IIT Jodhpur presents

IIT JODHPUR

PRESENTS

WATER FROM WATER

2nd Inter IIT Tech Meet – Social Impact

PROBLEM WHERE'S THE WATER?The thing about water is, you gotta have it-

TOM PANKRATZ


PRESENT SCENARIO RURAL POPULATION - 700 MILLION

WATERBORNE DISEASES - 37.7 MILLION AFFECTED, 1.5 MILLION CHILDREN DIE OF

DIARRHOEA

- 73 MILLION WORKING DAYS LOST RESULTING ECONOMIC BURDEN 600$ MILLION A YEAR

- 66 MILLION (EXCESS FLUORIDE), 10 MILLION (EXCESS ARSENIC) IN GROUNDWATER

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA - ARTICLE 47

10TH PLAN – RS.1105 MILLION SPENT 2nd Inter IIT Tech Meet – Social Impact





PARAMETERS FOR SALINE WATER


• FRESH WATER - LESS THAN 1,000 PPM

• SLIGHTLY SALINE WATER - FROM 1,000 PPM TO 3,000 PPM

• MODERATELY SALINE WATER - FROM 3,000 PPM TO 10,000 PPM

• HIGHLY SALINE WATER - FROM 10,000 PPM TO 35,000 PPM

By the way, ocean water contains about 35,000 ppm of salt.

APPROACH

Get the Salt Out

THERE'S NO SHORTAGE OF WATER ON THE BLUE PLANET—JUST A SHORTAGE OF FRESH WATER. NEW TECHNOLOGIES MAY OFFER BETTER WAYS TO GET THE SALT OUT.

Desalination is not a cheap way to get water, but sometimes it’s the only way there is.


SOME DESALINATION FACTS• 30% OF THE WORLD'S IRRIGATED AREAS SUFFER FROM SALINITY PROBLEMS

• IN 2002 - 12,500 DESALINATION PLANTS IN 120 COUNTRIES - PRODUCE SOME 14 MILLION CUBIC METERS/DAY OF FRESHWATER, WHICH IS LESS THAN 1% OF TOTAL WORLD CONSUMPTION.

• MOST IMPORTANT USERS

- MIDDLE EAST WHICH USES ABOUT 70% OF WORLDWIDE CAPACITY

- IN NORTH AFRICA, WHICH USES ABOUT 6% OF WORLDWIDE CAPACITY.

• AMONG INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, THE UNITED STATES IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT USERS OF DESALINATED WATER, ESPECIALLY IN CALIFORNIA AND PARTS OF FLORIDA.

The cost of desalination has kept desalination from being used more often.


WHAT IS THIS?


Similar to Hydrologic Cycle

DRAW BACKS OF THE EXISTING STILLS

• EFFICIENCY .

• COST OF A SOLAR STILL WHICH PRODUCES REASONABLE AMOUNT OF PURIFIED WATER IS HIGH.

• LOSS OF THERMAL ENERGY.


WHY OUR MODEL

• THE EQUATIONS GOVERNING THE HEAT TRANSFER RATES ARE:

A. CONDUCTION

Q = - K A DT / DX

B. CONVECTION

Q = H A ( TSURFACE- TAMBIENT )

• AMOUNT OF SOLAR ENERGY FROM THE SUM :

E = S X AREA

S = SOLAR CONSTANT (1.3KW/M2)


PRINCIPLE

• “A LIQUID AT HIGH-PRESSURE HAS A HIGHER BOILING POINT THAN WHEN THAT LIQUID IS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE”.

THE CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON EQUATION :

FOR PURE WATER :

Tb= inverse( ( (R*ln(Po) )\ Hvap) +(1/To) )


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius-Clapeyron_equation



BOILING POINT ELEVATION• “A SOLUTION HAS A HIGHER BOILING POINT THAN A PURE

SOLVENT WITH NON VOLATILE SOLUTE “

• RAOULT'S LAW

Tb = Kb * MOLALITY Kb = R*Sq (TB)*M/ Hvap

• MOLALITY OF FLOURISIS AFFECTED WATER = 0.79 MOL/KG

• HENCE THE ACTUAL BOILING POINT CAN BE CALCULATED BY THE COMBINATION OF BOTH THE LAWS

TB= Tb + Tb

IF BOILING POINT IS BROUGHT TO 60 DEGREES CELCIUS , THEN VAPOUR PRESSURE IS OBTAINED FROM THE ABOVE LAWS AS 20K PASCALS


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult's_law



FEW ASSUMPTIONS• 1. THE SYSTEM WILL SERVE A FAMILY OF 5

• AVERAGE REQUIREMENT OF WATER PER PERSON IN A HOUSE IS ASSUMED TO BE AROUND 1.5LITERS/DAY. THIS GIVES THE TOTAL WATER CONSUMPTION TO BE AROUND 7.5 LITERS/DAY. ALSO CONSIDERING THE REQUIREMENT FOR COOKING WE ROUGHLY EVALUATE NET WATER CONSUMPTION PER HOUSEHOLD IS AROUND 30 LITERS/DAY.

• THE SOLAR CONSTANT EQUALS 1.3 KW/M2 BUT OWING TO LOSSES INCURRED WHILE PASSING THROUGH ATMOSPHERE WE CAN CONSIDER THE SOLAR IRRADIATION TO BE 1KW/M2


APERTURE AREA CALCULATIONENERGY REQUIRED FOR CONVERSION OF 30 LITERS OF WATER TO VAPOUR

E = M*s* T + M* Lvap

• M* Lvap IS REUSED BY THE SYSTEM

• HENCE THE AREA CAN BE CALCULATED BY

M* s* T * 0.2 = 1.3 * A

M = 30 KG

S= 4.2 KJ/DEGREE

T = BOILING TEMPERATURE – ROOM TEMPERATURE = 60-30= 30 DEGREES. SUBSTITUTING THE ABOVE VALUES WE GET AREA OF APERTURE TO BE 0.61 sq .m.


DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS


1. INLET CONTAINER

•USED TO STORE FEED WATER

• CONTAINS NATURAL PURIFYING AGENTS MADE OF COCONUT HUSK

• CONNECTED TO INLET PIPE


2.SOLAR STILL• MADE OF ALUMINUM SHEET OF 6MM GAUGE.

“ ALUMINUM IS RESISTIVE TO MANY KINDS OF CORROSIONS AS IT INSTANTLY”

• INLET AND OUTLET PIPES

• NON RETURNING VALVE TO REDUCE PRESSURE.

• TEMPERED GLASS :

1. HAD VERY GOOD STRENGTH AND GOOD AMOUNT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.

2. COVERED AT A CERTAIN ANGLE AND NOT IN CONTACT WITH OUTLET PIPE.

3. SYSTEM SHOULD BE AIR TIGHT


VACUUM PUMP

• DESIGNED A COST EFFICIENT VACUUM PUMP AS COMMERCIAL VACUUM PUMPS ARE VERY COSTLY

• PRODUCED OUT OF PVC PIPES , WOOD AND TUBE.

• HAS A CAPACITY TO REMOVE 1LIT OF AIR FOR ONE UP AND DOWN MOTION OF PISTON


WORKING• WATER IN STILL GETS EVAPORATED BY UTILIZING THE ENERGY

FROM THE SUN.

• ONCE VAPOUR GETS INTO CONTACT WITH THE GLASS, IT TURNS INTO LIQUID WATER.

• AS GLASS IS IN CONTACT WITH THE ATMOSPHERE IT IS MAINTAINED AT LOWER TEMPERATURE THAN THAT OF INSIDE TEMPERATURE.

• HERE WE ARE USING ANOTHER PROPERTY THAT IS ADHESIVE FORCES BETWEEN GLASS AND WATER WHICH ARE ATTRACTIVE IN NATURE. HENCE WATER COMES ALL ALONG THE SLOPE THROUGH THE GLASS AND FINALLY COLLECTED INTO THE OUTLET PIPE.

• BY THIS WE GET 99.9% OF PURE DISTILLED WATER .


EASE OF PRODUCTION USING LOCAL SKILLS

FABRICATION OF THE WHOLE UNIT IS PRETTY STRAIGHT FORWARD AND INVOLVES FOLLOWING STEPS

• METAL CUTTING, WELDING, GLASS CUTTING, SEALING, PAINTING AND DRILLING.

• ALL THESE PROCESSES CAN BE DONE AT ANY LOCAL WORKSHOP USING SIMPLE MACHINES – LATHE, DRILL, WELDING, MILLING ETC.


DISTILLED WATER CONVERTED AS A DRINKING WATER


COST ANALYSIS


ECONOMIC FACTORFOR THE BULK PRODUCTION ITS COST WILL BE VERY LESS

• COST OF 1 SETUP = RS 1625 (USED BY 5 PEOPLE)

PRODUCE = 20 – 30 LITRE APPROX

IN INDIA 2013 DATA COLLECTION

62 MILLION PEOPLE SUFFER FROM IMPURE WATER

TOTAL COST :

1625*62*1000000/5 = LESS THAN 2015 CRORE


Don’t solve problems,pursue opportunities

PETER F. DRUCKER


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