sawit

yang tidak seragam. Adalah juga diperhatikan bahawa perlaksanaan BMP

ini tidak meluas di dalam kawasan kajian, terutama oleh pengusaha kelapa

sawit kecil-kecilan dan bersaiz sederhana. Amalan-amalan pengurusan sisa

pepejal, kawalan hakisan dan penyebaran baja/racun yang tidak memuaskan

mengakibatkan kerosakan kualiti air sungai secara keseluruhan.

5.6 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI KILANG KELAPA SAWIT (KKS)

38. Perancangan pembangunan kilang kelapa sawit yang kurang baik.

Garispanduan perancangan sedia ada untuk kilang kelapa sawit jarang

dipatuhi. Sebagai contoh, beberapa kilang kelapa sawit dan kolam rawatan

POME terletak hampir dengan sungai. Garispanduan Jabatan Alam Sekitar

(JAS) untuk pembinaan dan zon sektor kelapa sawit (2007) jelas menyatakan

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bahawa kilang yang baru mestilah diletak di bahagian tengah ladang dengan

sekurang-kurangnya 500 meter jejari zon pemampan. Namun begitu, kilang-

kilang yang melanggar peraturan ini mungkin telah dibina sebelum

garispanduan tersebut dikuatkuasakan.

39. Kelemahan perundangan berkaitan kesalahan melepaskan efluen. Di

bawah Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar 1974, jumlah denda bagi kesalahan

melepaskan efluen ke dalam alurair adalah tidak setimpa ldengan

keuntungan yang diperolehi oleh kilang dan kos penyelenggaraan sistem

rawatan efluen yang sempurna. Jumlah kompaun juga terlalu rendah bagi

mendorong pengusaha kilang untuk mempertingkatkan keupayaan sistem

rawatan mereka. Oleh itu,ramai pengusaha selalu melanggar peraturan.

Terdapat beberapa pengusaha gagal mengambil tindakan yang sewajarnya

walaupun mereka telah beberapa kali dikenakan tindakan undang-undang.

40. Kekurangan penguatkuasaan peraturan. Dalam masa kajian, banyak

masalah yang berkaitan dengan operasi kilang kelapa sawit dikesani,

contohnya – pelepasan terus POME; kekurangan pembersihan enap-

cemar/penyelenggaraan kolam rawatan POME yang tidak memadai; kualiti

efluen terawat yang rendah. Perkara-perkara ini adalah di bawah bidang

kuasa JAS yang sepatutnya membuat lawatan berkala ke setiap kilang.

Masalah kekurangan kakitangan/sumberdan kenderaan/peralatan yang

dihadapi adalah menjadi satu halangan besar kepada jabatan ini.

41. Kilang kelapa sawit gagal mematuhi keperluan pelepasan efluen,

sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh penyelenggaraan sistem rawatan yang

tidak memuaskan. Kajian mendapati hanya 5 daripada 20 kilang kelapa

sawit dalam kawasan kajian berjaya mengurangkan paras BOD POME di

bawah 100 ppm sewaktu musim surut rendah dan hanya 1 kilang yang

hampir mematuhi syarat keperluan untuk kilang yang baru iaitu kurang

daripada 20ppm. Jika POME yang telah dirawat dengan paras BOD yang

tinggi tidak dilupuskan dengan betul, ia akan menyebabkan sungai tercemar.

Kajian juga mendapati keberkesanan sistem rawatan POME menurun secara

mendadak terutamanya akibat peralatan dan kemudahan tidak diselenggara

dengan baik oleh pemilik. Daripada lawatan/temubual di lapangan didapati

bahawa kebanyakan kilang kelapa sawit tidak menjalankan pembersihan

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enap-cemar kolam rawatan POME mereka lebih dari 5 tahun. Kolam rawatan

POME yang tidak diselenggarakan dengan memuaskan juga sering

mengalami limpahan dan kebocoran.

42. Pelaksanaan syarat pengairan ladang yang tidak berkesan. Sejak 2006,

JAS telah mewajibkan semua kilang kelapa sawit melupuskan 100% POME

mereka secara pengairan ladang atau pelupusan POME di dalam ladang-

ladang kelapa sawit yang berdekatan. Ini telah dilaksanakan secara

berperingkat. Kajian di lapangan mendapati bahawa kebanyakan skim

pengairan ladang oleh pengusaha ladang-ladang kelapa sawit dalam

lembangan-lembangan terpilih ini masih tidak dilaksanakan selaras dengan

pelan-pelan yang telah diluluskan oleh JAS. Tambahan lagi, terdapat kes

pengurusan atau penyelenggaraan pengairan ladang yang tidak memuaskan

turut mengakibatkan limpahan dan pencemaran alurair yang berdekatan.

Malah terdapat juga kejadian pelepasan POME terus ke dalam alur air

walaupun peraturan tidak membenarkannya. Oleh itu, adalah perlu membuat

satu semakan semula berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan pengairan ladang dan

mewujudkan garispanduan serta prosedur yang lebih jelas di samping

menyediakan latihan untuk memastikan semua syarat pengairan ladang

yang diperkenalkan dapat dilaksanakan dengan berkesan.

Sekiranya perkara ini tidak dikawal, pencemaran dari kilang kelapa sawit

boleh memberi impak yang besar terhadap kualiti sungai seterusnya

menjejaskan sumber bekalan air, industri perikanan, sara hidup

penduduk, kesihatan awam dan eko-pelancongan yang berpotensi di

setiap lembangan.

5.7 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PETEMPATAN MASYARAKAT PINGGIR SUNGAI

43. Status perundangan bagi petempatan pinggir sungai dan penglibatan

pihak berkepentingan. Kajian yang dijalankan terhadap petempatan

masyarakat di pinggir sungai menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan petempatan

dibangunkan di atas rizab sungai yang tidak diwartakan sebagai

perkampungan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan. Bagi membolehkan kawasan

petempatan itu diwartakan sebagai kampung akan melibatkan proses yang

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panjang. Petempatan yang tidak diwartakan akan dianggap haram oleh pihak

berkuasa tempatan.

Ketiadaan penguatkuasaan daripada agensi kerajaan berkaitan untuk

mencegah pembinaan rumah di rizab sungai juga telah membawa kepada

pertumbuhan mendadak dan pengembangan kawasan-kawasan “haram”

ini. Bagaimanapun, penempatan semula dan merobohkan rumah-rumah

ini bukan penyelesaian kepada masalah ini kerana ia dianggap sebagai

isu sensitif. Oleh itu, cara yang praktikal mencegah masalah ini adalah

dengan menghalang pembangunan petempatan tebing sungai di

kawasan-kawasan ini di masa hadapan.

44. Kemudahan sistem pembentungan yang tidak memadai. Berdasarkan

kepada maklumat profil demografik petempatan pinggir sungai, hanya

sebahagian kecil rumah daripada empat lembangan sungai dilengkapi

kemudahan sistem pembetungan yang sempurna. Umumnya najis manusia

dilupuskan menggunakan tandas gali iaitu tandas lubang yang paling mudah,

terdiri daripada parit yang agak cetek. Tanpa kemudahan pembetungan yang

sempurna, najis ini akhirnya akan masuk ke dalam sungai. Ketiadaan

kordinasi antara agensi-agensi kerajaan juga menyumbang kepada masalah

pembetungan di kawasan petempatan pinggir sungai. Melihat kepada

keadaan semasa, bantuan daripada jabatan berkaitan contohnya Jabatan

Kesihatan, dari segi tandas, tangki septik dan lain-lain tidak dipanjangkan

kepada petempatan-petempatan pinggir sungai tersebut. Ini mungkin

disebabkan petempatan itu tidak diwartakan sebagai kampung atau wakilnya

tidak memberitahu jabatan-jabatan berkenaan. Petempatan-petempatan

yang mempunyai tangki septik tidak mendapat perkhidmatan majlis kerana

kawasan mereka tidak termasuk dalam perkadaran majlis. Di samping itu,

tidak terdapat sistem pengurusan air kumbahan sepanjang petempatan

kommuniti. Air kumbahan selalunya disalurkan terus ke sungai-sungai

berdekatan.

45. Pengurusan sisa pepejal yang tidak memuaskan. Pengurusan sisa

pepejal yang tidak memuaskan juga merupakan hasil penemuan utama

kajian. Petempatan di sepanjang rizab sungai tidak mempunyai sistem

pelupusan sampah yang sempurna, membawa kepada pembakaran terbuka

sisa buangan domestik mereka. Dalam senario terburuk, penduduk

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mengambil jalan mudah melonggokkan sampah di tebing sungai, ia akan

dihanyutkan arus apabila air pasang. Sama seperti pembekalan kemudahan

sanitasi, sampah yang terkumpul tidak akan dikutip oleh pihak berkuasa

tempatan atau agensi berkenaan kerana kawasan kampung itu berada di luar

bidang kuasa mereka.

46. Kurang kesedaran. Pemerhatian dan perbincangan di petempatan-

petempatan pinggir sungai sewaktu kajian dijalankan menunjukkan yang

walaupun masyarakat ini bimbang tentang pencemaran sungai-sungai

berdekatan, mereka tidak menyedari sumbangan mereka ke atas masalah ini

melalui pengurusan sisa pepejal dan domestik yang kurang baik. Tiada

program kesedaran yang dijalankan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan dan

sangat sedikit usaha yang dijalankan untuk mendidik penduduk-penduduk ini

berkaitan kepentingan sistem kumbahan serta pengurusan sisa pepejal yang

sempurna. Penduduk kampung amnya kekurangan pengetahuan

bersesuaian dan kemahiran yang diperlukan untuk mengurus isu alam sekitar

setempat mereka.

47. Kekurangan air bersih untuk komuniti pinggir. Kebanyakan komuniti

pinggir sungai tidak mempunyai sumber bekalan air bersih. Tiada bekalan air

paip disediakan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan. Kajian menunjukkan air

sungai tidak selamat untuk kegunaan terus akibat pencemaran. Walau

bagaimanapun, komuniti tempatan masih bergantung kepada air sungai untuk

pelbagai kegunaan lain- terutamanya di musim kering.

5.8 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLOMBONGAN PASIR

48. Keperluan Peraturan daripada Agensi-agensi Kerajaan. Penilaian-

penilaian menunjukkan bahawa sesetengah pengusaha lombong pasir masih

belum menjalankan EIA atau mendapatkan kelulusan EIA tetapi masih

beroperasi menggunakan permit dari JTU sahaja.

49. Kekurangan penguatkuasaan. Dari segi penguatkuasaan dan

pemantauan, kedua-dua agensi JPAS dan JTU mempunyai sumber yang

terhad, yang menghalang mereka daripada memainkan peranan mereka

secara berkesan. Kekangan bilangan tenaga kerja, kenderaan dan peralatan

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adalah masalah utama jabatan-jabatan ini. Tambahan lagi, perbezaan

keperluan peraturan JPAS dan JTU menyukarkan mereka untuk mendenda

pesalah.

50. Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik yang tidak mencukupi.

Kebanyakan pengusaha lombong pasir mempunyai amalan pengurusan yang

tidak mencukupi. Kebanyakan pengusaha tidak mempunyai kolam penahan

untuk membendung larian air daripada aktiviti mencuci pasir sementara ada

pengusaha yang melepaskan air cucian terus ke dalam sungai. Lokasi

longgokan juga tidak diletakkan ditempat yang betul, di pinggir sungai. Ini

mungkin dihanyutkan apabila air pasang atau terjadi hujan lebat. Terdapat

juga kesan tumpahan minyak di kawasan penyelenggaraan yang tidak

diuruskan dengan baik. Pengusaha lombong yang memiliki kelulusan EIA

juga didapati tidak mematuhi syarat kelulusan EIA. Ketiadaan

penguatkuasaan oleh agensi berkaitan banyak menyumbang kepada

perlaksanaan BMP yang tidak memuaskan.

51. Amalan operasi yang tidak sesuai. Garispanduan operasi lombong pasir

sedia ada yang dikeluarkan oleh agensi berkaitan menerangkan dengan jelas

prosedur operasi yang harus dipatuhi oleh pengusaha. Namun begitu,

kebanyakannya tidak dipatuhi, membawa kepada amalan operasi tidak

memuaskan dan mengakibatkan paras kekeruhan dan TSS yang tinggi di

dalam sungai.

52. Ketiadaan kesedaran di kalangan pengusaha. Operasi lombong pasir

dijalankan berdasarkan permintaan dan bergantung kepada keperluan

industri untuk mendapatkan bekalan, terutamanya untuk keperluan

pembangunan. Oleh itu, operasi melombong pasir perlu dijalankan dengan

cepat untuk memenuhi permintaan. Akibatnya, kebanyakan garispanduan

tidak dilaksanakan atau sengaja diabaikan oleh pengusaha. Oleh itu, perlu

memberi kesedaran kepada pengusaha secara berterusan tentang

kepentingan memastikan hanya amalan perlombongan terbaik sahaja

dilaksanakan dengan tujuan mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai.

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5.9 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PENGURUSAN LEMBANGAN SUNGAI BERSEPADU

53. Pengurusan lembangan sungai semasa tidak menyeluruh. Pengurusan

menyeluruh lembangan sungai memerlukan penyelarasan pelbagai agensi

kerajaan. Penyelarasan antara agensi yang agak lemah, ditambah dengan

penggarisan bidang kuasa dan peraturan yang tidak jelas di samping

kelemahan penguatkuasaan serta keupayaan pemantauan berakhir dengan

pencemaran berterusan sungai oleh pelbagai sektor dan kerosakan

berterusan kawasan-kawasan perlindungan/pemuliharaan serta kehilangan

koridor tebing sungai, terutamanya di bahagian hilir setiap lembangan sungai

dalam kawasan kajian.

54. Ancaman kepada keutuhan kawasan pemuliharaan sedia ada. Kajian

mendapati bahawa hampir semua tanah di luar sempadan hutan simpan dan

kawasan pemuliharaan telah ditukar menjadi ladang kelapa sawit, termasuk

beberapa kawasan di dalam hutan simpan. Terdapat juga pencerobohan

yang ketara di hutan simpan dan kawasan tadahan oleh pemburu haram,

pembalakan haram, pembakaran hutan dan petempatan haram. Sehingga

masalah-masalah ini diselesaikan, potensi ekopelancongan di kawasan

perlindungan yang telah mantap seperti Lembah Danum, Simpanan Hidupan

Liar Tabin dan Taman Bukit Tawau tidak akan dapat diterokai sepenuhnya,

apatah lagi kawasan ekopelancongan berpotensi yang baru seperti Lower

Kinabatangan-Segama Wetlands (Tapak RAMSAR terbesar di Malaysia).

55. Pencerobohan rizab sungai. Analisa imej satelit/gambar udara dan

pemerhatian lapangan menunjukkan bahawa penanaman pokok kelapa sawit

dalam rizab sungai oleh kebanyakan peladang kelapa sawit dalam kawasan

kajian adalah perkara yang biasa. Ini adalah satu daripada faktor- faktor

penyumbang yang memberi kesan terhadap kualiti air sungai.

56. Kekurangan sumber dan penglibatan pihak berkepentingan dalam

pengurusan lembangan sungai. Merancang, mengurus dan memantau

lembangan sungai yang besar oleh agensi-agensi kerajaan adalah tugas

yang amat rumit, memerlukan sumber yang mencukupi dan penyertaan aktif

pelbagai pihak yang berkepentingan. Buat masa ini, keadaan ini tidak wujud

dan perlu ditangani.

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57. Kerosakan hutan. Kawasan hutan yang masih kekal di dalam kawasan

tadahan kini telah rosak – terutamanya akibat pengeluaran balak yang intensif

pada masa dahulu. Akibatnya, kawasan hutan, terutamanya di kawasan

cerun, terdedah kepada hakisan - yang menyumbang kepada pencemaran

sungai dan mendakan.

6 STRATEGI DAN PELAN TINDAKAN

58. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, sebilangan matlamat, strategi, dan pelan tindakan

telah dicadangkan bagi Perladangan Kelapa Sawit, Kilang Kelapa Sawit,

Petempatan Manusia, Perlombongan Pasir dan Pengurusan Bersepadu

Lembangan Sungai serta Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan.

59. Setiap strategi terdiri daripada satu set tujuan dan pelan tindakan untuk

mencegah dan menangani masalah pencemaran di lembangan-lembangan

sungai. Strategi-strategi ini memberi tumpuan kepada punca pencemaran

besar dan kecil yang telah dikenalpasti.

60. Lima matlamat telah diformulasikan seperti di bawah untuk mencapai objektif

keseluruhan iaitu meningkatkan kualiti air sungai yang terpilih di timur Sabah

melalui kawalan dan meminimakan pencemaran dari sektor kelapa sawit,

perlombongan pasir dan petempatan manusia.

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Jadual RE.1: Ringkasan Matlamat untuk Strategi dan Pelan Tindakan

Matlamat Kos Keseluruhan

(RM)

1 Meningkatkan kualiti air sungai yang terpilih di Sabah

kepada status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang

2020 melalui pengurangan impak ladang kelapa sawit

48,694,000

2 Meningkatkan kualiti air sungai di sungai yang terpilih

kepada status “Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang

2020 melalui pengurangan kesan daripada kilang

kelapa sawit

26,480,000

3 Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar petempatan

pinggir sungai bagi mengurangkan pencemaran bagi

menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status

“Bersih”(Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020

31,021,400

4 Mengawal aktiviti lombong pasir dan mengurangkan

pencemaran berkaitan untuk menyokong langkah

meningkatkan kualiti air ke status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke

atas) menjelang 2020

18,504,400

5 Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Bersepadu Lembangan

Sungai dan perlindungan kawasan tadahan di

lembangan-lembangan sungai terpilih untuk menyokong

langkah mempertingkatkan kualiti air ke status

“Bersih”(Kelas II ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020

294,944,000

JUMLAH 419,643,800

Matlamat 1: Mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai terpilih di Sabah ke status

“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020 melalui

pengurangan impak daripada ladang kelapa sawit

61. Masalah-masalah berkaitan pencemaran sungai daripada ladang kelapa

sawit boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi tiga strategi:

Memperbaiki keperluan perundangan dan perancangan

pembangunan untuk ladang kelapa sawit;

Melaksanakan Amalan Pertanian Terbaik dan Mapan ;

Mempertingkatkan Keupayaan Pihak Berkepentingan Utama untuk

menyokong Pengurusan Ladang Berkesan.

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62. Perlaksanaan peraturan berkaitan penilaian impak alam sekitar ladang kelapa

sawit perlu dipertingkatkan terutamanya untuk memastikan yang semua

ladang baru dan kawasan tanaman semula yang melebihi 100ha, termasuk

bahagian hulu atau bersempadan dengan kawasan sensitif alam sekitar

menjalankan sama ada EIA atau PMM untuk kelulusan JPAS.

63. Proses semakan, kelulusan dan perlaksanaan Pelan Pembangunan

Pertanian (ADP) perlu dipertingkatkan. Semua pembangunan ladang

melebihi 50 ekar perlu menyediakan ADP untuk kelulusan DOA, tetapi buat

masa ini ia bukan alat yang berkesan dalam mengurangkan pencemaran dan

impak alam sekitar. Semakan semula oleh JPS dan JPAS adalah

dicadangkan bersama penentuan garis rizab sungaidan kawasan HCV yang

jelas serta perangkuman Pelan Kawalan Hakisan dan Pemendakan untuk

setiap pembangunan.

64. Hakisan tanah berkaitan pembukaan tanah untuk perladangan dan

penanaman semula adalah satu daripada sebab peningkatan paras

mendakan di dalam sungai di Sabah. Mengukuhkan keperluan untuk

kelulusan berkaitan pembersihan tanah termasuk pelan pembangunan wajib

untuk pelan kawalan hakisan tanah dan mendakan beserta pemotongan

cerun dan kolam mendakan yang betul bersama dengan penanaman awal

tumbuhan penutup bumi kekacang adalah diperlukan.

65. Pemilihan tapak untuk perladangan perlu dipertingkatkan bagi memastikan

ianya hanya dibangunkan di atas tapak yang sesuai dan mengelakkan

daripada sebarang impak ke atas kawasan pemuliharaan penting termasuk

rizab sungai, kawasan tadahan air, rizab dan koridor hidupan liar.

66. Perlaksanaan amalan pengurusan terbaik dan mapan untuk ladang kelapa

sawitperlu dipromosikan melalui pembinaan keupayaan dan insentif.

Tumpuan utama BMP yang boleh meningkatkan pengeluaran haruslah dalam

masa yang sama dilihat mengurangkan pencemaran aliran air, pengurangan

penggunaan baja dan racun perosak melalui perlaksanaan konsep

Pengurusan baja dan racun serangga yang tepat secara bersepadu;

melaksanakan amalan memulihara kelembapan dan tanah; mengujudkan,

mengurus dan mempertingkatkan kawasan HCV termasuk rizab sungai,

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mempertingkatkan kawalan alam sekitar kuarters pekerja, kawasan stor

minyak, sisa pepejal dan sisa berjadual dan sebagainya; dan melaksanakan

konsep tanpa pembakaran dan pengurusan biomass yang lebih baik.

67. Peraturan dan kawalan baru tidak akan berkesan tanpa keupayaan pihak

berkepentingan berkenaan melaksanakan dan memantau keadaan. Dengan

itu, peningkatan kapasiti penguatkuasaan dan pemantauan oleh agensi-

agensi kerajaan di samping pelaksanaan BMP oleh sektor ladang diperlukan.

Penglibatan masyarakat setempat dan badan bukan kerajaan yang lebih baik

terutamanya dalam pemantauan diperlukan.

Jadual RE.2: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 1

LADANG KELAPA SAWIT

Matlamat 1

Mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai terpilih di Sabah ke

Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020 melalui

pengurangan impak daripada ladang kelapa sawit

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Strategi 1.1 Memperbaiki keperluan peraturan/perundangan dan

perancangan pembangunan untuk Ladang Kelapa Sawit

Tindakan 1.1.1 Memperkukuhkan perlaksanaan

keperluan EIA/PMM JPAS 1,536,000

Tindakan 1.1.2

Semak semula dan laksanakan

keperluan pelan pembangunan

pertanian

Jabatan

Pertanian 1,002,000

Tindakan 1.1.3

Semakan semula dan

memperkukuhkan peraturan

berhubung pembersihan tanah dan

aktiviti kawalan cerun/hakisan

JPAS 300,000

Tindakan 1.1.4

Semak semula dan kukuhkan

keperluan mengenalpasti serta

mengariskan kawasan sensitif alam

sekitar dan bernilai pemuliharaan

tinggi yang bernilai di kawasan dalam

dan bersempadanan dengan ladang

JPAS 742,000

Tindakan1.1.5

Melaksanakan perancangan guna

tanah yang betul untuk menempatkan

perladangan

JTU 374,000

Jumlah Kecil 3,954,000

Strategi 1.2 Promosi dan Laksanakan Amalan Pertanian Terbaik dan

Mapan

Tindakan 1.2.1 Promosikan amalan pengurusan baja

yang tepat dan optimum

Jabatan

Pertanian 4,630,000

Tindakan 1.2.2 Laksanakan Pengurusan Bersepadu LMSM 4,875,000

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LADANG KELAPA SAWIT

Matlamat 1

Mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai terpilih di Sabah ke

Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020 melalui

pengurangan impak daripada ladang kelapa sawit

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Racun Perosak

Tindakan 1.2.3

Melaksanakan amalan memulihara

kelembapan dan tanah (sungkupan,

tanaman penutup bumi, perangkap

mendakan, dsb.)

Jabatan

Pertanian 9,440,000

Tindakan 1.2.4

Mewujudkan, mengurus dan

memperbaiki kawasan HCV termasuk

rizab sungai

JPAS 9,430,000

Tindakan 1.2.5

Membaiki kawalan alam sekitar rumah

pekerja, kawasan stor minyak, sisa

pepejal dan berjadual, dsb.

JKKP 1,515,000

Tindakan 1.2.6

Promosikan dan pantau secara

berterusan perlaksanaan konsep

tanpa pembakaran

JAS 650,000

Jumlah Kecil 30,540,000

Strategi 1.3 Pertingkatkan Keupayaan Pihak Berkepentingan Utama untuk

Menyokong Pengurusan Ladang yang Berkesan

Tindakan 1.3.1

Menguatkuasakan keperluan di bawah

EIA, Pelan Pembangunan Pertanian

dan peraturan-peraturan lain

JPAS 12,500,000

Tindakan 1.3.2

Menambah keupayaan untuk

melaksanakan amalan pertanian

mapan

Jabatan

Pertanian 1,700,000

Jumlah Kecil 14,200,000

JUMLAH 48,694,000

Matlamat 2: Mempertingkatkan Kualiti air di sungai terpilih di Sabah ke

status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020

melalui pengurangan impak dari Kilang Kelapa Sawit

68. Masalah-masalah berkaitan pencemaran sungai dari kilang kelapa sawit

boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi empat strategi berikut:

Memperbaiki keperluan peraturan/perundangan dan perancangan

pembangunan untuk kilang kelapa sawit;

Melaksanakan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik untuk

pengunaan/pengurusan sisa kilang ;

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Memperbaiki proses rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit;

Mempertingkatkan keupayaan pihak-pihak berkepentingan utama

untuk menyokong operasi kilang kelapa sawit secara mapan.

69. Nilai denda yang dikenakan ke atas kilang kelapa sawit kerana tidak

mematuhi piawaian pelepasan efluen kilang kelapa sawit pada masa ini

adalah terlalu rendah untuk dijadikan sebagai insentif kepada syarikat untuk

mematuhi undang-undang itu. Oleh itu, dicadangkan supaya meminda EQA

1974 (Peruntukan struktur denda dan kompaun untuk kesalahan pelepasan

efluen) dengan menyediakan siri struktur denda minimum dan jika perlu,

arahan pemberhentian sementara ke atas kilang perlu dikeluarkan sehingga

keperluan syarat berkenaan dipatuhi.

70. Keperluan peraturan dan perundangan lain yang diperlukan untuk kilang

termasuk peraturan-peraturan di bawah Enakmen Perlindungan Alam Sekitar

berkaitan pembangunan kilang dan kolam rawatan serta kompleks

perumahan pekerja yang berkenaan di samping pembentukan garispanduan

yang jelas untuk perlaksanaan pengairan tanah bagi mengelak air lepasan

akhir yang telah dirawat dilepaskan ke dalam aliran air berhampiran.

71. Menerima pakai piawaian dan kod amalan pengurusan terbaik perlu

dipertingkatkan bersama dengan peruntukan insentif kepada pemilik kilang

bagi memperkenalkan teknologi baru dalam rawatan dan pengurangan sisa.

72. Anjakan paradigma untuk menangani kawalan pencemaran dari sisa kilang

kelapa sawit diperlukan dengan penghapusan sisa melalui penukaran kepada

hasil yang mempunyai nilai tambah. Kini terdapat pilihan yang bertambah

dalam penggunaan “hasil sisa” dalam menjana nilai tambahan seperti gas

asli, kompos, tenaga biomass, baja dan makanan haiwan serta menapis

semua air dari efluen bagi mengelakkan sisa cecair.

73. Kilang yang masih meneruskan rawatan sisa melalui sistem kolam boleh

memperbaiki keberkesanan sistem dengan menerima pakai teknologi

rawatan ke tiga dan pengurusan berkesan dan operasi sistem rawatan.

Perlantikan wajib Pengurus Kawalan Pencemaran untuk setiap kilang

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berserta dengan audit tahunan terhadap sistem rawatan kilang oleh pihak

ketiga akan memastikan sistem rawatan berfungsi dengan betul.

74. Keupayaan pihak berkepentingan utama menangani isu pencemaran

daripada kilang kelapa sawit perlu dipertingkatkan dengan menambah

bilangan pegawai penguatkuasaan dan pertukaran yang berkesan di samping

membuat pemantauan sendiri dan laporan oleh pengusaha kilang kelapa

sawit digabungkan dengan penglibatan strategik masyarakat setempat dan

badan bukan kerajaan untuk memantau dan menyediakan maklum balas

berkaitan isu pencemaran.

Jadual RE.3: Tindakan Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 2

KILANG KELAPA SAWIT

Matlamat 2

Mempertingkatkan Kualiti Air Sungai terpilih di Sabah ke status

“Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020 melalui

pengurangan impak dari kilang kelapa sawit

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Cost (RM)

Strategi 2.1 Memperbaiki keperluan undang-undang/peraturan dan

perancangan pembangunan untuk kilang kelapa sawit

Tindakan

2.1.1

Meminda EQA 1974

(Peruntukan struktur Denda

dan Kompaun bagi Kesalahan

Pelepasan Efluen)

JAS 0

Tindakan

2.1.2

Melaksana dan

menguatkuasakan keperluan

untuk kilang kelapa sawit baru

mendapatkan kelulusan

merancang

JPAS 450,000

Tindakan

2.1.3

Memperkenalkan piawaian dan

kod amalan untuk operasi

kilang

LMSM 5,750,000

Tindakan

2.1.4

Membangun dan

melaksanakan mekanisma

insentif untuk pengurusan baik

sisa kilang

JAS 1,050,000

Jumlah Kecil 7,250,000

Strategi 2.2 Melaksanakan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik untuk pengurusan

dan pengunaan sisa kilang

Tindakan

2.2.1

Melaksanakan konsep sisa

sifar dan tukarkan sisa kilang

kepada hasil nilai - tambah

LMSM 7,390,000

Tindakan Guna sepenuhnya dan kitar LMSM 400,000

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KILANG KELAPA SAWIT

Matlamat 2

Mempertingkatkan Kualiti Air Sungai terpilih di Sabah ke status

“Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020 melalui

pengurangan impak dari kilang kelapa sawit

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Cost (RM)

2.2.2 semula air untuk operasi

pengilangan

Tindakan

2.2.3

Membangun dan

melaksanakan garispanduan

untuk amalan pengairan tanah

JAS 2,750,000

Jumlah Kecil 10,540,000

Strategi 2.3 Memperbaiki proses rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit (POME)

Tindakan

2.3.1

Melaksanakan sistem rawatan

POME menggunakan teknologi

terkini

LMSM 300,000

Tindakan

2.3.2

Melantik Pengurus Kawalan

Pencemaran di setiap Kilang

Minyak Sawit

LMSM 150,000

Tindakan

2.3.3

Jalankan penyelenggaraan

berjadual sistem rawatan

efluen untuk memastikan ia

mematuhi piawaian

JAS 320,000

Tindakan

2.3.4

Jalankan semakan/audit pihak

ketiga untuk keberkesanan loji,

kecekapan peralatan dan

kemudahan rawatan efluen

JAS 500,000

Jumlah Kecil 1,270,000

Strategi 2.4 Meningkatkan keupayaan pihak berkepentingan utama untuk

menyokong operasi kilang secara mapan

Tindakan

2.4.1

Melaksanakan pemantauan

sendiri dan menambah

penglibatan awam dalam

pemantauan

JPAS 250,000

Tindakan

2.4.2

Mempertingkatkan kapasiti dan

keberkesanan

pemantauan/penguatkuasaan

JAS 7,170,000

Jumlah Kecil 7,420,000

JUMLAH 26,480,000

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Matlamat 3: Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar bagi petempatan

pinggir sungai untuk mengurangkan pencemaran bagi

menyokong langkah mempertingkatkan kualiti air kepada

status “bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang 2020

75. Petempatan sepanjang sungai telah dikenalpasti sebagai punca kecil kepada

pencemaran – terutama berkaitan dengan sisa pepejal dan kumbahan.

76. Masalah-masalah berkaitan dengan pencemaran sungai dari petempatan

boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi tiga strategi berikut:

Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Peraturan Petempatan pinggir sungai;

Meningkatkan kesedaran di kalangan penduduk pinggir sungai dan

penglibatan pihak berkepentingan;

Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik.

77. Beberapa petempatan baru telah wujud berhampiran atau di tebing sungai

utama dan anak sungai. Akibatnya, sebarang pencemaran dari kawasan

petempatan akan dialirkan terus ke dalam sungai. Walaupun, petempatan

semula mungkin tidak sesuai pada masa ini, dicadangkan supaya langkah-

langkah mencegah pembukaan petempatan di rizab sungai diambil.

78. Tahap kesedaran di kalangan masyarakat berhubung pentingnya

mengurangkan pencemaran sungai sangat rendah dan akibatnya, mereka

tidak menunjukkan sebarang kebimbangan mengenai pelupusan sampah

terus ke dalam sungai. Mereka juga kelihatan tidak tahu risiko kesihatan

akibat pencemaran dari sistem sanitasi atau kelemahan sistem pengurusan

kumbahan mereka. Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran hendaklah

digabungkan dengan peruntukan alternatif dan insentif untuk mengubah sikap

mereka.

79. Peruntukan alternatif untuk pelupusan sisa, sanitasi dan bekalan air amat

penting untuk mengubah amalan sekarang. Tanpa perkhidmatan kutipan sisa

majlis , kebanyakan perkampungan akan menanam/membakar atau

melupuskanya ke dalam sungai. Memperkenalkan sistem 4R2C (Fikir

semula, kurangkan, guna semula, kitar semula, kompos, tutup lubang)

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dengan gabungan kaedah pelupusan sanitasi dapat menangani isu-isu sisa

pepejal. Bagi pengurusan sisa kumbahan dan air bilasan, tangki septik dan

susup air yang direka dengan baik boleh disediakan.

80. Kebanyakan perkampungan bergantung kepada sungai terutama ketika

musim kering dan dengan itu terdedah kepada pencemaran sungai dari sisa

mereka sendiri di samping ladang dan kilang berhampiran. Bekalan air bersih

alternatif dapat mengurangkan pendedahan masyarakat-masyarakat ini.

Teknik-teknik yang bersesuaian untuk penapisan air hujan, penggunaan air

bawah tanah dan penyediaan mata air dan anak sungai sebagai sumber air

perlu digalakkan.

Jadual RE.4: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 3

PETEMPATAN

Matlamat

3

Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar bagi petempatan pinggir

sungai untuk mengurangkan pencemaran bagi menyokong

langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke

atas) menjelang 2020

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Strategi

3.1 Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Peraturan Petempatan Pinggir Sungai

Tindakan

3.1.1

Melarang petempatan pinggir

sungai di masa hadapan JTU 2,826,400

Strategi

3.2

Meningkatkan kesedaran di kalangan penduduk pinggir sungai

dan penglibatan pihak berkepentingan

Tindakan

3.2.1

Program kesedaran berkaitan

perlindungan dan pengurusan

sungai

Pejabat

Daerah 730,000

Tindakan

3.2.2

Penglibatan Pihak

Berkepentingan JKNS 1,350,000

Tindakan

3.2.3

Peruntukan geran/dana/insentif

sebagai galakan kepada

penduduk agar lebih

bersungguh dalam melindungi

kualiti air sungai

Pejabat

Daerah 5,500,000

Jumlah Kecil 7,580,000

Strategi

3.3 Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik

Tindakan

3.3.1

Peruntukan bagi membina

sistem sanitasi yang sesuai JKNS 4,870,000

Tindakan

3.3.2

Memperkenalkan Sistem

Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal

Pejabat

Daerah 2,365,000

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PETEMPATAN

Matlamat

3

Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar bagi petempatan pinggir

sungai untuk mengurangkan pencemaran bagi menyokong

langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke

atas) menjelang 2020

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Tindakan

3.3.3

Pengurusan air buangan iaitu

air bilasan dan limpahan septik

Pejabat

Daerah 620,000

Tindakan

3.3.4

Peruntukan untuk sumber

bekalan air bersih alternatif JKNS 12,760,000

Jumlah Kecil 20,615,000

JUMLAH 31,021,400

Matlamat 4: Mengawal perlombongan pasir sungai dan dan

mengurangkan pencemaran berkaitan untuk menyokong

langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status “Bersih” (Kelas II

ke atas) menjelang 2020

81. Perlombongan pasir di sepanjang sungai telah dikenalpasti sebagai punca

pencemaran yang penting kerosakan sungai terutamanya dalam musim

kering apabila penduduk kampung di bahagian hilir sungai mungkin

bergantung kepada air sungai untuk kegunaan domestik.

82. Masalah-masalah berkaitan pencemaran sungai daripada perlombongan

pasir boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi empat strategi :

Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Perundangan untuk Perlombongan Pasir

Sungai;

Memperbaiki Pengurusan dan Sistem Perancangan perlombongan

Pasir Sungai;

Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik;

Membina Keupayaan.

83. Walaupun terdapat senarai peraturan daripada pelbagai jabatan kerajaan

berkaitan perlombongan pasir, terdapat hanya sedikit penyelarasan dan

pelaksanaan yang lemah. Akibatnya, banyak pengusaha lombong pasir

beroperasi tanpa permit yang lengkap serta tidak mengikut peraturan yang

ditetapkan.

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84. Langkah penting yang pertama untuk menangani masalah-masalah tersebut

adalah dengan memperkenalkan perlaksanaan peraturan yang lebih

terselaras dan berkesan termasuklah mengenakan denda minimum untuk

mereka yang berulang kali melanggar peraturan.

85. Kebanyakan operasi pelombongan pasir sedia ada tidak mengikut keperluan

asas untuk melindungi rizab sungai, kawalan larian air/pelepasan air atau

melaksanakan amalan baik yang lain. Perkara ini perlu dipermudahkan

dengan garispanduan yang lebih jelas, pemahaman yang lebih baik oleh

pengusaha lombong dan juga keberkesanan penguatkuasaan.

86. Kekurangan kakitangan dan keupayaan untuk menjalankan pemeriksaan

yang kerap ke atas pengusaha lombong pasir ialah halangan yang perlu

ditangani. Penglibatan yang lebih baik patut diaturkan oleh kerajaan

tempatan di antara pengusaha lombong pasir dan komuniti tempatan yang

menerima kesan aktiviti perlombongan pasir.

Jadual RE.5: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 4

PERLOMBONGAN PASIR

Matlamat 4:

Kawal perlombongan pasir sungai dan kurangkan pencemaran

berkaitan bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air

sungai ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas)

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Strategi 4.1 Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Perundangan untuk Perlombongan

Pasir Sungai

Tindakan

4.1.1

Mengukuhkan penguatkuasaan

JPAS dalam mengawal aktiviti

perlombongan pasir tanpa

kelulusan EIA melalui peruntukan

kakitangan tambahan

JPAS 6,166,400

Tindakan

4.1.2

Peruntukan denda mandatori

minimum untuk pengusaha yang

tidak mematuhi undang-

undang/peraturan

JPAS 2,150,000

Jumlah Kecil 8,316,400

Strategi 4.2 Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lombong Pasir Sungai dan

Alat Perancangan

Tindakan

4.2.1

Pengesahan dan perlaksanaan

strategi yang dicadangkan dan

Pelan Tindakan di dalam Polisi

Kerajaan Negeri berkaitan

JTU 8,650,000

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PERLOMBONGAN PASIR

Matlamat 4:

Kawal perlombongan pasir sungai dan kurangkan pencemaran

berkaitan bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air

sungai ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas)

No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Perlombongan Pasir sungai

Strategi 4.3 Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik (BMPs)

Tindakan4.3.1 Kawalan air larian dan pelepasan JPAS 294,000

Tindakan

4.3.2 Pemulihan tebing dan rizab sungai JPAS

100,000

Tindakan

4.3.3

Memperbaiki Amalan Operasi

Perlombongan Pasir JPAS 294,000

Tindakan

4.3.4 Deposit prestasi oleh Pengusaha JTU 50,000

Jumlah Kecil 738,000

Strategi 4.4 Pembinaan Keupayaan oleh Penguatkuasa dan Pengusaha

Tindakan

4.4.1

Latihan untuk kakitangan agensi

kerajaan JPAS 700,000

Tindakan

4.4.2

Dialog berkala dengan pengusaha

lombong pasir sungai JPAS 100,000

Jumlah Kecil 800,000

JUMLAH 18,504,400

Matlamat 5: Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Bersepadu Lembangan Sungai

dan perlindungan kawasan tadahan di lembangan sungai

terpilih bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke

status “Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang 2020

87. Untuk memastikan langkah yang berkesan dan mapan dilaksanakan bagi

meningkatkan kualiti sungai terpilih, amat perlu menyokong Pengurusan

Bersepadu Lembangan Sungai melalui tindakan secara bersepadu dan

terselaras oleh pelbagai pihak berkepentingan dan sektor-sektor lain untuk

menangani isu pengurusan sungai. Ini akan dimudahkan melalui

pembentukan Jawatankuasa lembangan dan gabungan pihak-pihak

berkepentingan.

88. Penyelenggaraan dan pemuliharaan kawasan hutan tadahan adalah kritikal

untuk mengurangkan hakisan dan pemendakan di sungai-sungai berkenaan.

Hutan di kawasan tadahan dalam sesetengah lembangan telah teruk dibalak

dan dirosakkan oleh pembalakan di masa lampau dan memerlukan

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pelaburan untuk mempertingkatkan proses pemuliharaannya. Peruntukan

telah disediakan untuk pemuliharaan hutan seluas 60,000 ha terutama di

lembangan Sungai Segama dan Kalumpang.

89. Rizab sungai memainkan peranan penting dalam melindungi tebing sungai

dan mengurangkan aliran tanah dan bahan agrokimia ke dalam sungai.

Rizab sungai sepanjang Sungai Segama khususnya, perlu dipulihkan bagi

mewujudkan semula zon penampan serta laluan hidupan liar. Pengwujudan

zon penampan di sepanjang anak sungai juga diperlukan.

90. Menyediakan komuniti pinggir sungai dengan faedah melalui perlindungan

dan pemulihan sungai, ekopelancongan berasaskan komuniti dicadangkan

untuk lembangan Sungai Segama di mana terdapat tarikan ekopelancongan

yang berpotensi di bahagian hilir lembangan.

91. Satu faktor kritikal dalam memastikan kualiti air yang baik dalam jangka

panjang adalah dengan mewujudkan program pemantauan yang

merangkumi aspek fizikal, biologi dan kimia. Bagi memperbaiki pemantauan

dan penguatkuasaan berkaitan kilang kelapa sawit dan mengelakkan

pelepasan pencemaran secara terus ke sungai, satu jaringan stesen

pemantauan kualiti air secara real-time diperlukan di lokasi-lokasi kritikal. Ini

juga akan memudahkan penglibatan lebih ramai pihak berkepentingan

memantau amalan ladang dan kilang.

Jadual RE.6: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan Matlamat No. 5

PENGURUSAN BERSEPADU LEMBANGAN SUNGAI DAN PERLINDUNGAN

KAWASAN TADAHAN

Matlamat

5:

Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai Bersepadu

dan Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan di lembangan sungai terpilih

bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status

“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020

No Strategi Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Strategi

5.1

Memperkukuhkan rangka kerja institusi untuk melaksanakan

Pengurusan Bersepadu Lembangan Sungai dan Perlindungan

Kawasan Tadahan

Tindakan

5.1.1

Menubuhkan Jawatankuasa

Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai

di setiap lembangan

JPS 780,000

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PENGURUSAN BERSEPADU LEMBANGAN SUNGAI DAN PERLINDUNGAN

KAWASAN TADAHAN

Matlamat

5:

Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai Bersepadu

dan Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan di lembangan sungai terpilih

bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status

“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020

No Strategi Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

Tindakan

5.1.2

Membentuk kerjasama pihak

berkepentingan di setiap

lembangan sungai

JPS 0

Tindakan

5.1.3

Mewujudkan peraturan untuk

melaksanakan Enakmen Sumber

Air

JPS 12,480,000

Tindakan

5.1.4

Menambah keupayaan dan

sumber agensi-agensi kerajaan

berkaitan bagi menyokong

pengurusan bersepadu

lembangan yang disasarkan

KePKAS 10,780,000

Jumlah Kecil 24,040,000

Strategi

5.2

Mempertingkatkan perlindungan, pemulihan dan penggunaan

mapan hutan dan tanah lembap yang masih ada

Tindakan

5.2.1

Memperkukuhkan perlindungan

dan pengurusan hutan di

bahagian hulu kawasan tadahan

sungai-sungai utama

Jabatan

Perhutanan

Sabah

10,242,000

Tindakan

5.2.2

Mengembangkan program

memulihkan hutan yang rosak

dalam kawasan tadahan sungai

Jabatan

Perhutanan

Sabah

151,010,000

Tindakan

5.2.3

Menjelaskan dan

menguatkuasakan peraturan

rizab sungai

JTU 37,220,000

Tindakan

5.2.4

Mewujudkan dan memulih

semula laluan hidupan liar dan

rizab sungai untuk

menghubungkan kawasan

dilindungi

Jabatan

Perhutanan

Sabah

28,800,000

Tindakan

5.2.5

Mempertingkatkan pengurusan

dan mempromosikan

ekopelancongan berasaskan

komuniti di kawasan

pemuliharaan

JHL 14,950,000

Jumlah Kecil 242,222,000

Strategi

5.3

Jalankan program pemantauan bersepadu di lembangan –

lembangan sungai dalam sasaran

Tindakan

5.3.1

Mewujudkan program

pemantauan kualiti air ”real-JPAS 10,872,000

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PENGURUSAN BERSEPADU LEMBANGAN SUNGAI DAN PERLINDUNGAN

KAWASAN TADAHAN

Matlamat

5:

Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai Bersepadu

dan Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan di lembangan sungai terpilih

bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status

“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020

No Strategi Agensi

Utama Kos (RM)

time” berlandaskan Internet di

lembangan–lembangan

terpilih

Tindakan

5.3.2

Mewujudkan program

pemantauan kawasan

tadahan dan pemuliharaan

hutan

Jabatan

Perhutanan

Sabah

5,250,000

Tindakan

5.3.3

Memperkenalkan sistem

pemantauan biologi di sungai-

sungai utama

JPS 5,040,000

Tindakan

5.3.4

Mewujudkan program

pemantauan sungai

berlandaskan masyarakat

JPAS 6,520,000

Tindakan

5.3.5

Mempertingkatkan

pemantauan kualiti air di titik

pengambilan air untuk

melindungi sumber bekalan air

minum

JANS 1,000,000

Jumlah Kecil 28,682,000

JUMLAH 294,944,000

7 LANGKAH SETERUSNYA

92. Pelaksanaan strategi-strategi dan pelan tindakan yang dicadangkan

memerlukan peruntukan sumber-sumber manusia dan kewangan,

penyelarasan antara agensi kerajaan yang lebih baik, peningkatan dialog dan

penglibatan pelbagai pihak berkepentingan di samping komuniti-komuniti

yang terlibat.

93. Sistem Sokongan Keputusan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar telah diwujudkan

melalui projek ini sebagai alat untuk membantu proses-proses membuat

keputusan di kalangan agensi-agensi kerajaan terutamanya dalam

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perancangan dan pengurusan pembangunan dalam lembangan-lembangan

sungai yang dikaji untuk masa hadapan. Ini perlu ditadbirkan dan

dikemaskinikan oleh JPAS bersama dengan agensi-agensi lain.

94. Garispanduan-garispanduan telah dirumus melalui projek ini untuk tiga sektor

iaitu industri minyak sawit, perlombongan pasir dan petempatan untuk

menyediakan panduan amalan pengurusan terbaik, pemantauan dan isu-isu

lain kepada agensi-agensi kerajaan, sektor swasta dan pihak-pihak

berkepentingan yang lain. Ini perlu disebarkan dan digalakkan secara

meluas.

8 KESIMPULAN

95. Kajian dua tahun ini menilai impak ke atas lima sungai terpilih di timur Sabah,

terutamanya dari ladang kelapa sawit dan kilang kelapa sawit. Kesimpulan

yang didapati adalah sungai-sungai ini tercemar dengan serius terutamanya

akibat pelepasan berterusan Efluen Kilang Kelapa Sawit di samping hakisan

tanah dari ladang-ladang dan kawasan lain. Terdapat juga impak yang

dikaitkan dengan perlombongan pasir (di bahagian pertengahan Sungai

Segama) dan juga sisa domestik dari petempatan-petempatan pinggir sungai.

96. Akibat daripada pencemaran, kualiti air sungai-sungai tersebut amnya berada

di tahap Kelas III dan di hilir sesetengah kilang , di Kelas IV atau V. Ini jauh

lebih buruk dari status Kelas II yang disasarkan. Pencemaran sungai ini

mempunyai impak yang signifikan kerana sungai-sungai ini amat penting

sebagai sumber bekalan air bagi lebih dari 180,000 orang di kebanyakan

pekan dan kampung di timur Sabah. Pencemaran dan kemerosotan habitat-

habitat pinggir sungai dan kawasan tadahan di bahagian hulu serta kawasan

bakau di bahagian hilir telah mengurangkan populasi ikan dan hidupan liar

dalam lembangan-lembangan sungai ini, membawa kesan negatif ke atas

komuniti tempatan dan mengurangkan peluang untuk ekopelancongan atau

akuakultur. Beban sedimen yang tinggi juga meningkatkan risiko banjir.

97. Punca masalah-masalah yang dihadapi termasuk pelanggaran peraturan

oleh ladang-ladang dan kilang kelapa sawit secara berterusan; kekurangan

keupayaan dan sumber untuk agensi-agensi kerajaan yang berkenaan

menguatkuasakan peraturan sedia ada dan yang dicadangkan; kerosakan

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hutan-hutan di kawasan tadahan dan tebing sungai akibat penukaran guna

tanah kepada ladang dan pembalakan masa lampau; pemantauan kualiti air

sungai dan pematuhan kepada peraturan yang tidak kerap serta kekurangan

mekanisma untuk penglibatan komuniti yang berkesan.

98. Strategi dan Pelan Tindakan telah dirumus untuk dilaksanakan dalam tempoh

10 tahun oleh agensi-agensi kerajaan dengan kerjasama sektor swasta dan

masyarakat tempatan. Kos pelaksanaan dianggarkan sekitar

RM420,000,000. Satu analisis kos-faedah menunjukkan yang strategi ini

berdaya maju dengan kadar pulangan 4.75% dan pulangan modal aliran

faedah menjelang tahun keenam. Garispanduan-garispanduan amalan

pengurusan terbaik telah disediakan untuk memenuhi keperluan sektor

minyak sawit, perlombongan pasir dan petempatan pinggir sungai.

99. Untuk jangka masa panjang, adalah dipercayai bahawa tahap pencemaran

boleh distabilkan dan dikurangkan, dengan syarat Pelan Tindakan dan

peraturan-peraturan berkaitan dilaksanakan sepenuhnya dan perluasan

ladang-ladang kelapa sawit serta kilang kelapa sawit dikawal ketat. Hutan-

hutan tebing sungai dan kawasan tadahan juga perlu dilindungi dan

dipulihkan dengan lebih baik.

100. Sumber-sumber perlu diperuntukkan untuk pelaksanaan segera Strategi dan

Pelan Tindakan dan garispanduan-garispanduan amalan pengurusan terbaik

juga perlu digalakkan dengan meluas. Agensi-agensi berkaitan perlu

memperkuatkan keupayaan operasi mereka untuk menguruskan lembangan-

lembangan sungai secara bersepadu. Pelaksanaan dengan menggunakan

pendekatan yang terselaras disertai dengan penglibatan semua sektor adalah

diperlukan.