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IMPACT STUDY OF PALM OIL MILLS, OIL PALM PLANTATIONS AND OTHER
POLLUTANTS ON THE QUALITY OF SELECTED RIVERS IN SABAH
FINAL REPORT
VOLUME I : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Project No. : Envsolve/4/01/145/FR/11 Issue Date : August 2011
Prepared By
1st Floor, No. 3, Lorong Kilang F, Kolombong,
88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Tel: 088-388 791 Fax: 088-388 792
Email: [email protected]
www.envsolve.com
L V E E N V S
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENT i
LIST OF TABLES iii
SENARAI JADUAL iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv
SENARAI SINGKATAN NAMA v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... ES-1
1 STUDY BACKGROUND ............................................................................ ES-1
2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................ ES-2
3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA ........................................................ ES-4
4 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS ................................................... ES-8
5 KEY FINDINGS .............................................................................................. ES-9
5.1 RIVER POLLUTION ....................................................................... ES-9
5.2 HABITAT DEGRADATION ........................................................... ES-10
5.3 IMPACTS ON LOCAL COMMUNITY .......................................... ES-10
5.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS ..................... ES-10
5.5 KEY FINDINGS FROM OIL PALM PLANTATIONS ..................... ES-11
5.6 KEY FINDINGS FROM PALM OIL MILLS ................................... ES-13
5.7 KEY FINDINGS FROM RIVERINE HUMAN SETTLEMENT ...... ES-14
5.8 KEY FINDINGS FROM SAND MINING ....................................... ES-16
5.9 KEY FINDINGS FROM IRBM ...................................................... ES-17
6 STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS ...................................................... ES-18
7 NEXT STEPS ................................................................................................ ES-31
8 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... ES-32
RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF ..................................................... RE-1
1 LATARBELAKANG KAJIAN ..................................................................... RE-1
2 PENDEKATAN DAN METODOLOGI ........................................................ RE-2
3 DATA PRIMER DAN SEKUNDER ............................................................. RE-4
4 PENGURUSAN DATA DAN ANALISIS ..................................................... RE-9
5 PENEMUAN UTAMA ............................................................................... RE-10
5.1 PENCEMARAN SUNGAI ............................................................. RE-10
5.2 KEMEROSOTAN HABITAT ......................................................... RE-11
5.3 KESAN TERHADAP MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT ...................... RE-11
5.4 RISIKO DAN KESAN SOSIO-EKONOMI .................................... RE-12
5.5 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLADANGAN KELAPA SAWIT . RE-12
5.6 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI KILANG KELAPA SAWIT (KKS) .... RE-14
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ii
5.7 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PETEMPATAN MASYARAKAT PINGGIR SUNGAI ................................................................................................. RE-16
5.8 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLOMBONGAN PASIR ............. RE-18
5.9 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PENGURUSAN LEMBANGAN SUNGAI BERSEPADU ......................................................................................... RE-20
6 STRATEGI DAN PELAN TINDAKAN ...................................................... RE-21
7 LANGKAH SETERUSNYA ...................................................................... RE-36
8 KESIMPULAN .......................................................................................... RE-37
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table ES.1: Summary of Goals for Strategy and Action Plan ................................ ES-19
Table ES.2: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 1 ............................ ES-21
Table ES.3: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 2 ............................ ES-24
Table ES.4: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 3 ............................ ES-26
Table ES.5: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 4 ............................ ES-28
Table ES.6: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 5 ............................ ES-30
SENARAI JADUAL
Jadual RE.1: Ringkasan Matlamat untuk Strategi dan Pelan Tindakan ................ RE-22
Jadual RE.2: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 1 ................ RE-24
Jadual RE.3: Tindakan Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 2 . RE-27
Jadual RE.4: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 3 ................. RE-30
Jadual RE.5: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 4 ................. RE-32
Jadual RE.6: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan Matlamat No. 5 ........................... RE-34
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADP Agricultural Development Plan
AN Ammoniacal Nitrogen BMP Best Management Practices BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
C Clean COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage DO Dissolved Oxygen
DOA Department of Agriculture DOE Department of Environment
DOSH Department of Occupational Safety and Health EIAs Environmental Impact Assessments EPD Environment Protection Department EPDSS Environment Protection Decision Support System EQA Environmental Quality Act ESCP Erosion and Sediment Control Plan GIS Geographic Information System HCV High Conservation Value ICT Information and Communication Technologies IPM Integrated Pest Management IRBM Integrated River Basin Management LSD Lands and Surveys Department
MPN Most Probable Number MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board MTCE Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit NWQS National Water Quality Standards OPP Oil Palm Plantation P Polluted PCM Pollution Control Manager PMM Proposal Mitigation Measures POM Palm Oil Mill POME Palm Oil Mill Effluent SFD Sabah Forestry Department SEDIA Sabah Economic Development and Investment Authority
SP Slightly Polluted SS Suspended Solid SWD Sabah Wildlife Department SSWD Sabah State Water Department TOR Term of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solid TRPD Town and Regional Planning Department WAC Waste Accumulative Capacity WQI Water Quality Index WWFM World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd v
SENARAI SINGKATAN NAMA
JAS Jabatan Alam Sekitar
JANS Jabatan Air Negeri Sabah
JHL Jabatan Hidupan Liar
JKKP Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan
JKNS Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Sabah
JPAS Jabatan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar
JPS Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
JTU Jabatan Tanah dan Ukur
KePKAS Kementerian Pelancongan, Kebudayaan dan Alam Sekitar
LMSM Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia
KKS Kilang Kelapa Sawit
JPBW Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Wilayah
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-1
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
1 STUDY BACKGROUND
1. In the last five years there have been growing problems of pollution of rivers in
eastern Sabah impacting water supply and livelihood of local communities.
This study was commissioned to assess such issues by the Environment
Protection Department (EPD), Sabah, under the Sabah Development Corridor
Programme coordinated by Sabah Economic Development and Investment
Authority (SEDIA). The study was undertaken by Envsolve Sdn Bhd which
was appointed by the Government on 18 May 2009. The period of the study
was about 27 months. This study was to assess the water quality of selected
rivers in eastern Sabah and focused on the impacts of oil palm industries and
other pollutant sources on the river water quality of Sg. Muanad, Sg. Segaliud,
Sg. Kalumpang, Sg. Pang Burong and Sg. Segama.
2. The objectives of the Study as outlined in the Term of Reference (TOR) were:
To analyse the quality of the specific rivers which received impacts
from activities of oil palm plantations; palm oil mills as well as other
various pollutants from non-point sources; and
To formulate strategies and action plans to increase management and
control of pollution derived from oil palm plantations, palm oil mills and
other various pollutants from non-point sources.
3. Expected outputs from the Study are outlined below:
Practical guidelines and best management practices for oil palm
plantations with clear understandable instructions;
Practical guidelines and best management practices for palm oil mills
with clear understandable instructions;
Practical guidelines and best management practices for other
pollutant sources with clear understandable instructions;
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-2
Establishment of a user-friendly, ICT and web-based monitoring
system;
A plan to clearly show the existing and functional water quality
monitoring stations;
A user friendly, up-to-date, complete database; and
Training for the related agencies and a national seminar.
2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
4. The field sampling was carried out in Sg. Muanad, Sg. Segaliud, Sg.
Kalumpang, Sg. Pang Burong and Sg. Segama from September 2009 to
January 2010 during the high flow season and March-April 2010 for the low
flow season. The programme included river water quality sampling,
hydrographic mapping and pollution source identification to provide better
understanding of the receiving river water quality. Public perception surveys
were also undertaken in all the villages in the respective basins to support the
findings.
5. A total of ninety one (91) sampling points were selected for the river water
quality sampling programme (Sg. Muanad - twelve (12); Sg. Segaliud - twenty
(20); Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong – twenty six (26); Sg. Segama –
thirty three (33). Basic parameters for the river water samples were measured
in-situ and a full set of water quality parameters were analyzed by an
accredited laboratory.
6. Hydrographic mapping was conducted to obtain a representative value of river
flow rates and river discharges required to compute the total pollution load
and for the water quality modelling. Locations for this programme were the
same as the locations of the water quality sampling points. Parameters for
this programme were divided into two categories, in-situ measurements (on
river width, river depth and flow) and desktop calculations (area, velocity and
discharge).
7. Twenty (20) mills were visited to identify the main pollution sources and
sampling of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) of each mill was conducted from
the final discharge points (X-point) .
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-3
8. The public perception survey was conducted to gain a representative
perception from the community of the surrounding areas regarding the river
water quality and impact of oil palm industries on the community, themselves.
Interviews were carried out either individually or in groups in the selected
villages.
9. Riverine habitats were assessed by a combination of satellite images, land
use maps and field surveys. Information on status and values of existing
conservation areas were obtained from Forest Department, Wildlife
Department, Sabah Biodiversity Centre and various NGOs. Information on
importance and status of fish were obtained through interviews with fishermen
and sampling activities. Fish samples were collected for heavy metal
analysis.
10. Water quality models for the rivers were developed using QUAL2K software
utilizing information on river hydrology, point and non-point sources of
pollution as well as the water quality data analysed. Various water quality
improvement scenarios were modeled to determine the best improvement
scenarios which are necessary in the formulation of strategies and action
plans.
11. Strategies and action plans were formulated based on the results gained
throughout the study. Comments and feedback from various discussions,
meetings, interviews and stakeholders consultation workshops carried out
were analysed and included in the strategies and action plans where
appropriate. The budget for implementing the strategies and actions plans
over a 10-year period were developed in collaboration with the respective
government agencies.
12. A Cost-benefit analysis was carried out to assess viability of the strategies and
action plans as well as fine-tuning the budget for implementation.
13. An Environment Protection Decision Support System (EPDSS) was
developed on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform integrating
spatial and non-spatial databases obtained from various government/non-
government agencies such as the Environment Protection Department (EPD),
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-4
Department of irrigation and drainage (DID), Sabah Forestry Department
(SFD), Department of Agriculture (DOA), Town and Regional Planning
Department (TRPD) and World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia (WWFM).
The EPDSS integrates GIS with QUAL2K using a loose coupling method.
The specific objective of EPDSS is to help decision makers in accessing
key information about the features and current pollution levels in the
basins and to assess the impact of various scenarios for pollution
reduction. The system provides a direct integration of the water quality
model into the ArcGIS platform and an accessible database integrates all
related raw data, modeling data, relevant maps and documentation.
3 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA
14. Land Use and Human Activities – Sg. Muanad - 11 OPP, 2 POM, FR (Class
II and V), 5 human settlements and 1 water treatment plant; Sg. Segaliud – 13
OPP, 5 POM, FR (Class II and V), 2 human settlements and 1 water
treatment plants; Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong - 13 OPP, 5 POM, FR
(Class I, IV and V), 6 human settlements, quarry, 2 water intake
points/treatment plants; Sg. Segama - 17 OPP, 8 POM, FR (Class I, II and IV),
7 human settlements, commercial agriculture, sand mining, quarry, 1 water
intake point/treatment plant, livestock and tourism.
Based on the analysis of the revised 2011 land use maps (based on 2007
imagery) obtained from DOA, oil palm plantations have expanded to cover
a high proportion of the four river basins i.e. Sg. Muanad – 19,994 ha
(84.66%), Sg. Segaliud – 42,340 ha (70.53%), Sg. Kalumpang and Sg.
Pang Burong – 54,719 ha (48.64%), Sg. Segama - 118,920 ha (24.72%).
The study has identified a total of 20 mills in the basins which constitute
16.4% of the total palm oil mills in Sabah. Most of the POMs are located
at middle reaches of the rivers with a capacity of 45 metric ton/hr. About
25% of the mills are licensed to operate on low capacity, 65% operate on
medium capacity and only 10% of the mills operate on high capacity.
With reference to the data obtained from the Sabah Forest Department
(SFD), one of the major land uses within the study area is the forest
reserves. Two. basins in the study area i.e. Segama and Kalumpang
show of the highest proportion of forest cover at 352,000 ha (73 %) and
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-5
58,300 ha (42%) respectively, while Segaliud and Muanad basins covered
approximately 15,600 ha (26%) and 1,850 ha (7.8%) of forest reserves.
Sand mining activities were identified only in Sg. Segama where they had
a major negative impact on the condition of the river. The study identified
fifteen (15) operators carrying out sand mining operations along the
middle stretch of the river.
Sg. Segama is the largest basin constituting 70 sub-catchments with a
total area of 474,270 ha. Sg. Kalumpang with its main tributary, Sg. Pang
Burong, totals up to 11 sub-catchments with a total of 113,824 ha while
the smallest basins are Sg. Muanad and Sg. Segaliud with 11 sub-
catchments (23,606 ha) and 32 sub-catchments (60,503 ha), respectively.
15. Department of Environment (DOE) Water Monitoring Stations – Sg.
Muanad, Sg. Segaliud and Sg. Pang Burong have two (2) DOE monitoring
stations each while Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Segama each have three (3)
stations. Sg. Pang Burong was noted to be the most polluted river with a
Class III and IV under the DOE classification.
16. River Water Quality (Sg. Muanad) - Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI)
analysis carried out, the water quality of the river is generally within Class III
of the NWQS with the status of Slightly Polluted (SP). DO levels were
between 1.55 to 7.49 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons and BOD
levels vary from 2 to 58 mg/l while COD at 15 to 80 mg/l. The SS levels are
rather seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water quality within
Class II while the values reach the worst water quality status of Class V during
high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to these SS levels at 6 to 656
NTU. Oil and grease levels are at an acceptable level of not detected to 7
mg/l. The presence of Faecal coliform varies from a level of not detected to
the worst water quality, Class V at more than 24,000 MPN/100ml.
17. River Water Quality (Sg. Segaliud) - Based on the Water Quality Index
(WQI) analysis carried out, the water quality of the river is generally within
Class III of the NWQS with the status of Slightly Polluted (SP). DO levels
were between 0.24 to 8.31 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons. BOD
levels varies from 2 to 40 mg/l while COD at 8 to 105mg/l. The SS levels are
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-6
rather seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water quality are
within Class II while the values reach the worst water quality status of Class V
during high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to the SS levels at 5 to
891 NTU. Oil and grease levels are at an acceptable level of not detected to
11 mg/l. The presence of Faecal coliform varies in value from a level of not
detected to Class III at 1,100 MPN/100ml.
18. River Water Quality (Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong) - Based on
the Water Quality Index (WQI) analysis carried out , the water quality of the
river is generally within Class II of the NWQS with the status of Clean (C) to
Slightly Polluted (SP). As for Sg. Pang Burong, the water quality is generally
within Class IV-V of the NWQS with the status of Polluted (P). DO levels were
between 0.06 to 9.00 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons and BOD
levels varies from 1to 479 mg/l with COD at 4 to 656 mg/l. The SS are rather
seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water quality are within
Class III while the values reaches the worst water quality status of Class IV
during high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to these SS levels at 3 to
260 NTU. Oil and grease levels are at an acceptable level of not detected to
4 mg/l. The levels of Faecal coliform vary in value from a level of not detected
to severe pollution of Class V at 16,000 MPN/100ml.
19. River Water Quality (Sg. Segama) - Based on the Water Quality Index
(WQI) analysis carried out, the water quality of the basin is generally within
Class I and Class II of the NWQS in the upper stream and class III in the
middle stream with the status from Clean (C) to Slightly Polluted (SP). DO
levels were between 0.39 to 9.61 mg/l during both high and low flow seasons
while BOD levels varies from 1 to 35 mg/l and COD at 5 to 96 mg/l. The SS
levels are also rather seasonable whereby during low flow season, the water
quality are within Class IV while the values reaches the worst water quality
status of Class V during high flow season. Turbidity levels correspond to
these SS levels at 1.28 to 726 NTU. The levels of Faecal coliform vary in
value from a level of not detected to the worse water quality level of Class V at
5,400 MPN/100ml.
20. A Public Perception Survey was undertaken to gather more information
related to the study of the rivers. A total of 824 respondents from 22
settlements were interviewed for this purpose. According to the survey, most
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-7
of the respondents identified the rivers as polluted. Nevertheless, the local
people still depend on the river for fisheries activities, as water resource,
transportation and domestic usage. It is also learned that nearly half of the
respondents (45%) were aware of the need for riparian reserves and the
majority of respondents opposing to any plantation activities along the river
bank.
The survey also looked into other sources of pollution besides those from
the palm oil industry. The other high contributor of river pollution is the
sand mining in Sg. Segama. Three major impacts on the rivers were
observed namely; reduced river water quality, limited usage and soil
erosion. Respondents claimed that the main impacts of pollution to rivers
include dead aquatic life, bad odor, sedimentation, chemical
contamination and siltation. Palm Oil Mills were identified as major
sources of pollution and reportedly regularly discharged their effluents into
the river.
21. Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment. A study on heavy metal levels in fish
and other aquatic life was undertaken in Sg. Segaliud, Sg. Muanad, Sg.
Kalumpang, Sg. Pang Burong and Sg. Segama between June and August
2010. The findings reveal that iron (Fe) concentrations in fish samples taken
from selected points along the studied rivers were slightly elevated. Other
parameters such as zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) were also noted to
be higher at some points along the rivers. However, the levels in fish flesh
were all below the food safety levels. Elevated iron levels are believed to be
associated with soil erosion and high SS levels in the river as laterite soils
have naturally high levels of iron. Sampled sediments and groundwater also
had high iron levels.
22. Forest conversion to other uses has had a negative impact to the natural
biodiversity of the river basins. A large portion of original forest and wildlife
habitat has been cleared over the past 30 years but some of the valuable and
protected wildlife still remains within forest reserves especially in Segama and
Kalumpang basins.
23. Water pollution creates adverse impact to the aquatic life of the rivers.
Eutrophication of the rivers, for example, was evident at Sg. Segaliud, from its
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
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bright green water, caused by a dense bloom of algae. Large numbers of
dead fish were observed that believed to have been affected by reduced
oxygen levels as a result of pollution by POME.
4 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS
24. This study used water quality modelling namely QUAL2K to simulate and
calibrate the water quality of the rivers under study. For all these rivers, the
point and non-point sources have been determined. In this case, the point
sources are the POMs and the non-point sources are from the OPPs and
other activities which do not have a specific point of discharge.
This QUAL2K model was set to simulate the selected four (4) parameters
i.e. Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) and eight (8)
improvement management scenarios. Based on the simulation, scenario
81 is considered the best improvement scenario for all parameters.
25. Results from the QUAL2K models were further analyzed to determine the
carrying capacity of the rivers under the study area. Analysis of the carrying
capacity indicated that the Waste Accumulative Capacity (WAC) at the
midstream reaches of the rivers has far exceeded the carrying capacity even
though after incorporating the Scenario 8, particularly for Sg. Segaliud, Sg.
Pang Burong and Sg. Segama. This showed that any erection of new mills
upstream of most rivers is not a favourable option. In the case of Sg.
Muanad and Sg. Kalumpang, construction of a new mill if inevitable should be
sited downstream where the carrying capacity is below the BOD loading.
1Scenario 8 – BOD=20mg/l, SS=50mg/l, AN=30ug/l and land irrigated with assumption overflow of
20%. NPS loading from OPP reduced by 50%.
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-9
5 KEY FINDINGS
5.1 RIVER POLLUTION
26. The four target river basins are significantly polluted – primarily by the palm oil
sector with minor contributions from settlement and sand mining activities.
Some stretches of the rivers are classified as Class IV or Class V (with Class
V being the most polluted). The main pollutants are:
a) BOD and COD which leads to reduced oxygen levels in the river may affect
the aquatic life as well as drinking water quality;
b) Total suspended solids or silt as a result of soil erosion from land clearing as
well as river bank erosion. This leads to silting of the river bed enhancing the
risk of flooding; direct negative impacts on fish and other aquatic life;
increased costs for water treatment;
c) Heavy metals – certain heavy metals including iron and manganese were
found in elevated levels in river water and sediments and to some extent in
fish. The source of heavy metals is likely to be linked to soil erosion (iron
naturally occurs in laterite soils) or possibly mill discharge. This can affect
aquatic life and drinking water quality.
d) Pesticides – four banned and one legal pesticides were detected at low levels
in river water samples in four rivers – indicating a need for further investigation
to determine and address the source.
The main four sources of pollutants were:
i. Palm Oil Mills – many of which are responsible for large scale direct
discharge of partly treated palm oil waste into the river systems.
ii. Oil Palm Plantations – through poor land management practices and
lack of maintenance of riverine buffer strips and reserves as well as
over-use of pesticides and fertilisers.
iii. Sand mining operations – which led to enhanced turbidity of rivers
impacting aquatic life and drinking water supply for local communities.
iv. Human settlements with poor solid and domestic waste management
facilities are a minor contributor to pollution loadings in the river system.
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
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5.2 HABITAT DEGRADATION
27. Riverine and forest habitat in the respective basins have been severely
degraded through previous logging and other resource extraction with
significant areas of forest of conservation importance being cleared in the past
10 - 15 years, primarily for the establishment of oil palm plantations. In many
basins remnant forest patches are isolated with inadequate buffer areas or
wildlife corridors to sustain them and associated biodiversity in the long term.
28. However, some very important forest blocks remain especially in the Segama
and Kalumpang basins and these are of international significance for
conservation and need enhanced resources for conservation and
management. Protection and rehabilitation of the forests will reduce erosion
and degradation of the rivers as well as providing key wildlife habitat and
enhanced options for ecotourism.
5.3 IMPACTS ON LOCAL COMMUNITY
29. More than 10,000 people live in 20 villages in the selected basins. Many of
the community members depend (or used to depend) on the natural
resources of the basin for their livelihood and welfare. Degradation of the river
water quality and habitat has had severe impacts by disrupting the water
supply or contributing to increased health problems as well as degrading the
river fisheries which used to provide significant income and food resources.
Loss of forests and riverine buffer zones has also reduced the opportunities
for community livelihood and ecotourism. Local communities have been
particularly impacted by pollution from palm oil mills and plantations. More
than 180,000 people obtain their drinking water supplies from the four rivers
concerned. Continuing pollution can lead to disruption of the water supply
with major social and economic impacts.
5.4 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS
30. There are significant socio-economic impacts and risks as a result of the
continuing river pollution. This includes potential disruption of the water
supplies to important towns and cities including Sandakan, Beluran, and
Lahad Datu; loss and degradation of mangroves and coastal fisheries which is
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-11
one of the key industries in the region; increased risk of flooding and erosion
of river banks and damage to infrastructure; loss of potential future
development options such as aquaculture, ecotourism or carbon finance.
The nature and root causes of problems are described further below
according to the different sectors.
5.5 KEY FINDINGS FROM OIL PALM PLANTATIONS
31. Weak regulations and lack of monitoring for EIAs, ADPs and River
Reserves. Current legal and regulatory requirements i.e. Environmental
Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Agricultural Development Plans (ADPs)
related to the development and operations of oil palm plantations are
inadequate to effectively prevent impacts on rivers in a holistic manner. There
are gaps or loopholes in the application of EIAs and river reserve regulations
as well as laws that govern land clearing and slope/erosion activities. The
study found that not all oil palm plantations in the basins followed EIA
requirements as some land was either developed before regulations were in
place, the regulations were ignored or not enforced, or the size of the
development was less than the minimum area (100 ha) required by law (to
conduct EIA/PMM1). Little effort has been spent on executing and monitoring
compliance to agricultural development plan requirements. Current
regulations and policies do not require HCV assessments or the
comprehensive identification of “environmentally sensitive areas” prior to
approval for development.
32. Low proportion of oil palm estates are controlled under existing
environmental regulations. Few of the oil palm plantations in the selected
basins have undertaken EIAs or PMMs – either because they were approved
prior to the entry into force of the regulations in 2005 or because companies
did not undertake such studies before implementation. EPD also faces a
shortage of manpower to monitor the development of OPP.
33. River reserves encroached. Satellite image/aerial photos analysis and field
observations show that oil palms were planted within river reserves or buffer
1 Proposal for Mitigation Measures
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-12
zones by many oil palm plantations in the studied area This is one of the
significant contributing factors affecting river water quality. Even though
regulations to protect river reserves exist, encroachments in these areas are
common occurrences. One of the factors contributing to this issue is that
River Reserves are generally not formally gazetted or demarcated in Sabah.
In addition, related departments are lack of personnel and resources for
regular surveys and enforcement activities.
34. Small tributaries neglected. It is observed that simply maintaining river
reserves on main/major rivers may not be sufficient to prevent further silting of
water courses. Silt can still wash into the main river via the smaller tributaries
than feed the main river. It is also observed that virtually none of the oil palm
plantations visited maintains any form of riverine buffer along the smaller
tributaries that run across their estates.
35. High Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in rivers due to inadequate erosion
control measures. The study showed that high levels of Total Suspended
Solids (TSS), most likely from soil erosion and siltation, is one of the major
problems faced in the study area. Requirements for implementing erosion
and sediment control plans prior to land clearing/development work needs
enhancement and effectively enforced. During field visits, it was also
observed that the use of heavy machinery for land clearing during heavy
rainfall periods has detrimental effects leading to increased soil erosion and
compaction.
36. High organic matter in rivers due to direct discharge and overflow of
POME from treatment ponds and land irrigation as well as excessive
fertiliser run-off. Excessive algal blooms were recorded in almost all studied
rivers. The most likely source of this problem is the direct discharge and
overflow of POME treatment ponds and land irrigation areas as well as over-
application of fertiliser by oil palm plantations.
37. Implementation of Best Management Practices (BMP) by oil palm sector
not consistent. It is also found that the implementation of Best Management
Practices (BMP) is not widespread in the study area, especially by small
holders and medium-sized independent growers. Poor practices in solid
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-13
waste management, erosion control and fertiliser/pesticide application results
in the deterioration of overall river water quality.
5.6 KEY FINDINGS FROM PALM OIL MILLS
38. Inadequate planning for palm oil mill developments. Existing planning
guidelines for palm oil mills are seldom adhered to. For example, some of the
mills and POME treatment ponds are situated close to the rivers. DOE
Guidelines for Erection and Zoning of Oil Palm Sector (2007) has highlighted
those new mills must be situated in the middle of the estate with at least 500
metre radius of buffer zone. However, the offending mills may have been
constructed before the guidelines were implemented.
39. Weak legislation pertaining to effluent discharge offences. Under the
Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974, fines for effluent discharge offences
are insignificant in comparison to mill profitability and the cost for proper
maintenance of effluent treatment systems. The compounded amount is also
deemed too low to coerce mill operators to improve the performance of their
treatment systems. Accordingly, many mill operators regularly breach
regulations. There are also a number of operators who fail to take appropriate
action even after numerous offences.
40. Insufficent enforcement of regulations. During the study many problems
related to operation of palm oil mills were observed such as direct discharge
of POME; inadequate desludging/maintenance of POME treatment ponds;
and poor quality of treated effluent. These matters are regulated under the
jurisdiction of DOE which is meant to make regular visits to every mill.
Limitations in the number of personnel/resources and vehicles/equipment are
a major impediment to this department.
41. Palm oil mills fail to comply with effluent discharge requirements, partly
due to poor maintenance of treatment systems. The study found that only
five (5) out of twenty (20) palm oil mills in the study area are successful in
reducing their POME BOD levels to less than 100 ppm during low river flow
season and only one mill is close to complying with the requirement for new
mills i.e. less than 20 ppm. If treated POME with high BOD levels are not
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-14
disposed properly, this can result in contamination of rivers. The study also
found that the efficiency of POME treatment systems drops tremendously
especially due to poor maintenance of facilities and equipment by owners.
From field visits/interviews, it is learned that many mills have not carried out
desludging of their effluent treatment ponds in more than 5 years. Poorly
maintained treatment ponds are also subject to frequent overflows and
leaching.
42. Ineffective implementation of land irrigation requirements. Since 2006
DOE has required all Palm Oil Mills to channel 100% of their POME to land
irrigation or disposal trenches located in the surrounding oil palm plantations.
This has been progressively implemented. From field visits, it was observed
that many land irrigation schemes by oil palm plantations in the selected
basins were not implemented in line with the plans approved by DOE. In
addition, there were many cases of poor management or maintenance
leading to regular overflow and contamination of adjacent waterways. There
were even records of large-scale direct discharge of POME into waterways
despite existing requirements. There is thus a need for review of the
experience with land irrigation and development of clearer guidelines and
procedures as well as provision of training to ensure sucessful implementation
of this requirement.
If uncontrolled, pollution from palm oil mills can have major impacts on
river quality thus negatively affecting water supply, fisheries, livelihood,
health and potential ecotourism in each river basin.
5.7 KEY FINDINGS FROM RIVERINE HUMAN SETTLEMENT
43. Legality of the riverine Settlements and Stakeholder engagement.
Studies on the human settlement along the riverine showed that most of these
establishments were sitting on the river reserves and have not been gazetted
as villages by the local district authority. For a settlement to be gazetted as a
village it will take lengthy procedures. Ungazetted settlements then would be
deemed illegal by the authorities.
Lack of enforcement from the relevant government agencies to prevent
construction of houses on the river reserve has also led to mushrooming
and expansion of the so-called illegal settlement. However, relocation and
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-15
demolition of the structures were hardly seen as solutions to the problem
due to the sensitivity of the issues. Therefore the practical way is to
prevent any future riverine settlement in these areas.
44. Inadequate sanitation facilities. Based on the demographic profiling of the
riverine settlements, only a small percentage of the households from the four
river basins were equipped with proper sanitation facilities. Generally human
excrement is disposed using pit latrine which is the simplest type of pit toilet,
consisting of a relatively shallow trench. In the absence of proper sanitation
facilities, rivers will be the final recipient of their sanitation purposes. Lack of
coordination amongst the government agencies has also contributed to the
poor state of sanitation within the riverine settlements. Observing current
conditions, assistance from relevant department e.g. Health Department in
terms of toilets, septic tanks, etc. has not been extended to the riverine
settlements. This could be attributed to the settlements not being gazetted as
villages or the representative has not informed the respective departments. In
addition, households with septic tanks will not have their tank de-sludged due
to their areas are not within the council’s jurisdiction. Besides that, there is no
proper sewage management within studied riverine communities. Sewage is
normally discharged directly into nearby rivers.
45. Poor management of solid wastes. Poor solid waste management is also
another key finding in the study. Settlements along the river reserve almost
have no proper disposal system resulting in them burning their domestic
wastes. In the worst case scenario, the settlers would simply dispose their
rubbish on the riverbank, which will be flushed away by the river when the
water rises. Similar to the provision for sanitation facilities, the accumulated
rubbish will not be collected by the local council or relevant agencies as the
location of the villagers are not within their jurisdiction.
46. Insufficient Awareness. Observations and discussions in the riverine
settlements during the course of this study indicated that although the
communities were concerned over the pollution of the adjacent rivers – they
did not recognise their contribution to the problems through poor management
of solid and domestic wastes. There had been no awareness campaigns
carried out by the relevant agencies and little effort had been done to educate
these settlers on the importance of proper sanitation and solid waste
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-16
management. Villagers are generally lack of the proper knowledge and skills
needed to manage their localised environmental issues.
47. Inadequate clean water for villagers. Most of the riverine communities do
not have access to clean water. No clean piped water has been provided by
the authorities. The study shows that rivers are unsafe for direct consumption
due to pollution. However, the communities are currently depending on river
water for various other uses especially during the dry seasons.
5.8 KEY FINDINGS FROM SAND MINING
48. Regulatory requirement from government agencies. Assessments
showed that some sand mining operators had yet to undertake EIAs or
receive approvals of EIAs but were still operating on the basis of having
permits from only LSD.
49. Insufficient Enforcementt. In terms of enforcement and monitoring , both
EPD and LSD have limited resources, which prevented them from exercising
their roles effectively. Limitations in the number of personnel, vehicles and
equipment are a major impediment to these departments. In addition, the
difference in terms of regulations requirement between JPAS and JTU put
them in a difficult position to penalise the polluters.
50. Inadequate Implementation of BMP. Most mining operations displayed poor
on-site management practices. None of the operators had a detention pond
to cater for run-off from sand washing activities while some operators were
discharging the sand wash-out water back into the river. Locations of
stockpiles were also inappropriately placed on the edge of the river bank,
which will be in danger of being washed away when the river rises or heavy
rainfall events. Similarly, maintenance yards were also in poor condition with
apparent traces of oil spillages. Even operators with approved EIAs were
observed not to be adhering to the conditions stipulated in the EIA approval.
Lack of enforcement by the relevant agency has contributed highly to the poor
implementation of BMP.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-17
51. Inappropriate operation practices. Existing guidelines on sand mining
prepared by the relevant agencies have spelled out appropriate operation
procedures to be adhered to by operators. However most of it was not
followed resulting in poor operation practices, contributing to the high level of
turbidity and TSS in the river.
52. Lack of awareness among the operators. Sand mining operations are
demand-based and dependent on the need of industries in getting supplies,
primarily for development purposes. Thus, sand mining operations have to be
carried out fast in response to demand. As a result, most guidelines are not
implemented or simply ignored by the operators. This necessitates the need
to continuously educate operators on the importance of ensuring that only
good practices are implemented for the ultimate aim of improving the water
quality of the targeted rivers.
5.9 KEY FINDINGS FROM IRBM
53. Current management of river basins is not holistic. Holistic management
of river basins requires coordination amongst multiple government agencies.
Relatively weak interagency coordination coupled with unclear jurisdiction and
regulations as well as poor enforcement and monitoring capabilities has
resulted in continuing pollution of the rivers by various sectors and the
ongoing degradation of protected/conservation areas and loss of riverine
corridors, especially in the lower reaches of each river basin in the study area.
54. Integrity of existing conservation areas is under threat. The study found
that almost all land outside the boundaries of forest reserves and conservation
sites have been converted to oil palm plantations, including some areas within
forest reserves. There is also significant encroachment of forest reserves and
catchment areas in terms of illegal logging, poaching, fires and squatters
reported. Until these problems are resolved, ecotourism potential of
established protected areas i.e. Danum Valley, Tabin Wildlife Reserve and
Tawau Hills Park cannot be fully realised let alone potential new ecotourism
sites like the Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands (Malaysia’s largest
RAMSAR site).
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-18
55. River reserves encroached. Satellite image/aerial photos analysis and field
observations show that planting of oil palms within river reserves by most oil
palm planters in the studied river basins is common. This is one of the
significant contributing factors affecting river water quality.
56. Lack of resources and stakeholder participation in river basin
management. Planning, managing and monitoring of large river basins by
government agencies is a complex task requiring sufficient resources as well
as active multi-stakeholder participation. Currently, this is not evident and
needs to be addressed.
57. Degradation of forests. Remaining forest areas within the catchments are
currently degraded primarily due to earlier intensive timber extraction. As a
result, the forest areas especially on steep land are vulnerable to erosion
which contributes significantly to riverine pollution and siltation.
6 STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS
58. Based on the findings, a number of goals, strategies, thrusts and action plans
have been proposed for Oil Palm Plantations, Palm Oil Mills, Human
Settlements, Sand Mining and Integrated River Basin Management as well as
Catchment Protection.
59. Each strategy consists of a set of thrusts and action plans to prevent and
address pollution problems within the river basins. The strategies focus on
both major and minor pollution sources identified.
60. Five Goals have been formulated to achieve the overall objective of
enhancing the water quality of the selected rivers in Eastern Sabah through
control and minimisation of pollution from oil palm sector, sand mining and
human settlements.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-19
Table ES.1: Summary of Goals for Strategy and Action Plan
Goal Total cost (RM)
1
Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to
“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 through
reduction of impacts from Oil Palm Plantations
48,694,000
2
Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to
“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 though
reduction of impacts from Palm Oil Mills
26,480,000
3
Enhance environmental management of riverine
settlements to minimise pollution to support measures to
improve water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above)
by 2020.
31,021,400
4
Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated
pollution to support measures to improve water quality to
“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020
18,504,400
5
Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and
catchment protection in the selected river basins to support
measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class
II and above) by 2020
294,944,000
TOTAL 419,643,800
Goal 1: Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”
status (Class II and above) by 2020 through reduction of impacts
from Oil Palm Plantations
61. The problems relating to river pollution from oil palm plantations can be
addressed by a combination of three strategies:
Improve legal/regulatory Requirements and Development Planning for
Oil Palm Plantations;
Implement Sustainable and Best Agricultural Practices;and
Improve Capacity of Key Stakeholders to Support Effective Plantation
Management.
62. The implementation of regulations related to environmental impact
assessment for oil palm plantations needs to be enhanced especially to
ensure that all new plantations and replanted areas over 100 ha including
those upstream or adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas undertake
either an EIA or PMM for approval by EPD.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-20
63. The process for review, approval and implementation of Agricultural
Development Plan (ADP) needs to be enhanced. All plantation developments
above 50 acres need to prepare an ADP for approval by DOA, but currently
this is not an effective tool to minimize pollution and environmental impact.
Review by DID and EPD is proposed along with clear delineation of river
reserves, HCV areas and inclusion of Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
(ESCP) for each development.
64. Soil erosion linked to opening up of land for plantation development and
replanting is one of the main reasons for high siltation levels in the State’s
rivers. Strengthening the requirements for approvals related to land clearing
including mandatory development of erosion and sedimentation control plans
with proper terraces and sediment ponds together with early planting of
leguminous cover crops are required.
65. The selection of sites for plantations need to be improved to ensure that they
are only developed on suitable soils and also avoids any impact on high
conservation value areas including river reserves, water catchments, wildlife
reserves and corridors.
66. Implementation of sustainable and best management practices for OPP need
to be promoted through capacity building and incentives. Key focus of BMPs,
which can enhance productivity as well as minimizing pollution of water
courses, include reduction of fertilizer and pesticide use through
implementation of precision fertilizer management and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) concepts; implementing soil and moisture conservation
practices; establishing, managing and enhancing HCV areas including river
reserves; improving environmental control of workers’ quarters, fuel storage
areas, solid and scheduled wastes, etc.; and implementing zero burning and
enhanced management of biomass.
67. New regulations and controls will not be effective without the capacity of
related stakeholders to implement and monitor the situation. Hence
enhanced capacity for enforcement and monitoring by government agencies
as well as implementation of BMPs by the plantation sector is needed.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-21
Improved levels of engagement of NGOs and communities especially in
monitoring are required.
Table ES.2: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 1
OIL PALM PLANTATIONS
Goal 1
Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to
“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 through reduction of
impacts from Oil Palm Plantations
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Strategy 1.1 Improve legal/regulatory Requirements and Development
Planning for Oil Palm Plantations
Thrust 1.1.1 Strengthen implementation of EIA/PMM
requirements EPD 1,536,000
Thrust 1.1.2 Review and implement agricultural
development plan requirements DOA 1,002,000
Thrust 1.1.3
Review and strengthen regulation
pertaining to land clearing and
slope/erosion control activities
EPD 300,000
Thrust 1.1.4
Review and strengthen requirements for
the identification and delineation of
“environmentally sensitive areas” and
High Conservation Value (HCV) areas in
and adjacent to plantation
EPD 742,000
Thrust 1.1.5 Undertake proper land use planning for
plantation sitting LSD 374,000
Sub-total 3,954,000
Strategy 1.2 Promote and Implement Sustainable and Best Agricultural
Practices
Thrust 1.2.1 Promote optimal and precision fertilizer
management/practices DOA 4,630,000
Thrust 1.2.2 Implement Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) concepts MPOB 4,875,000
Thrust 1.2.3
Implement soil and moisture conservation
practices (mulching, leguminous cover-
crops, silt-traps, etc.)
DOA 9,440,000
Thrust 1.2.4 Establish, manage and enhance HCV
areas including riverine reserves EPD 9,430,000
Thrust 1.2.5
Improve environmental control of workers’
quarters, fuel storage areas, solid and
scheduled wastes, etc.
DOSH 1,515,000
Thrust 1.2.6 Promote and monitor continuously
implementation of zero burning concept DOE 650,000
Sub-total 30,540,000
Strategy 1.3 Improve Capacity of Key Stakeholders to Support Effective
Plantation Management
Thrust 1.3.1 Enforce requirements under EIAs, EPD 12,500,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-22
OIL PALM PLANTATIONS
Goal 1
Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to
“clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020 through reduction of
impacts from Oil Palm Plantations
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Agricultural Development Plans and other
regulations
Thrust 1.3.2 Increase capacity for implementing
sustainable agricultural practices DOA 1,700,000
Sub-total 14,200,000
TOTAL 48,694,000
Goal 2: Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”
status (Class II and above) by 2020 though reduction of impacts
from Palm Oil Mills
68. The problems relating to river pollution from Palm Oil Mills can be addressed
by a combination of four strategies:
Improve legal/regulatory requirements and development planning for
Palm Oil Mills
Implement Best Management Practices (BMP) for mill waste
management/utilisation
Improve Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment process
Improve capacity for key stakeholders to support sustainable mill
operation
69. Penalties imposed for non-compliance with Palm Oil Mill effluent discharge
standards are currently too low to act as an incentive for companies to comply
with the law. It is therefore proposed to amend EQA 1974 (Provision of
Structured Fines and Compound for Effluent Discharge Offences) to provide
for a structured series of minimum fines and if necessary, order the temporary
closure of the mill until it can comply with requirements.
70. Other legal or regulatory requirements needed for mills include regulations
under the Environment Protection Enactment related to development of mills
and associated treatment ponds and housing complexes as well as
development of clear guidelines for the implementation of land irrigation to
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-23
prevent final treated discharge water being discharged into adjacent
waterways.
71. Adoption of standards and codes of practices for mills need to be enhanced
together with the provision of incentives to mill owners to introduce new
technology for waste reduction and treatment.
72. A paradigm shift addressing control of pollution from Palm Oil Mill waste is
needed by elimination of waste through conversion to value - added products.
There is now an increasing range of options for utilisation of “waste products”
to generate added value such as biogas, compost, biomass energy, fertiliser
and animal feed as well as extracting all water from the effluent to avoid
creation of liquid waste.
73. Mills that continue to treat waste through pond systems can enhance the
effectiveness of treatment by adopting new tertiary treatment technologies
and effective management and operation of treatment systems. Mandatory
appointment of a pollution control manager for each mill as well as annual
third party audits of treatment systems would ensure treatment systems
function properly.
74. The capacity for key stakeholders to address pollution from Palm Oil Mills
needs to be enhanced through increasing numbers of enforcement personnel
and effective deployment as well as enhanced self-monitoring and reporting
by mill operators combined with more strategic engagement of local
communities and NGO to monitor and provide feedback on pollution issues.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-24
Table ES.3: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 2
PALM OIL MILLS
Goal 2
Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”
status (Class II and above) by 2020 though reduction of impacts
from Palm Oil Mills
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Strategy 2.1 Improve legal/regulatory requirements and development planning
for palm oil mills
Thrust 2.1.1
Amend EQA 1974 (Provision of Structured
Fines and Compound for Effluent Discharge
Offences)
DOE 0
Thrust 2.1.2 Implement and enforce requirement for new
palm oil mills to obtain planning approvals EPD 450,000
Thrust 2.1.3 Promote standards and codes of practices
for mill operations MPOB 5,750,000
Thrust 2.1.4
Develop and Implement Incentive
Mechanism for good management of mill
waste
DOE 1,050,000
Sub-total 7,250,000
Strategy 2.2 Implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) for mill waste
management/utilisation
Thrust 2.2.1 Implement zero waste concept and convert
mill wastes into value-added products MPOB 7,390,000
Thrust 2.2.2 Optimise water use and recycle water used
for milling operations MPOB 400,000
Thrust 2.2.3 Develop and implement guidelines for land
irrigation practices DOE 2,750,000
Sub-total 10,540,000
Strategy 2.3 Improve Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment process
Thrust 2.3.1 Implement improved (state-of–the-art)
POME treatment systems MPOB 300,000
Thrust 2.3.2 Appoint Pollution Control Manager (PCM)
for each mill MPOB 150,000
Thrust 2.3.3
Conduct scheduled maintenance of effluent
treatment system to ensure compliance with
standards
DOE 320,000
Thrust 2.3.4
Conduct independent 3rd party
reviews/audits of plant efficiency, equipment
functionality and effluent treatment facilities
DOE 500,000
Sub-total 1,270,000
Strategy 2.4 Improve capacity for key stakeholders to support sustainable mill
operation
Thrust 2.4.1 Implement self-monitoring and increase
public participation in monitoring EPD 250,000
Thrust 2.4.2 Improve monitoring/enforcement capacity
and efficiency DOE 7,170,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-25
PALM OIL MILLS
Goal 2
Improve the water quality of the selected rivers in Sabah to “clean”
status (Class II and above) by 2020 though reduction of impacts
from Palm Oil Mills
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Sub-total 7,420,000
TOTAL 26,480,000
Goal 3: Enhance environmental management of riverine settlements to
minimize pollution to support measures to improve water quality
to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020
75. Riverine settlements along the selected rivers have been identified as a minor
source of pollution – mainly related to solid waste as well as sewage.
76. The problems relating to river pollution from human settlements can be
addressed by a combination of three strategies:
Strengthen Regulatory Control of riverine settlements
Raising Awareness amongst riverine settlers and Engagement of
Stakeholders
Implementation of Best Management Practices
77. A number of current settlements have been established near or on the banks
of the main rivers and tributaries. As a result, any pollution from the villages is
washed directly into the rivers. While resettlement may not be feasible at
present, measures are recommended to prevent future construction of
settlements in the river reserves.
78. The level of awareness amongst settlers on the importance of reducing river
pollution was low and as a result, they did not appear to be concerned about
direct disposal of waste into rivers. They appeared ignorant of health risks as
a result of pollution from their own sanitation systems or poor management of
domestic waste. Enhancing knowledge and skills should be combined with
the provision of alternatives and incentives to change their behaviour.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-26
79. Provision of alternatives for waste disposal, sanitation and water supply are
very important to change current practices. Without the provision of municipal
waste collection, most villages are burning/burying the waste or disposing of it
in the river. Facilitating the 4R2C (Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,
Compost, Closing the loop) system combined with sanitary disposal methods
can address current solid waste issues. For sewage and grey water, properly
designed and placed septic tanks and soakaways can be provided.
80. Many of the villages depend on river water especially in dry seasons and so
are vulnerable to river pollution from their own waste as well as from nearby
plantations and mills. Alternative clean water supplies can reduce the
vulnerability of affected communities. Appropriate techniques for rainwater
harvesting, groundwater use and securing springs and streams as water
sources need to be promoted.
Table ES.4: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 3
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Goal 3
Enhance environmental management of riverine settlements to
minimise pollution to support measures to improve water quality
to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Strategy
3.1 Strengthen Regulatory Control of Riverine Settlements
Thrust
3.1.1 Prohibition of future riverine settlement LSD 2,826,400
Strategy
3.2
Raise Awareness amongst Riverine Settlers and Engagement of
Stakeholders
Thrust
3.2.1
Awareness programme related to river
protection and management District office 730,000
Thrust
3.2.2 Engagement of Stakeholders Health Dept. 1,350,000
Thrust
3.2.3
Provision for grants/fund/incentives to
further engage the settlers to be more
committed towards river water quality
protection
District Office 5,500,000
Sub-total 7,580,000
Strategy
3.3 Implementation of Best Management Practices
Thrust
3.3.1 Provision for Proper Sanitation system
Health
Department 4,870,000
Thrust
3.3.2
Introduction of Solid Wastes Management
System District Office 2,365,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-27
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Goal 3
Enhance environmental management of riverine settlements to
minimise pollution to support measures to improve water quality
to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Thrust
3.3.3
Management of wastewater i.e. grey
water and septic overflow
District
Council 620,000
Thrust
3.3.4
Provision of alternative on safe water
supplies
Health
Department 12,760,000
Sub-total 20,615,000
TOTAL 31,021,400
Goal 4: Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated pollution to
support measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class
II and above) by 2020
81. Sand mining along the selected rivers has been identified as a significant
source of pollution and river degradation especially in the dry season when
downstream villages may depend on river water for domestic use.
82. The problems relating to river pollution from Sand Mining can be addressed
by a combination of four strategies:
Strengthening Legislative Control for River Sand Mining
Improvement of River Sand Mining Management and Planning Tools
Implementation of Best Management Practices
Capacity Building
83. Although there are a range of regulations from different government
departments related to sand mining there is little coordination and poor
implementation. As a result, much of the sand miners are operating without
full approvals and are not following specified conditions.
84. An important first step to address the problems is to introduce more
coordinated and effective implementation of regulations including the
imposition of minimum fines for those who repeatedly breach regulations.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-28
85. Most existing sand mining operations do not follow basic requirements to
protect river reserves, control run-off/discharge or implement other good
practices. This needs to be facilitated with clearer guidance, better
understanding by the operators and also effective enforcement.
86. Insufficient personnel and capacity to undertake regular checks on sand
mining operators is a constraint that needs to be addressed. Better
engagement should be facilitated by local government between sand miners
and local community members affected by sand mining activities.
Table ES.5: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 4
SAND MINING
Goal 4:
Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated pollution to
support measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class
II and above) by 2020
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Strategy
4.1 Strengthening Legislative Control for River Sand Mining
Thrust
4.1.1
Strengthen EPD’s Enforcement activities to
Control Sand Mining Activities without
approval of EIA through the provision of
additional staffing
EPD 6,166,400
Thrust
4.1.2
Provision for mandatory minimum penalties
for Operators Not Adhering to
laws/regulations
EPD 2,150,000
Sub-total 8,316,400
Strategy
4.2
Improvement of River Sand Mining Management and Planning
Tools
Thrust
4.2.1
Endorsement and Implementation of The
Proposed Strategies and Action Plan in the
State Policy on River Sand Mining
LSD 8,650,000
Strategy
4.3 Implementation of Best Management Practices (BMP)
Thrust
4.3.1 Control of run-off and discharge EPD 294,000
Thrust
4.3.2 Rehabilitation of river banks/river reserves EPD 100,000
Thrust
4.3.3
Improvement of Sand Mining Operational
Practices EPD 294,000
Thrust
4.3.4 Performance deposit by operators LSD 50,000
Sub-total 738,000
Strategy Capacity Building of Enforcers and Operators
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-29
SAND MINING
Goal 4:
Regulate river sand mining and minimise associated pollution to
support measures to improve water quality to “clean” status (Class
II and above) by 2020
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
4.4
Thrust
4.4.1 Training for agency personnel EPD 700,000
Thrust
4.4.2
Periodical dialogue with the river sand mining
operators EPD 100,000
Sub-total 800,000
TOTAL 18,504,400
Goal 5. Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and catchment
protection in the selected river basins to support measures to improve
water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above) by 2020
87. To ensure effective and sustainable measures are implemented to enhance
the quality of the selected rivers, it is essential to support Integrated River
Basin Management (IRBM) through an integrated and coordinated action by
different stakeholders and sectors to address river management issues. This
will be facilitated through the formation of river basin committees and
stakeholder coalitions.
88. Maintenance and rehabilitation of catchment forests is critical for reducing
erosion and silting of the respective rivers. Catchment forests in some of the
river basins have been heavily logged and degraded in the past and need
investments to enhance the rehabilitation process. Allocations have been
made for rehabilitating about 60,000 ha of forest especially in the Segama and
Kalumpang River Basins.
89. River reserves play a key function in protecting river banks and reducing the
flow of soil and agrochemicals into rivers. The river reserve along the
Segama River in particular, needs to be rehabilitated to provide a buffer zone
as well as wildlife corridor. Establishment of buffer zones along smaller
tributaries is also required.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-30
90. To provide riverine communities with benefits from river protection and
rehabilitation, community - based ecotourism is proposed for the Segama
river basin where there are significant tourism attractions in the lower basin.
91. A critical factor in ensuring good long term water quality is to establish a long
term monitoring programme to cover the physical, biological and chemical
aspects. To enhance monitoring and enforcement related to Palm Oil Mills
and prevent direct pollution discharges into the rivers, a network of real time
water quality monitoring stations is needed in critical locations. This will also
facilitate the engagement of a broader range of stakeholders in the monitoring
of plantation and mill practices.
Table ES.6: Summary of Strategies and Thrusts for Goal No. 5
INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND CATCHMENT PROTECTION
Goal 5:
Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and catchment
protection in the selected river basins to support measures to
improve water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above) by
2020
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
Strategy 5.1 Strengthening institutional framework to implement Integrated
River Basin Management and catchment protection
Thrust5.1.1 Establish River Basin Management
Committees for each river basin DID 780,000
Thrust 5.1.2 Establish stakeholder coalitions for each
river basin DID 0
Thrust 5.1.3 Establish regulations to implement the
Water Resources Enactment DID 12,480,000
Thrust 5.1.4
Increase capacity and resources of relevant
government agencies to support integrated
management of targeted basins
MTCE 10,780,000
Sub-total 24,040,000
Strategy 5.2 Enhance the protection, rehabilitation and sustainable use of
remaining of forest and wetlands
Thrust 5.2.1
Strengthen the protection and management
of forests in the upper catchments of main
rivers
SFD 10,242,000
Thrust 5.2.2 Expand programmes to rehabilitate
degraded forests in the river catchments SFD 151,010,000
Thrust 5.2.3 Clarify and enforce river reserve regulations LSD 37,220,000
Thrust 5.2.4 Establish and rehabilitate wildlife corridors
and river reserves to link protected areas SFD 28,800,000
Thrust 5.2.5 Enhance management and promote
community based ecotourism in SWD 14,950,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-31
INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND CATCHMENT PROTECTION
Goal 5:
Enhance Integrated River Basin Management and catchment
protection in the selected river basins to support measures to
improve water quality to “clean” status (Class II and above) by
2020
No Strategy or thrust Lead
Agency Cost (RM)
conservation areas
Sub-total 242,222,000
Strategy 5.3 Operate integrated monitoring programme for targeted river
basins
Thrust 5.3.1
Establish a real time web-based Water
Quality monitoring programme in the
selected basins
EPD 10,872,000
Thrust 5.3.2 Establish a catchment and conservation
forest monitoring programme SFD 5,250,000
Thrust 5.3.3 Introduce a biological monitoring system of
the main rivers DID 5,040,000
Thrust 5.3.4 Establish a community-based river
monitoring programme EPD 6,520,000
Thrust 5.3.5
Enhance water quality monitoring at water
intake points to safeguard drinking water
supplies
SSWD 1,000,000
Sub-total 28,682,000
TOTAL 294,944,000
7 NEXT STEPS
92. Implementation of the proposed strategies and action plans requires allocation
of human and financial resources, improved coordination among government
agencies, enhanced dialogue and involvement of various stakeholders as well
as affected communities.
93. The Environment Protection Decision Support System (EPDSS) has been
established through the project as a tool to assist decision making processes
among government agencies particularly in the planning and management for
future development within the studied river basins. This needs to be
administered and updated by EPD in conjunction with other agencies.
94. Guidelines have been developed through the project for the three sectors i.e.
oil palm industry, sand mining and settlements to provide guidance on best
management practices, monitoring and other issues to government agencies,
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-32
the private sector and other stakeholders. These need to be disseminated
and widely promoted.
8 CONCLUSION
95. This two year study assessed the impacts on five selected rivers in eastern
Sabah especially by oil palm plantations and palm oil mills. It was concluded
that the rivers are seriously polluted especially because of continuing
discharges of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as well as soil erosion from
plantations and other areas. Lower level impacts are linked to sand mining
(on mid-reach of the Segama River) and also domestic waste from riverine
settlements.
96. As a result of the pollution, the water quality of the rivers is generally in Class
III level and downstream of some mills in Class IV or V. This is much worse
than the targeted Class II. The river pollution has significant impacts as the
rivers are very important as a source of water supply for more than 180,000
people in many towns and villages in eastern Sabah. The pollution and
degradation of riverine habitats and upstream catchments and downstream
mangroves has reduced the populations of fish and wildlife in the basins –
negatively affecting local communities and reducing options for ecotourism or
aquaculture. High sediment loads also increase flooding risk.
97. Root causes of the problems being faced include continuing breaches of
regulations by oil palm plantantions and mills; insufficient capacity and
resources for relevant government agencies to enforce existing and proposed
regulations; degradation of catchment and riverine forests due to land use
conversion to plantations and earlier log extraction; infrequent monitoring of
water quality and compliance with regulations and lack of mechanisms for
effective community engagement.
98. Strategy and Action Plan has been formulated for implementation over a 10
year period by government agencies in coordination with the private sector
and local communities. The cost for implementation has been estimated at
about RM420,000,000. A cost benefit analysis has indicated that the strategy
is viable with rate of return of 4.75% and breakeven benefit flow by year six.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd ES-33
Best management practice guidelines have been prepared to cover the oil
palm sector, sand mining and riverine settlements.
99. For the longer term, it is believed that the pollution levels can be stabilised and
reduced provided that there is full implementation of the Action Plan and
associated regulations and expansion of oil palm plantations and mills is
strictly controlled. Riverine and catchment forests will also need to be better
protected and rehabilitated.
100. Resources need to be allocated for the rapid implementation of the Strategy
and Action Plan and the best management practice guidelines need to be
widely promoted. The relevant agencies need to strenghen their operational
capacity to manage the river basins in an integrated manner. A coordinated
approach to implementation is needed with the participation of all the sectors.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-1
RINGKASAN
EKSEKUTIF
1 LATARBELAKANG KAJIAN
1. Dalam lima tahun kebelakangan ini, terdapat peningkatan masalah
pencemaran di sungai-sungai bahagian timur Sabah yang memberi kesan
terhadap bekalan air dan sara hidup komuniti tempatan. Oleh yang demikian,
Jabatan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Sabah (JPAS) telah diarahkan untuk
menjalankan kajian ini di bawah Program Koridor Pembangunan Sabah yang
diselaraskan oleh Sabah Economic Development and Investment Autority
(SEDIA), dengan tujuan menilai isu berkenaan. Kajian telah dijalankan oleh
Envsolve Sdn Bhd yang telah dilantik oleh Kerajaan pada 18 Mei 2009.
Tempoh kajian adalah selama 27 bulan. Kajian tersebut bertujuan untuk
menilai kualiti air di sungai-sungai terpilih di bahagian timur Sabah dengan
memberi tumpuan kepada impak industri kelapa sawit dan sumber
pencemaran lain ke atas kualiti air Sungai Muanad, Sungai Segaliud, Sungai
Kalumpang, Sungai Pang Burong dan Sungai Segama.
2. Objektif Kajian seperti yang digariskan di dalam Terma Rujukan adalah:
Untuk menganalisa tahap kualiti sungai-sungai tertentu yang
menerima impak disebabkan oleh aktiviti perladangan kelapa sawit;
kilang kelapa sawit serta pelbagai bahan-cemar yang berpunca dari
punca tidak tetap (non-point source); dan
Untuk merangka strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan bagi meningkatkan
pengurusan dan pengawalan pencemaran dari aktiviti perladangan
dan kilang kelapa sawit serta pelbagai bahan-cemar yang berpunca
daripada sumber tidak tetap (non-point source).
3. Antara output Kajian yang dijalankan adalah seperti berikut:-
Garispanduan dan amalan pengurusan terbaik bagi perladangan
kelapa sawit (OPP) dengan arahan yang jelas, mudah difahami dan
praktikal;
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-2
Garispanduan dan amalan pengurusan terbaik untuk kilang kelapa
sawit dengan arahan yang jelas, mudah difahami dan praktikal;
Garispanduan dan amalan pengurusan terbaik untuk sumber
pencemaran lain dengan arahan yang jelas, mudah difahami dan
praktikal;
Pengujudan sistem pemantauan menggunakan kemudahan ICT dan
berasaskan web yang mudah difahami dan senang dilaksanakan;
Pelan yang jelas menunjukkan stesen pemantauan kualiti air yang
sedia ada dan berfungsi;
Pangkalan data dengan input yang lengkap,terkini dan mesra
pengguna; dan
Latihan kepada agensi-agensi berkaitan dan seminar kebangsaan.
2 PENDEKATAN DAN METODOLOGI
4. Penyampelan lapangan telah dijalankan di Sungai Muanad, Sungai Segaliud,
Sungai Kalumpang, Sungai Pang Burong, dan Sungai Segama dari bulan
September 2009 hingga Januari 2010 ketika musim air pasang besar dan
Mac hingga April 2010 untuk air surut rendah. Program kajian merangkumi
penyampelan kualiti air sungai, pemetaan hidrografi dan pengenalpastian
punca pencemaran untuk mendapatkan kefahaman yang lebih baik ke atas
kualiti air sungai. Soal selidik persepsi masyarakat awam juga telah
dijalankan di kesemua perkampungan dalam lembangan sungai berkaitan
bagi menyokong hasil kajian.
5. Sejumlah sembilan puluh satu (91) tapak pensampelan telah dipilih untuk
program penyampelan kualiti air sungai (Sg. Muanad – dua belas (12); Sg.
Segaliud – dua puluh (20); Sg. Kalumpang and Sg. Pang Burong – dua puluh
enam (26); Sg. Segama – tiga puluh tiga (33). Parameter-parameter asas
untuk sampel air sungai diukur secara in situ dan satu set lengkap parameter
kualiti air dianalisa oleh makmal bertauliah.
6. Pemetaan hidrografi sungai dijalankan untuk memperolehi nilai perwakilan
kadar aliran sungai dan isipadu aliran sungai yang diperlukan untuk mengira
jumlah beban pencemaran dan untuk model kualiti air. Lokasi-lokasi untuk
program ini sama dengan lokasi-lokasi tapak pensampelan kualiti air.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-3
Parameter untuk program ini dibahagikan kepada dua kategori, pengukuran
in situ (untuk lebar, kedalaman dan aliran sungai) dan pengiraan (keluasan,
kelajuan dan isipadu aliran).
7. Dua puluh (20) kilang kelapa sawit telah dilawati untuk mengenalpasti punca
pencemaran utama dan penyampelan bahan buangan kilang kelapa sawit
bagi setiap kilang kelapa sawit telah dijalankan daripada titik akhir buangan
“(Titik X)”.
8. Soal selidik persepsi awam telah dijalankan bagi mendapatkan persepsi
umum masyarakat setempat berkaitan kualiti air sungai dan impak industri
kelapa sawit terhadap komuniti berkenaan. Temubual telah dijalankan secara
individu atau berkumpulan di beberapa buah kampung yang telah dipilih.
9. Habitat-habitat sungai telah dinilai melalui kombinasi imej satelit, peta guna
tanah dan tinjauan lapangan. Maklumat status dan nilai kawasan
pemuliharaan sedia ada diperolehi daripada Jabatan Perhutanan, Jabatan
Hidupan Liar, Pusat Biodiversiti Sabah dan beberapa badan bukan kerajaan.
Maklumat tentang kepentingan dan status perikanan telah diperolehi melalui
temubual dengan nelayan dan aktiviti penyampelan. Sampel ikan dikumpul
untuk analisa logam berat.
10. Model kualiti air untuk sungai telah dibentuk menggunakan perisian QUAL2K
yang menggunakan maklumat hidrologi sungai, punca pencemaran tetap dan
tidak tetap serta data kualiti air yang telah dianalisa. Beberapa senario
penambahbaikan kualiti air telah dimodelkan bagi mendpatkan senario
penambahbaikan terbaik yang diperlukan dalam merumus strategi dan pelan
tindakan.
11. Strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan telah dirumuskan berdasarkan keputusan-
keputusan yang diperolehi sepanjang jangka masa kajian. Ulasan dan
maklum balas daripada pelbagai siri perbincangan, mesyuarat, temubual dan
bengkel rundingan pihak berkepentingan yang dilaksanakan telah dianalisa
serta dimasukkan ke dalam strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan. Bajet untuk
perlaksanaan strategi dan pelan-pelan tindakan bagi tempoh 10 tahun telah
dibentuk dengan kerjasama agensi-agensi kerajaan yang berkenaan.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-4
12. Analisa kos-faedah telah dijalankan untuk menilai daya maju strategi dan
pelan-pelan tindakan di samping memperhalusi bajet untuk perlaksanaan.
13. Sistem Sokongan Keputusan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar (EPDSS) telah
dibangunkan atas landasan Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) secara
bersepadu dengan pengkalan data spatial dan bukan spatial daripada agensi
kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan seperti Jabatan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar
(JPAS), Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS), Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah,
Jabatan Pertanian (DOA), Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Wilayah dan
World Wide Fund for Nature Malaysia (WWFM). EPDSS mengintegrasikan
GIS dengan sistem QUAL2K menggunakan kaedah gandingan longgar.
Objektif spesifik EPDSS adalah untuk membantu pembuat keputusan
dalam menilai maklumat utama berkaitan ciri-ciri dan tahap pencemaran
semasa dalam lembangan dan untuk menilai impak pelbagai senario
untuk pengurangan pencemaran. Sistem tersebut juga menyediakan
kesepaduan terus model kualiti air ke dalam landasan ArcGIS dan
pangkalan data yang mudah dimasuki mensepadukan semua data
mentah, data model, peta-peta berkaitan dan dokumentasi.
3 DATA PRIMER DAN SEKUNDER
14. Guna Tanah dan Aktiviti Manusia - Sungai Muanad – 11 OPP, 2POM, FR
(Kelas II dan V), 5 penempatan manusia dan 1 loji rawatan air; Sungai
Segaliud – 13 OPP, 5 POM, FR (Kelas II dan V), 2 penempatan manusia dan
1 loji rawatan air; Sungai Kalumpang dan Pang Burong – 13 OPP, 5 POM, FR
(Kelas I, IV dan V), 6 penempatan manusia, kuari, 2 titik pengambilan air/ loji
rawatan ; Sungai Segama – 17 OPP, 8 POM, FR (Kelas I, II dan IV), 7
penempatan manusia, pertanian komersil, lombong pasir, kuari, 1 titik
pengambilan air/loji rawatan, penternakan dan pelancongan.
Berdasarkan analisa peta guna tanah tahun 2011 yang telah disemak
semula (berasaskan data imej 2007) yang diperolehi daripada Jabatan
Pertanian Sabah, keluasan ladang kelapa sawit telah bertambah meliputi
sebahagian besar ke empat-empat lembangan sungai iaitu Sungai
Muanad-19, 994 ha (84.66%), Sungai Segaliud - 42, 340 ha (70.53%),
Sungai Kalumpang-54, 719 ha (48.64%), Sungai Segama-118, 920 ha
(24.72%).
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Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-5
Kajian ini telah mengenalpasti sebanyak 20 buah kilang kelapa sawit di
dalam lembangan-lembangan berkenaan iaitu 16.4% daripada jumlah
keseluruhan kilang kelapa sawit di Sabah. Kebanyakan kilang terletak di
bahagian pertengahan sungai dengan keupayaan memproses 45 metrik
tan sejam. Lebih kurang 25% daripada kilang-kilang ini dilesenkan untuk
beroperasi pada keupayaan rendah, 65% beroperasi pada keupayaan
sederhana dan hanya 10% beroperasi pada keupayaan tinggi.
Merujuk kepada data yang diperolehi daripada Jabatan Perhutanan
Sabah, satu dari guna tanah utama di kajian adalah hutan simpan. Dua
lembangan sungai dalam kawasan kajian, iaitu Segama dan Kalumpang
masing masing menunjukkan kadar terbesar litupan hutan iaitu masing-
masing 352,000 ha (73%) dan 58,300 ha (42%), sementara lembangan
Segaliud dan Muanad pula merangkumi lebih kurang 15,600 ha (26%)
dan 1,850 ha (7.8%) hutan simpan.
Aktiviti perlombongan pasir hanya dikenalpasti di Sungai Segama, di
mana ia memberi impak negatif yang besar kepada keadaan sungai.
Kajian telah mengenalpasti lima belas (15) pengusaha yang menjalankan
aktiviti melombong pasir di sepanjang bahagian pertengahan sungai
berkenaan.
Lembangan Sungai Segama adalah lembangan yang terbesar,
merangkumi 70 kawasan tadahan kecil dengan jumlah keluasan
474,270ha. Sungai Kalumpang dan anak sungai utamanya (Pang
Burong) merangkumi 11 kawasan tadahan kecil dengan jumlah keluasan
113,824ha manakala lembangan-lembangan terkecil adalah Sungai
Muanad dan Sungai Segaliud, masing-masing dengan 11 kawasan
tadahan kecil (23,606 ha) dan 32 kawasan tadahan kecil (60,503 ha).
15. Stesen Pemantauan Kualiti Air Jabatan Alam Sekitar - Sungai Muanad,
Sungai Segaliud dan Sungai Pang Burong masing-masing mempunyai dua
(2) stesen pemantauan Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) sementara Sungai
Kalumpang dan Sungai Segama masing-masing mempunyai tiga stesen.
Sungai Pang Burong dimaklumi sebagai sungai yang paling tercemar di mana
indeks kualiti airnya terletak pada Kelas III dan IV di bawah klasifikasi JAS.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-6
16. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Muanad) – Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks
kualiti air (WQI) yang telah dijalankan, kualiti air sungai tersebut pada
umumnya berada dalam lingkungan Kelas III di bawah Piawaian Kebangsaan
Kualiti Air Malaysia berstatus Sedikit Tercemar. Paras DO berada di antara
1.55 dan 7.49 mg/l pada kedua-dua musim pasang dan surut dan paras BOD
berubah-ubah antara 2 ke 58mg/l manakala bacaan COD di antara 15 ke 80
mg/l. Paras Pepejal Terampai agak bermusim di mana sewaktu musim air
surut rendah, kualiti air adalah di paras Kelas II sementara itu nilainya
merosot ke Kelas V dalam musim air pasang besar. Paras kekeruhan
berkaitan dengan paras SS di antara 6 ke 656 NTU. Paras minyak dan gris
berada pada paras yang boleh diterima iaitu di antara dari paras tidak dapat
dikesan sehingga 7 mg/l. Kehadiran Faecal koliform, nilainya berubah-ubah
dari paras tidak dapat dikesan ke nilai kualiti air paling buruk, Kelas V melebihi
24,000 MPN/100ml.
17. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Segaliud) – Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks
kualiti air yang telah dijalankan, kualiti air sungai tersebut umumnya berada di
tahap Kelas III NWQS iaitu Sedikit Tercemar. Paras DO berada di antara 0.24
dan 8.31 mg/l dalam kedua-dua musim pasang besar dan surut rendah.
Paras BOD berubah-ubah dari 2 ke 40 mg/l sementara COD di antara 8 dan
105 mg/l. Paras SS agak bermusim di mana sewaktu musim surut rendah,
kualiti air adalah di paras Kelas II dan kualitinya merosot ke Kelas V sewaktu
pasang besar. Paras kekeruhan berkaitan dengan paras SS di antara 5
kepada 891 NTU. Paras minyak dan gris berada pada paras yang boleh
diterima iaitu dari paras tidak dapat dikesan sehingga 11 mg/l. Kehadiran
Faecal koliform, nilainya berubah-ubah dari paras tidak dapat dikesan ke
Kelas III pada 1,100 MPN/100 ml.
18. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Kalumpang dan Sungai Pang Burung) –
Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks kualiti air yang telah dijalankan, kualiti air
sungai tersebut pada umumnya berada pada tahap Kelas II NWQS iaitu
tahap Bersih ke Sedikit Tercemar. Manakala Sungai Pang Burong pula
umumnya berada di paras Kelas IV-V NWQS iaitu status Tercemar. Paras
DO berada di antara 0.06 dan 9.00 mg/l dalam kedua-dua musim pasang
besar dan surut rendah manakala paras BOD berubah-ubah antara 1 ke 479
mg/l manakala bacaan COD di antara 4 ke 656 mg/l. Bacaan SS agak
bermusim di mana sewaktu musim surut rendah, kualiti air adalah pada kelas
FINAL REPORT VOL I
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-7
III dan kualitinya merosot teruk ke Kelas IV sewaktu pasang besar. Paras
kekeruhan berkaitan dengan nilai bacaan SS di antara 3 hingga 260 NTU.
Paras minyak dan gris dikesan pada paras yang boleh diterima iaitu dari tidak
dapat dikesan ke 4mg/l. Paras Faecal koliform berubah-ubah dari tahap tidak
dapat dikesan ke paras pencemaran yang teruk, Kelas V pada16,000
MPN/100 ml.
19. Kualiti Air Sungai (Sungai Segama) – Berdasarkan kepada analisa indeks
kualiti air yang dijalankan, kualiti air sungai tersebut berada di antara Kelas I
dan Kelas II NWQS di kawasan hulu dan Kelas III di kawasan pertengahan
dengan status antara Bersih dan Sedikit Tercemar. Paras DO berada di
antara 0.39 kepada 9.61 mg/l dalam kedua-dua musim pasang besar dan
surut rendah manakala paras BOD berubah-ubah antara 1 hingga 35mg/l dan
COD di antara 5 ke 96 mg/l. Paras SS juga agak bermusim di mana sewaktu
musim surut rendah, kualiti air berada pada kelas IV dan kualitinya merosot
ke Kelas V dalam musim pasang besar. Paras kekeruhan berkaitan dengan
nilai bacaan SS di antara 1.28 dan 7726 NTU. Paras Faecal koliform
berubah-ubah daripada tahap tidak dapat dikesan ke tahap kualiti terendah,
Kelas V pada nilai 5,400 MPN/100 ml.
Soal selidik tanggapan awam telah dijalankan untuk mengumpul
maklumat tambahan berkaitan kajian sungai yang dijalankan. Sejumlah
824 responden dari 22 penempatan telah ditemubual untuk tujuan ini.
Hasil tinjauan mendapati kebanyakan responden mengenalpasti sungai-
sungai yang dikaji sebagai tercemar. Namun begitu, mereka tetap
bergantung kepada sungai untuk aktiviti perikanan, sumber air,
pengangkutan dan kegunaan domestik. Adalah juga difahami bahawa
hampir separuh daripada responden (45%) sedar terhadap kepentingan
simpanan riparian dan kebanyakan mereka tidak bersetuju dengan aktiviti
perladangan di sepanjang tebing sungai.
20. Tinjauan ini juga meneliti punca pencemaran selain dari industri kelapa sawit.
Penyumbang besar yang lain ke atas pencemaran sungai ialah daripada
aktiviti perlombongan pasir di Sungai Segama. Tiga impak utama ke atas
sungai telah diperhatikan iaitu penurunan kualiti air sungai, kegunaan yang
terhad dan hakisan tanah. Responden menyatakan bahawa impak utama
pencemaran kepada sungai termasuk kematian hidupan akuatik, bau busuk,
FINAL REPORT VOL I
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-8
pemendapan, pencemaran kimia dan mendakan. Kilang kelapa sawit
dikenalpasti sebagai punca utama pencemaran dan dilaporkan sering
melepaskan efluen mereka ke dalam sungai.
21. Penilaian Pencemaran Logam Berat. Satu kajian paras logam berat di
dalam ikan dan hidupan akuatik lain telah dijalankan di Sungai Segaliud,
Sungai Muanad, Sungai Kalumpang, Sungai Pang Burong dan Sungai
Segama di antara bulan Jun dan Ogos 2010. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa
kepekatan besi (Fe) dalam sampel ikan yang diambil dari lokasi-lokasi
tertentu di sepanjang sungai agak tinggi. Parameter lain seperti Zink (Zn),
Plumbum (Pb) dan Kuprum (Cu) juga didapati lebih tinggi sedikit di beberapa
tempat di sepanjang sungai-sungai itu. Walau bagaimanapun, paras logam
berat di dalam isi ikan yang diuji tidak melebihi had piawaian keselamatan
makanan. Bacaan logam besi yang tinggi dipercayai mempunyai kaitan
dengan hakisan tanah dan paras SS tinggi di dalam sungai kerana tanah
laterit lazimnya mengandungi paras besi (Fe) yang tinggi. Sampel sedimen
dan air bawah tanah juga menunjukkan kandungan logam besi (Fe) yang
tinggi.
22. Penukaran hutan kepada kegunaan lain mempunyai kesan yang negatif
terhadap kepelbagaian biologi semulajadi lembangan sungai. Sebahagian
besar hutan semulajadi dan habitat hidupan liar telah dibuka sejak 30 tahun
yang lalu. Namun sebahagian yang penting dan dilindungi masih mendiami
kawasan hutan simpan terutamanya di lembangan-lembangan Sungai
Segama dan Kalumpang.
23. Pencemaran air mewujudkan impak buruk terhadap hidupan akuatik sungai.
Eutrofikasi sungai, contohnya, ketara di Sungai Segaliud, yang airnya
berwarna hijau akibat daripada kehadiran alga yang terlalu banyak. Terdapat
kes-kes ikan mati, dipercayai akibat daripada kekurangan oksigen hasil dari
pencemaran POME.
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-9
4 PENGURUSAN DATA DAN ANALISIS
24. Kajian ini menggunakan model kualiti air yang dikenali sebagai QUAL2K
untuk mensimulasi dan menentu ukur kualiti air sungai-sungai dalam kajian
ini. Bagi kesemua sungai ini, punca pencemaran tetap dan tidak tetap telah
dikenalpasti. Dalam kes ini, sumber pencemaran tetap adalah POM dan
yang tidak tetap adalah OPP serta aktiviti lain yang tidak mempunyai titik
pelepasan tertentu.
Model QUAL2K ini telah ditetapkan untuk mensimulasi empat parameter
iaitu Jumlah Pepejal Terampai, permintaan Oksigen Biokimia, Oksigen
Terlarut dan Nitrogen Ammonia serta mensimulasikan 8 senario
pengurusan penambahbaikan. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, senario 81
dianggap senario pennambahbaikan terbaik untuk semua parameter.
25. Keputusan model QUAL2K dianalisa selanjutnya untuk menentukan
keupayaan tampung sungai-sungai di kawasan kajian. Analisa keupayaan
tampung ini menunjukkan bahawa Keupayaan Menampung Buangan
Terkumpul (WAC) di bahagian pertengahan sungai jauh melebihi keupayaan
tampungnya walaupun setelah diintegrasikan dengan senario 8, terutamanya
untuk Sungai Segaliud, Sungai Pang Burong dan Sungai Segama. Ini
menunjukkan bahawa sebarang pembangunan kilang kelapa sawit baru di
bahagian hulu semua sungai adalah pilihan yang tidak sesuai. Bagi kes Sg.
Muanad dan Sg. Kalumpang, pembinaan kilang baru, sekiranya tidak dapat
dielakkan, mestilah di lokasi yang lebih jauh ke hilir sungai di mana
keupayaan tampung di bawah bebanan BOD.
1Senario 8 – BOD=20mg/l, Jumlah Bahan Terampai (SS) =50mg/l, AN=30ug/l dan
tanah yang diairi dengan anggaran limpahan 20%. Bebanan NPS dari OPP
berkurangan sebanyak 50%.
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-10
5 PENEMUAN UTAMA
5.1 PENCEMARAN SUNGAI
26. Empat buah lembangan sungai yang dikaji ternyata tercemar – terutamanya
oleh sektor kelapa sawit dengan selebihnya daripada penempatan dan aktiviti
perlombongan pasir. Sesetengah bahagian sungai diklasifikasikan sebagai
Kelas IV atau Kelas V (di mana Kelas V adalah yang paling tercemar).
Bahan-cemar utama adalah:
a) BOD dan COD yang membawa kepada paras oksigen yang rendah dalam
sungai, mungkin menjejaskan hidupan akuatik di samping kualiti air
minuman;
b) Pepejal terampai atau kelodak akibat hakisan tanah dari kerja-kerja
pembersihan tanah dan hakisan tebing. Ini membawa kepada masalah
pemendakan dasar sungai yang meningkatkan risiko banjir; impak negatif
secara langsung kepada ikan dan hidupan akuatik lain; meningkatkan kos
rawatan air;
c) Logam berat - sesetengah logam berat, termasuk besi dan manganum
didapati lebih tinggi dalam air dan kelodak sungai, dan juga ikan. Sumber
logam berat kemungkinan besar berkaitan dengan hakisan tanah (tanah
laterit semulajadi mengandungi besi) atau mungkin pelepasan dari kilang
kelapa sawit. Ini boleh menjejaskan hidupan akuatik dan kualiti air minuman;
d) Racun perosak - empat jenis racun serangga yang diharamkan dan satu jenis
racun perosak yang sah dikesan dalam paras yang rendah dari sampel air
empat buah sungai menunjukkan keperluan siasatan lanjut untuk
menentukan dan mengatasi puncanya.
Empat punca pencemaran utama adalah:
e) Kilang kelapa sawit–banyak daripadanya adalah bertanggungjawab
membuang secara terus ke dalam sungai,efluen yang hanya separa dirawat,
secara besar-besaran;
f) Ladang kelapa sawit–melalui amalan pengurusan ladang yang kurang baik
dan kekurangan penyelengaraan zon penampan dan simpanan sungai serta
penggunaan berlebihan racun perosak dan baja;
FINAL REPORT VOL I
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-11
g) Operasi lombong pasir–membawa kepada peningkatan kekeruhan sungai
yang menjejaskan hidupan akuatik dan sumber air minum masyarakat
tempatan;dan
h) Petempatan manusia dengan kemudahan pengurusan sisa pepejal dan
domestik yang kurang baik, menyumbang secara kecilan kepada beban
pencemaran sistem sungai.
5.2 KEMEROSOTAN HABITAT
27. Habitat pinggir sungai dan hutan di dalam lembangan-lembangan berkenaan
telah terjejas teruk akibat pembalakan terdahulu dan pengambilan sumber-
sumber lain yang mana kawasan hutan yang mempunyai nilai pemuliharaan
telah dibersihkan dalam 10-15 tahun lalu, terutamanya untuk tujuan
pembukaan ladang kelapa sawit. Di kebanyakan lembangan, bahagian-
bahagian hutan yang tinggal adalah terasing tanpa zon penampan atau
koridor hidupan liar yang mencukupi untuk menyokong mereka dan
kepelbagaian biologi yang berkaitan dalam jangka masa panjang.
28. Namun begitu, beberapa blok hutan yang sangat penting masih kekal
terutama di lembangan-lembangan Segama dan Kalumpang. Mereka
mempunyai kepentingan antarabangsa untuk pemuliharaan dan memerlukan
peruntukan yang lebih besar untuk pemuliharaan dan pengurusan.
Perlindungan dan pemuliharaan hutan akan mengurangkan hakisan dan
kemerosotan sungai di samping menyediakan habitat kepada hidupan liar
utama dan menambah peluang untuk ekopelancongan.
5.3 KESAN TERHADAP MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT
29. Lebih daripada 10,000 orang mendiami 20 buah perkampungan di
lembangan-lembangan yang dikaji. Kebanyakan masyarakat tempatan
bergantung (atau dahulunya bergantung) kepada sumber-sumber semulajadi
di lembangan untuk sara hidup dan kebajikan mereka. Kemerosotan kualiti
air sungai dan habitat telah mengakibatkan impak buruk melalui gangguan
bekalan air minuman atau membawa kepada peningkatan masalah kesihatan
di samping menjejaskan bekalan perikanan di sungai yang dahulunya
memberikan pendapatan penting dan sumber makanan. Kehilangan hutan
FINAL REPORT VOL I
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-12
dan zon penampan tebing sungai juga telah mengurangkan peluang
pendapatan komuniti dan ekopelancongan. Komuniti tempatan juga
menerima kesan buruk dari pencemaran kilang dan ladang minyak sawit.
Lebih daripada 180,000 orang mendapatkan bekalan air minuman daripada
empat lembangan sungai yang menjadi tumpuan kajian ini. Pencemaran yang
berterusan akan mengganggu bekalan air dan membawa Impak sosial dan
ekonomi yang besar.
5.4 RISIKO DAN KESAN SOSIO-EKONOMI
30. Terdapat kesan sosio-ekonomi dan risiko yang signifikan akibat daripada
pencemaran sungai yang berterusan. Ini termasuklah potensi gangguan
bekalan air ke bandar-bandar penting seperti Sandakan, Beluran dan Lahad
Datu; kehilangan dan kemerosotan hutan paya bakau serta perikanan pesisir
pantai yang merupakan industri penting kawasan ini; peningkatan risiko banjir
dan hakisan tebing sungai dan kerosakan infrastruktur; kehilangan potensi
pembangunan masa hadapan seperti akuakultur, ekopelancongan atau dana
karbon. Keadaan dan punca masalah-masalah ini dibincangkan di bawah
menurut sektor.
5.5 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLADANGAN KELAPA SAWIT
31. Peraturan yang lemah dan kekurangan pemantauan untuk EIA, ADP, dan
Rizab Sungai. Keperluan peraturan dan perundangan semasa seperti Kajian
Penilaian Kesan Alam Sekitar dan Pelan Pembangunan Pertanian yang
berkaitan dengan pembangunan dan operasi ladang kelapa sawit tidak
mencukupi untuk mencegah impak ke atas sungai secara berkesan dalam
bentuk yang menyeluruh. Masih terdapat kekurangan dan kelemahan di
dalam pelaksanaan EIA dan peraturan rizab sungai, begitu juga dengan
undang-undang yang mengawal aktiviti pembersihan tanah dan
cerun/hakisan. Kajian mendapati bahawa tidak semua ladang kelapa sawit di
lembangan-lembangan ini mematuhi keperluan EIA kerana sesetengah tanah
sama ada dibangunkan sebelum penguatkuasaan peraturan bermula,
peraturan sengaja diabaikan atau tidak dikuatkuasakan, atau saiz
pembangunan adalah kurang daripada kawasan minimum (100 ha) yang
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-13
diperlukan oleh undang-undang (untuk menjalankan EIA/PMM1). Sangat
sedikit usaha yang dijalankan untuk melaksana dan memantau pematuhan ke
atas keperluan pelan pembangunan pertanian. Peraturan dan polisi semasa
tidak mewajibkan penilaian HCV atau pengenalpastian lengkap bagi
“Kawasan Alam Sekitar yang Sensitif ” sebelum mendapat kelulusan untuk
pembangunan.
32. Kadar rendah ladang kelapa sawit adalah dikawal di bawah peraturan
alam sekitar yang sedia ada. Sebilangan kecil daripada ladang-ladang
kelapa sawit dalam lembangan-lembangan yang terpilih telah menjalankan
EIA atau PMM – sama ada kerana mereka telah diluluskan sebelum
penguatkuasaan peraturan-peraturan dalam tahun 2005 atau kerana syarikat-
syarikat tidak menjalankan kajian-kajian tersebut sebelum pelaksanaan.
JPAS juga menghadapi kekurangan tenaga kerja untuk memantau
perkembangan ladang-ladang kelapa sawit.
33. Pencerobohan rizab sungai. Analisa imej satelit/gambar udara dan
pemerhatian lapangan menunjukkan bahawa pokok kelapa sawit sering
ditanam dalam rizab sungai atau zon penampan oleh kebanyakan pengusaha
ladang kelapa sawit di kawasan kajian. Ini adalah merupakan salah satu
faktor utama yang menyumbang kepada kemerosotan kualiti air sungai.
Walaupun terdapat peraturan untuk melindungi rizab/zon pemampan sungai,
pencerobohan kawasan-kawasan ini adalah perkara biasa. Salah satu faktor
yang menyumbang kepada isu ini adalah kerana rizab sungai secara
umumnya tidak diwartakan atau ditandakan secara rasmi di Sabah.
Tambahan lagi, jabatan-jabatan berkaitan kekurangan kakitangan dan sumber
untuk tinjauan dan aktiviti penguatkuasaan secara berjadual.
34. Pengabaian anak-anak sungai. Adalah diperhatikan bahawa hanya dengan
menyelenggara rizab sungai utama mungkin tidak mencukupi untuk
menghalang pemendakan berterusan dalam alur air. Kelodak masih boleh
memasuki sungai utama melalui anak-anak sungai. Adalah juga diperhatikan
bahawa yang kebanyakan pengusaha ladang kelapa sawit tidak
1Proposal for Mitigation Measures
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-14
menyelenggara sebarang bentuk zon pemampan di sepanjang anak-anak
sungai yang melalui ladang-ladang mereka.
35. Jumlah Pepejal Terampai Tinggi dalam sungai akibat daripada langkah
kawalan hakisan yang tidak mencukupi. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa
TSS yang tinggi dalam sungai yang dikaji, berkemungkinan berpunca
daripada hakisan tanah dan kelodakan, adalah salah satu masalah utama
yang dihadapi dalam kawasan kajian. Keperluan syarat untuk melaksanakan
pelan kawalan hakisan dan kelodakan sebelum pembersihan tanah/kerja-
kerja pembangunan perlu diperkukuhkan dan dikuatkuasakan dengan baik.
Sewaktu lawatan lapangan, juga diperhatikan yang penggunaan jentera berat
untuk pembersihan tanah dalam waktu hujan lebat mempunyai kesan teruk
yang membawa kepada peningkatan hakisan tanah dan pemampatan.
36. Kandungan bahan organik tinggi dalam sungai akibat daripada
pelepasan dan limpahan air dari kolam rawatan POME dan kawasan
pengairan serta larian baja berlebihan. Ledakan pertumbuhan alga yang
luar biasa direkodkan di hampir kesemua sungai yang dikaji. Masalah ini
berkemungkinan besar berpunca dari pembuangan terus dan limpahan kolam
rawatan POME dan kawasan pengairan tanah di samping penggunaan baja
yang berlebihan oleh ladang kelapa sawit.
37. Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik oleh sektor kelapa sawit
yang tidak seragam. Adalah juga diperhatikan bahawa perlaksanaan BMP
ini tidak meluas di dalam kawasan kajian, terutama oleh pengusaha kelapa
sawit kecil-kecilan dan bersaiz sederhana. Amalan-amalan pengurusan sisa
pepejal, kawalan hakisan dan penyebaran baja/racun yang tidak memuaskan
mengakibatkan kerosakan kualiti air sungai secara keseluruhan.
5.6 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI KILANG KELAPA SAWIT (KKS)
38. Perancangan pembangunan kilang kelapa sawit yang kurang baik.
Garispanduan perancangan sedia ada untuk kilang kelapa sawit jarang
dipatuhi. Sebagai contoh, beberapa kilang kelapa sawit dan kolam rawatan
POME terletak hampir dengan sungai. Garispanduan Jabatan Alam Sekitar
(JAS) untuk pembinaan dan zon sektor kelapa sawit (2007) jelas menyatakan
FINAL REPORT VOL I
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Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-15
bahawa kilang yang baru mestilah diletak di bahagian tengah ladang dengan
sekurang-kurangnya 500 meter jejari zon pemampan. Namun begitu, kilang-
kilang yang melanggar peraturan ini mungkin telah dibina sebelum
garispanduan tersebut dikuatkuasakan.
39. Kelemahan perundangan berkaitan kesalahan melepaskan efluen. Di
bawah Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar 1974, jumlah denda bagi kesalahan
melepaskan efluen ke dalam alurair adalah tidak setimpa ldengan
keuntungan yang diperolehi oleh kilang dan kos penyelenggaraan sistem
rawatan efluen yang sempurna. Jumlah kompaun juga terlalu rendah bagi
mendorong pengusaha kilang untuk mempertingkatkan keupayaan sistem
rawatan mereka. Oleh itu,ramai pengusaha selalu melanggar peraturan.
Terdapat beberapa pengusaha gagal mengambil tindakan yang sewajarnya
walaupun mereka telah beberapa kali dikenakan tindakan undang-undang.
40. Kekurangan penguatkuasaan peraturan. Dalam masa kajian, banyak
masalah yang berkaitan dengan operasi kilang kelapa sawit dikesani,
contohnya – pelepasan terus POME; kekurangan pembersihan enap-
cemar/penyelenggaraan kolam rawatan POME yang tidak memadai; kualiti
efluen terawat yang rendah. Perkara-perkara ini adalah di bawah bidang
kuasa JAS yang sepatutnya membuat lawatan berkala ke setiap kilang.
Masalah kekurangan kakitangan/sumberdan kenderaan/peralatan yang
dihadapi adalah menjadi satu halangan besar kepada jabatan ini.
41. Kilang kelapa sawit gagal mematuhi keperluan pelepasan efluen,
sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh penyelenggaraan sistem rawatan yang
tidak memuaskan. Kajian mendapati hanya 5 daripada 20 kilang kelapa
sawit dalam kawasan kajian berjaya mengurangkan paras BOD POME di
bawah 100 ppm sewaktu musim surut rendah dan hanya 1 kilang yang
hampir mematuhi syarat keperluan untuk kilang yang baru iaitu kurang
daripada 20ppm. Jika POME yang telah dirawat dengan paras BOD yang
tinggi tidak dilupuskan dengan betul, ia akan menyebabkan sungai tercemar.
Kajian juga mendapati keberkesanan sistem rawatan POME menurun secara
mendadak terutamanya akibat peralatan dan kemudahan tidak diselenggara
dengan baik oleh pemilik. Daripada lawatan/temubual di lapangan didapati
bahawa kebanyakan kilang kelapa sawit tidak menjalankan pembersihan
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-16
enap-cemar kolam rawatan POME mereka lebih dari 5 tahun. Kolam rawatan
POME yang tidak diselenggarakan dengan memuaskan juga sering
mengalami limpahan dan kebocoran.
42. Pelaksanaan syarat pengairan ladang yang tidak berkesan. Sejak 2006,
JAS telah mewajibkan semua kilang kelapa sawit melupuskan 100% POME
mereka secara pengairan ladang atau pelupusan POME di dalam ladang-
ladang kelapa sawit yang berdekatan. Ini telah dilaksanakan secara
berperingkat. Kajian di lapangan mendapati bahawa kebanyakan skim
pengairan ladang oleh pengusaha ladang-ladang kelapa sawit dalam
lembangan-lembangan terpilih ini masih tidak dilaksanakan selaras dengan
pelan-pelan yang telah diluluskan oleh JAS. Tambahan lagi, terdapat kes
pengurusan atau penyelenggaraan pengairan ladang yang tidak memuaskan
turut mengakibatkan limpahan dan pencemaran alurair yang berdekatan.
Malah terdapat juga kejadian pelepasan POME terus ke dalam alur air
walaupun peraturan tidak membenarkannya. Oleh itu, adalah perlu membuat
satu semakan semula berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan pengairan ladang dan
mewujudkan garispanduan serta prosedur yang lebih jelas di samping
menyediakan latihan untuk memastikan semua syarat pengairan ladang
yang diperkenalkan dapat dilaksanakan dengan berkesan.
Sekiranya perkara ini tidak dikawal, pencemaran dari kilang kelapa sawit
boleh memberi impak yang besar terhadap kualiti sungai seterusnya
menjejaskan sumber bekalan air, industri perikanan, sara hidup
penduduk, kesihatan awam dan eko-pelancongan yang berpotensi di
setiap lembangan.
5.7 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PETEMPATAN MASYARAKAT PINGGIR SUNGAI
43. Status perundangan bagi petempatan pinggir sungai dan penglibatan
pihak berkepentingan. Kajian yang dijalankan terhadap petempatan
masyarakat di pinggir sungai menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan petempatan
dibangunkan di atas rizab sungai yang tidak diwartakan sebagai
perkampungan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan. Bagi membolehkan kawasan
petempatan itu diwartakan sebagai kampung akan melibatkan proses yang
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-17
panjang. Petempatan yang tidak diwartakan akan dianggap haram oleh pihak
berkuasa tempatan.
Ketiadaan penguatkuasaan daripada agensi kerajaan berkaitan untuk
mencegah pembinaan rumah di rizab sungai juga telah membawa kepada
pertumbuhan mendadak dan pengembangan kawasan-kawasan “haram”
ini. Bagaimanapun, penempatan semula dan merobohkan rumah-rumah
ini bukan penyelesaian kepada masalah ini kerana ia dianggap sebagai
isu sensitif. Oleh itu, cara yang praktikal mencegah masalah ini adalah
dengan menghalang pembangunan petempatan tebing sungai di
kawasan-kawasan ini di masa hadapan.
44. Kemudahan sistem pembentungan yang tidak memadai. Berdasarkan
kepada maklumat profil demografik petempatan pinggir sungai, hanya
sebahagian kecil rumah daripada empat lembangan sungai dilengkapi
kemudahan sistem pembetungan yang sempurna. Umumnya najis manusia
dilupuskan menggunakan tandas gali iaitu tandas lubang yang paling mudah,
terdiri daripada parit yang agak cetek. Tanpa kemudahan pembetungan yang
sempurna, najis ini akhirnya akan masuk ke dalam sungai. Ketiadaan
kordinasi antara agensi-agensi kerajaan juga menyumbang kepada masalah
pembetungan di kawasan petempatan pinggir sungai. Melihat kepada
keadaan semasa, bantuan daripada jabatan berkaitan contohnya Jabatan
Kesihatan, dari segi tandas, tangki septik dan lain-lain tidak dipanjangkan
kepada petempatan-petempatan pinggir sungai tersebut. Ini mungkin
disebabkan petempatan itu tidak diwartakan sebagai kampung atau wakilnya
tidak memberitahu jabatan-jabatan berkenaan. Petempatan-petempatan
yang mempunyai tangki septik tidak mendapat perkhidmatan majlis kerana
kawasan mereka tidak termasuk dalam perkadaran majlis. Di samping itu,
tidak terdapat sistem pengurusan air kumbahan sepanjang petempatan
kommuniti. Air kumbahan selalunya disalurkan terus ke sungai-sungai
berdekatan.
45. Pengurusan sisa pepejal yang tidak memuaskan. Pengurusan sisa
pepejal yang tidak memuaskan juga merupakan hasil penemuan utama
kajian. Petempatan di sepanjang rizab sungai tidak mempunyai sistem
pelupusan sampah yang sempurna, membawa kepada pembakaran terbuka
sisa buangan domestik mereka. Dalam senario terburuk, penduduk
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-18
mengambil jalan mudah melonggokkan sampah di tebing sungai, ia akan
dihanyutkan arus apabila air pasang. Sama seperti pembekalan kemudahan
sanitasi, sampah yang terkumpul tidak akan dikutip oleh pihak berkuasa
tempatan atau agensi berkenaan kerana kawasan kampung itu berada di luar
bidang kuasa mereka.
46. Kurang kesedaran. Pemerhatian dan perbincangan di petempatan-
petempatan pinggir sungai sewaktu kajian dijalankan menunjukkan yang
walaupun masyarakat ini bimbang tentang pencemaran sungai-sungai
berdekatan, mereka tidak menyedari sumbangan mereka ke atas masalah ini
melalui pengurusan sisa pepejal dan domestik yang kurang baik. Tiada
program kesedaran yang dijalankan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan dan
sangat sedikit usaha yang dijalankan untuk mendidik penduduk-penduduk ini
berkaitan kepentingan sistem kumbahan serta pengurusan sisa pepejal yang
sempurna. Penduduk kampung amnya kekurangan pengetahuan
bersesuaian dan kemahiran yang diperlukan untuk mengurus isu alam sekitar
setempat mereka.
47. Kekurangan air bersih untuk komuniti pinggir. Kebanyakan komuniti
pinggir sungai tidak mempunyai sumber bekalan air bersih. Tiada bekalan air
paip disediakan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan. Kajian menunjukkan air
sungai tidak selamat untuk kegunaan terus akibat pencemaran. Walau
bagaimanapun, komuniti tempatan masih bergantung kepada air sungai untuk
pelbagai kegunaan lain- terutamanya di musim kering.
5.8 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PERLOMBONGAN PASIR
48. Keperluan Peraturan daripada Agensi-agensi Kerajaan. Penilaian-
penilaian menunjukkan bahawa sesetengah pengusaha lombong pasir masih
belum menjalankan EIA atau mendapatkan kelulusan EIA tetapi masih
beroperasi menggunakan permit dari JTU sahaja.
49. Kekurangan penguatkuasaan. Dari segi penguatkuasaan dan
pemantauan, kedua-dua agensi JPAS dan JTU mempunyai sumber yang
terhad, yang menghalang mereka daripada memainkan peranan mereka
secara berkesan. Kekangan bilangan tenaga kerja, kenderaan dan peralatan
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-19
adalah masalah utama jabatan-jabatan ini. Tambahan lagi, perbezaan
keperluan peraturan JPAS dan JTU menyukarkan mereka untuk mendenda
pesalah.
50. Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik yang tidak mencukupi.
Kebanyakan pengusaha lombong pasir mempunyai amalan pengurusan yang
tidak mencukupi. Kebanyakan pengusaha tidak mempunyai kolam penahan
untuk membendung larian air daripada aktiviti mencuci pasir sementara ada
pengusaha yang melepaskan air cucian terus ke dalam sungai. Lokasi
longgokan juga tidak diletakkan ditempat yang betul, di pinggir sungai. Ini
mungkin dihanyutkan apabila air pasang atau terjadi hujan lebat. Terdapat
juga kesan tumpahan minyak di kawasan penyelenggaraan yang tidak
diuruskan dengan baik. Pengusaha lombong yang memiliki kelulusan EIA
juga didapati tidak mematuhi syarat kelulusan EIA. Ketiadaan
penguatkuasaan oleh agensi berkaitan banyak menyumbang kepada
perlaksanaan BMP yang tidak memuaskan.
51. Amalan operasi yang tidak sesuai. Garispanduan operasi lombong pasir
sedia ada yang dikeluarkan oleh agensi berkaitan menerangkan dengan jelas
prosedur operasi yang harus dipatuhi oleh pengusaha. Namun begitu,
kebanyakannya tidak dipatuhi, membawa kepada amalan operasi tidak
memuaskan dan mengakibatkan paras kekeruhan dan TSS yang tinggi di
dalam sungai.
52. Ketiadaan kesedaran di kalangan pengusaha. Operasi lombong pasir
dijalankan berdasarkan permintaan dan bergantung kepada keperluan
industri untuk mendapatkan bekalan, terutamanya untuk keperluan
pembangunan. Oleh itu, operasi melombong pasir perlu dijalankan dengan
cepat untuk memenuhi permintaan. Akibatnya, kebanyakan garispanduan
tidak dilaksanakan atau sengaja diabaikan oleh pengusaha. Oleh itu, perlu
memberi kesedaran kepada pengusaha secara berterusan tentang
kepentingan memastikan hanya amalan perlombongan terbaik sahaja
dilaksanakan dengan tujuan mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-20
5.9 PENEMUAN UTAMA DARI PENGURUSAN LEMBANGAN SUNGAI BERSEPADU
53. Pengurusan lembangan sungai semasa tidak menyeluruh. Pengurusan
menyeluruh lembangan sungai memerlukan penyelarasan pelbagai agensi
kerajaan. Penyelarasan antara agensi yang agak lemah, ditambah dengan
penggarisan bidang kuasa dan peraturan yang tidak jelas di samping
kelemahan penguatkuasaan serta keupayaan pemantauan berakhir dengan
pencemaran berterusan sungai oleh pelbagai sektor dan kerosakan
berterusan kawasan-kawasan perlindungan/pemuliharaan serta kehilangan
koridor tebing sungai, terutamanya di bahagian hilir setiap lembangan sungai
dalam kawasan kajian.
54. Ancaman kepada keutuhan kawasan pemuliharaan sedia ada. Kajian
mendapati bahawa hampir semua tanah di luar sempadan hutan simpan dan
kawasan pemuliharaan telah ditukar menjadi ladang kelapa sawit, termasuk
beberapa kawasan di dalam hutan simpan. Terdapat juga pencerobohan
yang ketara di hutan simpan dan kawasan tadahan oleh pemburu haram,
pembalakan haram, pembakaran hutan dan petempatan haram. Sehingga
masalah-masalah ini diselesaikan, potensi ekopelancongan di kawasan
perlindungan yang telah mantap seperti Lembah Danum, Simpanan Hidupan
Liar Tabin dan Taman Bukit Tawau tidak akan dapat diterokai sepenuhnya,
apatah lagi kawasan ekopelancongan berpotensi yang baru seperti Lower
Kinabatangan-Segama Wetlands (Tapak RAMSAR terbesar di Malaysia).
55. Pencerobohan rizab sungai. Analisa imej satelit/gambar udara dan
pemerhatian lapangan menunjukkan bahawa penanaman pokok kelapa sawit
dalam rizab sungai oleh kebanyakan peladang kelapa sawit dalam kawasan
kajian adalah perkara yang biasa. Ini adalah satu daripada faktor- faktor
penyumbang yang memberi kesan terhadap kualiti air sungai.
56. Kekurangan sumber dan penglibatan pihak berkepentingan dalam
pengurusan lembangan sungai. Merancang, mengurus dan memantau
lembangan sungai yang besar oleh agensi-agensi kerajaan adalah tugas
yang amat rumit, memerlukan sumber yang mencukupi dan penyertaan aktif
pelbagai pihak yang berkepentingan. Buat masa ini, keadaan ini tidak wujud
dan perlu ditangani.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-21
57. Kerosakan hutan. Kawasan hutan yang masih kekal di dalam kawasan
tadahan kini telah rosak – terutamanya akibat pengeluaran balak yang intensif
pada masa dahulu. Akibatnya, kawasan hutan, terutamanya di kawasan
cerun, terdedah kepada hakisan - yang menyumbang kepada pencemaran
sungai dan mendakan.
6 STRATEGI DAN PELAN TINDAKAN
58. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, sebilangan matlamat, strategi, dan pelan tindakan
telah dicadangkan bagi Perladangan Kelapa Sawit, Kilang Kelapa Sawit,
Petempatan Manusia, Perlombongan Pasir dan Pengurusan Bersepadu
Lembangan Sungai serta Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan.
59. Setiap strategi terdiri daripada satu set tujuan dan pelan tindakan untuk
mencegah dan menangani masalah pencemaran di lembangan-lembangan
sungai. Strategi-strategi ini memberi tumpuan kepada punca pencemaran
besar dan kecil yang telah dikenalpasti.
60. Lima matlamat telah diformulasikan seperti di bawah untuk mencapai objektif
keseluruhan iaitu meningkatkan kualiti air sungai yang terpilih di timur Sabah
melalui kawalan dan meminimakan pencemaran dari sektor kelapa sawit,
perlombongan pasir dan petempatan manusia.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-22
Jadual RE.1: Ringkasan Matlamat untuk Strategi dan Pelan Tindakan
Matlamat Kos Keseluruhan
(RM)
1 Meningkatkan kualiti air sungai yang terpilih di Sabah
kepada status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang
2020 melalui pengurangan impak ladang kelapa sawit
48,694,000
2 Meningkatkan kualiti air sungai di sungai yang terpilih
kepada status “Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang
2020 melalui pengurangan kesan daripada kilang
kelapa sawit
26,480,000
3 Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar petempatan
pinggir sungai bagi mengurangkan pencemaran bagi
menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status
“Bersih”(Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020
31,021,400
4 Mengawal aktiviti lombong pasir dan mengurangkan
pencemaran berkaitan untuk menyokong langkah
meningkatkan kualiti air ke status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke
atas) menjelang 2020
18,504,400
5 Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Bersepadu Lembangan
Sungai dan perlindungan kawasan tadahan di
lembangan-lembangan sungai terpilih untuk menyokong
langkah mempertingkatkan kualiti air ke status
“Bersih”(Kelas II ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020
294,944,000
JUMLAH 419,643,800
Matlamat 1: Mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai terpilih di Sabah ke status
“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020 melalui
pengurangan impak daripada ladang kelapa sawit
61. Masalah-masalah berkaitan pencemaran sungai daripada ladang kelapa
sawit boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi tiga strategi:
Memperbaiki keperluan perundangan dan perancangan
pembangunan untuk ladang kelapa sawit;
Melaksanakan Amalan Pertanian Terbaik dan Mapan ;
Mempertingkatkan Keupayaan Pihak Berkepentingan Utama untuk
menyokong Pengurusan Ladang Berkesan.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-23
62. Perlaksanaan peraturan berkaitan penilaian impak alam sekitar ladang kelapa
sawit perlu dipertingkatkan terutamanya untuk memastikan yang semua
ladang baru dan kawasan tanaman semula yang melebihi 100ha, termasuk
bahagian hulu atau bersempadan dengan kawasan sensitif alam sekitar
menjalankan sama ada EIA atau PMM untuk kelulusan JPAS.
63. Proses semakan, kelulusan dan perlaksanaan Pelan Pembangunan
Pertanian (ADP) perlu dipertingkatkan. Semua pembangunan ladang
melebihi 50 ekar perlu menyediakan ADP untuk kelulusan DOA, tetapi buat
masa ini ia bukan alat yang berkesan dalam mengurangkan pencemaran dan
impak alam sekitar. Semakan semula oleh JPS dan JPAS adalah
dicadangkan bersama penentuan garis rizab sungaidan kawasan HCV yang
jelas serta perangkuman Pelan Kawalan Hakisan dan Pemendakan untuk
setiap pembangunan.
64. Hakisan tanah berkaitan pembukaan tanah untuk perladangan dan
penanaman semula adalah satu daripada sebab peningkatan paras
mendakan di dalam sungai di Sabah. Mengukuhkan keperluan untuk
kelulusan berkaitan pembersihan tanah termasuk pelan pembangunan wajib
untuk pelan kawalan hakisan tanah dan mendakan beserta pemotongan
cerun dan kolam mendakan yang betul bersama dengan penanaman awal
tumbuhan penutup bumi kekacang adalah diperlukan.
65. Pemilihan tapak untuk perladangan perlu dipertingkatkan bagi memastikan
ianya hanya dibangunkan di atas tapak yang sesuai dan mengelakkan
daripada sebarang impak ke atas kawasan pemuliharaan penting termasuk
rizab sungai, kawasan tadahan air, rizab dan koridor hidupan liar.
66. Perlaksanaan amalan pengurusan terbaik dan mapan untuk ladang kelapa
sawitperlu dipromosikan melalui pembinaan keupayaan dan insentif.
Tumpuan utama BMP yang boleh meningkatkan pengeluaran haruslah dalam
masa yang sama dilihat mengurangkan pencemaran aliran air, pengurangan
penggunaan baja dan racun perosak melalui perlaksanaan konsep
Pengurusan baja dan racun serangga yang tepat secara bersepadu;
melaksanakan amalan memulihara kelembapan dan tanah; mengujudkan,
mengurus dan mempertingkatkan kawasan HCV termasuk rizab sungai,
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-24
mempertingkatkan kawalan alam sekitar kuarters pekerja, kawasan stor
minyak, sisa pepejal dan sisa berjadual dan sebagainya; dan melaksanakan
konsep tanpa pembakaran dan pengurusan biomass yang lebih baik.
67. Peraturan dan kawalan baru tidak akan berkesan tanpa keupayaan pihak
berkepentingan berkenaan melaksanakan dan memantau keadaan. Dengan
itu, peningkatan kapasiti penguatkuasaan dan pemantauan oleh agensi-
agensi kerajaan di samping pelaksanaan BMP oleh sektor ladang diperlukan.
Penglibatan masyarakat setempat dan badan bukan kerajaan yang lebih baik
terutamanya dalam pemantauan diperlukan.
Jadual RE.2: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 1
LADANG KELAPA SAWIT
Matlamat 1
Mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai terpilih di Sabah ke
Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020 melalui
pengurangan impak daripada ladang kelapa sawit
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Strategi 1.1 Memperbaiki keperluan peraturan/perundangan dan
perancangan pembangunan untuk Ladang Kelapa Sawit
Tindakan 1.1.1 Memperkukuhkan perlaksanaan
keperluan EIA/PMM JPAS 1,536,000
Tindakan 1.1.2
Semak semula dan laksanakan
keperluan pelan pembangunan
pertanian
Jabatan
Pertanian 1,002,000
Tindakan 1.1.3
Semakan semula dan
memperkukuhkan peraturan
berhubung pembersihan tanah dan
aktiviti kawalan cerun/hakisan
JPAS 300,000
Tindakan 1.1.4
Semak semula dan kukuhkan
keperluan mengenalpasti serta
mengariskan kawasan sensitif alam
sekitar dan bernilai pemuliharaan
tinggi yang bernilai di kawasan dalam
dan bersempadanan dengan ladang
JPAS 742,000
Tindakan1.1.5
Melaksanakan perancangan guna
tanah yang betul untuk menempatkan
perladangan
JTU 374,000
Jumlah Kecil 3,954,000
Strategi 1.2 Promosi dan Laksanakan Amalan Pertanian Terbaik dan
Mapan
Tindakan 1.2.1 Promosikan amalan pengurusan baja
yang tepat dan optimum
Jabatan
Pertanian 4,630,000
Tindakan 1.2.2 Laksanakan Pengurusan Bersepadu LMSM 4,875,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-25
LADANG KELAPA SAWIT
Matlamat 1
Mempertingkatkan kualiti air sungai terpilih di Sabah ke
Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020 melalui
pengurangan impak daripada ladang kelapa sawit
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Racun Perosak
Tindakan 1.2.3
Melaksanakan amalan memulihara
kelembapan dan tanah (sungkupan,
tanaman penutup bumi, perangkap
mendakan, dsb.)
Jabatan
Pertanian 9,440,000
Tindakan 1.2.4
Mewujudkan, mengurus dan
memperbaiki kawasan HCV termasuk
rizab sungai
JPAS 9,430,000
Tindakan 1.2.5
Membaiki kawalan alam sekitar rumah
pekerja, kawasan stor minyak, sisa
pepejal dan berjadual, dsb.
JKKP 1,515,000
Tindakan 1.2.6
Promosikan dan pantau secara
berterusan perlaksanaan konsep
tanpa pembakaran
JAS 650,000
Jumlah Kecil 30,540,000
Strategi 1.3 Pertingkatkan Keupayaan Pihak Berkepentingan Utama untuk
Menyokong Pengurusan Ladang yang Berkesan
Tindakan 1.3.1
Menguatkuasakan keperluan di bawah
EIA, Pelan Pembangunan Pertanian
dan peraturan-peraturan lain
JPAS 12,500,000
Tindakan 1.3.2
Menambah keupayaan untuk
melaksanakan amalan pertanian
mapan
Jabatan
Pertanian 1,700,000
Jumlah Kecil 14,200,000
JUMLAH 48,694,000
Matlamat 2: Mempertingkatkan Kualiti air di sungai terpilih di Sabah ke
status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020
melalui pengurangan impak dari Kilang Kelapa Sawit
68. Masalah-masalah berkaitan pencemaran sungai dari kilang kelapa sawit
boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi empat strategi berikut:
Memperbaiki keperluan peraturan/perundangan dan perancangan
pembangunan untuk kilang kelapa sawit;
Melaksanakan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik untuk
pengunaan/pengurusan sisa kilang ;
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-26
Memperbaiki proses rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit;
Mempertingkatkan keupayaan pihak-pihak berkepentingan utama
untuk menyokong operasi kilang kelapa sawit secara mapan.
69. Nilai denda yang dikenakan ke atas kilang kelapa sawit kerana tidak
mematuhi piawaian pelepasan efluen kilang kelapa sawit pada masa ini
adalah terlalu rendah untuk dijadikan sebagai insentif kepada syarikat untuk
mematuhi undang-undang itu. Oleh itu, dicadangkan supaya meminda EQA
1974 (Peruntukan struktur denda dan kompaun untuk kesalahan pelepasan
efluen) dengan menyediakan siri struktur denda minimum dan jika perlu,
arahan pemberhentian sementara ke atas kilang perlu dikeluarkan sehingga
keperluan syarat berkenaan dipatuhi.
70. Keperluan peraturan dan perundangan lain yang diperlukan untuk kilang
termasuk peraturan-peraturan di bawah Enakmen Perlindungan Alam Sekitar
berkaitan pembangunan kilang dan kolam rawatan serta kompleks
perumahan pekerja yang berkenaan di samping pembentukan garispanduan
yang jelas untuk perlaksanaan pengairan tanah bagi mengelak air lepasan
akhir yang telah dirawat dilepaskan ke dalam aliran air berhampiran.
71. Menerima pakai piawaian dan kod amalan pengurusan terbaik perlu
dipertingkatkan bersama dengan peruntukan insentif kepada pemilik kilang
bagi memperkenalkan teknologi baru dalam rawatan dan pengurangan sisa.
72. Anjakan paradigma untuk menangani kawalan pencemaran dari sisa kilang
kelapa sawit diperlukan dengan penghapusan sisa melalui penukaran kepada
hasil yang mempunyai nilai tambah. Kini terdapat pilihan yang bertambah
dalam penggunaan “hasil sisa” dalam menjana nilai tambahan seperti gas
asli, kompos, tenaga biomass, baja dan makanan haiwan serta menapis
semua air dari efluen bagi mengelakkan sisa cecair.
73. Kilang yang masih meneruskan rawatan sisa melalui sistem kolam boleh
memperbaiki keberkesanan sistem dengan menerima pakai teknologi
rawatan ke tiga dan pengurusan berkesan dan operasi sistem rawatan.
Perlantikan wajib Pengurus Kawalan Pencemaran untuk setiap kilang
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-27
berserta dengan audit tahunan terhadap sistem rawatan kilang oleh pihak
ketiga akan memastikan sistem rawatan berfungsi dengan betul.
74. Keupayaan pihak berkepentingan utama menangani isu pencemaran
daripada kilang kelapa sawit perlu dipertingkatkan dengan menambah
bilangan pegawai penguatkuasaan dan pertukaran yang berkesan di samping
membuat pemantauan sendiri dan laporan oleh pengusaha kilang kelapa
sawit digabungkan dengan penglibatan strategik masyarakat setempat dan
badan bukan kerajaan untuk memantau dan menyediakan maklum balas
berkaitan isu pencemaran.
Jadual RE.3: Tindakan Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 2
KILANG KELAPA SAWIT
Matlamat 2
Mempertingkatkan Kualiti Air Sungai terpilih di Sabah ke status
“Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020 melalui
pengurangan impak dari kilang kelapa sawit
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Cost (RM)
Strategi 2.1 Memperbaiki keperluan undang-undang/peraturan dan
perancangan pembangunan untuk kilang kelapa sawit
Tindakan
2.1.1
Meminda EQA 1974
(Peruntukan struktur Denda
dan Kompaun bagi Kesalahan
Pelepasan Efluen)
JAS 0
Tindakan
2.1.2
Melaksana dan
menguatkuasakan keperluan
untuk kilang kelapa sawit baru
mendapatkan kelulusan
merancang
JPAS 450,000
Tindakan
2.1.3
Memperkenalkan piawaian dan
kod amalan untuk operasi
kilang
LMSM 5,750,000
Tindakan
2.1.4
Membangun dan
melaksanakan mekanisma
insentif untuk pengurusan baik
sisa kilang
JAS 1,050,000
Jumlah Kecil 7,250,000
Strategi 2.2 Melaksanakan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik untuk pengurusan
dan pengunaan sisa kilang
Tindakan
2.2.1
Melaksanakan konsep sisa
sifar dan tukarkan sisa kilang
kepada hasil nilai - tambah
LMSM 7,390,000
Tindakan Guna sepenuhnya dan kitar LMSM 400,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-28
KILANG KELAPA SAWIT
Matlamat 2
Mempertingkatkan Kualiti Air Sungai terpilih di Sabah ke status
“Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang tahun 2020 melalui
pengurangan impak dari kilang kelapa sawit
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Cost (RM)
2.2.2 semula air untuk operasi
pengilangan
Tindakan
2.2.3
Membangun dan
melaksanakan garispanduan
untuk amalan pengairan tanah
JAS 2,750,000
Jumlah Kecil 10,540,000
Strategi 2.3 Memperbaiki proses rawatan efluen kilang kelapa sawit (POME)
Tindakan
2.3.1
Melaksanakan sistem rawatan
POME menggunakan teknologi
terkini
LMSM 300,000
Tindakan
2.3.2
Melantik Pengurus Kawalan
Pencemaran di setiap Kilang
Minyak Sawit
LMSM 150,000
Tindakan
2.3.3
Jalankan penyelenggaraan
berjadual sistem rawatan
efluen untuk memastikan ia
mematuhi piawaian
JAS 320,000
Tindakan
2.3.4
Jalankan semakan/audit pihak
ketiga untuk keberkesanan loji,
kecekapan peralatan dan
kemudahan rawatan efluen
JAS 500,000
Jumlah Kecil 1,270,000
Strategi 2.4 Meningkatkan keupayaan pihak berkepentingan utama untuk
menyokong operasi kilang secara mapan
Tindakan
2.4.1
Melaksanakan pemantauan
sendiri dan menambah
penglibatan awam dalam
pemantauan
JPAS 250,000
Tindakan
2.4.2
Mempertingkatkan kapasiti dan
keberkesanan
pemantauan/penguatkuasaan
JAS 7,170,000
Jumlah Kecil 7,420,000
JUMLAH 26,480,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-29
Matlamat 3: Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar bagi petempatan
pinggir sungai untuk mengurangkan pencemaran bagi
menyokong langkah mempertingkatkan kualiti air kepada
status “bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang 2020
75. Petempatan sepanjang sungai telah dikenalpasti sebagai punca kecil kepada
pencemaran – terutama berkaitan dengan sisa pepejal dan kumbahan.
76. Masalah-masalah berkaitan dengan pencemaran sungai dari petempatan
boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi tiga strategi berikut:
Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Peraturan Petempatan pinggir sungai;
Meningkatkan kesedaran di kalangan penduduk pinggir sungai dan
penglibatan pihak berkepentingan;
Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik.
77. Beberapa petempatan baru telah wujud berhampiran atau di tebing sungai
utama dan anak sungai. Akibatnya, sebarang pencemaran dari kawasan
petempatan akan dialirkan terus ke dalam sungai. Walaupun, petempatan
semula mungkin tidak sesuai pada masa ini, dicadangkan supaya langkah-
langkah mencegah pembukaan petempatan di rizab sungai diambil.
78. Tahap kesedaran di kalangan masyarakat berhubung pentingnya
mengurangkan pencemaran sungai sangat rendah dan akibatnya, mereka
tidak menunjukkan sebarang kebimbangan mengenai pelupusan sampah
terus ke dalam sungai. Mereka juga kelihatan tidak tahu risiko kesihatan
akibat pencemaran dari sistem sanitasi atau kelemahan sistem pengurusan
kumbahan mereka. Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran hendaklah
digabungkan dengan peruntukan alternatif dan insentif untuk mengubah sikap
mereka.
79. Peruntukan alternatif untuk pelupusan sisa, sanitasi dan bekalan air amat
penting untuk mengubah amalan sekarang. Tanpa perkhidmatan kutipan sisa
majlis , kebanyakan perkampungan akan menanam/membakar atau
melupuskanya ke dalam sungai. Memperkenalkan sistem 4R2C (Fikir
semula, kurangkan, guna semula, kitar semula, kompos, tutup lubang)
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-30
dengan gabungan kaedah pelupusan sanitasi dapat menangani isu-isu sisa
pepejal. Bagi pengurusan sisa kumbahan dan air bilasan, tangki septik dan
susup air yang direka dengan baik boleh disediakan.
80. Kebanyakan perkampungan bergantung kepada sungai terutama ketika
musim kering dan dengan itu terdedah kepada pencemaran sungai dari sisa
mereka sendiri di samping ladang dan kilang berhampiran. Bekalan air bersih
alternatif dapat mengurangkan pendedahan masyarakat-masyarakat ini.
Teknik-teknik yang bersesuaian untuk penapisan air hujan, penggunaan air
bawah tanah dan penyediaan mata air dan anak sungai sebagai sumber air
perlu digalakkan.
Jadual RE.4: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 3
PETEMPATAN
Matlamat
3
Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar bagi petempatan pinggir
sungai untuk mengurangkan pencemaran bagi menyokong
langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke
atas) menjelang 2020
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Strategi
3.1 Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Peraturan Petempatan Pinggir Sungai
Tindakan
3.1.1
Melarang petempatan pinggir
sungai di masa hadapan JTU 2,826,400
Strategi
3.2
Meningkatkan kesedaran di kalangan penduduk pinggir sungai
dan penglibatan pihak berkepentingan
Tindakan
3.2.1
Program kesedaran berkaitan
perlindungan dan pengurusan
sungai
Pejabat
Daerah 730,000
Tindakan
3.2.2
Penglibatan Pihak
Berkepentingan JKNS 1,350,000
Tindakan
3.2.3
Peruntukan geran/dana/insentif
sebagai galakan kepada
penduduk agar lebih
bersungguh dalam melindungi
kualiti air sungai
Pejabat
Daerah 5,500,000
Jumlah Kecil 7,580,000
Strategi
3.3 Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik
Tindakan
3.3.1
Peruntukan bagi membina
sistem sanitasi yang sesuai JKNS 4,870,000
Tindakan
3.3.2
Memperkenalkan Sistem
Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal
Pejabat
Daerah 2,365,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-31
PETEMPATAN
Matlamat
3
Meningkatkan pengurusan alam sekitar bagi petempatan pinggir
sungai untuk mengurangkan pencemaran bagi menyokong
langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke
atas) menjelang 2020
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Tindakan
3.3.3
Pengurusan air buangan iaitu
air bilasan dan limpahan septik
Pejabat
Daerah 620,000
Tindakan
3.3.4
Peruntukan untuk sumber
bekalan air bersih alternatif JKNS 12,760,000
Jumlah Kecil 20,615,000
JUMLAH 31,021,400
Matlamat 4: Mengawal perlombongan pasir sungai dan dan
mengurangkan pencemaran berkaitan untuk menyokong
langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status “Bersih” (Kelas II
ke atas) menjelang 2020
81. Perlombongan pasir di sepanjang sungai telah dikenalpasti sebagai punca
pencemaran yang penting kerosakan sungai terutamanya dalam musim
kering apabila penduduk kampung di bahagian hilir sungai mungkin
bergantung kepada air sungai untuk kegunaan domestik.
82. Masalah-masalah berkaitan pencemaran sungai daripada perlombongan
pasir boleh ditangani melalui kombinasi empat strategi :
Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Perundangan untuk Perlombongan Pasir
Sungai;
Memperbaiki Pengurusan dan Sistem Perancangan perlombongan
Pasir Sungai;
Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik;
Membina Keupayaan.
83. Walaupun terdapat senarai peraturan daripada pelbagai jabatan kerajaan
berkaitan perlombongan pasir, terdapat hanya sedikit penyelarasan dan
pelaksanaan yang lemah. Akibatnya, banyak pengusaha lombong pasir
beroperasi tanpa permit yang lengkap serta tidak mengikut peraturan yang
ditetapkan.
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-32
84. Langkah penting yang pertama untuk menangani masalah-masalah tersebut
adalah dengan memperkenalkan perlaksanaan peraturan yang lebih
terselaras dan berkesan termasuklah mengenakan denda minimum untuk
mereka yang berulang kali melanggar peraturan.
85. Kebanyakan operasi pelombongan pasir sedia ada tidak mengikut keperluan
asas untuk melindungi rizab sungai, kawalan larian air/pelepasan air atau
melaksanakan amalan baik yang lain. Perkara ini perlu dipermudahkan
dengan garispanduan yang lebih jelas, pemahaman yang lebih baik oleh
pengusaha lombong dan juga keberkesanan penguatkuasaan.
86. Kekurangan kakitangan dan keupayaan untuk menjalankan pemeriksaan
yang kerap ke atas pengusaha lombong pasir ialah halangan yang perlu
ditangani. Penglibatan yang lebih baik patut diaturkan oleh kerajaan
tempatan di antara pengusaha lombong pasir dan komuniti tempatan yang
menerima kesan aktiviti perlombongan pasir.
Jadual RE.5: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan untuk Matlamat No. 4
PERLOMBONGAN PASIR
Matlamat 4:
Kawal perlombongan pasir sungai dan kurangkan pencemaran
berkaitan bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air
sungai ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas)
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Strategi 4.1 Memperkukuhkan Kawalan Perundangan untuk Perlombongan
Pasir Sungai
Tindakan
4.1.1
Mengukuhkan penguatkuasaan
JPAS dalam mengawal aktiviti
perlombongan pasir tanpa
kelulusan EIA melalui peruntukan
kakitangan tambahan
JPAS 6,166,400
Tindakan
4.1.2
Peruntukan denda mandatori
minimum untuk pengusaha yang
tidak mematuhi undang-
undang/peraturan
JPAS 2,150,000
Jumlah Kecil 8,316,400
Strategi 4.2 Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lombong Pasir Sungai dan
Alat Perancangan
Tindakan
4.2.1
Pengesahan dan perlaksanaan
strategi yang dicadangkan dan
Pelan Tindakan di dalam Polisi
Kerajaan Negeri berkaitan
JTU 8,650,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-33
PERLOMBONGAN PASIR
Matlamat 4:
Kawal perlombongan pasir sungai dan kurangkan pencemaran
berkaitan bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air
sungai ke Status “Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas)
No Strategi atau Tindakan Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Perlombongan Pasir sungai
Strategi 4.3 Perlaksanaan Amalan Pengurusan Terbaik (BMPs)
Tindakan4.3.1 Kawalan air larian dan pelepasan JPAS 294,000
Tindakan
4.3.2 Pemulihan tebing dan rizab sungai JPAS
100,000
Tindakan
4.3.3
Memperbaiki Amalan Operasi
Perlombongan Pasir JPAS 294,000
Tindakan
4.3.4 Deposit prestasi oleh Pengusaha JTU 50,000
Jumlah Kecil 738,000
Strategi 4.4 Pembinaan Keupayaan oleh Penguatkuasa dan Pengusaha
Tindakan
4.4.1
Latihan untuk kakitangan agensi
kerajaan JPAS 700,000
Tindakan
4.4.2
Dialog berkala dengan pengusaha
lombong pasir sungai JPAS 100,000
Jumlah Kecil 800,000
JUMLAH 18,504,400
Matlamat 5: Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Bersepadu Lembangan Sungai
dan perlindungan kawasan tadahan di lembangan sungai
terpilih bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke
status “Bersih” (Kelas II dan ke atas) menjelang 2020
87. Untuk memastikan langkah yang berkesan dan mapan dilaksanakan bagi
meningkatkan kualiti sungai terpilih, amat perlu menyokong Pengurusan
Bersepadu Lembangan Sungai melalui tindakan secara bersepadu dan
terselaras oleh pelbagai pihak berkepentingan dan sektor-sektor lain untuk
menangani isu pengurusan sungai. Ini akan dimudahkan melalui
pembentukan Jawatankuasa lembangan dan gabungan pihak-pihak
berkepentingan.
88. Penyelenggaraan dan pemuliharaan kawasan hutan tadahan adalah kritikal
untuk mengurangkan hakisan dan pemendakan di sungai-sungai berkenaan.
Hutan di kawasan tadahan dalam sesetengah lembangan telah teruk dibalak
dan dirosakkan oleh pembalakan di masa lampau dan memerlukan
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-34
pelaburan untuk mempertingkatkan proses pemuliharaannya. Peruntukan
telah disediakan untuk pemuliharaan hutan seluas 60,000 ha terutama di
lembangan Sungai Segama dan Kalumpang.
89. Rizab sungai memainkan peranan penting dalam melindungi tebing sungai
dan mengurangkan aliran tanah dan bahan agrokimia ke dalam sungai.
Rizab sungai sepanjang Sungai Segama khususnya, perlu dipulihkan bagi
mewujudkan semula zon penampan serta laluan hidupan liar. Pengwujudan
zon penampan di sepanjang anak sungai juga diperlukan.
90. Menyediakan komuniti pinggir sungai dengan faedah melalui perlindungan
dan pemulihan sungai, ekopelancongan berasaskan komuniti dicadangkan
untuk lembangan Sungai Segama di mana terdapat tarikan ekopelancongan
yang berpotensi di bahagian hilir lembangan.
91. Satu faktor kritikal dalam memastikan kualiti air yang baik dalam jangka
panjang adalah dengan mewujudkan program pemantauan yang
merangkumi aspek fizikal, biologi dan kimia. Bagi memperbaiki pemantauan
dan penguatkuasaan berkaitan kilang kelapa sawit dan mengelakkan
pelepasan pencemaran secara terus ke sungai, satu jaringan stesen
pemantauan kualiti air secara real-time diperlukan di lokasi-lokasi kritikal. Ini
juga akan memudahkan penglibatan lebih ramai pihak berkepentingan
memantau amalan ladang dan kilang.
Jadual RE.6: Ringkasan Strategi dan Tindakan Matlamat No. 5
PENGURUSAN BERSEPADU LEMBANGAN SUNGAI DAN PERLINDUNGAN
KAWASAN TADAHAN
Matlamat
5:
Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai Bersepadu
dan Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan di lembangan sungai terpilih
bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status
“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020
No Strategi Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Strategi
5.1
Memperkukuhkan rangka kerja institusi untuk melaksanakan
Pengurusan Bersepadu Lembangan Sungai dan Perlindungan
Kawasan Tadahan
Tindakan
5.1.1
Menubuhkan Jawatankuasa
Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai
di setiap lembangan
JPS 780,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-35
PENGURUSAN BERSEPADU LEMBANGAN SUNGAI DAN PERLINDUNGAN
KAWASAN TADAHAN
Matlamat
5:
Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai Bersepadu
dan Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan di lembangan sungai terpilih
bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status
“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020
No Strategi Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
Tindakan
5.1.2
Membentuk kerjasama pihak
berkepentingan di setiap
lembangan sungai
JPS 0
Tindakan
5.1.3
Mewujudkan peraturan untuk
melaksanakan Enakmen Sumber
Air
JPS 12,480,000
Tindakan
5.1.4
Menambah keupayaan dan
sumber agensi-agensi kerajaan
berkaitan bagi menyokong
pengurusan bersepadu
lembangan yang disasarkan
KePKAS 10,780,000
Jumlah Kecil 24,040,000
Strategi
5.2
Mempertingkatkan perlindungan, pemulihan dan penggunaan
mapan hutan dan tanah lembap yang masih ada
Tindakan
5.2.1
Memperkukuhkan perlindungan
dan pengurusan hutan di
bahagian hulu kawasan tadahan
sungai-sungai utama
Jabatan
Perhutanan
Sabah
10,242,000
Tindakan
5.2.2
Mengembangkan program
memulihkan hutan yang rosak
dalam kawasan tadahan sungai
Jabatan
Perhutanan
Sabah
151,010,000
Tindakan
5.2.3
Menjelaskan dan
menguatkuasakan peraturan
rizab sungai
JTU 37,220,000
Tindakan
5.2.4
Mewujudkan dan memulih
semula laluan hidupan liar dan
rizab sungai untuk
menghubungkan kawasan
dilindungi
Jabatan
Perhutanan
Sabah
28,800,000
Tindakan
5.2.5
Mempertingkatkan pengurusan
dan mempromosikan
ekopelancongan berasaskan
komuniti di kawasan
pemuliharaan
JHL 14,950,000
Jumlah Kecil 242,222,000
Strategi
5.3
Jalankan program pemantauan bersepadu di lembangan –
lembangan sungai dalam sasaran
Tindakan
5.3.1
Mewujudkan program
pemantauan kualiti air ”real-JPAS 10,872,000
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-36
PENGURUSAN BERSEPADU LEMBANGAN SUNGAI DAN PERLINDUNGAN
KAWASAN TADAHAN
Matlamat
5:
Mempertingkatkan Pengurusan Lembangan Sungai Bersepadu
dan Perlindungan Kawasan Tadahan di lembangan sungai terpilih
bagi menyokong langkah meningkatkan kualiti air ke status
“Bersih” (Kelas II ke atas) menjelang 2020
No Strategi Agensi
Utama Kos (RM)
time” berlandaskan Internet di
lembangan–lembangan
terpilih
Tindakan
5.3.2
Mewujudkan program
pemantauan kawasan
tadahan dan pemuliharaan
hutan
Jabatan
Perhutanan
Sabah
5,250,000
Tindakan
5.3.3
Memperkenalkan sistem
pemantauan biologi di sungai-
sungai utama
JPS 5,040,000
Tindakan
5.3.4
Mewujudkan program
pemantauan sungai
berlandaskan masyarakat
JPAS 6,520,000
Tindakan
5.3.5
Mempertingkatkan
pemantauan kualiti air di titik
pengambilan air untuk
melindungi sumber bekalan air
minum
JANS 1,000,000
Jumlah Kecil 28,682,000
JUMLAH 294,944,000
7 LANGKAH SETERUSNYA
92. Pelaksanaan strategi-strategi dan pelan tindakan yang dicadangkan
memerlukan peruntukan sumber-sumber manusia dan kewangan,
penyelarasan antara agensi kerajaan yang lebih baik, peningkatan dialog dan
penglibatan pelbagai pihak berkepentingan di samping komuniti-komuniti
yang terlibat.
93. Sistem Sokongan Keputusan Perlindungan Alam Sekitar telah diwujudkan
melalui projek ini sebagai alat untuk membantu proses-proses membuat
keputusan di kalangan agensi-agensi kerajaan terutamanya dalam
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-37
perancangan dan pengurusan pembangunan dalam lembangan-lembangan
sungai yang dikaji untuk masa hadapan. Ini perlu ditadbirkan dan
dikemaskinikan oleh JPAS bersama dengan agensi-agensi lain.
94. Garispanduan-garispanduan telah dirumus melalui projek ini untuk tiga sektor
iaitu industri minyak sawit, perlombongan pasir dan petempatan untuk
menyediakan panduan amalan pengurusan terbaik, pemantauan dan isu-isu
lain kepada agensi-agensi kerajaan, sektor swasta dan pihak-pihak
berkepentingan yang lain. Ini perlu disebarkan dan digalakkan secara
meluas.
8 KESIMPULAN
95. Kajian dua tahun ini menilai impak ke atas lima sungai terpilih di timur Sabah,
terutamanya dari ladang kelapa sawit dan kilang kelapa sawit. Kesimpulan
yang didapati adalah sungai-sungai ini tercemar dengan serius terutamanya
akibat pelepasan berterusan Efluen Kilang Kelapa Sawit di samping hakisan
tanah dari ladang-ladang dan kawasan lain. Terdapat juga impak yang
dikaitkan dengan perlombongan pasir (di bahagian pertengahan Sungai
Segama) dan juga sisa domestik dari petempatan-petempatan pinggir sungai.
96. Akibat daripada pencemaran, kualiti air sungai-sungai tersebut amnya berada
di tahap Kelas III dan di hilir sesetengah kilang , di Kelas IV atau V. Ini jauh
lebih buruk dari status Kelas II yang disasarkan. Pencemaran sungai ini
mempunyai impak yang signifikan kerana sungai-sungai ini amat penting
sebagai sumber bekalan air bagi lebih dari 180,000 orang di kebanyakan
pekan dan kampung di timur Sabah. Pencemaran dan kemerosotan habitat-
habitat pinggir sungai dan kawasan tadahan di bahagian hulu serta kawasan
bakau di bahagian hilir telah mengurangkan populasi ikan dan hidupan liar
dalam lembangan-lembangan sungai ini, membawa kesan negatif ke atas
komuniti tempatan dan mengurangkan peluang untuk ekopelancongan atau
akuakultur. Beban sedimen yang tinggi juga meningkatkan risiko banjir.
97. Punca masalah-masalah yang dihadapi termasuk pelanggaran peraturan
oleh ladang-ladang dan kilang kelapa sawit secara berterusan; kekurangan
keupayaan dan sumber untuk agensi-agensi kerajaan yang berkenaan
menguatkuasakan peraturan sedia ada dan yang dicadangkan; kerosakan
FINAL REPORT VOL I
Impact Study of Palm Oil Mills, Oil Palm Plantations and other Pollutants on the Quality of Selected Rivers in Sabah
Environment Protection Department/Envsolve Sdn Bhd RE-38
hutan-hutan di kawasan tadahan dan tebing sungai akibat penukaran guna
tanah kepada ladang dan pembalakan masa lampau; pemantauan kualiti air
sungai dan pematuhan kepada peraturan yang tidak kerap serta kekurangan
mekanisma untuk penglibatan komuniti yang berkesan.
98. Strategi dan Pelan Tindakan telah dirumus untuk dilaksanakan dalam tempoh
10 tahun oleh agensi-agensi kerajaan dengan kerjasama sektor swasta dan
masyarakat tempatan. Kos pelaksanaan dianggarkan sekitar
RM420,000,000. Satu analisis kos-faedah menunjukkan yang strategi ini
berdaya maju dengan kadar pulangan 4.75% dan pulangan modal aliran
faedah menjelang tahun keenam. Garispanduan-garispanduan amalan
pengurusan terbaik telah disediakan untuk memenuhi keperluan sektor
minyak sawit, perlombongan pasir dan petempatan pinggir sungai.
99. Untuk jangka masa panjang, adalah dipercayai bahawa tahap pencemaran
boleh distabilkan dan dikurangkan, dengan syarat Pelan Tindakan dan
peraturan-peraturan berkaitan dilaksanakan sepenuhnya dan perluasan
ladang-ladang kelapa sawit serta kilang kelapa sawit dikawal ketat. Hutan-
hutan tebing sungai dan kawasan tadahan juga perlu dilindungi dan
dipulihkan dengan lebih baik.
100. Sumber-sumber perlu diperuntukkan untuk pelaksanaan segera Strategi dan
Pelan Tindakan dan garispanduan-garispanduan amalan pengurusan terbaik
juga perlu digalakkan dengan meluas. Agensi-agensi berkaitan perlu
memperkuatkan keupayaan operasi mereka untuk menguruskan lembangan-
lembangan sungai secara bersepadu. Pelaksanaan dengan menggunakan
pendekatan yang terselaras disertai dengan penglibatan semua sektor adalah
diperlukan.