IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 1999 Annual Report · utilities,housing corporations,con-struction companies,real estate firms,NGOs and other organisa-tions. Task 25:Solar Assisted

IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme

1999 Annual Report

Edited byPamela Murphy KunzExecutive Secretary

IEA Solar Heating and CoolingProgramme

Morse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20009USA

March 1999

IEA/SHC/AR99

Table of Contents

3Table of Contents

4 Implementing Agreement

5 Chairman’s Report

9 Feature Article: Daylight – A Basic Human Need

16 Task 19: Solar Air Systems

20 Task 21: Daylight in Buildings

27 Task 22: Building Energy Analysis Tools

31 Task 23: Optimization of Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings

36 Task 24: Solar Procurement

40 Task 25: Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings

44 Task 26: Solar Combisystems

52 Working Group: Materials in Solar Thermal Collectors

55 Address List

4Implementing Agreement

BACKGROUNDThe International Energy Agency(IEA) was founded in November1974 as an autonomous body withinthe framework of the Organizationfor Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) to carry outa comprehensive program of energycooperation among its 25 Membercountries. The EuropeanCommission also participates in thework of the IEA.

The IEA’s policy goals of energysecurity, diversity within the energysector, and environmental sustain-ability are addressed in part througha program of international collabo-ration in the research, developmentand demonstration of new energytechnologies, under the frameworkof 40 Implementing Agreements.

The Solar Heating and CoolingImplementing Agreement was oneof the first collaborative R&D pro-grams to be established within theIEA, and, since 1977, its participantshave been conducting a variety ofjoint projects in active solar, passivesolar and photovoltaic technologies,

primarily for buildingapplications. Theoverall Programmeis monitored by anExecutiveCommittee consist-ing of one represen-tative from each ofthe 19 membercountries and theEuropeanCommission.

SHC Member Countries

CURRENT TASKSA total of twenty-six Tasks (projects)have been undertaken since thebeginning of the Solar Heating andCooling Programme. The leadershipand management of the individualTasks are the responsibility ofOperating Agents. The Tasks whichwere active in 1999 and theirrespective Operating Agents are:

Task 19Solar Air Systems

Switzerland

Task 21Daylight in Buildings

Denmark

Task 22Building Energy Analysis Tools

United States

Task 23Optimization of Solar Energy Use

in Large BuildingsNorway

Task 24Solar Procurement

Sweden

Task 25Solar Assisted Air

Conditioning of BuildingsGermany

Task 26Solar Combisystems

Austria

The Solar Heating & Cooling

Implementing Agreement

AustraliaAustriaBelgium CanadaDenmarkEuropean

CommissionGermanyFinlandFranceItaly

JapanMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwaySpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited States

OVERVIEWIn 1999, the Executive Committee ofthe Solar Heating and Cooling(SHC) Programme continued to ini-tiate a variety of new solar activitiesfrom workshops to Tasks.The newTasks that the Executive Committeeagreed to initiate, Solar Crop Dryingand Solar Cities, will broaden thescope of the Programme to includework in developing countries as wellas with other international andnational solar organizations. In addi-tion to the new Tasks, theProgramme held a workshop in con-junction with the IEA PhotovoltaicPower Systems Programme onHybrid Thermal/PV Systems. Theresult of this workshop was theagreement between the twoProgrammes to initiate a WorkingGroup on Thermal/PV Systems. TheExecutive Committee also agreedthat a workshop on Advanced SolarThermal Storage would be held inconjunction with TerraStock 2000and that a workshop onLegionnaires’ disease should be heldin the beginning of 2000. The resultsof the ongoing Tasks are summarizedbelow.

The participation in theImplementing Agreement continuesto be strong with all 18 Membercountries and the European Unionactive in the Tasks. Also, to the plea-sure of the Executive Committee,Mexico joined the ImplementingAgreement, and has already taken anactive role in the Programme’s work.Two other countries, Portugal andGreece, have shown interest in join-ing the Programme. With the activeparticipation of Programme mem-bers, I look forward to the continued

expansion of the Programme intothe next century and the demon-stration of the tremendous potentialof solar heating and cooling tech-nologies.

Every year our annual reportincludes a feature article on someaspect of solar technologies forbuildings. This year’s article dealswith daylight in buildings, the focus ofSHC Task 21.Thanks to Mr. KjeldJohnson of the Danish BuildingResearch Institute for preparing thissummary.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TASKS ANDWORKING GROUPNotable achievements of theProgramme’s work during 1999 arepresented below. The details ofthese and many other accomplish-ments are covered in the individualTask summaries later in this report.

Task 19: Solar Air SystemsThis Task concluded in April 1999,however, Task experts continuedthroughout 1999 to compile theresults into published reports and toconduct national presentations. Asa result of this 5-year project, theexperts have demonstrated thatsolar air systems are a credible,proven technology and have provid-ed the tools needed to design suchsystems.

Task 21: Daylight in BuildingsIt has been a very busy year for allthe Task experts as they finalized thetesting of systems, developed designtools and monitored and prepareddetailed descriptions of 15 casestudy buildings. In addition, about 15different daylight responsive lighting

5Chairman’s Report

Chairman’s Report:Highlights

of 1999

Mr. Lex BosselaarExecutive Committee Chairman

NOVEM, b.v., The Netherlands


control systems have been testedand the results are to be document-ed in the report, "Application Guidefor Daylight Responsive LightingControl Systems."

Task 22: Building Energy AnalysisToolsAll the planned activities on analyti-cal tests have been completed. Theresults were distributed to leadingbuilding energy analysis tool authorsthroughout the world to informthem of the existing tests and toobtain their views and recommenda-tions on the importance and valueof analytical tests for tool evalua-tion/validation.

Task 23: Optimization of SolarEnergy Use in Large BuildingsA computer tool for multi-criteriadecision making, MCDM 23, wasdeveloped.This tool is intended tomake some of the steps in this typeof process easier to carry out. Dueto its success, some Task 23 expertshave expressed interest in integratingthis tool in their own tool develop-ment.

Task 24: Solar ProcurementNational meetings were held andbuyer groups formed in Canada,Denmark, the Netherlands andSweden.The buyer groups consist ofrepresentatives from municipalities,utilities, housing corporations, con-struction companies, real estatefirms, NGOs and other organisa-tions.

Task 25: Solar Assisted AirConditioning of Buildings Solar cooling is a promising newactivity in the SHC Programme.

To initiate this work, a survey wasundertaken on the technical andeconomic aspects of installationsbuilt in the past.This survey indicatedthat in many climates the pay-backtimes for the best cooling technolo-gies is similar to that of solar waterheating. Based on this work, theother subtasks will focus on a designtools, marketing aspects and demon-stration projects.

Task 26: Solar Combisystems Task work has focused on theoverview of combisystems, the defin-ition of reference conditions for sim-ulation runs and performancereports, and the criteria for rankingand making inter-comparisons of thesystems. The first issue of an annualindustry newsletter was distributedin December 1999, and in additionto the English version, several coun-tries translated the general part ofthe newsletter into their nationallanguage.

Working Group on Materials inSolar Thermal CollectorsThe Working Group concluded thisyear with some activities carryingover to March 2000. Many of theGroup’s results will serve as a basisfor the work to be conducted in thenew Task 27, Performance of SolarFacade Components. A report sum-marizing the experiences in perfor-mance and durability assessment willbe printed in 2000.

NEW ACTIVITIESTask 27: Performance of SolarFacade ComponentsThis Task began in January 2000.Thegoal of this new work is to accurate-ly determine the solar and thermal

performance of materials and com-ponents, such as advanced glazing foruse in more energy efficient sustain-able buildings and systems, and topromote increased confidence in theuse of these products by developingappropriate assessment methods fordurability, reliability and environmen-tal impact.

Task 28: Solar Sustainable HousingThis Task is scheduled to begin inApril 2000.The objective of thiswork is to help achieve, in participat-ing countries, a significant penetra-tion of solar sustainable housing inthe market by providing builders andinstitutional real estate investors withgood examples of building projects,hard facts to use when makingcost/benefit decisions on the mix ofsolar and conservation strategies,and guidance to improve energy,environmental and cost performanceof their designs.

Task 29: Solar Crop DryingThis Task began in January 2000. Theobjectives are to identify and facili-tate solar crop drying businessopportunities. To accomplish thisobjective, system manufacturers andcrop processors will be broughttogether to relate market needs totechnology solutions. As a result,bona fide commercial projects willalso serve as demonstrations. Therole of the Task experts will be toprovide the technical support forthis work. Information from thedemonstrations will be used in sub-sequent marketing programs andindustry association awareness cam-paigns.


Task 30: Solar CitiesThis Task is in the Task DefinitionPhase. It was started in cooperationwith the International Solar EnergySociety (ISES) and several other IEAImplementing Agreements. Currently,experts from these organizations arein the process of structuring the newwork.The proposed objective of thisTask is to increase the understandingof and application of solar technolo-gies in cities. The overall goal of thiseffort is to reduce emissions in thetargeted cities.

Working Group on Advanced SolarLow-Energy DwellingsThe objective of this Working Groupis to collect and analyze the moni-toring results of buildings from SHCTask 13,Advanced Solar Low EnergyBuildings. Experts will compare pre-dicted and measured performances,taking the climate and actual weath-er conditions into account, and ana-lyze the reasons for deviation.

Working Group on PV-ThermalSystemsThe objectives of this WorkingGroup are to exchange information,to prepare a "road map" by identify-ing the necessary international stepsneeded to develop various marketsfor PV/T systems, and to advise theIEA on further work in this field. TheWorking Group will be a collabora-tive effort with the IEA PhotovoltaicPower Systems Programme.

MANAGEMENT ACTIONSProgramme and Policy ActionsThe Information and Marketing Groupconducted a survey on theProgramme’s information dissemina-tion activities. Responses were

received from Executive Committeemembers and Operating Agents.Based on the results of the survey,the Committee will take action onproposed recommendations at theirMay 2000 Executive CommitteeMeeting. The Programme’s web sitealso continues to play an increasinglyan important role in the dissemina-tion of information.

The Software Policy Committee contin-ued to work on strengthening andensuring that the policy is adheredto as new Tasks develop software.

The Executive Committee agreed toinvite the Czech Republic to join theImplementing Agreement. Com-munication continued with the othercountries that have already beeninvited to join – Brazil, China, Cyprus,Greece, India, Israel, Korea, Portugal,Slovenia and South Africa.

An updated version of the Policy &Procedures handbook was completedand distributed to the ExecutiveCommittee and Operating Agents.

Internet SiteThe Solar Heating and CoolingProgramme’s World Wide Web sitecontinues to be updated and newpages added as needed. In additionto the sections available to the pub-lic, a secure site for use by theExecutive Committee and theOperating Agents was added. Theaddress for the site is<http://www.iea-shc.org>.

Future WorkshopsIn 1999, the Executive Committeeagreed to organize several work-shops in 2000.

Advanced Solar Thermal StorageWorkshopThis workshop will be held in Augustin conjunction with TerraStock 2000.The objectives of the workshop area state-of-the-are review and identifi-cation of new R&D activities. Thetopics will include new materials andconcepts (e.g., microcapsulated PCMin building materials, sorption stor-age), technologies and applications(e.g., passive solar, climitization), andpilot and demonstration plants.

Legionnaires’ WorkshopThis workshop is planned forApril/May. The goal of this workshopis to exchange information on theperceived risks of this disease andsolar water heaters.

COORDINATION WITH OTHER IEAIMPLEMENTING WORKINGPARTIES/AGREEMENTS AND NON-IEAORGANIZATIONSThe IEA Energy Conservation inBuildings and Community SystemsProgramme and this Programme helda joint meeting in May to facilitatethe continued collaborative workbetween the Programmes.

The Operating Agent, Mr.TonySchoen, from the IEA PhotovoltaicPower Systems Programme’sTask onPV in the Built Environment present-ed an overview of activities at theMay Executive Committee meeting.Cooperation with the PVPSProgramme is continuing with theorganization of the collaborationWorking Group on hybridthermal/PV collectors.

The International Solar Energy Societywill continue to collaborate with the


SHC Programme as our new Taskon Solar Cities gets underway.

PUBLICATIONSThe following IEA Solar Heating andCooling reports and related publica-tions were printed in 1999 and arenot listed elsewhere in this annualreport.

Strategic Plan of the Solar Heating andCooling Programme 1999-2004P. Murphy Kunz, editor.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn closing, I would like to thank theOperating Agents,Working GroupLeader and our Advisor, Fred Morsefor their work. I would especially liketo thank our Executive Secretary,Pamela Murphy Kunz, for her helpover the past year in preparationand reporting of the meetings andother Programme activities.Everyone’s contribution to theProgramme will continue to ensureits success as we enter this new mil-lennium.

9Feature Article

INTRODUCTIONDaylight is a gift of nature andarguably one of the most importantelements of human life, certainly forthose fortunate to be blessed withthe power of sight.And yet, light willnot be seen. Light allows us not onlyto function effectively, but also allowsus to enjoy and be stimulated by theworld around us; and today it iscommonly recognized to have aneffect on our well-being and health.

Although the importance of daylightand the positive aspects of windowsseem quite obvious to most peopletoday, this has seldom been reflectedin the architecture and space plan-ning of many buildings in the last 30years of the 20th century.

HISTORY OF THE WINDOWThe invention of glass changed thefunction and characteristics of build-ings.The art of producing glass wasknown in Egypt around 3500 BCand probably, even before, in the oldAsian cultures.Ancient Greeks usedthe sun to heat their homes, but thefree openings reduced the heat gainin the winter. Such problems weresolved, as many other significanttechnological achievements, by theRomans who used glass (50 AD)and explored the thermal benefits ofglazing their buildings. Glass and win-dows enabled to some extent, isola-tion of the interior from the externalclimate, exhibiting great significancefor cooler climates in northernEurope.The intention of the windowderives from the word "wind eye"(both in Anglican and German lan-guage) to ventilate (smoke) but alsoilluminate the interior by naturallight.Ventilation of the interior was

also associated with air quality prob-lems and health problems throughthe spread of diseases such as theplague.

Daylight has always been an impor-tant aspect of architecture because itreflects cultural traditions and basichuman needs: We were born of light.The seasons are felt through light.Weonly know the world as it is evoked bylight...To me natural light is the onlylight, because it has mood - it providesa ground of common agreement forman - it puts us in touch with the eter-nal. Natural light is the only light thatmakes architecture (Louis I. Kahn).Glass was used in medieval ecclesias-tical architecture, and made its earli-est influence in sacred buildings,although the load-bearing wall limit-ed the width of the openings. Flyingbuttresses in Gothic cathedrals pre-sented a skeleton construction, esca-lating larger windows in sacred archi-tectural design (Figure 1).

During the Industrial Revolution(19th century) architectural designchanged, because the rural popula-

DAYLIGHTA Basic Human Need

Kjeld JohnsenDanish Building Research Institute

Denmark

Figure 1. Groin vaulting and flyingbuttresses in Gothic cathedrals[from Lechner 1991].

10Feature Article

tion moved to the cities to work inmills and factories, and changingworking conditions to indoors intro-duced the need for daylight insidebuildings.There had been advancesin the production of artificial light,such as the incandescent gas mantleinvented by Welsbach in 1885, butthe quality and luminous efficacy ofthe light source was low and expen-sive to use, compared to daylight.With the culmination of post and lin-tel construction (19th century),skeleton construction offered day-lighted buildings with large andnumerous windows. Designers haveachieved increasingly larger windowopenings, and eventually the all glasswall, in order to enhance the visualquality of the building interior bymeans of daylight [Le Corbusier].

By enhancing the development of askeletal framing, first of cast iron,then wrought iron, and later steeland reinforced concrete (20th cen-tury), a whole new architecturaldesign for the use of natural lightand ventilation was born. Glass build-ings, such as the Crystal Palace in1851, became a possibility becauseof the increased availability of glass,combined with the use of steelstructures.Also new techniques inglass production and framing tech-nology were invented, reducing costand increasing the area of the glasspanes.Together, glass and steel skele-tons became a key element in themodern architectural movement.Theideals were now concerned withnatural light, transparency, health andsocial well-being as building design-ers realized that glass would provideand symbolize these ideals.

Until the second half of the 20thcentury, when some say fluorescentlighting and cheap electricity becameavailable, daylight and architecturewere interpreted as being the same.At the beginning of the 20th century,daylight was still the main source oflight during daytime, using artificiallighting at night. However, the devel-opment of fluorescent lighting in the1930s changed the use of daylight asa design criterion. Significantimprovement of artificial lighting effi-cacy and the development ofmechanical ventilation resulted in areduced need for windows, naturallight and ventilation. Heat lossthrough the thermal envelope wasreduced through the technologicaldevelopment in building materialsand constructions, although singleglazed windows were still commonin the 1950s and 60s.

The energy crisis in the mid 1970sreexamined the potential for naturallight in buildings, but the glazing unitalso was addressed as the mainsource of heat loss and undesirablesolar gain. In order to reduce solargains and heat losses, the clear glasswas sometimes replaced by tinted orreflective glass and the exterior envi-ronment excluded from the interiorby decreasing the glazed area.Reduced natural light in the interiorincreased the daytime needs for arti-ficial lighting, presenting new designproblems.

DAYLIGHTING: THE INTEGRATION CHALLENGEToday, thirty years later, in a worldnewly concerned about carbonemissions, global warming and sus-tainable design, daylit buildings are

again proposed as part of the "solu-tion." Daylighting, and the impact ofdaylighting on the heating and cool-ing of buildings, has come into thefocus of the building design profes-sionals, building owners and occu-pants, and society due to energy useand associated implications for car-bon emissions. If the developedworld is to meet the emissionreduction targets outlined in Kyoto,energy savings from daylighting couldplay an important supporting role.

Daylighting design has, however,become a complex system integra-tion challenge. Successful daylightingdesign requires trade-offs and opti-misation between competing ele-ments of facade, space, and lightingsystem, for example, finding the opti-ma of light and heat trans-mittancesfor glazing that provide adequatedaylight levels but control unwantedglare and excessive heat gains.Optimisation involves considerationsof space layout, furnishing, functionsas well as activities, but solutions canonly be successful when they meetthe basic needs of the occupants.

NEW DEMANDS ANDNEW OPPORTUNITIESIt used to be simple logic that if thebuilding designer wanted to exploitdaylight at work places, then the lay-out of the spaces would need to beorganised so that the individual workstations were placed near or underwindow openings.When looking atbuildings of the last 30 years, itseems that the designers have oftenfailed to use their sense of logic.Thedemand for efficient use of spaceshas in general let to decreasedheight but increased depth of the

11Feature Article

working areas.Attempts to makespaces brighter by using all-glazingfacades have not solved the prob-lems of poor daylighting quality. Onthe contrary, this strategy has justadded to the problems associatedwith the glazing: need for more ven-tilation, increased cooling loads,severe luminous contrasts and glareproblems, extra need for artificiallighting, and often poor visibility dueto use of tinted glazing.

So, before anything else, it is a ques-tion of sound and sensible architec-tural design with adequate attentionto the aspects of integrationbetween people and technology andbetween and among the hardwareand software elements of the fenes-tration or daylighting system.However, this did not prevent build-ing designers from taking advantageof the fast development in glazingtechnology through the 1990s.Theimproved thermal and optical prop-erties (e.g. ratio between light andheat transmittances) offer newopportunities for opening thefacades and letting in the natural lightwithout sacrificing other indoor cli-mate parameters. Now the challengeis more a question of control.Control of the direct sun and thediffuse sky light, as well as control ofthe distribution of the light enteringthe space. Controlling daylight alsomeans to allow the occupant (e.g.the office worker) to work near thefacade, to have a view, and still beingable to protect himself from directsun, glare, and reflections in his com-puter screen.

Through history many approacheshave been made to improve daylight

distribution in spaces and buildings,for instance by "transporting" lightfrom the facade to the back of theroom or the core of the building, seeFigure 2.

Undoubtedly, redirecting or trans-portation of natural light will also bepart of the strategies for improveddaylight utilization in the future. Butsince the view and connection withthe outdoors has always been con-sidered to be the most importantaspect of windows, the buildingdesigners may have to make a clear-er distinction between the view win-dow and the daylighting window

when looking for a "daylighting solu-tion." IEA Solar Heating and Cooling(SHC) Task 21, Daylight in Buildings,has tested many such combined"solutions" or systems and produceda com-pre-hensive description ofmost of the systems available on themarket today.

TESTING INNOVATIVE DAYLIGHTINGSYSTEMSUntil now, no standard monitoringprocedures have been available toassess and compare performances ofdaylighting systems and daylightresponsive lighting control systems.However, the collaborative efforts inSHC Task 21 have rectified this byestablishing a comprehensive proto-col for monitoring procedures forthe assessment of daylighting strate-gies.

According to the SHC MonitoringProtocol, the performance of a givendaylighting strategy or system isalways compared to a reference situ-ation in occupied or unoccupiedrooms under real sky conditions.Theprocedures describe the necessaryparameters to be considered, giveguidance for measurements, andspecify the acceptable accuracy ofthe measurements and proceduresfor user assessment.The Protocolalso includes recommendations ondocumentation of the testing proce-dures and evaluation of the system’sperformance compared to the refer-ence situation.

The monitoring of daylighting sys-tems and/or control systems in testrooms have been carried out inAustralia,Austria, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Netherlands,

Figure 2. William Wheeler’s 1881 patentfor a system of lightpipes for domesticillumination. Significantly, the idea repre-sents the first US patent to cover lightguiding and is a beautiful example ofVictorian patent art.

12Feature Article

Norway, Switzerland, the UK, and theUSA.The Monitoring Protocol hasbeen developed for use in studies ofstandard offices with only verticalwindow(s) and horizontal workplanes. Figures 3-4 shows the testrooms used in Switzerland, at thesite of EPFL, located near Lausanne,Switzerland (46.5°N, 6.6°E).Thesetest rooms are moveable and can beorientated in all directions.

Performance AssessmentThe performance of the daylightingsystems is characterized by their abil-ity to control the daylight levels, toimprove the illuminance/luminancedistribution in the room, to preventglare, and to allow an unobstructed

view out.The physical testing in thetest rooms includes measurementsfor one day under overcast sky con-ditions and three days under clearsky conditions, taken around wintersolstice, equinox and summer sol-stice.

The minimum subjective evaluationof the visual aspects consists ofobservations in the occupied orunoccupied rooms. It includes thedetection of sun-patches and areaswith high luminance and glare. For amore extensive evaluation of thevisual conditions and statisticalassessment of users’ acceptance, aquestionnaire has been developed.

System DescriptionsIn the SHC Task 21 book, Daylight inBuilding: A Source Book on DaylightSystems & Components, the includeddaylighting systems are first catego-rized in a systems matrix that givesan overview and the monitored per-formance as well as the detailedtechnical and economical aspects foreach system. However, this bookdoes not prescribe any simple selec-tion method. Each system orapproach has distinct characteristics,and for each design case the relativeimportance of the performanceparameters is different. Instead, thedesigner is urged to focus onanswering the following questions: Isit useful to apply a daylighting systemin my case? What kind of problemscan I resolve with a system? Whatbenefits can I potentially achieve? Thedesigner also is urged to review thespecific design context (site, latitude,

Figure 3. Test facility at LESO, EPFL in Switzerland. Each room has windows on theupper part of the facade, the lower part of the wall being opaque (sill-height is 1.05 mabove the interior floor). The system tested in this case is a so-called anidolic ceiling,an innovative system that brings light from the facade to the back of the room.

Figure 4. Panoramic view of the horizon as seen from the windows of the test rooms,when facing due South. For comparisons of the daylight conditions in the test roomand the reference room, the exterior conditions must be almost identical, preferablywith no obstructions. In this case, the angular altitude of external obstructions islower than 5°.

East South West

5°

0

13Feature Article

etc.) and major objectives for apply-ing daylighting systems: redirection ofdaylight to under-lit zones, improveddaylighting as task illumination,improved visual comfort and glarecontrol, and solar shading or thermalcontrol.

ClassificationThe systems described are catego-rized according to their main charac-teristics including the predominantsun and sky condition for which thesystems have been designed.Thesystems matrix is a useful tool forthe designer to quickly assess whichtechnologies may be applicable for aspecific building condition. The sys-tems are grouped into two cate-gories: (a) systems that provide con-trol of direct sun and (b) systemsthat require additional measures tocontrol direct sun.The followinggives some system examples of thesystem categories.

Shading SystemsShading systems are designed forsolar shading and for daylighting, butthey may address other daylightingissues as well, such as protectionfrom glare and redirection of director diffuse daylight. The use of con-ventional solar shading systems, suchas a pull-down shade, often signifi-cantly reduces the admission of day-light to a room.To increase daylightunder these circumstances,advanced shading systems havebeen developed that both protectthe area near the window fromdirect sunlight, and redirects directand/or diffuse daylight via the ceilingdeeper into the interior of theroom.

Shading systems using primarily diffuse skylight Shading systems, which reject direct sunlight, but allow transmission of diffuseskylight.These systems allow no view out and should only be installed inopenings dedicated to daylighting.

Shading systems using primarily direct sunlight Shading systems, which redirect sunlight onto the ceiling. Such systems cannormally not be installed below eye height (in the view window) but only inthe upper part (the daylighting window).

Daylighting systems without shading includedThese systems are designed primarily to redirect daylight to areas furtherfrom the window or skylight opening.They may or may not block direct sun-light.

Diffuse light-guiding systemsDaylighting systems that redirect daylight from specific areas of the sky vaultto the interior of the room. Under overcast sky conditions, the zenithal area of the sky is much brighter than the area near the horizon. For sites with tallexternal obstructions, typical of dense urban environments, the upper tozenithal portion of the sky may be the only source of daylight. For these situa-tions light-guiding systems can improve daylight utilization.

Anidolic ceiling Reflecting profiles (Fish)

Prismatic panel Prisms and Venetian blinds Anidolic Zenithal opening

Light shelf Glazing with reflecting profiles Movable lamellas (Okasolar)

14Feature Article

OUTLOOKIt is to be expected that the rapiddevelopment in glazing technologywe have seen over the last 10 yearswill continue in the first decades ofthe new Millennium. New so-called"daylighting technologies" will showup, and the major challenge for thearchitect may therefore be (as it hasalways been) just to remember thatdaylight is an integral part of archi-tecture, some say daylight is archi-tecture. Designing with daylightstarts from the space, from the func-tion and the activities, but first of allfrom the occupants and the visualenvironment necessary for tasks tobe conducted in the space.However, since many buildingdesigners seem to think mainly ofthe exterior expression of buildings,the significant break-through for day-lighting may not happen until thenew chromatic glazings (electro-,thermo-, and photo-chromatic glaz-ings) reach the marketplace ataffordable prices. In any case, thesetechnologies will present architectswith new challenges, and gives themthe chance to design buildings whichtruly integrate solar and daylightingcontrol capabilities.

CONCLUSIONAfter 25 years of new research andapplications, there are still numerousobstacles to the widespread use ofdaylight and its integration withother energy loads in buildings.And,there is still much to do, both in the

Direct light-guiding systemsDaylighting systems that redirect direct sunlight to the interior of the room.When installed correctly, the negative effects of glare and overheating can besignificantly reduced.

Scattering systemsLight-scattering or diffusing systems that are used in skylight or toplit aper-tures to produce an even daylight distribution. If used in vertical window aper-tures, serious glare will often be the result.

Light transporting systemsSystems that collect and transport sunlight over long distances via fiber opticsor light pipes to the core of the building. Theses type of systems were notmonitored in SHC Task 21.

Laser cut panel Glazing with sun directing profiles

Scattering (diffusing) systems

Light pipes Light guiding ceiling

15Feature Article

research and development and thepractical application of daylight sys-tems.

The human dimension of the day-lighting equation also is a critical ele-ment in any successful daylightingdesign. Surprisingly, after many yearsof R&D, users remains a weak pointin our knowledge base even thoughthey can have a fundamental impacton the design and selection of day-lighting devices and systems. Toaddress these challenges, it is neces-sary to continue the coordinatedeffort, as demonstrated by SHC Task21, on a global basis. Attention tothese critical areas will accelerate thebeneficial impacts that daylightingcan have in terms of energy efficien-

cy, comfort, visual performance, andhealth and amenity in buildings ofthe 21st century.

ReferencesMonitoring Protocol: PerformanceAssessment of Daylighting Systemsand Daylight Responsive LightingControl Systems. (available in mid2000).

Daylight in Buildings: A Source Bookon Daylight Systems and Components.IEA Solar Heating & CoolingProgramme Task 21.(available in mid 2000).

Figure 5. Interior viewof the Oakland FederalBuilding testbed withelectrochromic glazingsinstalled.

16Solar Air Systems

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe objective of Task 19 was to facil-itate the use of solar air systems forresidential, institutional and industrialbuildings by:

● Documenting exemplary buildingsto inspire designers and buildingclients with the reliability, perfor-mance and aesthetics of buildingintegrated systems.(Lead Country: Switzerland)

● Writing a design handbook tohelp engineers choose, dimensionand detail a system; while assessingenergy performance and non-energy issues.(Lead Country: Denmark)

● Developing a computer tool toanalyze key design variables bymeans of TRNSYS modules of Task19 systems and a user-friendlyinterface.(Lead Country: Germany)

● Compiling a catalog of manufac-tured components to informdesigners what is available "off theshelf" for solar air systems andfrom where.(Lead Country: Norway)

● Testing collectors under laborato-ry conditions to help manufactur-ers optimize performance and toprovide standardized data for con-sumers.(Lead Country:Austria)

DurationThe Task was initiated in October1993 and completed in April1999.

ParticipationWorking in Task 19 were 25 expertsfrom nine countries:

Austria GermanySweden CanadaItaly SwitzerlandDenmark NorwayUnited Kingdom

REVIEW OF 1999 ACTIVITIES ANDCOMPLETION OF THE TASKIn 1999, the manuscript for theDesign Handbook was edited by theOperating Agent, page layouts com-pleted by the publisher and sent tothe respective authors for "good toprint" approval/revisions.The frontsection and a sample technical chap-ter were approved by the ExecutiveCommittee.

In 2000, the Operating Agent andTask experts will work the publisherto complete the Design Handbook.The book will be published in early2000 and distributed based on pre-orders.

Task ResultsThe most important results of theTask according to the OperatingAgent are:

● Designer and building clientawareness has been broadenedbeyond solar water systems tosolar air systems. Further, confi-dence in air systems grew, giventhat many such systems werealready built, performing well andlooking attractive.

● The job for planners to engineersuch systems was simplified byproviding them with a kit of toolsincluding a catalog of components,an engineering handbook and aPC tool.

● Manufacturers of componentswere assisted by the development

TASK 19:

Solar Air Systems

S. Robert HastingsSolararchitektur

Operating Agent for the SwissFederal Office of Energy

17Solar Air Systems

of a standardized laboratory test-ing procedure to allow perfor-mance assessment for marketingand product development.

● The economy of solar air systemshas been improved by as much asa factor of four as a result of opti-mized manufactured collectors,more rational site-built collectorsand simplification of the systemconfigurations.

Industry participation was strong inTask 19 thanks to several manufac-turers of solar air collectors havingexperts represent them at Taskmeetings. Examples include:ABB ofNorway,Aidt of Denmark, Grammerof Germany, Secco Sistemi of Italyand Solarwall of Canada

Technical Conclusions● Solar air systems have come of

age.There exists a multitude ofbuilt systems serving diverse func-tions and for diverse buildingtypes.Task 19 documented solarair systems on nine single familyhouses, ten multi-family buildings,four schools, three sports halls, sixindustry structures and one officebuilding.

● Collectors range from the sim-plest, unglazed units to high-per-formance manufactured units. Eachtype of collector has its place inthe market.The simplest, unglazedcollector demonstrated repeatedlythe best economic performance.On the other hand, high-perfor-mance collectors make sense par-ticularly if water is to be heated, orif the area available for collectorsis limited.A sensible glazed collec-

tor configuration has only singleglazing and an underflow metalabsorber.

● The economics of solar air sys-tems is a tough fight given the pre-sent costs of fossil fuels. Toimprove the economics threeapproaches proved effective:

– Integrate the collectors in the skinof the building (saves material).

– Use the massive building structureto store/distribute heat.

– Specify details and componentswhich are standard HVAC prac-tice.

– Incorporate an air to water heatexchanger to use the abundantsolar energy in summer.

In summary,Task 19 has facilitatedthe introduction of solar air systemsby informing the designers and build-ing clients of the existence ofnumerous built examples, providingarchitects with convincing argumentsfor clients and then the tools neededto design such systems, and support-ing industry with standardized testingprocedures and a catalog demon-strating that this is a credible, proventechnology.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1999Conference Proceedings: Solar-Luft-Systeme, Zurich, Switzerland,September 1999.

Solar Air Collectors for Buildings -domestic and non-domestic,Department of the Environment,BRE, General Information Report 58,1999.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR PUBLICATIONIN 2000Solar Air Systems:A Design Handbook,James & James, (ISBN: 1 873936 869), expected printing date is: March2000.

MEETINGS IN 1999A national presentation on Task 19was made to practitioners andindustry representatives inSeptember in Zurich, Switzerland.

A technical presentation on thework of Task 19 was presented tothe SHC Executive at the November1999 Executive Committee meetingin Switzerland. Presentations weremade by: R. Hastings on a Taskoverview; H. Fechner on collectortesting; Ch. Filleux on system type 4;K. Fort (CH): Hypocausts,A.Gutermann on example applications,and A. Knirsch on Trnsair

COMPLETE LIST OF TASK PUBLICATIONSSolar Air Heated Buildings(Working Document) Solararchitektur, ETH-Hönggerberg,CH-8093 Zürich, September 1992.

IEA Task 19: Solar Air Systems:AResearch and DemonstrationProgramme (Task Brochure),Solararchitektur, ETH-Hönggerberg,CH-8093 Zürich, January 1995.James & James Science Publishers,35-37 William Rd. London NW13ER:

Solar Air Systems - Product CatalogJames & James Science Publishers,35-37 William Rd. London NW13ER, ISBN 1-873936-84-2.

18Solar Air Systems

Solar Air Systems - Case Studies James & James Science Publishers,35-37 William Rd. London NW13ER, ISBN 1-873936-85-0.

Solar Air Systems - A Design HandbookJames & James Science Publishers,35-37 William Rd. London NW13ER, ISBN 1-873936-86-9.

TRANSAIR(A PC tool for analyzing solar air sys-tems)Transolar (Contact:Alex Knirsch),Nobelstr. 15, D 70569 Stuttgart.

"Solar Air Heating"(feature article in the 1998 AnnualReport of IEA Solar Heating & CoolingProgramme) Morse Associates, Inc.

19Solar Air Systems

TASK 19 NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONSOperating AgentRobert HastingsSolararchitekturETH-HönggerbergCH-8093 ZürichSwitzerland

AustriaHubert FechnerOest. Forsch.zentrumArsenalFaradygasse 3A-1030 Wien

Thomas ZelgerKanzlei Dr. BruckPrinz-Eugen-Strasse 66A-1040 Wien

Sture LarsenArchitektLindauerstr. 33A-6912 Hörbranz

CanadaJohn HollickSolar Wall Internat. Ltd.200 Wildcat RoadCDN- Downsview ONT M3J 2N5

GermanyHans Erhorn, Heike Kluttig and Johann Reiss Fraunhofer Institut für BauphysikNobelstr. 12D-70569 Stuttgart

Joachim MorhenneIng.büro Morhenne GbRSchülkestr. 10D-42277 Wupp

Frank HeidtFachbereich Physik & SolarenergieUni. GH SiegenAdolf Reichweinsstr.D-57068 Siegen

Matthias Schuler,Helmut Meyer andAlexander KnirschTranssolarIngenieurgesch. GmbHNobelstr. 15D-70569 Stuttgart

DenmarkSoren Østergaard JensenSolar Energy LaboratoryDanish Tech. InstitutePostbox 141DK-2630 Taastrup

Ove MørckCenergia ApSSct. Jacobs Vej 4DK-2750 Ballerup

ItalyGianni ScudoDPPPEPolitecnico di MilanoVia Bonardi 3I-20133 Milano

Giancarlo RossiI.U.A.V. Dept. Building ConstructionUniversità di VeneziaS. Croce, 191I-30135 Venezia

NorwayHarald N.RostvikSunlab/ABBAlexander Kiellandsqt 2N-4009 Stavanger

SwedenTorbjörn JilarDept. of Biosys. & Tech.Swedish Univ. of Agric.PO Box 30S-23053 Alnarp

Christer NordströmCh. Nordström Arkitekt,ABAsstigen 14S-43645 Askim

SwitzerlandGerhard ZweifelAbt. HLKZentralschw.Technikum Luz.CH 6048 Horw

Karel Fort Ing. BüroWeiherweg 19CH-8604 Volketswil

Charles FilleuxPeter ElsteBasler & HofmannForchstr. 395CH-8029 Zürich

United KingdomKevin LomasInst. Enegy and Sust. Dev.De Montfort Uni.The GatewayUK-Leicester LE 1-9BH

20Daylight In Buildings

TASK DESCRIPTIONArtificial lighting represents a majorpart of the overall energy con-sumption in non-residential build-ings. However, more daylight con-scious architectural solutions andthe introduction of innovative day-lighting systems and efficient lightingcontrols could displace a consider-able part of this electricity consum-ption by utilizing the naturalresources offered by daylight. Fur-ther-more, it is generally recognizedtoday that the design of the fenes-tration system and the proper useof daylight in building interiors areimportant factors, both for the con-servation of non-renewable fuelsand for the well being of occupants.

However, a number of barriers hin-der appropriate integration of day-lighting aspects in the buildingdesign. One is the lack of docume-nted, empirical evidence that day-lighting can substantially improveenergy efficiency and visual qualityin buildings. Furthermore there isinsufficient knowledge and lack ofinformation on new fenestrationtechnologies and lighting controlsystems and the ability of such sys-tems to enhance utilization of day-light, and a lack of user friendly day-lighting design tools and models forinnovative daylighting systems.

Task 21 will contribute to the over-coming of the identified barriers.The Task was initiated in 1995 withthe main objectives to advance day-lighting technologies and to pro-mote daylight conscious building de-sign.Through selected Case Studiesthe Task will demonstrate the viabili-ty of daylighting designs under vari-

ous climatic conditions emphasizingsystem performance regarding ener-gy savings and user acceptability.

The main deliverables from the Taskwill be:

● A system specific Design Guideon daylighting systems and con-trol systems providing recom-mendations on systems integra-tion and performance data onenergy saving potentials.

● A set of Daylighting Design Toolsthat will markedly improve thedesigners' ability to predict theperformance of daylighting sys-tems and control strategies andto evaluate the impact of daylightintegration in the overall designconcept.

● A Case Studies Report, docu-menting measured data on day-lighting performance, energy con-sumption and user appraisal ofthe environmental conditions.

The work of the Task is structuredin the following four Subtasks, eachcoordinated by a lead country.

Subtask A: Performance Evaluationof Daylighting Systems (Lead Country:Australia)This Subtask will provide designguidance on the performance ofboth innovative and conventionaldaylighting systems. Systems will beassessed according to energy savingpotential, visual aspects and thecontrol of solar radiation.The evalu-ation of systems is to be based notonly on technical feasibility but alsoon architectural and environmentalimpacts.

TASK 21:

Daylight in Buildings

Kjeld JohnsenDanish Building Research Institute

Operating Agent for the Danish Energy Agency


Subtask B: Daylight ResponsiveLighting Control Systems (Lead Country: Netherlands)Energy savings from daylighting can-not be significant without an appro-priate integration of window designand electrical lighting systems.Theobjectives of Subtask B are to evalu-ate the performance of existingselected daylight responsive lightingcontrol systems (in conjunction withselected daylighting systems) interms of their capability to controlthe artificial lighting in response toavailable daylight and in terms ofuser acceptance of the systems.Thiswill assist building owners, devel-opers, architects, and engineers toselect and commission daylightingresponsive systems, and to estimatethe potential energy savings at anearly stage of design.

Subtask C: Daylighting Design Tools(Lead Country: Germany)The objective of Subtask C is toimprove the capability, accuracy andease-of-use of daylighting design andanalysis tools for building designpractitioners, covering all phases ofthe design process.The practitionerswill be able to predict the perfor-mance of different daylighting sys-tems and control strategies and toevaluate the impact of the integra-tion of daylighting in the overallbuilding energy concept by usingthese design tools.

Subtask D: Case Studies (Lead Country: Denmark)Despite claims that daylighting cansubstantially improve visual qualityand energy efficiency of buildingsthere is little documented empiricalevidence.The main objective of

Subtask D is to demonstrate the via-bility of daylighting buildings in vari-ous world climate zones as an ener-gy saving potential in buildings whilemaintaining a satisfactory visual andthermal environment for occupants,and to provide real validation data tocomputer models.

DurationThe Task was initiated in September1995 and completed in December1999.

ACTIVITIES DURING 1999It has been a very busy year for allthe experts, finalizing the testing ofsystems, developing design tools andmonitoring and preparing detaileddescriptions of the case studybuildings. Many reports are in thefinal stage now, ready for approvalby the Executive Committee,before the release in year 2000.

Two experts meetings were heldin 1999, one in Innsbruck,Austria,and the last one in Copenhagen,Denmark.A short overview of theachievements in each of the fourSubtasks is given below.

Subtask A: Performance Evaluationof Daylighting Systems The main result of this Subtask is thereport "Daylighting Systems: - Asource book on building integrationof systems and components forimproving daylight performance."This report includes the detailed sys-tem descriptions, general experi-ence, test results, and performanceevaluations for all systems examinedin the test facilities.Table 1 shows anextract of the matrix giving the day-lighting systems overview in thereport.

Subtask B: Daylight Responsive Lighting Control SystemsThe testing of about 15 differentdaylight responsive lighting controlsystems has now been completed.The results will be documented inthe "Application Guide for DaylightResponsive Lighting ControlSystems", which consists of twoparts, 1) a general handbook and 2)examples and performance resultsfrom practice.

The Application Guide will be in theform of a CD-ROM, which willinclude the whole Application Guide(parts 1 and 2), and possibly a data-base of the systems, the pilot studies,and the monitoring protocol.

Samples of Subtask B daylighting systemcomponents: ballasts, sensors and con-trollers used in Subtask B.

Subtask C: Daylighting Design ToolsTwelve institutions representing 10IEA countries are involved in pro-duction and evalu-ation of daylight-ing design tools. Many of the reportsof this Subtask are in the approvalprocess and will be available early in2000.The simple daylighting designtool DIAL developed by EPFL andalready approved by the Executive


Table 1. Extract of matrix overview of daylighting systems

2. Daylighting systems without shading included

Division System Climate Attachment Criteria for the choice of elements

Name Sketch2A Lightshelf Temperate Vertical D Y D D D N ADiffuse (› 4.3) climates, windowslight cloudy skiesguiding

Anidolic Temperate Vertical N Y Y Y Y N AIntegrated climates windowsSystem(› 4.12)

Anidolic Temperate Vertical Y Y Y Y N Tceiling climates, facade above(› 4.12) cloudy skies viewing

window

Fish System Temperate Vertical Y Y Y Y Y N Aclimates windows

Zenith light Temperate Vertical Y Y Y Y N Aguiding climates, windowselements w/ cloudy skies (especially inHolographic court-yards),Optical sky-lightsElements (› 4.10)

2B Laser Cut All climates Vertical N Y Y Y Y N ADirect Panel (LCP) windows,light (› 4.6) skylightsguiding Systems

Prismatic All climates Vertical D D D D D Y/N Apanels windows,(› 4.5) skylights

SView

outsid

e

Glare protectio

n

Homo

gene

ous

illumi

natio

n

Avail

abilit

y

Need

for tra

cking

Savin

g of

energy fo

rartificial

lighting

Lightgu

iding

into the

depth

of the room


Committee, is an easy-to-use toolfor educational purposes and forbuildings design analysis.The newversion 3.0 of the ADELINE pack-age, also available soon, hasimproved in user friendliness.Twonew dialogs have been developedallowing the graphically supportedselections of items from the objectlibrary and the selection of luminar-ies based on either IES or EULUM-DAT format descriptions.Thesenew dialogs will be integrated in theRADIANCE Scene Editor. Morethan 300 objects are currently partof the object library. Figure 2 showsan example of simulation capabili-ties of the Radiance software, themain program of ADELINE.

Subtask D: Case StudiesFifteen Case Study buildings havebeen monitored and described in

detail, especially regarding their day-lighting performance.The CaseStudies Report is to be published incolors by a professional publisher inAutumn 2000. Figures 3-6 are fromthe ADO office building in Cologne,Germany.The daylighting strategyon the North facade is to catchhigh luminance zenithal skylight onelements with a holographic sur-face, which redirects the light to thedepth of the room.The very deep(12 m) spaces at the South facade

are equipped with sunlight guidingelements that redirect the daylightto the high reflective ceiling anddeep into the rear part of therooms.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYAll Subtasks have significant links toindustry, and in many participat-ingcountries, industry offers significantfinancial support for work beingundertaken. Most of the day-lightingsystems and lighting control systemsare provided by manufacturers, whonaturally have an inte-rest in theTask's testing procedures results. InSubtask B on Control Sys-tems,major manufacturers are directlyinvolved in the research activitiesand are providing excellent facilitiesfor the testing of several systemsand strategies. In Subtask C onDesign Tools, the development of acommon platform for integration ofbuilding design tools is partly basedon the standards set by the IndustryAlliance for Interoperability (IAI).Subtask D on Case Studies is led bya private engineering consul-tantand has strong links to a similar pro-ject under the European Com-munity's JOULE program-me. In thisSubtask, building owners have madetheir buildings available for Taskmonitoring and user evaluations. In

Figure 2. Example of a Radiance rendering of an office with a light shelf. © G. Ward 1994.

Figure 3. Principles of the daylighting strategies in the ADO office building, Cologne,Germany.


some cases, the owners have pro-vided unoccupied spaces for directfull scale testing.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2000Table 2 gives a list of all officialreports planned for Task 21.Whenapproved, many of the reports willbe downloadable from the Internet.

1999 EXPERTS MEETINGSEighth Experts Meeting April 12-16Innsbruck,Austria

Ninth Experts MeetingSeptember 27-30Copenhagen, Denmark

Figures 4 and 5. Outside and inside view of the zenithal light guiding elements on the north facade.

Figure 6. The sunlight guiding elements on the south facade. The elements consist ofacrylic profiles that redirect the sunlight from a wide angle of altitudes to the ceiling.


Table 2. Official reports of IEA SHC Task 21: Daylight in Buildings

SUBTASK A: Performance evaluation of daylighting systems Format Available Month/Year

Survey of Architectural Solution (IBUS) Print, CD 04.2000

Monitoring Protocol (SBI/TUD) Print, CD 04.2000

Physical characteristics measured in Lab (TUB) Print, CD 02.2000

Source Book (printed/CD-ROM/on the Web) Print, CD 07.2000

Document on test room facilities (SBI) Print, CD 07.2000

Scale model measurements on daylighting systems (EPFL) Print, CD 07.2000

Daylighting Systems Data Base (TUB) CD 07.2000

SUBTASK B: Daylight responsive lighting control systems

Monitoring Protocol (TUD/SBI) Print, CD 04.2000

Application Guide (TNO et al.) CD 06.2000

Database of daylight responsive lighting control system (TUB) CD 06.2000

Introduction Brochure to Application Guide Print 06.2000

SUBTASK C: Daylighting design tools

Validation of daylighting design tools (ENTPE) Print 02.2000

Applicability of daylighting computer modeling

in real case studies (NRC) Print 01.2000

LESO DIAL (EPFL) CD 09.1999

Daylight simulation: Methods, algorithms, and resources (LBNL) Print, CD,Web 01.2000

Survey of simple design tools (FhG-IBP) Print, CD 02.2000

Methodology of Atria tool (EMPA) Print 03.2000

Adeline 3.0 and brochure (FhG-IBP) CD, (print) 02.2000

Summary report from Subtask C (FhG-IBP) Print, (CD) 04.2000

SUBTASK D: Daylight in Buildings, Case Studies

Monitoring Protocol Print, CD 09.1998

POE Procedures and results Print, CD 04.2000

Daylight in buildings – 15 monitored case study Print, CD 10.2000


TASK 21 NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS *

Operating AgentKjeld JohnsenDanish Building Research Insti-tuteP.O. Box 1192970 HoersholmDenmark

AustraliaNancy Ruck (Subtask A Leader)University of SydneyDept.Architecture & Design ScienceAUS - Sydney NSW 2006

AustriaMartin KlinglerIng. Buro Martin KlinglerKaplanstrasse 26063 Rum/Innsbruck

BelgiumMagali BodartUniversite Catholique de LouvainCentre de Recherche en ArchitecturePlace de Levant 1B - 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve

CanadaMorad AtifNational Research Council CanadaBuilding Performance LaboratoryOttawaCAN - Ontario K1A OR6

DenmarkPoul E. Kristensen (Subtask D Leader)Danish Technological InstituteDivision of EnergyP.O. Box 141DK - 2630 Taastrup

Jens ChristoffersenDanish Building Research Insti-tuteP.O. Box 119DK - 2970 Hoersholm

GermanyHeinrich KaaseTechnische Universitaet BerlinInstitut fur LichttechnikEinsteinufer 19D - 10587 Berlin

Hans Erhorn (Subtask C Leader)Fraunhofer Institut fhr BauphysikNobelstrasse 12D - 70569 Stuttgart

FinlandLisa HalonenHelsinki University of Techno-logyOtakaari 5AFIN - 02150 Espoo

FranceMarc FontoynontENTPE/DGCBRue Maurice AudinF - 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, Cedex

ItalyFerdinando RaponiENEA, SIRECasacciaI - 00060 S.M. di Galeria, Roma

NetherlandsLaurens Zonneveldt (Sub-task BLeader)TNO-TUE Centre for BuildingResearchP.O. Box 513NL - 5600 MB Eindhoven

New ZealandMichael DonnVictoria University of Wellington

Centre for Building PerformanceLaboratoryP O Box 600NZ - Wellington 1

NorwayOy-vin-d AschehougNorwegian University of Science andTechnol-ogy, Faculty of ArchitectureN - 7034 Trondheim

SwedenStaffan HyggeKTH, Built EnvironmentP. O. Box 88S - 801 02 Gaevle

SwitzerlandJean Louis ScartezziniÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale deLausanneLESO-PBCH - 1015 Lausanne

United KingdomPaul LittlefairBuilding Research EstablishmentLighting & Applied Vision Sec-tionGarstonUK - Watford WD2 7JR

United StatesWilliam L. CarrollLawrence Berkeley Labo-ratoryBuilding 90 - 3026Berkeley, California 94720

*This list includes national contactpersons and Sub-task leaders.A totalof 40 institutions participate in Task21. For the full address list see theProgramme web site at <www.iea-shc.org>.

27Energy Analysis Tools

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe overall goal of Task 22 is toestablish a sound technical basis foranalyzing solar, low-energy buildingswith available and emerging buildingenergy analysis tools. This goal willbe pursued by accomplishing the fol-lowing objectives:

● Assess the accuracy of availablebuilding energy analysis tools inpredicting the performance ofwidely used solar and low-energyconcepts.

● Collect and document engineeringmodels of widely used solar andlow-energy concepts for use inthe next generation building ener-gy analysis tools.

● Assess and document the impact(value) of improved building ener-gy analysis tools in analyzing solar,low-energy buildings, and widelydisseminate research results totool users, industry associationsand government agencies.

Task 22 will investigate the availabilityand accuracy of building energyanalysis tools and engineering mod-els to evaluate the performance ofsolar and low-energy buildings. Thescope of the Task is limited to wholebuilding energy analysis tools, includ-ing emerging modular type tools,and to widely used solar and low-energy design concepts. To accom-plish the stated goal and objectives,the Participants will carry outresearch in the framework of twoSubtasks:

● Subtask A: Tool Evaluation● Subtask B: Model Documentation

Tool evaluation activities will include

analytical, comparative and empiricalmethods, with emphasis given to"blind" comparative evaluation usingcarefully designed test cases and"blind" empirical validation usingmeasured data from test rooms orfull scale buildings. Documentationof engineering models will use exist-ing standard reporting formats andprocedures. The impact of improvedbuilding energy analysis tools will beassessed from a building owner per-spective.

The audience for the results of theTask is building energy analysis tooldevelopers. However, tool users,such as architects, engineers, energyconsultants, product manufacturers,and building owners and managers,are the ultimate beneficiaries of theresearch, and will be informedthrough targeted reports and arti-cles.

DurationThe Task was initiated in January1996 and is planned for completionin June 2000.

ACTIVITIES DURING 1999A summary of Subtask researchactivities completed during 1999 ispresented below.

Subtask A: Tool EvaluationThis Subtask is concerned withassessing the accuracy of availablebuilding energy analysis tools in pre-dicting the performance of widely-used solar and low-energy concepts.Three tool evaluation methodolo-gies are being employed:

1) Analytical Tests2) Comparative Tests3) Empirical Validation Tests

TASK 22:

Building Energy Analysis Tools

Michael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation

Operating Agent for the U.S.Department of Energy


Work accomplished during 1999 oneach of these tool evaluation effortsis summarized below.

● Analytical Tests: All planned activ-ities have been completed. TheWorking Document, along with aquestionnaire, a recommendedimplementation process, and aseries of one page summaries ofuse experience, was distributed toleading building energy analysistool authors throughout theworld. The purpose is to informcode authors of the existing ana-lytical tests, and to obtain theirviews and recommendations onthe importance and value of ana-lytical tests for tool evaluation/vali-dation.

● Comparative Tests: The HVACBESTEST specification has beenrevised to incorporate a largernumber of test cases and resolve afew remaining ambiguities. Thenew test cases complement theexisting test cases and improvethe diagnostic capability of HVACBESTEST. A third round of com-parative analyses is currentlyunderway involving five (5) toolsfrom four countries. As a result ofthe first and second rounds ofcomparative analyses, two simula-tion tools have been modified toaddress problems or deficienciesuncovered.

● Empirical Validation Tests:The finalreport on the ETNA and GENECtest room empirical validationexercises, prepared by France(EDF), was approved by theExecutive Committee and distrib-uted to the Task Experts, Executive

Members, and tool authors andresearchers throughout the world.The report contains the finalresults of all Task Participants forthe "blind" and "non-blind" empiri-cal validation exercise, involvingseveral test conditions in theETNA and GENEC passive solartest facilities. In general, the toolpredictions of energy and temper-ature are in close agreement withthe measured test room data.Innovative parameter identificationand validation techniques uncov-ered an experimental deficiencywhich helped to understand thetool results.

The second round of analyses hasbeen completed for the commercialempirical validation exercise usingmonitored data from the IowaEnergy Center’s Energy ResourceStation (ERS) test facility. Five toolsfrom three countries are participat-ing in the exercise. Three validationdata sets were collected from exper-iments conducted in EDS’s matchpair of test rooms:

1) Constant Air Volume withTerminal Reheat2) Variable Air Volume with TerminalReheat3) Very Variable Air Volume withTerminal Reheat

A "blind" empirical validation exer-cise was conducted by the Task par-ticipants. Refinements to the modelsare currently being made as ambigui-ties and modeling uncertainties arebeing resolved. A final set of runswill be made and the final report ofthe empirical validation exercise pre-pared.

Subtask B: Model DocumentationThis Subtask is concerned with thecollection and documentation ofexisting engineering models and thecreation of a models library accessi-ble by object-oriented (modular)simulation tool developers. TaskParticipants have selected theNeutral Model Format (NMF) as thestandard format for "hard" (comput-er-machine readable) model docu-mentation.

KTH of Sweden operates and main-tains the Simulation Model Network(SIMONE) on its Internet web site(http://www/brisdata.se/NMF). Thisweb site allows users to review avail-able engineering models document-ed in the neutral model format.These models can be downloadedfor translation for use by object-ori-ented (modular) simulation tools.

KTH has prepared a final Subtask Breport which documents the fortyengineering models contained in theSIMONE web site. A translator,which converts the NMF code totool-specific (usable) code, has beendeveloped and tested for IDA,TRN-SYS, and SPARK.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2000A summary of planned activities forSubtask A projects is presentedbelow:

● Analytical Tests. Revise WorkingDocument, as appropriate, basedon comments received from toolauthors, and the addition of newanalytic tests.

● Comparative Tests. A final roundof analyses will be conducted forall HVAC BESTEST cases. A pre-


liminary final report will be pre-pared which presents the testspecifications, results, participant(modeler) reports, and conclu-sions and recommendations.

● A final round of analyses will beconducted on the three ERSexperiments. The "blind" status ofthe tests will be removed andparticipants (modelers) will lookfor justifiable modeling errors orproblems with their tools, wheresubstantial disagreement with themeasured results exist.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYBecause of the nature of the Task –tool evaluation and emerging toolresearch – links with industry take asomewhat different form than otherIEA SHC Programme Tasks. The pri-mary audience for Task 22 researchis building energy analysis toolauthors. A secondary audience isbuilding energy codes and standardswriting organizations. For toolauthors, a number of links have beenestablished. The Analytical SolutionsWorking Document has been dis-tributed for their use and comment,and a number of tool authors areparticipating in the HVAC BESTESTand ERS tool evaluation exercises.These activities keep Task 22research effectively linked to theneeds and recommendations of theworld’s leading building energy analy-sis tool developers.

The results of Task 22 research areused as prenormative information inthe establishment of national buildingenergy codes and standards. Forexample, the BESTEST cases arebeing developed by ASHRAE into a

standard for energy standard compli-ance tool certification. Also, the U.S.National Association of State EnergyOfficials has referenced IEABESTEST for certification of homeenergy rating software. A number ofother countries are consideringBESTEST as a standard method oftesting building energy analysis toolsfor their national energy codes.

Through these kinds of industrylinks, the participants of Task 22ensure the valuable use of itsresearch results.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1999The following reports or resultswere published in 1999:

Comparison Between EDF ETNA andGENEC Test Cell Data and BuildingEnergy Analysis Simulation Models,Electricity of France, December1999.

Models for Building Indoor Climate andEnergy Simulation, KTH, Sweden,December 1999.

Simulation Model Network (SIMONE)web site of NMF engineering mod-els, BrisData, Sweden, 1999.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2000The following reports or results areplanned for 2000:

HVAC BESTEST Specifications andComparative Results, NREL, USA.

Empirical Validation of Energy AnalysisModels Using Energy Resource StationData, CIEMAT, Spain.

Parameter Estimation/IdentificationTechnique for Modeling ErrorDiagnostics, GISE/ENPC, France.

1999 EXPERTS MEETINGSSeventh Experts MeetingMarch 17-20Dresden and Berlin, Germany

Eighth Experts MeetingSeptember 29-October 1Stockholm, Sweden

2000 EXPERTS MEETINGSNinth Experts MeetingMarch 20-23Madrid, Spain


TASK 22 NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS

Operating AgentMichael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation 2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201Boulder, Colorado 80301 United States

FinlandPekka TuomaalaVTT Building TechnologyEnergy Systems Research GroupP.O. Box 1804 (Lampomie henkuja3, Espoo)FIN-02044 VTT

Mika VuolleHelsinki University of TechnologyHeating,Ventilating & AirConditioningOtakaari 4FIN-02150 ESPOO

FranceGilles GuyonElectricite de FranceLes RenardieresRoute de Sens BP177250 Moret-sur-Loing

Elena Palomo IUT de CreteifLaboratoire LETIEFUniversite de Paris XII –

Val de MarneAvenue du General De Gaulle94010 CRETEIL Cedex

GermanyClemens FelsmannTechnische Universität DresdenInstitut für Thermodynamik undTechn. GebäudequsrüstungHelmholtzstr. 1401062 Dresden

Martin BehneKLIMASYSTEMTECHNIKEsdorn Jahn GmbHKeplerstraße 8/7010589 Berlin

SpainJuan TravesiDepartamento De EnergiasRenovables, CIEMATAvda. Complutense, 2228040 Madrid

SwedenPer Sahlin and Alex BringBris Data ABVasterlanggatan 2711129 Stockholm

SwitzerlandGerhard Zweifel, MatthiasAchermann, and Markus DuerigZentralschweizerischesTechnikum LuzemAbt. HLKCH-6048 Horw

United KingdomDavid Bloomfield, Foroutan Parandand Elizabeth SilverBuilding Research EstablishmentBucknalls LaneGarstonWatford Wd2 7 JR

United StatesRon Judkoff and Joel NeymarkNational Renewable EnergyLaboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401

Gregory Maxwell Mechanical EngineeringDepartmentIowa State University2025 Black Engineering BuildingAmes, Iowa 50011

Curtis J. KlaasenIEC Energy Resource StationDMACC2006 S.Ankeny BoulevardAnkeny, Iowa 50021

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objectives of Task 23 areto ensure the most appropriate useof solar energy in each specific build-ing- project for the purpose of opti-mizing the use of solar energy andalso of promoting more use of solarenergy in the building sector.

This is achieved by enabling thebuilding designers to carry outtrade-off analyses between the needfor and potential use of energy con-servation, daylighting, passive solar,active solar, and photo-voltaic tech-nologies in systematic designprocesses.

In addition, the objective of the Taskis to ensure that the buildings pro-mote sustainable development.Thisis done by including considerationsof other resource use and of localand global environmental impact inthe trade-off analyses to be carriedout.

ScopeThe work primarily focuses on com-mercial and institution-al buildings, asthese types of buildings clearly needseveral types of systems. In particu-lar, office buildings and educationalbuildings are addressed.The sameissues are relevant for many ---othercommercial and institutional build-ings. However, some of these, suchas for -instance hospitals, requirerather specialized design teams andwould broaden the scope of the Tasktremendously.They are thereforeexcluded from the Task in order toensure concentration and focus inthe work carried out.

MeansThe work in the Task is divided infour Subtasks:

● Subtask A: Case stories(Lead Country: Denmark)

● Subtask B: Design process guide-lines(Lead Country: Switzerland)

● Subtask C: Methods and tools fortrade-off analysis(Lead country: USA)

● Subtask D: Dissemination anddemonstration(Lead country: Netherlands)

Subtask A provides the knowledgebase to be used in the developmentof guidelines, methods, and tools inSubtasks B and C, while Subtask Densures that the results of the workare disseminated to the appropriateaudiences.

DurationThe Task was initiated on June 1,1997 and will be completed onJune 1, 2002.

ACTIVITIES DURING 1999Subtask A: Case StoriesThe main objective of Subtask A isto provide the knowledge needed inthe development of the guidelines,methods, and tools which are beingdeveloped in Subtasks B and C.Thisis done by evaluating and document-ing a set of buildings designed usingthe "whole building approach". Boththe particular processes used in thedesign of the buildings and theresulting building performances areevaluated.

The Technical Report on CaseStories, the main result of this, is now

31Energy Use in Large Buildings

TASK 23:

Optimization of SolarEnergy Use in Large

Buildings

Prof. Anne Grete HestnesNorwegian University of Science

and TechnologyOperating Agent for the

Research Council of Norway


printed and distributed.An articlebased on the contents of the reportis also produced, and plans for wideinternational distribution of this havebeen made. Plans for a second vol-ume of the report, with a few newbuildings, have also been made.Thiswill be a Working Document, forinternal use.

Subtask B: Design ProcessGuidelinesThe main objective of Subtask B isto develop design process guidelinessuitable for the early stages ofdesign, as the integrated designapproach is particularly important inthese stages.The guidelines dealboth with the make up of and theinteraction between members of thedesign team, with the informationrequired by the team, and with theways of designing the building as a

system, where the different lowenergy and solar technologies to beused are integral parts of the whole.

The Subtask B working group hasdeveloped what may be called anelectronic multidimensional informa-tion space which includes all theinformation they collect/develop ondesign processes and which helpssort this information in relevant files.This information space they use as atool in identifying the elements thatare key to a successful designprocess specifically aimed at thedesign of solar low energy buildings.Using these results, they will proceedto produce a set of relatively simpledesign process guidelines.The infor-mation space itself may in the endbecome a supplement to this.

At the last experts meeting the

group organized a workshop provid-ing input to this work.

One of the key outcomes of theworkshop was the realization that atleast some of the work in Subtask Bshould focus on design competitions.Competitions are typically used inthe design of larger buildings, theyare becoming more and more com-mon, and they are often a seriousobstacle to good solar design. It istherefore especially important todevelop guidelines for how to orga-nize competitions in a way that pro-motes solar low energy design. Forthat purpose it seems that the Task23 guidelines and methods/tools canbe useful both in the developmentof competition programs and in theevaluation of entries.

Subtask C: Methods and Tools forTrade-off AnalysisThe main objective of Subtask C isto develop methods and tools to beused by the designers when doingtrade-off analyses between differentlow energy and solar technologies.As designers, builders, and ownersoptimize against a large number ofcriteria, such as energy use, comfort,cost, aesthetics, environmentalimpact, etc., it is assumed that thereis a need for both a computer-basedtool that can optimize against a rela-tively limited set of criteria and amore complex, multi-criteria deci-sion making method that will enablethe designers to do more generaland, therefore, less detailed optimiza-tions.

The first version of such a multi-cri-teria decision making (MCDM)method has now been tested in

Example of how the result of a multi-criteria evaluation of a specific solar design("solar office building") versus a traditional design ("typical office building") can be illustrated in a so-called "star diagram" using the MCDM 23 tool.


local/national workshops on realdesign problems.The participantsexperienced that the clients oftenwere unaware of their own prioritieswith respect to the buildings theywanted to have built.The teamworkshops therefore helped boththe clients and the others find outwhat they really wanted.The conclu-sion from testing the process wasalso that it proved to be a very valu-able process in bringing the teamtogether and in extending the rangeof issues being considered.Theworkshops, and the reports fromthem, also taught the Task 23 expertsa lot about "real life" design process-es.All the participants will noweither start, continue, or repeat thetesting.The results of the tests willbe used to refine the method.

A computer tool, MCDM 23, whichincludes the worksheet used in theMCDM method and which presentsthe results as star diagrams, has alsobeen produced.The tool is intendedto make some of the steps in theMCDM process easier to carry out.This tool has in general been verywell received by the participants, andsome of the Task 23 experts have

expressed interest in integrating it intheir own tool development.This willbe possible as long as due credit isgiven to Task 23.

Subtask D: Dissemination andDemonstrationThe main objective of Subtask D isto disseminate the results of theTask’s work to the building commu-nity. For architects and engineersdesigning low energy and solar build-ings it is assumed that disseminationthrough workshops, seminars, anddesign competitions will be particu-larly effective. For builders, owners,and occupants it is assumed thatdemonstration buildings will be mosteffective.

The first workshop with externalparticipation has now been conduct-ed, and plans for the next one havebeen made. Plans for demonstrationbuildings are also coming along, withquite a few of the participants nowhaving fairly concrete ideas for whichbuildings to use:

● Canada wants to use a new build-ing planned for the ConcordiaUniversity School of BuildingScience, in Montreal.

● Denmark will use the "Scanport"building, a new office building forSkanska, to be built next to theCopenhagen Airport.The DanishTask 23 experts are alreadyinvolved in the design.

● Norway will use Oppegård Skole,a new school to be built close toOslo. One of the Norwegian Task23 experts has the contract forthe design.

● Spain will use an apartment build-ing to be built in Madrid. It is the

winning entry in a design competi-tion, won by the Spanish Task 23experts together with one of theGerman Task 23 experts.

● Austria’s Task 23 experts haveentered a design competition witha very promising concept andhope to win. If so, they will use thisas a demonstration building.

Several of the other participants arealso actively looking for possibledemonstration projects.

SUMMARY OF WORK TO DATESubtask A:● The Technical Report on Case

Stories has been produced anddistributed.

● A journal article presenting theresults of the case stories hasbeen produced.

● Plans for a second volume of theCase Stories report have beenmade.

Subtask B:● An electronic, multidimensional

workspace with all the informationcollected in Subtask B has beenproduced and presented.

● The contours of a design processguideline have been identified.

Subtask C:● The proposed Task 23 multi crite-

ria decision making (MCDM)process has been tested and theresults discussed.

● A computer tool, MCDM 23, hasbeen produced.

● Task 23 libraries and default valuesfor Energy-10 have been pro-duced and distributed.

The leader of Subtask B attempting toexplain their multi-dimensional informa-tion space to the other experts.


● The work on making Energy-10more usable as a Task 23 tool iscontinuing.

● An advanced Energy-10 workshophas been conducted.

Subtask D:● Two Task 23 workshops have been

conducted.● National information dissemina-

tion plans have been presented.● Plans for demonstration buildings

have been finalised.

General:● Two Experts Meetings have been

conducted.● A number of group meetings have

been conducted.● Fruitful partnerships have been

established.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2000In 2000, the main emphasis will beon Subtasks B and C.Within theseSubtasks, revised versions of theguidelines, methods, and tools will beproduced.These will be tested intwo workshops to be arranged inconjunction with the two ExpertsMeetings. Both workshops will beopen to invited participants from thedesign community in the host coun-tries for the meetings and areexpected to give good feedback onthe capabilities of the guidelines,methods, and tools.

The work in Subtask D also will gainmomentum, both with the work-shop activities, with the publicationof the booklet on good examples,and especially with the developmentof demonstration buildings.

Summary of Work PlannedSubtask A:● The case story article will be pub-

lished in several journals.● A working document on the crite-

ria used in the design of the casestory buildings will be produced.

● Work on a second volume of theCase Stories report will start.

Subtask B:● A Task 23 design process guideline

will be produced.● Final reports on the various

Subtask B surveys will be pro-duced.

● Work on the multidimensionalSubtask B "information space" willcontinue.

Subtask C:● The Task 23 multi criteria decision

making method will be furthertested and refined.

● The MCDM 23 computer tool willbe completed.

● Decisions on how to integrateMCDM 23 in other tools will bemade.

● Version 1.3 of Energy-10 will bedistributed.

Subtask D:● A Task 23 poster will be produced.● Two more Task 23 workshops will

be conducted.● The Task 23 Booklet on "Good

examples of integrated solardesign" will be produced.

● A Task publication plan will bedeveloped.

● Work on demonstration buildingswill commence.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1999Description of Case Stories:A TechnicalReport of IEA SHC Task 23 Subtask A,Report available from EsbensenConsulting Engineers AS,Copenhagen, 1999.

"Integrated Design of Solar Buildings:The Work in IEA Task 23," Proceedingsof Intelligent Building DesignConference, Stuttgart, Germany, 1999.

"Building Integration of Solar EnergySystems", Proceedings of ISES SolarWorld Congress, Jerusalem, Israel,1999.

1999 EXPERTS MEETINGS Fourth Experts Meeting March 1-3Toledo, Spain

Fifth Experts MeetingOctober 6-9Vienna,Austria

2000 EXPERTS MEETINGS Sixth Experts MeetingMarch 8-10Saariselkä, Finland

Seventh Experts MeetingSeptember 14-16USA



Operating AgentAnne Grete HestnesFaculty of Architecture,Planning, and Fine ArtsNorwegian University of Science and Technology -NTNUN-7491 TrondheimNorway

AustriaSusanne GeisslerÖsterreichisches Ökologie-InstitutSeidengasse 13A-1070 Wien

CanadaNils LarssonCanmet Energy Technology Centre13/F, 580 Booth St.Ottawa, KIA 0E4

DenmarkTorben EsbensenEsbensen Consulting Engineers ASMøllegade 54-56DK-6400 Sønderborg

FinlandJyri NieminenVTT Building TechnologyP.O. Box 1804FIN-02044 VTT

GermanyGünter LöhnertSOL.ID.ARKolonnenstrasse 26D-12163 Berlin

JapanMitsuhiro UdagawaDepartment of Architecture

Kogakuin University1-24-2 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-kuTokyo 163-8677

NetherlandsBart PoelDamen ConsultantsBox 694NL-6800 AR Arnhem

SpainLuis Alvarez-Ude CoteraA.U.I.A., c/Papa Negro 41BParque Conde de OrgazE-28043 Madrid

SwedenMaria WallDepartment of Building Science,Lund University, P.O.Box 118S-22100 Lund

SwitzerlandPierre JaboyedoffSORANE SARoute de Châtelard 52CH-1018 Lausanne

United StatesJ. Douglas BalcombNREL, 1617 Cole Blvd.,Golden, Colorado 80401

36Solar Procurement

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objective of Task 24 is tocreate a sustainable, enlarged mar-ket for active solar water heatingsystems (mainly domestic systems).

This objective will be achievedthrough major cost and price reduc-tions for all cost elements, includingmarketing and installation, as well asperformance improvements andjoint national and international pur-chasing.

SubtasksThe work in Task 24 is divided intotwo Subtasks, each co-ordinated bya lead country:

● Subtask A: Procurement andMarketing (Lead Country: Netherlands)

● Subtask B: Creation of Tools (Lead Country: Denmark)

The objectives of Subtask A are:● To raise interest in active solar

thermal solutions● To form buyer groups to purchase

state-of-the-art and innovative sys-tems

The procurement activities will con-sist of two rounds: the first withsmaller projects and a low degreeof joint international collaboration,and the second with larger projectsand a higher degree of collabora-tion.

The objectives of Subtask B are:● To collect, analyse and summarise

experience● To create tools to facilitate the

creation of buyer groups and therealisation of projects and pro-

curements.These tools will beincluded in a manual: "Book ofTools"

● To define a process for prototypetesting and evaluation, using exist-ing methods

DurationThe Task was initiated on April 1,1998 and will be completed onMarch 31, 2003.

ACTIVITIES DURING 1999● During the year, much of the

work has focused on the identifi-cation of buyers and on formingnational buyer groups.A numberof national meetings have beenheld and buyer groups have beenformed in Canada, Denmark, theNetherlands and Sweden.Thesegroups consist of representativesof municipalities, utilities, housingcorporations, construction com-panies, real estate developers,NGOs and other organisations.An international buyer groupworkshop took place in theNetherlands in May, with partici-pation of representatives fromseveral potential buyer groupsfrom the above-mentioned fourcountries. In connection with thisworkshop, there were study toursto solar thermal sites of interest.

● Switzerland officially joined Task24 in September 1999 and workhas started on identifying suitableprojects and planning the worktogether with buyer groups.

● Preparations for the First Roundof procurements have been goingon in the countries. Draft specifi-cations and competition docu-

TASK 24:

Solar Procurement

Hans WestlingPromandat AB

Operating Agent for the SwedishCouncil for Building Research

37Solar Procurement

ments have been drawn up.

● The importance of a dialogue withsuppliers (including manufacturers,installers, retailers and distributors)has been stressed by the Task 24participants.There have been sup-plier meetings in all the participat-ing countries. Several contactshave been made with the supplierorganisations ASTIG and ESIF, andan international meeting with sup-pliers was held in the Netherlandsin May.

● The work on the manual, Book ofTools, has proceeded withDenmark as co-ordinator of thework. Participating countries haveprovided case studies, and 10cases will be included in the book.A draft will be published on theTask 24 website, for review by Taskmembers, in December 1999.

● To raise further interest in Task 24,information activities are consid-ered to be essential. Brochures,articles and other informationmaterial have been produced andpublished in all the participatingcountries.The Task 24 official web-site (www.IEAtask24.org) hasbeen updated by Canada.Anewsletter, published on the web-site, has been produced andupdated by Denmark.Additionalsources for financing the informa-tion activities have been investigat-ed and an application to theEuropean Commission ALTENERProgramme was sent at the end ofNovember.

● Several contacts and meetingswith representatives from different

organisations in Germany andAustria have taken place in orderto get them involved in Task 24.These contacts will continue.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2000The First Round of procurementswith smaller national projects willproceed and tenders will beannounced.All the National Co-ordi-nators will work further with differ-ent buyer groups and projects. Someexamples are mentioned below.

● In Canada, an NGO tendered andinstalled solar domestic hot watersystems in the autumn of 1999.Parties involved include also a util-ity, a city and Natural ResourcesCanada.The experience obtainedfrom the tender specifications willbe used for future tenders.A par-allel project has begun withanother NGO being the projectmanager; the first round of sys-tems is expected to be installed inearly 2000. It is expected thatboth buyers will form a buyergroup next year for Phase 1 ten-dering under Task 24.

● Work in Denmark will continuewith four specific buyer groups: autility, employees at an industrialcompany, two housing developers(where the contacts go throughan NGO working with renewableenergy) and a regional effort.

● In the Netherlands, a project isplanned for 300 medium-sizedsystems through an umbrellaorganisation of housing associa-tions.There are specific plans towork with a utility and a provinceaiming at housing associations in

the province.Together with thisutility, there also are plans for aproject of installing at least 1,000solar water heaters in new hous-ing developments in their supplyarea.A national solar installationcompany will be set up, in which50 installers participate.The com-pany aims at national-wide pro-jects, the first one in collaborationwith the World Wildlife Fund withthe aim of realising 2,500 solarwater heaters in 2000.A Dutchbank also is planning a solar waterheating campaign directedtowards all existing and newclients.

● Sweden will focus on both smallsystems and large plants, with twoseparate buyer groups. Interestedparticipants include two ofSweden’s largest contractors,some counties, utilities and hous-ing companies. Purchasing of smallsystems and order forms will belaunched through regional andnational campaigns.The buyergroup for large plants will consistof housing companies, contrac-tors, utilities and others.The com-petition documentation will becompleted in early 2000, afterwhich the tender will beannounced towards national andinternational manufacturers.

● Work in Switzerland will focus onthree utilities in three regions.There also are plans for contactswith the Union of Swiss CityWorks.Very well prepared back-ground documentation has beendeveloped which will be used inorder to raise Swiss interest inthe procurement activities.

38Solar Procurement

● Since many solar water heatercampaigns have been preparedand will be carried out in all thecountries, efforts will be made tocreate as much synergy as possi-ble between the various cam-paigns. Synergy can be achieved inmany phases, such as tendering,preparation of publicity and evalu-ation.

● Information activities will contin-ue.The Task 24 newsletter will beupdated and published on thewebsite.The Subtask Leaders areplanning presentations and papersfor the EuroSun 2000 conferencein Denmark in June, and a presen-tation also is planned by theOperating Agent at an Austriansolar conference in September.

● Contacts with interested organi-sations will continue in Germanyand Austria and be started inBelgium, United Kingdom andUnited States. Further contactswill be taken with the supplierorganisations ASTIG and ESIF inorder to give them the possibilityof influencing the framework ofthe coming tender documentsand inform-ing them of the ongo-ing preparation of national ten-ders.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1999Opportunities for Large-Scale Purchaseof Active Solar Systems, the first officialreport of Task 24, produced in col-laboration with CADDET in theUnited Kingdom. It was printed inDecember 1998 and distributionstarted in January 1999.

Full information about Task 24 canbe found on the Task 24 website(www.ieatask24.org) which is pro-duced and updated by Canada.

Models for specifications of collectorsystems for large solar heating appli-cations and of small domestic hotwater systems for detached houseshave been drawn up by Sweden indrafts in English and German.Thesemodels may inspire the preparationsfor concrete procurements in thedifferent countries.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2000A second draft of the Book of Tools isplanned for December 2000.

Tender documentation will be drawnup for the different national tendersand will be exchanged between theparticipating countries.

1999 EXPERTS MEETINGS Third Experts MeetingMay 4-5The Netherlands

Fourth Experts MeetingSeptember 30 - October 1Denmark

2000 EXPERTS MEETINGSFifth Experts MeetingFebruary 28 - March 1Canada

Sixth Experts MeetingSeptember 11-12Switzerland

39Solar Procurement

TASK 24 NATIONAL CONTACTPERSONS

Operating AgentHans WestlingPromandat ABP.O. Box 24205SE-104 51 StockholmSweden

CanadaMichael NobleEnerWorks280 Cheapside StreetLondon, Ontario, N6A 2A2

Gerald Van DeckerActive Solar Energy TechnologiesCANMET / Natural ResourcesCanada580 Booth Street, 13th FloorOttawa, Ontario, K1A 0E4

DenmarkKlaus EllehaugeDanish Technological InstituteSolar Energy Center DenmarkTeknologiparkenDK-8000 Aarhus C

Torben EsbensenEsbensen Consultants A/SMollegade 54DK-6400 Sonderborg

Lotte GramkowEsbensen Consultants A/SMollegade 54DK-6400 Sonderborg

Iben OstergaardDanish Technological InstituteSolar Energy Center DenmarkGregersenvej, Postbox 141DK-2630 Taastrup

NetherlandsPeter OutEcofys Research and ConsultancyKanalweg 16 GNL-3526 KL Utrecht

Adrie van de WaterNOVEM b.v.P.O. Box 8242NL-3503 RE Utrecht

SwedenJan-Olof DalenbäckChalmers University of TechnologyBuilding Services EngineeringSE-412 96 Gothenburg

Hans IsakssonK-Konsult StockholmP.O. Box 47044SE-100 74 Stockholm

Bengt RidellSydkraft-Sycon ABCarl Gustavs vag 4SE-205 09 Malmoe

Mats RydehellKanEnergi Sweden ABP.O. Box 41SE-532 21 Skara

Heimo ZinkoZW Energiteknik ABP.O. Box 137SE-611 23 Nykoping

SwitzerlandMarkus PortmannBMP Sanitär und EnergieKirchrainweg 4Postfach 459CH-6011 Kriens

Christian VollminSSES, Swiss Solar Energy Societyc/o Sopra Solarpraxis AGHombergstrasse 4CH-4466 Ormalingen

40Solar Assisted Air Conditioning

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objective of Task 25 is toimprove conditions for the marketintroduction of solar assisted air con-ditioning systems in order to pro-mote a reduction of primary energyconsumption and electricity peakloads due to air conditioning ofbuildings.Therefore the project willaim to :

● Define the performance criteria ofsolar assisted cooling systems con-sidering both energety related aswell as economic performance,

● Identify and further develop ofpromising solar assisted coolingtechnologies,

● Optimize the integration of solarassisted cooling systems into thebuilding and the HVAC systemfocusing on an optimized primaryenergy saving - cost performanceand

● Create design tools and design

concepts for architects, planersand civil engineers.

The work in Task 25 is carried out inthe framework of four Subtasks.

Subtask A: Survey of Solar AssistedCoolingThe objective of Subtask A is to pro-vide a picture of the state-of-the-artof solar assisted cooling.This includesthe evaluation of projects realized inthe past.

Subtask B: Design Tools and Simulation ProgramsThe objective of Subtask B is todevelop design tools and detailedsimulation tools for system layout,system optimization and develop-ment of advanced control strategiesof solar assisted cooling systems.Main result will be an easy-to-handledesign tool for solar assisted coolingsystems dedicated to architects,

TASK 25:

Solar Assisted AirConditioning of Buildings

Hans-Martin HenningFrauhofer Institute for

Solar Energy Systems ISEOperating Agent for the GermanFederal Ministry of Economy and

Technology (BMWi)

A type of system covered in Task 25. The chiller may be either a thermally drivenchiller (absorption, adsorption) or an electrically driven vapour compression machine.


building engineers and planners.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and EnvironmentalBenefitsThe objectives of Subtask C are toprovide an overview on the marketavailability of equipment suitable forsolar assisted air conditioning and tosupport the development and mar-ket introduction of new andadvanced systems. Design-guidelinesfor solar assisted air conditioningsystems will be developed.

Subtask D: Solar Assisted CoolingDemonstration ProjectsSeveral demonstration projects willbe carried out and evaluated in theframework of Task 25.The objec-tives are to achieve practical experi-ence with solar assisted cooling inreal projects and to make data forthe validation of the simulationtools available.The suitability of thedesign and control concepts will bestudied and reliable results aboutthe overall performance of solarassisted air conditioning will beavailable.

DurationThe Task was initiated in June 1999and will be completed in May 2004.Subtask A will be completed in May2000 and Subtasks B and C will becompleted in May 2002.

ACTIVITIES DURING 1999A summary of Subtask researchactivities started during 1999 is pre-sented below.

Subtask A: Survey of Solar AssistedCoolingA survey of realized solar assisted

cooling projects has been started.For this purpose a detailed ques-tionnaire was developed which cov-ers all technical and economicaspects of installations built in thepast.An evaulation of the informa-tion gathered with the question-naire will lead to results on tech-nologies involved, design experi-ences, operations experiences andproblems found. Most promisingconcepts considering both energyrelated and economic criteria willbe identified.

Subtask B: Design Tools and Simulation ProgramsMain decisions concerning thedesign tool development have beenmade.The purpose of the designtool will be to help architects andplanners to design solar assisted airconditioning systems and to carryout feasibility studies quickly andaccurately.The design tool will be aneasy-to-handle WINDOWS-appli-cation and consist of several fixedsystem configurations.A form wasdeveloped to define a series ofinteresting system configurations, asfor instance single-effect absorptionchiller driven by a vacuum tube col-lector and a backup gas heaterwhich produces chilled water for achilled ceiling. It is estimated thatabout 10-15 system types will bedefined. Gathering interests of par-ticipating countries in these systemconfigurations has been startedrecently.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and EnvironmentalBenefitsWork has started to yield anoverview on market available

equipment for solar assisted airconditioning.Therefore a form forgathering information on solar col-lectors has been established anddistributed.

Subtask D: Solar Assisted CoolingDemonstration ProjectsWork in Subtask D starts in June2000.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2000A summary of Subtask researchactivities planned for 2000 is pre-sented below.

Subtask A: Survey of Solar AssistedCooling A review of past activities in solarassisted cooling will be realized.Thisconsists of two parts: review of pastresearch activities (mainly in the USand Japan) and review of solarassisted cooling/air conditioningprojects in the past, i.e., survey onexisting plants in participating coun-tries. Information on existing plantswill be gathered and evaluated untilApril 2000.

Subtask B: Design Tools and Simulation Programs A decision on most important sys-tem configurations modelled in thedesign tool will be taken, the pro-gram surface will be developed anda decision on reference buildings(cooling load files) to be includedtaken.Work on algorithms for thecomponents (chillers, desiccantcooling systems, solar collectors,ACequipment) will start.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and EnvironmentalBenefits


The description of market availablehardware components for solarassisted air conditioning will be car-ried out. For each of the main com-ponents (solar equipment,AC andcooling equipment, tpyical loads) aform for gathering data will be fin-ished.These forms will be used byparticipants to put together data andinformation. Concerning new devel-opments of cooling technologies inparticipating countries a list of thosedevelopments will be completed anda draft of an overview produced.Aform for the performance assess-ment related to energy and econo-my of solar assisted AC systems is tobe developed.This form shall help toallow a comparative analysis of dif-ferent system configurations for agiven application.

Subtask D: Solar Assisted CoolingDemonstration Projects First decisions on demonstrationinstallations will be made and thedesign of these systems start.Participants will achieve an agree-ment on specifications of the moni-toring system for the demonstrationprojects of Task 25.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1999No official technical reports werepublished in 1999.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2000Survey of solar assisted cooling andair conditioning projects, a productof Subtask A.

1999 EXPERTS MEETINGSFirst Experts MeetingJune 17-18,Perpignan, France

2000 EXPERTS MEETINGSSecond Experts MeetingJanuary 27-28Delft, Netherlands

Third Experts MeetingSeptember 21-22Mexico


TASK 25 NATIONAL CONTACTPERSONS

Operating AgentHans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for Solar EnergySystems ISEOltmannsstr. 5D-79100 Freiburg, Germany

AustriaErich PodesserJoanneum ResearchElisabethstrasse 5,A-8010 Graz

DenmarkJan Erik NielsenSolar Energy Center, DanishTechnological InstituteGregersensvej, P.O. Box 141DK-2630 Taastrup

FranceJean-Yves Quinettetecsol105, rue Alfred Kastler - Tecnosud -B.P. 434,F-66004 Perpignan

GermanyUwe FranzkeInstitut für Luft- und KältetechnikBertolt-Brecht-Allee 20D-01309 Dresden

Greece (observer)Costantinos A. BalaresNational Observatory of AthensP.O. Box 20048GR-118 10 Athens

Israel (observer)Gershon GrossmanTechnion HaifaHaifa 32000

ItalyFederico ButeraIERENVia Ugo La Malfa, 15390146 Palermo

JapanHideharu YanagiMayekawa MFG.Co., LTD.,2000,Tatsuzawa Moriya-Machi,Kitasoma-GunIbaraki-Pref. 302-0118MexicoIsaac PilatowskyUniversidad Nacional Autonoma deMexicoApdo. Postal #34 Temixco 62580Morelos

NetherlandsRien RolloosTNO Building & ConstructionResearchSchoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 492600 AA Delft

PortugalFarinha MendesINETI-ITE-DEREstrada do Paco do Lumiar1699 Lisboa Codex

SpainCarlos David Pérez SegarraUniversitat Politècnica de CatalunyaC/ Colom, 11E-08222 Terrassa (Barcelona)

44Solar Combisystems

TASK DESCRIPTIONSolar heating systems for combineddomestic hot water preparation andspace heating, so called solar com-bisystems are increasing their marketshare in several countries.Much is already known about solardomestic hot water systems, butsolar combisystems are more com-plex and have interaction with extrasubsystems.These interactions pro-foundly affect the overall perfor-mance of the solar part of the sys-tem.The general complexity of solarcombisystems has led to a largenumber of widely differing systemdesigns, many only very recentlyintroduced onto the market.Afterthe first period of combisystems(1975-1985) where design of notstandard and complex systems byengineers was the rule, a new peri-od has been opened since 1990.Now the design is done essentiallyby solar companies trying to sell sim-pler and cheaper systems. But cur-

rent designs result mainly from fieldexperiences and they have not yetbeen carefully optimized. Substantialpotential for cost reduction, perfor-mance improvement and increase inreliability exists and that needs to bescientifically addressed.

Scope and main activities to beundertakenTask 26 is reviewing, analyzing, test-ing, comparing, optimizing andimproving designs and solutions ofsolar combisystems for :

● detached one family houses● groups of one family houses, and● multifamily houses or equivalent in

load with their own heating instal-lations.

This Task does not refer to solar dis-trict heating systems or systems withseasonal storage or central solarheating plants with seasonal storage.

TASK 26:

Solar Combisystems

Werner WeissAEE, Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE

Operating Agent for the AustrianMinistry of Science and Transport

A solar combisystem for a detached house in Austria.


To accomplish the objectives of theTask, the Participants are carryingout research and development inthe framework of the followingthree Subtasks:

● Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults(Lead Country : Switzerland)

● Subtask B: Development ofPerformance Test Methods andNumerical Models forCombisystems and theirComponents(Lead Country:The Netherlands)

● Subtask C: Optimization ofCombisystems for the Market(Lead Country:Austria)

Besides 24 experts from 9 countries14 companies from almost all partic-ipating countries are taking part inthe work.Their contributions willmake the results of the Task morerelevant to the solar heating industryin general.

DurationThe Task was initiated on December1, 1998 and will be completed onDecember 31, 2001.

ACTIVITIES DURING 1999A summary of Subtask researchactivities during 1999 is presentedbelow.

Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults So far, the emphasis has been put onthe overview of combisystems, onthe definition of reference conditionsfor simulation runs and performancereports, and on criteria for ranking

and making inter-comparisons of thesystems.

Overview of CombisystemsDuring the summer of 1999, a colorbrochure was drafted presenting rel-evant existing solar combisystems.The targeted audience is industry(architects, engineers, HVAC compa-nies). It will be an attractive cata-logue of 19 existing generic systemsin the participating countries.Thebrochure is planned to be publishedin February 2000.

Criteria for the ranking and inter-comparison of combisystems● So far agreement has been

reached on two types of diagram:(1) an efficiency diagram repre-senting the fractional energy sav-ings as a function of the maindimensioning parameter (the ratioof the yearly solar radiation inci-dent on the collector array to theyearly heat consumption for space

heating and domestic hot water),and (2) a cost performance dia-gram with the annual energy sav-ings represented as a function ofthe system considered and of theadditional investment cost relatedto solar.These two diagrams shallallow the identification of trendsrelated to the system type, designand dimensioning.

● Also a number of qualitative rank-ing and inter-comparison criteriahave also been discussed bySubtask A.An internal documenton the ranking and inter-compari-son criteria developed by SubtaskA will be worked out in the firsttwo months of 2000.

Industry newsletterThe first issue of the annual industrynewsletter was prepared and will bepublished in English in December1999. Several countries haveannounced their intention to trans-late the general part of the newslet-

A solar combisystem for a detached house in Finland.


ter into their national language, withregional co-operation betweencountries speaking the same lan-guage.

Subtask B: Development ofPerformance Test Methods andNumerical Models for Combisystemsand their Components The test method development forsolar combisystems includes boththe thermal performance and hotwater comfort. Model developmentsupports both test the definition ofprocedures, the evaluation of tests inSubtask B and the optimization ofsolar combisystems in Subtask C.

Test method development for ther-mal performance characterization ● The thermal performance test

should (1) indicate the well-func-tioning of the system and aspectsfor improvement and (2) reveal anannual performance predictionwith sufficient accuracy.

● The exchange of ideas withrespect to the test conditions aswell as on specific items of the testprocedure has led to a proposalfor the test conditions.As simplecharacterization works by meansof analyzing the input-output rela-tions and extrapolating short termtest data, test conditions shouldinclude realistic near average val-ues on weather and operatingconditions. Presently, the test pro-cedure is considered to consist ofthree test periods simulating win-ter, spring/autumn and summeroperation.The test should directlylead to an indication of the annualsystem performance.

● Space heating demand is directedthrough solar irradiation and differ-

ences in demandtemperature (auxil-iary control) permitvariations; a choicehas been made tocouple the heatdemand to the 100kWh/(m2year) refer-ence house. For win-ter conditions, thismeans a high spaceheating load for ‘no’solar irradiation anda medium load forlow solar irradiation. Forspring/autumn conditions, test con-ditions reach from a medium spaceheating load for low solar irradia-tion up to a medium-low load formedium solar irradiation. In sum-mer, there is no space heating.

● Reference heat demand for tapwater is 140 liter per day, heatedfrom 10 to 45*C. For winter andspring/autumn conditions, the dis-tribution of tap water draw-off isidentical on all days, i.e. 40% in themorning, 20% at noon and 40% inthe early evening. For summerconditions, there is a variationbetween 60% and 170% of thenominal draw-off.

● The proposed test sequences forthe AC/DC method will now beinvestigated using simulated mea-suring data and the first resultsfrom real testing will become avail-able.

● Another achievement is the test-ing of several solar combisystemheat stores in Germany andSweden using the CTSS methodavailable.

Model developmentIn 1999 work has been carried out

on the detailed collector model.Aburner model has also been devel-oped further and missing aspectssuch as the electricity use and heatlosses by incomplete combustionduring start-up have been indicated.For the distribution side, radiator and floor heating models have beendeveloped.The development of thebuilding model has almost beencompleted. Space heating loads forthe mid-European (Zurich) climatehave been translated into modelparameters for the building model.

Subtask C: Optimization ofCombisystems for the Market The objective of this Subtask is toenhance existing solar combisystemdesigns by optimization based onsimulation of the systems and tohelp industry to propose new sys-tem designs being able to matchdemand with better thermal andeconomical performance thanbefore.The reference conditions forsimulation runs are defined andapproved by the participants. 19 sys-

Hydraulic scheme of an advanced solarcombisystem


tem designs chosen by Subtask Anow are going to be optimized.

Optimization procedure The following suggestion for theoptimization procedure made by theSubtask Leader was accepted:● Model the system in TRNSYS● Define non relevant and fixed

parameters as well as limits forvariations with manufacturersPerform a sensitivity analysis withall parameters (Zurich climate, 4buildings)

● Define critical parameters● Optimize systems with critical

parameters (optimization routinehas yet to be defined)

● Do step three with an optimizedsystem in order to check non-sen-sitive parameters and find overalloptimum

Additionally it was agreed to discussand define DREAM SYSTEMS forcombisystems in the final phase ofthe Subtask.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2000A summary of planned activities foreach of the Subtasks is presentedbelow.

Subtask A:● Listing and discussion of criteria

for comparison and ranking ofsolar combisystems.

● Definition of parameters for sys-tem optimization

● Prepare an internal synthesis doc-ument on reference conditionssuited to comparison and simula-tion activities in conjunction withsubtask B and C

● Organization of two industry

workshops.The industry work-shops will be organized in con-junction with the Task 26 meetingin Sweden and Finland.

● Production of a yearly Newsletter● First outline of the design hand-

book and preparation of data.

Subtask B:● Development of still missing

numerical models● Definition of performance test

methods and parameters to beidentified

● Development of test methods orextension of existing test methodsfor solar DHW systems or com-ponents:- further development of testmethods for water stores,- development of dynamic testmethod for stores with integratedgas burners or auxiliary heaters(wood assisted combisystems),- further development of testmethods for subsystem and com-plete system testing,- development of a guideline todescribe the test results and thenecessary reference conditions ofa combisystem.

● Performance tests according tothe new procedures will be per-formed for combisystems deliv-ered by industry.

Subtask C:● Modeling of chosen combisystems

based on the survey produced bysubtask A and simulation withintheir respective boundary condi-tions and validation against mea-sured data if available;

● Sensitivity analysis for variousparameters including control

strategies, and optimization withrespect to all parameters chosenby subtask A that can be modeledwith the available tools;

● Quantitative comparison of theoptimized systems with respect tocriteria defined in Subtask A

● Qualitative evaluation of the sys-tems with respect to overall quali-ty, simplicity for installers, reliability,cost, known problems, in closecontact with industry participants.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYFourteen companies from almost allof the participating countries aretaking part in Task 26.The industryworkshops jointly organized bySubtask A and the Operating Agenthave received a positive responsefrom industry, especially from indus-try in the country which just hostedan Experts Meeting. Between 11 and24 industry representatives attendedthe workshops.

Also, the printing cost of the colorbrochure presenting relevant existingsolar combisystems will be financedby the industry participants.

LINKS WITH CEN TC 312Liaison status has been granted toIEA SHC Task 26 with CEN/TC 312"Thermal solar systems and compo-nents," by Resolution 7/99.The dura-tion of this liaison is three years andwill be reviewed accordingly onOctober 2002. CMC (CENManagement Center) has recordedas permanent interface between theCEN/TC 312 and IEA SHC Task 26 :Dr Jean-Marc Suter of Switzerlandand Mr. Huib Visser of theNetherlands.


REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1999No official technical reports werepublished in 1999. However, aWorking Document on 19 genericcombisystems, the summary of thereference conditions for simulationand the proceedings of two IndustryWorkshops were distributed to theTask Participants.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2000Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResultsColor brochure presenting relevantexisting solar combisystems

Second Industry Newsletter

Proceedings of Industry Workshops

Subtask B: Development ofPerformance Test Methods andNumerical Models for Combisystemsand their ComponentsDescription of the test methods forsolar combisystems

Report on existing and new numeri-cal models for solar combisystemsand their componentsSubtask C: Optimization ofCombisystems for the Market.

Report on simulation models of themost attractive system configura-tions

First description of optimized solarcombisystem designs

1999 EXPERTS MEETINGS Second Experts MeetingApril 11-14Taastrup, Denmark

Third Experts MeetingOctober 3-6Stuttgart, Germany

2000 EXPERTS MEETINGS Fourt Experts MeetingApril 2-5Borlange, Sweden

Fifth Experts MeetingOctober 8 - 11Helsinki, Finland



Operating AgentWerner Weiss andChristian FinkArbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE -AEEFeldgasse 19A-8200 GleisdorfAustria

AustriaWolfgang Streicher and

Richard HeimrathTechnical University of GrazInstitut für WärmetechnikInffeldgasse 15A-8010 Graz

FranceThomas LetzASDERBP 45299, rue du GranierF-73230 Saint Alban-Leysse

Philippe PapillonClipsol-RechercheZ.I.F-73100 Trevignin

DenmarkSimon Furbo and

Louise Jivan ShahSolar Energy Center DenmarkTechnical University of DenmarkDepartment of Buildings and EnergyBuild. 118DK-2800 Lyngby

Klaus Ellehauge andLine Louise Overgaard

Solar Energy Center DenmarkTeknologisk Institut DK-8000 Aarhus C

FinlandPetri KonttinenHelsinki University of TechnologyAdvanced Energy Systems P.O. Box 2200FIN-02015 HUT

GermanyHarald Drück and

Henner KerskesStuttgart UniversityITWPfaffenwaldring 6D-70550 Stuttgart

Klaus Vajen andUlrike Jordan

Marburg UniversityDepartment of PhysicsD-35032 Marburg

Klaus LorenzHögskolan DalarnaSolar Energy Research Center - SERCEKOS

SwitzerlandJean-C. HadornSwiss Research ProgramCH-1035 Bournens

Jean-Marc SuterBüro n+1Postfach 130CH-3000 Bern 16

Ueli Frei, Peter Vogelsanger andBeat Menzi

SPF-HSRPostfach 130CH-3000 Bern 16

Philippe Dind, Oliver Renoult and Jacques Bony

School of Engineering (EIVD)Route de Cheseaux 1CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains

SwedenPeter KovacsSP-Swedish National Testing &ResearchInstituteBox 857S-501 Boras

Chris Bales andKlaus Lorenz

Hôgskolan DalarnaSolar Energy Research Center -SERCEKOSS-78188 Borénge

Bengt PerersVattenfall Utveckling ABThe Swedish National Power BoardP.O. Box 1046S-61129 NyKöping

The NetherlandsHuib VisserTNOBuilding and Construction ResearchDivision Building & SystemsP.O. Box 49NL-2600 AA DelftVisiting address:Schoemakerstraat 97NL-2628 VK Delft

United StatesWilliam A. BeckmanUniversity of WisconsinSolar Energy Lab1500 Engineering DriveMadison,Wisconsin 53706


TASK 26 INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS

Austria SOLID Christian Holter Level 2 Tel.: +43 - 316 - 292840-0Herrgottwiesgasse 188 Fax: +43 - 316 - 292840-28A- 8055 Graz e-mail:

Solarteam GmbH Martin Bergmayr Level 2 Tel.: +43 - 7234 - 83550Jörgmayrstraße 12 Fax: +43 - 7234 - 835509A-4111 Walding e-mail:

Sonnenkraft GmbH Gerald Jungreithmayr Level 2 Tel.: +43 - 7614 - 6006-23 Im Mühltal Fax: +43 - 7614 - 6006 -17A-4655 Vorchdorf e-mail:

Denmark Batec A/S E. Brender Level 2 Tel.: +45 - 56 27 5050Danmarksvej 8 Fax: +45 - 56 27 6787DK 4681 Herfolge

Finland Fortum Advanced Janne Jokinen Level 1Energy SystemsP.O. Box 100FIN-00048 Fortum

France Clipsol Philippe Papillon Level 2Zone IndustrielleF-73100 Trevignin

Germany SOLVIS- Solarsysteme Thomas Krause Level 2GmbHMarienberger Straße 1D-38122 Braunschweig

Consolar Andreas Siegemund Level 1Energiespeicher- und Regelungssysteme GmbHDreieichstrasse 48D-60594 Frankfurt

Sweden Borö-Pannan AB Bo Ronnkvist Level 1Bangardsuagen 1S-95231 Kalix


Switzerland AGENA M.C. Jobin Level 1Le Grand PréCH-1510 MOUDON

SOLTOP Schuppisser AG Fritz Schuppisser Level 1St. Gallerstrasse 7CH-8353 ELGG

Jenni Energietechnik AG Josef Jenni Level 1Lochbachstrasse 22CH-3414 Oberburg

The Netherlands ATAG Verwarming B.V. Erwin Janssen Level 1P.O. Box 105NL-7130 AC Lichtenvoorde

Daalderop B.V. Jeroen Noij Level 1P.O. Box 7 NL-4000 AA Tiel

Zonne-Energie Nederland Paul Kratz Level 1De Run 5421 NL-5504 DG Veldhoven

Level 1: Participation in 1 workshop per year and will answer technical and marketing questions.

Level 2: Participation in all Task meetings and will provide feedback from the market.

52Collector Materials

WORKING GROUP DESCRIPTIONThe Working Group was establishedin the autumn of 1994 as an exten-sion of work which had been con-ducted on solar collector absorbersin Subtask B of Task 10, SolarMaterials R&D.

The objectives of the WorkingGroup are:

● To develop or validate durabilitytest procedures for solar collectormaterials.

● To generalise test procedures forstandardisation.

● To develop guidelines for solarcollector design to achieve themost favourable microclimateconditions for materials.

The following areas have been iden-tified for joint research work:

● Durability and Life-timeAssessment of Solar AbsorberCoatings.

● Anti-reflecting Devices for SolarThermal Applications.

● Methods for Characterisation ofMicroclimate for Materials inCollectors.

● Durability Aspects on the Use ofPolymeric Materials in SolarCollecting Devices.

DurationThe activities of the Working Groupwere initiated in October 1994 andconcluded in October 1999.Theleadership of the working group washanded from Bo Carlsson (Sweden)to Michael Köhl (Germany) accord-ing to a respective agreement at thestart of the work.

ACTIVITIES DURING 1999

A: Durability and Life-timeAssessment of Solar AbsorberCoatingsThe drafted ISO test procedure forabsorber coatings was modifiedbecause of the higher loads of thenovel, high efficient selectiveabsorber coatings.

B: Anti-reflecting Devices for SolarThermal ApplicationsAccelerated screening tests for dura-bility assessment of material samplesof iron-free glass and PMMA withanti-reflected surfaces as well as PVCand polycarbonate (APEC) sampleswere compared with outdoor-testresults.The results are the basis forservice with life studies within thenew SHC Task 27, Performance ofSolar Facade Components.

C: Methods for Characterisation ofMicroclimate for Materials inCollectorsA test procedure for the assessmentof the air tightness and ventilationrate of collectors was initiated in theautumn of 1995.These procedureswere worked out in detail. A secondRound Robin test was conducted fora selected collector in order to com-pare and validate the test procedure.

The measurement of microclimateparameters in collectors started inJune 1996 at outdoor test facilitiesand was finished in June 1997. Workcontinued on the evaluation andinterpretation of the data.

● A book summarising the experi-ences in performance and dura-bility assessment was drafted.The

Working Group onMaterials in

Solar Thermal Collectors

Michael KöhlFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems

Working Group Leader forFraunhofer Institiute


methodology for service life pre-diction is described and illustratedby examples (absorber coatings,reflectors, glasings) in this book. Itis to be printed in 2000.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYAll participants of the WorkingGroup work closely with solar mate-rial and solar collector manufactur-ers, therefore, many industry repre-sentatives participate indirectly in thework being undertaken.There arealso informal links to industry via theongoing standardization work onsolar collector and solar collectormaterials in CEN TC 312 and in ISOTC 180. Efforts also have been madeto establish a liaison with CEN 312in the area of solar collector materi-als.

REPORTS PUBLISHEDA list of working documents can beobtained from the Working GroupLeader on request.

1999 EXPERTS MEETINGSNinth Experts MeetingMarch 21-22Freiburg, Germany

Tenth Experts MeetingSeptember 19Lausanne, Switzerland

These meetings were held in con-junction with Task Definition work-shops for SHC Task 27, Performanceof Solar Facade Components.


WORKING GROUP NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS

Working Group LeaderMichael KöhlFraunhofer Institute for Solar EnergySystems ISEOltmannstraße 5D-79100 FreiburgGermany

DenmarkSven Svendsen and Ole HolckThermal Insulation LaboratoryTechnical University of DenmarkBuilding 118DK-2800 Lyngby

GermanyMarkus HeckFraunhofer Institute for Solar EnergySystems ISEOltmannstraße 5D-79100 Freiburg

NetherlandsAart de Geus and Henk OverslootBuilding and Construction Research,TNOP.O. Box 29NL-2600 Delft

SwedenBo Carlsson and Kenneth MöllerMaterials TechnologySwedish National Testing andResearch InstituteP.O. Box 857S-50115 Boras

Arne RoosDepartment of TechnologyUppsala UniversityBox 534S-75121 Uppsala

SwitzerlandUeli Frei and Stefan BrunoldSolarenergie Prüf- undForschungsstelle, Schweiz

Postfach 14 75CH-8640 Rapperswil

United StatesGary JorgensenNational Renewable EnergyLaboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401

55Address List

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS

AUSTRALIAProf. John BallingerSolar Efficient ArchitectureP.O. Box 97Kangaroo ValleyNSW 2577Tel: + 61/2/4465 1212Fax: +61/2/4465 1217e-mail: [email protected]

AUSTRIAProf. Gerhard Faningerc/o Universität Klagenfurt, IFFSterneckstraße 15A-9020 KlagenfurtTel: +43/463/2700 721 Fax: +43/463/2700 759 e-mail: [email protected]

BELGIUMProf.André De Herde Architecture et ClimatUniversité Catholique de LouvainPlace du Levant, 1B-1348 Louvain-la-NeuveTel: +32/10/47 21 42Fax: +32/10/47 21 50e-mail: [email protected]

CANADAMr. Doug McClenahan(Vice-Chairman)CANMET - Natural Resources

Canada 580 Booth StreetOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4Tel: +1/613/996 6078Fax: +1/613/996 9416e-mail: [email protected]

DENMARKMr. Jens WindeleffDanish Energy AgencyAmaliegade 44DK-1256 Copenhagen KTel: +45/33/92 75 56Fax: +45/33/11 47 43e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateMr. Poul E. KristensenDanish Technological Institute, EnergyGregersensvejP.O. Box 141DK-2630 TaastrupTel: +45/43/50 45 84Fax: +45/43-50 72 22e-mail:[email protected]

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDr. Georges DeschampsCommission of the European Union(DG-XII)Rue de la Loi 200B-1049 Brussels, BELGIUMTel: +32/2/295 1445Fax: +32/2/299 3694e-mail:[email protected]

FINLANDProf. Peter D. LundHelsinki University of TechnologyDepartment of Engineering, Physics

and MathematicsRakentajanaukio 2 CFIN-02150 EspooTel: +358/9/451 3197 or+358/9/451 3218Fax: +358/9/451 3195e-mail: [email protected]

IEA SolarHeating and Cooling

Address List

56Address List

FRANCE Mr.Yves BoileauFrench Agency for the Environment

and Energy Management(ADEME)

500Route des Lucioles -Sophia Antipolis

F-06565 Valbonne CedexTel: +33/4/93 95 79 11Fax: +33/4/93 95 79 87e-mail: [email protected]

GERMANYDr.Volkmar LottnerForschungszentrum Jülich - BEOD-52425 JülichTel: +49/2461/61 48 79Fax: +49/2461/61 31 31e-mail: [email protected]

ITALYDr. Paolo ZampettiDivision of Systems for Energy

ConservationENEAVia Anguillarese 301I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria (Rome) Tel: +39/6/3048 3414Fax: +39/6/3048 6315e-mail: [email protected]

JAPANMr. Katsuhiko MasudaRNE Development Program,New Sunshine Program Promotion

HeadquartersAIST, MITIChiyoda-ku Kasumigaseki 1-3-1Tokyo 100-8921Tel: +81/3/3501 9471Fax: +81/3/3501 9489e-mail: [email protected]

MEXICO Dr. Isaac PilatowskyCentro de Investigation en Energia

Universidad Nacional Autonoma deMexicoApartado Postal #3462580 Temixco, MorelosTel: +52/73/25 00 52Fax: +52/73/25 00 18e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateDr.Wilfrido Rivera Gomez-FrancoCentro de Investigation en EnergiaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma deMexicoApartado Postal #3462580 Temixco, MorelosTel: +52/73/25 00 44Fax: +52/73/25 00 18e-mail: [email protected]

NETHERLANDS Mr. Lex Bosselaar(Chairman)NOVEM b.v.P.O. Box 82423503 RE Utrecht(Street address: Catharijnesingel 59)Tel: +31/30/239 34 95Fax: +31/30/231 64 91e-mail: [email protected]

NEW ZEALANDMr. Michael DonnSchool of ArchitectureVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington 1Tel: +64/4/802 6221Fax: +64/4/802 6204e-mail: [email protected]

NORWAYMr. Fritjof SalvesenNorwegian Research Councilc/o KanEnergi ASBaerumsveien 473

1351 RudTel: +47/67 15 38 53Fax: +47/67 15 02 50e-mail: [email protected]

SPAINMrs. Maria Luisa DelgadoHead of Renewable Energy

DepartmentCIEMATAvda/Complutense, 2228040 MadridTel: +34-91-346-60-50Fax: +34-91-346-60-37e-mail: [email protected]

SWEDENMr. Conny Rolén(Vice-Chairman)Swedish Council for Bldg. ResearchBox 12866S-112 98 StockholmTel: +46/8/617 7369Fax: +46/8/653 7462e-mail: [email protected]

SWITZERLANDMr. Urs WolferFederal Office of EnergyMonbijoustrasse 74CH-3003 BerneTel: +41/31/322 56 39Fax: +41/31/323 25 00e-mail: [email protected]

UNITED KINGDOMDr. Earle PereraBREBucknalls LaneGarston,WatfordHerts WD2 7JRTel: +44/1923/664486Fax: +44/1923/664796e-mail: [email protected]

57Address List

AlternateMr. R. GebbelsGEBPDETRAshdown House123 Victoria StreetLondon SW1E 6DETel: +44/171/890 6619Fax: +44/171/890 6635e-mail: [email protected]

UNITED STATESMr. Drury CrawleyEnergy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy1000 Independence Ave. S.W.Washington, D.C. 20585-0121Tel: +1/202/586-2344Fax: +1/202/586-1628e-mail: [email protected]

OPERATING AGENTS

Task 19 and Task 28 Mr. Robert HastingsSolararchitektur ETH HonggerbergCH-8093 Zurich, SWITZERLANDTel: +41/1/633-2988Fax: +41/1/633-1169e-mail: [email protected]

Task 21Mr. Kjeld JohnsenDanish Building Research InstituteP.O. Box 119DK 2970 HøsholmCopenhagen, DENMARKTel: +45/45/86 55 33Fax: +45/45/86 75 35e-mail: [email protected]

Task 22Mr. Michael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201Boulder, CO 80301 USATel: +1/303/444-4149Fax: +1/303/444-4304e-mail: [email protected]

Task 23Prof.Anne Grete HestnesFaculty of ArchitectureNorwegian University of Science

and TechnologyN-7034 Trondheim, NORWAYTel: +47/73/59 50 37Fax: +47/73/59 50 45e-mail:[email protected]

Task 24 Dr. Hans WestlingPromandat ABBox 24205S-104 51 Stockholm, SWEDENTel: +46/8/667 80 20Fax: +46/8/660 54 82e-mail: [email protected]

Task 25 Dr. Hans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

SystemsOltmannsstrasse 5D-79100 Freiburg, GERMANYTel: +49/761/4588 134Fax: +49/761/4588 132e-mail: [email protected]

Task 26 Mr.Werner WeissArbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE

ENERGIE (AEE)Feldgasse 19A-8200 Gleisdorf, AUSTRIATel: +43/3112/5886 17Fax: +43/3112/5886 18e-mail: [email protected]

Task 29 Mr. Doug LorrimanNamirrol Ltd.P.O. Box 97Ballinafad, OntarioCanada NOB 1HOTel: +1/905/873 3149Fax: +1/905/873 2735e-mail: [email protected]

Task 30 Prof. Peter DroegeCoordinator, Urban Design ProgramFaculty of AgricultureCollege of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of Sydney G04NSW 2006 AustraliaTel: +61/2/9351 4576Fax: +61/2/3951 3855e-mail: [email protected]/-droegewww.solarcity.org

WORKING GROUPSMaterials For Solar ThermalCollectors and Task 27Mr. Michael KöhlFraunhofer Institute for Solar

Energy SytemsOltmannsstr. 5 D-79 100 Freiburg, GERMANYTel: +49/761 4016682Fax: +49/761 4016681e-mail: [email protected]

Evaluation of Task 13 HousesBart PoelDAMEN ConsultantsPost box 694NL-6800 AR Arnhem,NETHERLANDSTel: +31/26 4458 222Fax: +31/26 3511 713

58Address List

EXECUTIVE SECRETARYMs. Pamela Murphy KunzMorse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, NWWashington, DC 20009, USATel: +1/202/483 2393Fax: +1/202/265 2248e-mail: [email protected]

ADVISORDr. Frederick H. MorseMorse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, N.W.Washington, DC 20009, USATel: +1/202/483 2393Fax: +1/202/265 2248e-mail: [email protected]

IEA SECRETARIAT LIAISONMr. Hans NilssonInternational Energy Agency9 rue de la Fédération75739 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE Tel: +33/1/40 57 6785Fax: +33/1/40 57 6759e-mail: [email protected]

SHC INTERNET SITEhttp://www.iea-shc.org

Documents

IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 1999 Annual Report · utilities,housing corporations,con-struction companies,real estate firms,NGOs and other organisa-tions. Task 25:Solar Assisted