PERPUSTAKAAN UMP

Ili III III III I IliI III III IllI 0000071447

SOUND CHARACTERISTICS FOR SWIFTLETS ATTRACTION

Sm NAL ZAINI BT HUSNI ZA1NI

This thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronics)

Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

ilL, 2012

PERPUSTAPAAN 19/7 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG r

1 IL C fl.

No. Porolehan No. Panggilan

O1447 Tardth

L.q

08, MAR 2013

ABSTRACT

This project research about the analysis of sound can attract the swiftlets enter in

swiftiets house. This is because the main swiftiets character is attraction toward sound.

But the problem is doing not have any research to identify sound characteristic most are

swiftiets more attract. These are important use for industry to attract swiftiets enter and

build their nests in man-made house. In house fitted bird-call recording in cave to

attract attention bird go inside house to be doing nest. Therefore, this study shall be

analyzing sound features that there is in bird-call recording that has attracted attention

bird. The methpd that will be used is taking a few of sample of swiftiets sound for

analysis by using Matlab software. From analysis can identify sound characteristic

where can attrct swiftiets from analysis the signal. The expectation from this research

is can find sound characteristic for swiftlets attraction by analysis the frequency and

amplitude of noise sound and original sound.

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ABSTRAK

Kajian projek mi tentang analisis bunyi yang boleh menarik burung walet

memasuki rumah burung walet buatan manusia. Hal mi kerana, sifat utama burung

walet yang tertarik ke arah bunyi. Tetapi masalalmya ialah tiada sebarang kajian untuk

mengenal pasti ciri-ciri bunyi yang membuatkan burung itu tertarik untuk membuat

sarang burung di dalam rumah. Perkara mi penting kepada penggunaan industri untuk

menarik swiftiets memasuki dan membina sarang mereka dalam rumah buatan manusia

untuk tujuan pemiagaan. Rakaman kicauan burung dalam gua iaitu habitat semula jadi

burung walet untuk akan diletakkan di luar rumah untuk menarik perhatian burung

untuk masuk ke dalam rumah untuk membuat sarang. Jadi, kajian mi akan

menganalisis ciri-ciri bunyi yang terdapat dalam rakaman kicauan burung walet tersebut

yang menjadi penyebab burung walet tertarik terhadap bunyi tersebut. Kaedah yang

akan digunakan mengambil beberapa daripada sampel bunyi burung walet untuk

dianalisis dengan menggunakan perisian Matlab. Daripada analisis tersebut, kita boleh

mengenal pasti ciri- ciii bunyi yang terdapat pada rakaman tersebut dengan analisis

terhadap isyaiat yang dipercil1ii. Jangkaan dari penyelidikan mi ialah boleh melihat

analisis terhadap bunyi asal dan bunyi bising dari aspek frekuensi dan kekuatan bunyi.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi ABSTRAK vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objective 3 1.4 Scope of Project 4 1.5 Thesis Outline 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 Introduction 6

viii

2.2 Swiftiets 6

2.3 Swifflet Attraction •8

2.3.1 Puller 9

2.3.2 External 9

2.4 Sound 10

2.5 Sound Characteristic 11

2.5.1 Pitch 11

2.5.2 Quality 12

2.5.3 Loudness 12

2.6 Sound Analysis 13

2.7 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm 14

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 16

3.1 Introduction 16

3.1.1 Sample of Sound 17

3.1.2 Pre-processing 18

3.1.3 Analysis 18

3.1.4 Identify the sound characteristics 19

3.2 Sound Development 19

3.3 Software Development 22

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 23

4.1 Introduction 23

4.2 Swiftiets Sound 24

4.3 Signal of Swiflets Sound 24

4.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on swiftlets sound 26

4.5 The Original Sound Profile 29

4.5.1 Result for original sound in 60 seconds 29

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4.5.2 Result for original sound in 120 seconds 31

4.6 The Noise Sound Profile 34

4.6.1 Result for noise sound in 60 seconds 34

4.6.2 Result for noise sound in 120 seconds 36

4.7 The Sample Sounds in 60 seconds 39

4.8 The Sample Sounds in 120 seconds 41

4.9 Sound Characteristic for Swifflets Attraction 43

4.10 Problem Encountered 44

4.11 Summary 44

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 45

5.1 Conclusion 45

5.2 Future Recommendation 46

REFERENCES 47

x

APPENDIES 49

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Swiftiets 7 2.2 Swiftiets build nest from threads of their saliva 7 2.3 Puller locations at the swiflets's house 9 2.4 External locations in swiflets's house io 2.5 Frequency and wavelength of everyday sound 11 3.1 Block diagram for the flow of the project 17 3.2 Waveform presented the frequency and amplitude 18 3.3 Mp3 to Way converter 19 3.4 Block diagram for detail about sound development 20 3.5 Audio Cutter 21 3.6 Cut a sample of sound in the middle duration 2 minutes

(120 seconds) 21 3.7 Block diagram for detail about software development 22 4.1 Signal of swiftiet sound for 60 seconds 24 4.2 Signal of swifflet sound for 120 seconds 25 4.3 (a) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) wave 26 4.4 (b) Left Hand Side (LHS) FFT wave 27 4.4 (c) Right Hand Side (RHS) FFT wave 27

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO. TITLE

PAGE

4.1 Magnitude of original sound for 60 seconds 29

4.2 Frequency at RHS of original sound for 60 seconds 30

4.3 Frequency at LHS of original sound for 60 seconds 30

4.4 Magnitude of original sound for 120 seconds 31

4.5 Frequency at RHS of original sound for 120 seconds 32

4.6 Frequency at LHS of original sound for 120 seconds 32

4.7 Magnitude of noise sound for 60 seconds 34

4.8 Frequency at RHS of noise sound for 60 seconds 35

4.9 Frequency at LHS of noise sound for 60 seconds 35

4.10 Magnitude of noise sound for 120 seconds 36

4.11 Frequency at RHS of noise sound for 120 seconds 37

4.12 Frequency at LHS of noise sound for 120 seconds 37

4.13 Magnitude for 60 seconds 39

4.14 Frequency for 60 seconds 40

4.15 Magnitude for 120 seconds 41

4.16 Frequency for 120 seconds 42

xli

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FFT - Fast Fourier Transform

RHS - Right Hand Side

LHS - Left Haid Side

xl"

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Source Code 49

B Sample 1 50

C Sample 2 54

D Sample 3 58

E Sample 4 62

F Sample 5 66

G Sample 6 70

H Sample 7 74

I Sample 8 78

J Sample 9 82

K Sample 10 86

xiv

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In this bustle development and modem century, healthy care is very important to

human for continue their life. To obtain good healthy we must remember prevent

disease better than treat. Because of that, we might need to choose health nutrition can

care our health such as bird's nest from swiftlets. The nests of some species are built

entirely from threads of their saliva, and are collected for the famous Chinese

delicacy bird's nest soup [1].

Minister of Agriculture and Agro Industrial, Datuk Seri Noh Omar said the nests

of swiftlets can give income that is luxurious for selling. This is because the demand

that is high in the whole world such as China, Japan, America and Europe but only

20%-30% fill up global demand and the profit will be getting 80%-90% from capital

production [2].

I

2

This is because Chinese medical study in Beijing find out swifflets's nest make

skin whiting agent and also good for eye's health. For asthma sufferer, it also became

best agent restore respiratory system and strengthens lungs.

Result of experiment and present research that bird's nest benefiting all age level

such as collagen nutrient which include in every swiftiets's nest can launch blood vessel

increase appetite and improve alimentary canal, swifflets's nest can reduce sputum and

heal cough, nutrition that is good for lungs and strengthen respiratory tract, swiftiets's

nest intake when pregnancy can lessen sense of pain in bottom strengthen baby lungs

that being included, accelerate healing process after giving birth, for woman

systematically nutrition can enhance metabolism force, improve skin and delaying

ageing process, for old people, systematically nutrition can strengthen vein and bone

also increase body resistance to illness, for children the bird's nest can magnify nutrition

absorbency that there is at every food and strengthen lungs and lastly elected as food

that is very good to smokers apart from being able to reduce effect that mooted from

from nicotine and prevent cancer attack [3].

The nests can give high potential and also benefiting for health although the

value reaches thousands of ringgit. Within more this a decade, entrepreneurs explored

various methods and new technology to increase production. There are a few factors to

make swiftiets attract such as aroma, light, temperature, humidity and sound. Report

from Department of Veterinary Services in Malaysia the swiftiets character is sensitive

toward sound. Previously, sound that produced at swiftiets husbandry premise actually

is produced from recording audio sound bird voice [4].

Therefore, the research and development about sound characteristic for swiftiets

attraction needed to develop swiftléts industry. This is use for industry to attract

swiftlets enter and build their nests in man-made house. The income can give benefits

for good economic and healthy.

3

1.2 Problem Statement

Nowadays, bird house for swiftiets farming usually developed and equipped

with recorded sound of chirping and mating from cave (natural habitat) to attract

swiftiets to enter and build nest. These sound just taken using trial and error method

without analysis (frequency, amplitude, wavelength, or other element) the elements of

sound involve in signal to attract the swiftiets. This method is sometimes successful to

attract the swiftiets, but certainly these sounds contains noisy and disturb by another

sound. There are no details researches about type of sound or characteristic of sound

that make the swiftiets attract.

1.3 Objective

The proposed analyze sound for swiftiets attraction by conducted some basic

objectives of research step. The following objectives are:

i. To analyze the sound for swiftlets attraction at location can attract the swiftiets

enter in swiftlets house.

ii. To find the elements of sound in the sound have been analyzed.

iii. To identify the sound of characteristic for swiftlets attraction.

4

1.4 Scope of Project

In order to achieve the research objectives, the following scopes will be

covered:

i. In this project, there are tens samples of sound have placed at external location

in swiftiets's house to be analyzed.

ii. Type of sound is one of the most factors in this project. So, I have decided to

choose analyzed the original sound and noise sound in aspect:

a) Frequency

b) Magnitude

1.5 Thesis Outline

This thesis is organized as below:

Chapter 1 will describes the introduction of this system, the purpose of this project,

problem statement, the work scope and brief explanation of this project.

In Chapter 2, the reviews about the information find on all the material or data used

include the software in the development of this project will be shown.

Chapter 3 will explain about all the methods use in development of this system and

also step by step on develop the module for training p pose and lastly described about

the execution part.

Chapter 4 will show all the results followed by the explanation and discussion about

the results from the beginning step until the end of development module.

Last chapter of Chapter 5 will have a summary to describe the overall part of this

project and come up with some recommendations and improvement.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses on topics about swiftiets, sound, swiftiets attraction,

sound characteristic, and sound analysis. Furthermore, discussion on sound

classification FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) Algorithm and FFT application are

presented.

2.2 Swiftiets

Swiftiets are birds contained within the four genera Aerodramus, Hydrochous,

Schoutedenapus and Collocaija. They form the Collocaliini tribe within the swift family

7

Apodidae. This group contains around thirty species which is mostly confined to

southern Asia, south Pacific islands, and northeastern AiistrnIi All

the tropical and subtropical regions. They are in many respects typical members of the

Apodidae, having narrow wings for fast flight, with a wide gap and small reduced beak

surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight [1].

"

Figure 2.1 Swiftlets

A small-sized swift (Family Apodidae) have 24 species worldwide. The main

producers of edible nest are White-nest Swiftiets (Aerodramusfuciphagus) and Black-nest Swiftlets (A. maximus). Two unique characters are salivary gland to build nest and

Echolocation [16].

Figure 2.2 Swiftlets build nest from threads of their saliva

8

The distinguishes are many but not all species from other swifts and indeed

almost all other bird is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation to

navigate in total darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they roost

at night and breed. The nests of some species are built entirely from threads of their

saliva, and are collected for the famous Chinese delicacy bird's nest soup [1].

2.3 Swiftlets Attraction

There are environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity, humidity

and sound is the key of successful place for swiftlets [8]. Sound is the main attraction

for swifflets for place in their house. The most interesting feature of swiftiets is that

many species utilize a sonar-like system [9]. The swiftiets's voice proven very effective

attracts swiftlets to be nested in bird house for swiftlets fanning [10]. This is shown that

swiftlets very sensitive on sound.

The previous research state that swiftlets hearing responses to the frequency I -

16 kHz [8] and which most energy on 2 - 5 kHz [12]. This frequency falls into normal

hearing. This statement is shown that in general, the animals generate sounds to

communicate with members of the same species [11]. hi year 1990, technique for

swiftlets attraction by using recording began to be expended but recording quality that

is adverse. Through technology development, swiftiets recording voice that produced

with quality, clear and similar authentic swiftiets voice. This swiftlets's recording voice

usable to increase swiftiets population to build nest. There are two locations to attract

the swjftlets entered the swiftlets farming house which are puller and external [10].

2.3.1 Puller

The locations at puller swiflets's house is on the roof house. Mostly, this

location will fit the swifilets voice when they gather.

e1- 1.

Figure 2.3 Puller locations at the swiflets's house

2.3.1 External

The location at external swiflets's house is on the outer house. Mostly, this

location will fit the adult swiftiets voice.

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Figure 2.4 External locations in swiflets's house

2.4 Sound

Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through

a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of

a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing

by such vibrations. Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure that propagates through

compressible media such as air or water. When sound is moving through a medium that

does not have constant physical properties i it may be refracted (either dispersed- or

focused). The perception of sound in any organism is limited to a certain range of

frequencies. For humans, hearing is normally limited to frequencies between about

20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, although these limits are not definite. The upper limit generally

decreases with age [6].

Sound is produced by the vibration of sound pressure waves in the air. Sound

pressure levels are used to measure the intensity of sound and are described in terms of

decibels. Sound is composed of various frequencies, but the human ear does not

I

respond to all frequencies. Frequencies to which the human ear does not respond must

be filtered out when measuring highway noise levels [7]. Sound is the important thing

for this project to find the characteristic of sound can attract the swiftiets and to know

that the frequency of swiftiets most attract can be heard by human or not.

2.5 Sound Characteristics

Sound can be heard from different quality of sounds, i.e. loud or soft, high pitch

or low pitch, audible or inaudible etc [7]. A sound can be characterized by the following

three quantities are pitch, quality and loudness.

2.5.1 Pitch

Pitch is the frequency of a sound as perceived by human ear. A high frequency

gives rise to a high pitch note and a low frequency produces a low pitch note. Figure 2.5

shows the frequencies of same common sounds.

1•1• I. iuIu1iIIIi)Iri1rh1ir. _______

ji10000 100000

Li11LiLU1U HIM UtLi1U Jill hLitUili

Figure 2.5 Frequency and wavelength of everyday sound

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2.5.2 Quality

A pure tone is the sound of only one frequency, such as that given by a tuning

fork or electronic signal generator. The fundamental note has the greatest amplitude and

is heard predominantly because it has a larger intensity. The other frequencies such as

2fo, 3fo, 4fo, etc. are called overtones or harmonics and they determine the quality of

the sound.

2.5.3 Loudness

Loudness is a physiological sensation. It depends mainly on sound pressure but

also on the spectrum of the harmonics and the physical duration [13]. Sound waves are

often simplified to a description in terms of sinusoidal plane waves, which are

characterized by these generic properties [6]:

i. Frequency

ii. Magnitude

iii. Amplitude

13

2.6 Sound Analysis

There are many methods for analysis sound characteristic. For example sound

frequency characteristic based on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. The study

includes feature extraction of the EEG signals with respect to different sound

frequencies, covering low frequency (40 Hz), mid-range frequency (5000 Hz), and high

frequency (15000 Hz) [14]. So, this project can use this technique by extraction of

sound signal get from sample to different sound frequency such as low frequency, mid-

range frequency and high frequency and combination of frequency called as full range

frequency.

In this journal, EEG signal characterization is done using Fast • Fourier

Transform (FFT), moving average filters, and simple artifact filtering with reference

EEG data per individual. Based on the characteristics of the EEG signal, the sound

frequency can be categorized and identified using the proposed method [14].

Otherwise, a method for identifying cutting sound characteristics for machine

tool industry based on a robust time-variant sound recognition system. The sound signal

is compressed using linear prediction analysis method. The procedure taken here is

based on the attraction of time-variant spectral features (example: raw data of sound)

and characterization of each sample by obeying the autocorrelation coefficients and

reflection coefficients of the sampled data. The proposed technique is shown to be very

effective, accurate, and powerful in performing sound data identification [15].

For this project, analysis for the sound is by taking a few sample of sound to

form a raw data of sound from different locations. Then, the data will be compared

based on the similarity elements in different location for characterizations which are

involved attracting the swiftiets.

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2.7 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm

Fourier analysis is useful for data analysis, as it breaks down a signal into

constituent sinusoids of different frequencies. It is particularly used in area such as

signal processing [17].

Therefore, short time Fourier Transform (STFT) have been deployed using a

variety of "windows" with different relative advantages to address principally

difficulties in analyzing short term transient sound behavior [18]. Two things that are

different about the FFT implementation in Matlab than the presentation the FFT uses

complex numbers and the FFT computes positive and negative frequencies [19].

There is better way to compute the Fourier transform of discrete data called the

FFT. The FFT was a truly revolutionary algorithm that made Fourier analysis

mainstream and made processing of digital signals commonplace. The power of the

FFT is that it allows computing the Fourier coefficients faster. The FFT has become

such a commonplace algorithm that it is built into Matlab. The coefficient FFT is quite

complex [20].

Use of complex numbers introduces some mathematical simplicity in Fourier

transform algorithms and provides a convenient representatiop. Real numbers are often

represented on the real number line and complex numbers are often visualized on the

two dimensional complex plane. In the complex plane it is clear to see that the absolute

value is simply the distance of the cothplex number from the origin.