Ica Manual

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MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCIENCE

MADANAPALLE-ANAGALLU

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

IC APPLICATIONS Lab Manual

DEC-2015

LAB INCHARGE HOD



JAAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNI!ERSITY

ANANTAPUR El"#$%&n'#( an) C&**un'#a$'&n En+'n""%'n+

,1A0.505/ IC APPLICATIONS LAB

BT"# III Y"a%-I S"*"($"% ,ECE/

All experiments are based upon 741/TL 082/ALSK Kits.

1. Study the harateristis o! ne"ati#e !eedba$ ampli!ier 2. %esi"n o! an instrumentation ampli!ier

&. Study the harateristis o! re"enerati#e !eedba$ system 'ith extension to desi"n

an astabe multi#ibrator 4. Study the harateristis o! inte"rator iruit

(. %esi"n o! Analo" !ilters)*

+. %esi"n o! Analo" !ilters)**7. %esi"n o! a sel!)tuned !ilter

8. %esi"n o! a !untion "enerator ,. %esi"n o! a -olta"e ontrolled sillator

10. %esi"n o! a hase Lo$ed Loop11. Automati ain ontrolA3/Automati -olume ontrolA-3

12. %esi"n o! a lo' drop out re"ulator

1&. %)% on#erter



LIST OF EPERIMENTS

1 CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATI!E FEED BAC3 AMPLIFIER

2 DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

CHARACTERISTICS OF REGENERATI!E FEEDBAC3 SYSTEM

. CHARACTERISTICS OF INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT

5 DESIGN OF ANALOG FILTERS-14 BAND PASS FILTER DESIGN OF ANALOG FILTERS-24 NOTCH FILTER

6 DESIGN OF FUNCTION GENERATOR

7 DESIGN OF A !OLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

8 DESIGN OF A PHASE LOC3ED LOOP

10 !OLTAGE REGULATOR USING IC 62

ADDITIONAL EPERIMENTS

11 ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTI !IBRATORS USING 555 TIMER

12 . BIT DIGITAL TO ANALOG CON!ERTER

1 DESIGN OF ANALOG FILTERS- LPF9HPF

1. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CON!ERTER USING ADC 070.



1 CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATI!E FEED BAC3 AMPLIFIER

AIM)

%esi"n the !ollo'in" ampli!iers

a3 5nity "ain ampli!ier b3 A 6on)in#ertin" ampli!ier 'ith a "ain o! 11

3 An in#ertin" ampli!ier 'ith a "ain o! 10

.

E:UIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS)

S.6 6A 9:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 A 741 ) 1

2 <S*ST< ) 1Khm 1

& <S*ST< ) 10Khm 1

4 956T*6 6<AT< ) 0)&3=>

1

( AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)

203=>

1

THEORY4

UNITY GAIN AMPLIFIER4

A unity gain amplifier is an eletroni ampli!ier iruit that doesn?t ampli!y. *n other

'ords@ it has a "ain o! 1. The output #olta"e in a unity "ain ampli!ier is the same as theinput #olta"e.

5nity "ain ampli!iers ome in t'o types #olta"e !ollo'ers and #olta"e in#erters.

A follower is a iruit in 'hih the output is exatly the same #olta"e as the input. Aninverter is a iruit in 'hih the output is the same #olta"e le#el as the input but 'ith the

opposite polarity.

C&n;'+u%" an "l"#$%&n'# un'$< ;&ll&="%

The !ormula !or alulatin" the #alue o! a non)in#ertin" ampli!ier is this

To reate a unity "ain !ollo'er@ you ust omit <2 and onnet the output diretly to thein#ertin" input. Beause <2 is >ero@ the #alue o! <1 doesn?t matter@ beause >ero di#ided

by anythin" eCuals >ero. So <1 is usually omitted as 'ell@ and the - D input isn?t

onneted to "round.

C&n;'+u%" an "l"#$%&n'# un'$< 'n>"%$"%

The !ormula !or alulatin" "ain !or an in#ertin" ampli!ier is this

*n this ase@ all you ha#e to do is use idential #alues !or <1 and <2 to ma$e the ampli!ier

"ain eCual to 1. =ere is a unity "ain in#erter iruit usin" 1 $ resistors.



NON IN!ERTING AMPLIFIER4

The seond basi on!i"uration o! an operational ampli!ier iruit is that o! a N&n-

'n>"%$'n+ O?"%a$'&nal A*?l';'"%. *n this on!i"uration@ the input #olta"e si"nal@ -in 3is applied diretly to the non)in#ertin" E 3 input terminal 'hih means that the output

"ain o! the ampli!ier beomes Fositi#eG in #alue in ontrast to the F*n#ertin" Ampli!ierGiruit 'e sa' in the last tutorial 'hose output "ain is ne"ati#e in #alue. The result o! this

is that the output si"nal is Fin)phaseG 'ith the input si"nal.

IN!ERTING AMPLIFIER4

The basi iruit !or the in#ertin" op amp iruit is sho'n belo'. *t onsists o! a resistor

!rom the input terminal to the in#ertin" ampli!ier input o! the iruit@ and another resistor

onneted !rom the output to the in#ertin" input o! the op)amp. The non)in#ertin" inputis onneted to "round. As the "ain o! the op amp itsel! is #ery hi"h and the output !rom

the ampli!ier is a matter o! only a !e' #olts@ this means that the di!!erene bet'een the

t'o input terminals is exeedin"ly small and an be i"nored. As the non)in#ertin" inputo! the operational ampli!ier is held at "round potential this means that the in#ertin" input

must be #irtually at earth potential. As a result@ this !orm o! ampli!ier is o!ten $no'n as a

#irtual earth ampli!ier.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS4

UNITY GAIN AMPLIFIER4

9i" -olta"e 9ollo'er 9i" -olta"e in#erter

NON-IN!ERTING AMPLIFIER4

IN!ERTING AMPLIFIER4



PROCEDURE4

1. onnet the unity "ain ampli!ier iruit as per the iruit dia"ram.2. Apply sine 'a#e o! amplitude 2-p)p to the non in#ertin" input terminal.

&. -ary the input si"nal !reCuen y.

4. 6ote do'n the orrespondin" output #olta"e.( . a l u l a t e "a i n i n db .

+ . Tabu l a te t he #a l ues .

7. lot a "raph bet'een !reCueny and "ain.8. onnet the non)in#ertin" ampli!ier iruit as per the iruit dia"ram.

,. <epeat the steps !rom2 to 7 !or non)in#ertin" ampli!ier.

10. onnet the in#ertin" ampli!ier iruit as per the iruit dia"ram.

11. <epeat the steps !rom2 to 7 !or in#ertin" ampli!ier

OBSER!ATIONS 4,Un'$< +a'n a*?l';'"%/

S.6 *nput !reCuenyh>

utput#olta"e

ain in db20 lo" -o/-i

1.2

&

4.

(.+.

7.

8.

,.10

1112

OBSER!ATIONS 4,N&n-'n>"%$'n+ a*?l';'"%/

S.6 *nput !reCueny utput#olta"e


1.2

&4.(.

+.

7.

8.,.

10

1112



OBSER!ATIONS 4,, In>"%$'n+ a*?l';'"%/

S.6 *nput !reCueny utput

#olta"e

ain in db

20 lo" -o/-i

1.

2&4.

(.

+.

7.8.

,.

1011

12

CALCULATIONS-


A#H11

A-H1E< 2/< 111H1E < 2/< 1< 2H10< 1hoose < 1H 1$I@ then

< 2H10 $I

IN!ERTING AMPLIFIER A#H10A-H)< 2/< 1

10H) < 2/< 1< 2H10< 1hoose < 1H 1$I@ then

< 2H10 $I

MODEL GRAPH4




IN!ERTING AMPLIFIER

RESULT

RE!IE :UESTIONS

1. xplain the need !or unity "ain ampli!ier 2. Ad#anta"es o! p)amp based ampli!iers ompare to BJT ampli!iers

&. ention the appliations !or in#ertin" and non)in#ertin" ampli!iers

4. i#e the si"ni!iane o! "ain) band 'idth produt



2 DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

AIM4

%esi"n an instrumentation Ampli!ier o! di!!erential mode "ain o! 8 usin" & op)

amps.E:UIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS4

S.6 6A 9

:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 A 741 ) 2

2 <S*ST< ) (Khm &

& <S*ST< ) 10Khm 4

4 AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)203=>

1

( 956T*6 6<AT< ) 0)

&3=>

1

THEORY4

*nstrumentation ampli!ier is a $ind o! di!!erential ampli!ier 'ith additional input bu!!er

sta"es. The addition o! input bu!!er sta"es ma$es it easy to math impedane mathin"3

the ampli!ier 'ith the preedin" sta"e. *nstrumentation are ommonly used in industrialtest and measurement appliation. The instrumentation ampli!ier also has some use!ul

!eatures li$e lo' o!!set #olta"e@ hi"h << ommon mode reetion ratio3@ hi"h input

resistane@ hi"h "ain et. The iruit dia"ram o! a typial instrumentation ampli!ier usin"opamp is sho'n belo'.

A iruit pro#idin" an output based on the di!!erene bet'een t'o inputs times a

sale !ator3 is "i#en in the abo#e !i"ure. *n the iruit dia"ram@ opamps labelled A1 andA2 are the input bu!!ers. Any'ay the "ain o! these bu!!er sta"es are not unity beause o!

the presene o! <1 and <". p amp labelled A& is 'ired as a standard di!!erential

ampli!ier. <& onneted !rom the output o! A& to its non)in#ertin" input is the !eedba$

resistor. <2 is the input resistor. The #olta"e "ain o! the instrumentation ampli!ier an beexpressed by usin" the eCuation belo'.

-olta"e "ain A#3 H -o/-2)-13 H 1 E 2<1/<" 3 x <&/<2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4



PROCEDURE4

1. onnet the iruit as per the iruit dia"ram.

2. Apply sine 'a#e o! amplitude 2-p)p to the non in#ertin" input terminal.

&. -ary the input si"nal !reCuen y.4. 6ote do'n the orrespondin" output #olta"e.

( . a l u l a t e "a i n i n db .

+ . Tabu l a te t he #a l ues .7. lot a "raph bet'een !reCueny and "ain.

OBSER!ATIONS 4,Un'$< +a'n a*?l';'"%/

S.6 *nput !reCuenyh>

utput#olta"e


1.2

&

4.(.

+.

7.

8.,.

10

11

12CALCULATIONS4

A#3 H -o/-2)-13 H 1 E 2<1/<" 3 x <&/<2

H1E210/(3310/(3

H8

MODEL GRAPH4



RESULT4

RE!IE :UESTIONS

1. xplain the need !or 2 sta"es in any *nstrumentation ampli!ier

2. Mhy << is hi"h !or instrumentation ampli!iers&. i#e some examples !or lo' #olta"e@ lo' !reCueny and hi"h output impedane

si"nals

4. =o' does the toleranes o! resistors a!!et the "ain o! the instrumentation ampli!ier



CHARACTERISTICS OF REGENERATI!E FEEDBAC3 SYSTEMITH

ETENSION TO DESIGN AN ASTABLE MULTI!IBRATOR

AIM :

%esi"n and Test the !ollo'in"

a3 Shmitt tri""er !or -5TH2.4(- and -LTH )2.4(- b3 Astable multi#ibrator !or !H1 K=>

E:UIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS4

S.6 6A 9

:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 A 741 ) 1

2 <S*ST< ) (Khm 1

& <S*ST< ) 10Khm 2

4 <S*ST< ) 47Khm 1

( AA*T< ) 0.1u! 1

7 AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)

203=>

1

8 956T*6 6<AT< ) 0)

&3=>

1

THEORY4

SCHMITT TRIGGER4Shmitt Tri""er is a omparator and it is $no'n as SCuarin" iruit beause it on#erts an

irre"ular shaped 'a#e!orm to a sCuare 'a#e. The output #olta"e han"es its state e#ery time

'hen input #olta"e rosses the threshold le#el. The input #olta"e at 'hih the output s'ithes

!rom E-sat to )-sat is alled the 5pper Tri""erin" oint 5T3. The input #olta"e at 'hih

output s'ithes !rom )-sat to E-sat is alled Lo'er Tri""erin" oint LT3.

The Tri""erin" or Threshold #olta"es are obtained by the #olta"e di#ider <1)<2.Suppose the output #olta"e is E-sat. 6o' the -olta"e aross <2 is -utp. Mhih is eCual to

E-sat<2/<1E<23. Mhen the input -olta"e exeeds the #olta"e aross resistor <2@ output "oes to

)-sat. 6o' the #olta"e aross <2 is -ltp. Mhih is eCual to )-sat<2/<1E<23. Mhen the input

#olta"e "oes lo'er than this #olta"e@ output "oes to E-sat.

ASTABLE MULTI!IBRATOR4The Operational Amplifier or O?-a*? !or short@ is a #ery #ersatile de#ie that an be used in a

#ariety o! di!!erent eletroni iruits and appliations@ !rom #olta"e ampli!iers@ to !ilters@ to

si"nal onditioners. But one #ery simple and extremely use!ul op)amp iruit based around any

"eneral purpose operational ampli!ier is the Astable p)amp ulti#ibrator.

The p)amp ulti#ibrator is an astable osillator iruit that "enerates a retan"ular

output 'a#e!orm usin" an < timin" net'or$ onneted to the in#ertin" input o! the operational

ampli!ier and a #olta"e di#ider net'or$ onneted to the other non)in#ertin" input.

*n the op)amp multi#ibrator iruit the op)amp 'or$s as an analo"ue omparator.

An op)amp omparator ompares the #olta"es on its t'o inputs and "i#es a positi#e or

ne"ati#e output dependin" on 'hether the input is "reater or less than some re!erene#alue@ -re!.

=o'e#er@ beause the open)loop op)amp omparator is #ery sensiti#e to the

#olta"e han"es on its inputs@ the output an s'ith unontrollably bet'een its positi#e@

E-sat3 and ne"ati#e@ )-sat3 supply rails 'hene#er the input #olta"e bein" measured isnear to the re!erene #olta"e@ -re!.



CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS4SCHMITT TRIGGER4 ASTABLE MULTI!IBRATOR4

PROCEDURE4

SCHMITT TRIGGER4

1. onnet the iruit as per the iruit dia"ram

2. Apply Sine 'a#e o! 10 -) as an input&. bser#e the output 'a#e !orm and alulate the -5T and -LT

4. ompare pratial #alues 'ith theoretial #alues

(. %ra' the "raph !or input and output 'a#e!orms

ASTABLE MULTI!IBRATOR4

1. onnet the iruit as per the iruit dia"ram

2. bser#e the output 'a#e !orm

&. alulate !reCueny o! output 'a#e!orm and ompare it 'ith theoretial #alue.4. %ra' the "raph output 'a#e!orms

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS4

SCHMITT TRIGGER4

-5TH-SAT< 2/< 1E< 23H2.4(-

-LTH ) -SAT< 2/< 1E< 23hoose < 2H10KI@

Then < 1H47 KI.


tH2< ln1EN/ 1)N3

N H< 1/< 1E< 2*! < 1H< 2@ then ln1EN/ 1)N3H1 and tH 2<!H1/2<

hoose H0.1O9@ < 1H< 2H10KI then <H1/2!H(KI

GRAPH4-

SCHMITT TRIGGER4




RESULT:

RE!IE :UESTIONS

1. %isuss the di!!erene bet'een astable and Bi)stable multi#ibrator 2. %isuss the !reCueny limitation o! astable multi#ibrator

&. %isuss the #arious appliations o! astable multi#ibrator

. CHARACTERISTICS OF INTEGRATORNCIRCUIT

AIM: To verify Integrator using IC 741 op-amp.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:



Na*" &; $1"S?"#';'#a$'&n( :uan$'$<

C&*?&n"n$@Eu'?*"n$

* 741 <e!er Appendix A 1

apaitors 0.1O!@ 1

<esistors 1(,I@ 1.($I ah one

<e"ulated o'er Supply 0 D &0-3@1A 2

9untion enerator 0.1 D 1=>3@ 20- p)p 1

athode <ay sillosope 0 D 20=>3 1

THEORY:

Integrator: In an integrator circuit, the output voltage is the integration of the input

voltage. The output voltage of an integrator is given by Vo = -1/R1Cf ∫ Vidt.

At low frequencies the gain becomes infinite, so the capacitor is fully

charged and behaves like an open circuit. The gain of an integrator at low

frequency can be limited by connecting a resistor in shunt with capacitor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram shown

2. Apply a square wave/sine input of 4V (p-p) of 1 KHz

3. Observe the o/p at pin 6.

4. Draw input and output waveforms as shown.



5. Observe that theoretical & practical values are equal.

CALCULATIONS (Theoretical):

Choose T = 2PRf Cf

Where T= Time period of the input signal

Assume Cf and find Rf

Select Rf = 10R1 t /2

Vo (p-p) = -1/ R1Cf ∫ Vi (p-p) dt

0

GRAPH4-

RESULT:

RE!IE :UESTIONS1. ompare output 'ith that o! ideal inte"rator

2. =o' 'ill you desi"n di!!erentiator and mention its dra'ba$ &. %isuss the limitation o! the output #olta"e o! the inte"rator 4. =o' 'ill you obtain dri!t ompensation in an in#ertin" inte"rator

5 DESIGN OF ANALOG FILTERS-14 BAND PASS FILTER

AIM4

%esi"n a seond order butter 'orth Band pass !ilter !or ! LH 400=> and ! =H2 K=>.




S.6 6A 9

:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 A 741 ) 2

2 <S*ST< ) &,.7Khm 2

& <S*ST< ) 10Kohm 2

4 <S*ST< ) 7.,(Kohm 2( AA*T< ) 0.01u! 2

+ AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)

203=>

1

7 956T*6 868<AT< 0.1 D 1=>3@20- p)

p 1

1

THEORY4

A band)pass !ilter is a iruit 'hih is desi"ned to pass si"nals only in a ertain band o!

!reCuenies 'hile attenuatin" all si"nals outside this band. The parameters o! importane in a

band pass !ilter are the hi"h and lo' ut)o!! !reCuenies ! = and ! l ), the band'idth BM3@ the

enter !reCueny ! @ enter)!reCueny "ain@ and the seleti#ity or :.

There are basially t'o types o! band pass !ilters #i>. 'ide band pass and narro'

band pass !ilter ( 5n!ortunately@ there is no set di#idin" line bet'een the t'o. =o'e#er@ a band pass !ilter is de!ined as a 'ide band pass i! its !i"ure o! merit or Cuality !ator : is

less than 10 'hile the band pass !ilters 'ith : Q 10 are alled the narro' band pass

!ilters.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4

=9 L9

PROCEDURE4

1. onnetions are made as per the iruit dia"ram.2. Apply sine 'a#e o! amplitude 2-p)p to the non)in#ertin" input terminal.

&. -alues the inpu t si"nal !reCueny.





7. lot a "raph bet'een !reCueny and "ain.

8. *denti!y stop band and pass band !rom the "raph.

OBSER!ATIONS4


#olta"e

ain in db

20 lo" -o/-i

1.

2&

4.

(.+.

7.

CALCULATIONS-

hoose < ! H [email protected]!

Then A#1H1E<!/< and A#2H1E<!/<

A-H A#1 A#2H4

HPF4

hoose a standard #alue o! apaitor say 0.01 R9

Then ! LH1/2P<<H1/2P ! L H&,.7$I

LPF4

hoose a standard #alue o! apaitor say 0.01 R9

Then 9=H1/2P<

<H1/2P ! = H7.,(KI

MODEL GRAPH4



RESULT4

RE!IE :UESTIONS

1. %isuss the e!!et o! order o! the !ilter on !reCueny response2. =o' 'ill #ary : !ator o! the !reCueny response

&. %isuss the need !or "oin" to Sallen $ey iruit

ompare the per!ormane o! Butter 'orth !ilter 'ith that o! hebyshe# !ilter

DESIGN OF ANALOG FILTERS-24 NOTCH FILTER

AIM4

%esi"n and test a 6oth !ilter to eliminate the (0=> po'er line !reCueny


S.6 6A 9

:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;



1 A 741 ) 2

2 <S*ST< ) &2Khm 2

& <S*ST< ) 10Khm 1

4 <S*ST< ) 1+Khm 1

( AA*T< ) 0.1u! 2

+ AA*T< ) 0.2u! 27 AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)

203=>

1

THEORY4

perational ampli!iers an be used to ma$e noth !ilter iruits. =ere 'e sho' t'o@ a

standard noth !ilter iruit@ and another !or a t'in T noth !ilter iruit.

A noth !ilter is used to remo#e a partiular !reCueny@ ha#in" a noth 'here

si"nals are reeted. !ten they are !ixed !reCueny@ but some are able to tune the noth

!reCueny.

=a#in" a !ixed !reCueny@ this operational ampli!ier@ op amp@ noth !ilter iruit may !ind

appliations suh as remo#in" !ixed !reCueny inter!erene li$e mains hum@ !rom audioiruits.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4

PROCEDURE4

1. onnetions are made as per the iruit dia"ram.

2. Apply sine 'a#e o! amplitude 2-p)p to the non)in#ertin" input terminal.

&. -alues the inpu t si"nal !reCueny.4. 6ote do'n the orrespondin" output #olta"e.

( . a l u l a t e "a i n i n db .




7. lot a "raph bet'een !reCueny and "ain.


OBSER!ATIONS 4

S.6 *nput !reCueny utput#olta"e ain in db20 lo" -o/-i

1.

2

&4.

(.

+.7.

CALCULATIONS4

9 6H(0=>H1/2P<hoose a standard #alue o! apaitor say 0.1 R9

<H1/2P! 6 H&2$I

Let < LH10 $I

MODEL GRAPH4

RESULT4

RE!IE :UESTIONS



1. xplain the e!!et o! supply !reCueny inter!erene 'hile ampli!yin" sensor si"nals

2. Su""est the method !or adustin" the : !ator o! the !reCueny response o! noth !ilter

&. Mhat is the purpose o! "oin" !or T'in T 6oth !ilter iruit

6 FUNCTION GENERATOR USING 6.1 OP-AMP

AIM4 To "enerate trian"ular and sCuare 'a#e !orms and to determine the time period and !reCueny o!

the 'a#e!orms.


S.6 6A 9

:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;



1 A 741 ) 2

2 <S*ST< ) 1(Khm 1

& <S*ST< ) 10Khm 1

4 <S*ST< ) 1Khm 1

( AA*T< ) 0.1u! 1

7 AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)203=>

1

THEORY4

9untion "enerator is a si"nal "enerator that produes #arious spei!i 'a#e!orms !or test purposes o#er a 'ide ran"e o! !reCuenies. *n laboratory type !untion "enerator

"enerally one o! the !untions sine@ trian"le@ et.3 is "enerated usin" dediated hips or

standard iruits and on#erts it in to reCuired si"nal.SCuare 'a#e !rom the >ero rossin" detetor is !ed to the inte"rator usin" op)amp.

< time onstant o! the inte"rator has been hosen in suh a 'ay it is a small #alueompared to time period o! the inomin" sCuare 'a#e. As you $ne' the operation o!

inte"rator@ the output o! the inte"rator is a trian"le 'a#e 'e !eed sCuare 'a#e input.The trian"ular 'a#e output o! the seond op amp is then !ed into the third op amp@ 'hih

is also on!i"ured as an inte"rator. The output o! the third op amp is a sine 'a#e the

inte"ral o! a trian"ular 'a#e3.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4

PROCEDURE4

1. The iruit is onneted as sho'n in the !i"ure.2. The output o! the omparator is onneted to the < throu"h hannel1@ to "enerate a

sCuare 'a#e.

&. The output o! the omparator is applied to inte"rator and is onneted to the< throu"h hannel2@ to "enerate a trian"ular 'a#e.

4. The time periods o! the sCuare 'a#e and trian"ular 'a#es are noted and they are !ound

to be eCual.



THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS4

TH4< 1< 21/< &

H41($ 1$ 0.1 O!/10$

H0.+ms

! H < &/4< 1< 21

H10$/41($ 1$ 0.1 O!

H1.+ $h>

-satH-)2#

H12)2H10#

E-rampH<2/<&-sat

H1$/10$310

H1.0#

)-rampH ) <2/<&-sat

H1$/10$3)10

H)1.0#

PRACTICAL !ALUES4

Time period o! trian"ular 'a#e H0.( ms

Time periods o! sCuare 'a#e H0.( ms

ositi#e pea$ ramp H1.2#-olta"e o! sCuare 'a#e H11#

GRAPH4-

RESULT4

.

RE!IE :UESTIONS4

1. %e!ine inte"rator2. Mrite about trian"ular 'a#e "enerator

&. %eri#e eCuation !or output !reCueny o! trian"ular 'a#e



4 . % e ! i n e ! u n t i o n " e n e r a t o r

(. Mrite some appliations o! !untion "enerator

+. Mhat is the !untion o! !untion "enerator7. %ra' the blo$ dia"ram o! !untion "enerator

8. DESIGN OF A !OLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

AIM4 To operate the 6/S (++ as -olta"e ontrolled sillator and to !ind the

!reCuenies !or #arious #alues o! < 1 and 1.


6A 9

:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 ASLK trainer $it ) 1



THEORY4

-olta"e ontrolled sillator is also alled as #olta"e to !reCueny on#erter. *t pro#ides the simultaneous sCuare 'a#e

and trian"ular 'a#e output. The !reCueny o! output 'a#e is the !untion o! input #olta"e@ hene the name -olta"eontrolled sillator. utput !reCueny is also the !untion o! external resistor < 1 and apaitor 1

The output !reCueny ! o is "i#en by@

! oH2-)-3/< 11-

Mhere &/4-H-- 2KU< 1 20 KU

The trian"ular 'a#e is "enerated by alternately har"in" the external apaitor 1 byone urrent soure and then linearlydishar"in" it by another. The har"e dishar"e le#els are determined by Shmitt tri""er ation. The external

modulatin" si"nal is a oupled 'ith apaitor at the pin (. 6o' the output !reCueny is #aried

aordin" to the amplitude o! this applied modulatin" #olta"e. - is ommonly used in on#ertin" lo')!reCueny

si"nals suh as eletroenphalo"rams 3 or eletroardio"rams 3 into an audio !reCueny ran"e si"nals@ 'hihan be transmitted o#er telephone lines or t'o 'ay radio ommuniations !or dia"nosti purposes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4

PROCEDURE4

1. onnetions are made as per the iruit dia"ram.2. easure the output #olta"e and !reCueny o! both trian"ular and sCuares.

&. -ary the #alues o! < 1and 1and measure the !reCueny o! the 'a#e!orms.

4. ompare the measured #alues 'ith the theoretial #alues.

OBSER!ATIONS4

< 1 1 utput -olta"e -3 Theoretial

9reCuenyK=>3

ratial

9reCuenyK=>3

SCuare

'a#e

trian"ular

'a#e



MODEL GRAPH4

RESULT4

RE!IE :UESTIONS

1. Mhat are the appliations o! -2. Mhat is the need o! onnetin" 0.001R9 apaitor bet'een pin ( and pin +

&. Mhat is time ma$er "enerator4. Mhat are the di!!erenes bet'een ideal and pratial omparator

(. Mhat are the appliations o! omparator

+. *n 'hih mode the operational ampli!ier is onneted in the omparator iruit.

8 DESIGN OF A PHASE LOC3ED LOOP

AIM4

To onstrut and study the operation o! LL *(+( and determine its harateristis.

APPARATUS RE:UIRED4

S.6o omponents

<an"e :uantity



1 * (+( ) 1

2 <esistors +.8 K Ω 1

& apaitors 0.001 µ9 1 eah

0.1 µ9@ 1 µ9

4 9untionenerator %i"ital3 1 => D 2 => 1

( .<. ) 1+ %ual o'er Supply 0) &0 - 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4

E + -

< 1 +.8 K Ω H 1 µ9

1 H 0.01 µ910 76 %emodulated /p

2 <e!erene /p

9untion IC 55 . - /p ! 3

8 1 5enerator SCuare

Ma#e3

-i *nput T H 0.001 µ9

)

+-

47



PROCEDURE4

1. The onnetions are "i#en as per the iruit dia"ram.2. easure the !ree runnin" !reCueny o! - at pin 4@ 'ith the input si"nal -i set

eCual to >ero. ompare it 'ith the alulated #alue H 0.2( / < T T3.

&. 6o' apply the input si"nal o! 1 - sCuare 'a#e at a 1 K=> to pin 2. onnet one

hannel o! the sope to pin 2 and display this si"nal on the sope.4. radually inrease the input !reCueny till the LL is lo$ed to the input !reCueny.

This !reCueny !1 "i#es the lo'er end o! the apture ran"e. o on inreasin" the

input !reCueny@ till LL tra$s the input si"nal@ say@ to a !reCueny !2.This !reCueny

!2 "i#es the upper end o! the lo$ ran"e. *! input !reCueny is inreased !urther@ the

loop 'ill "et unlo$ed.

(. 6o' "radually derease the input !reCueny till the LL is a"ain lo$ed. This is the

!reCueny !&@ the upper end o! the apture ran"e. Keep on dereasin" the input

!reCueny until the loop is unlo$ed. This !reCueny !4 "i#es the lo'er end o! the

lo$ ran"e.

+. The lo$ ran"e ∆! L H !2 D !43.ompare it 'ith the alulated #alue

! ± 7.8 !o / 12 .Also the apture ran"e is ∆! H !& D !13.ompare it 'ith thealulated #alue o! apture ran"e.

∆! H ± ∆! L / 2π3&.+310&3 3

1/2

CALCULATIONS4

90H0.2( / < T T

! LH7.8 !o / 12

! H± ∆! L / 2π3&.+310&3 3

1/2

∆! L H2! L ∆! H2!

GRAPH4

# Slope H1/K #

! o) ∆! L ! o) ∆!

! o ! oE ∆! ! oE∆! L *B

2∆! H apture

ran"e

∆! L H Lo$) in ran"e



RESULT 4

RE!IE :UESTIONS4

13 %ra' the blo$ dia"ram o! a LL based di#ider and multiplier and explain the

!untions per!ormed by eah blo$

23 %istin"uish bet'een Lo$ ran"e and apture ran"e@ explain the method o! estimatin"the same !or a "i#en LL

&3 %isuss the di!!erenes bet'een analo" LL and di"ital LL



10 !OLTAGE REGULATOR USING IC62

AIM4-

To study the operation o! *72& #olta"e re"ulator

E:UIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS4-

S.6 6A 9

:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 <5LAT< L72& ) 1

2 <S*ST< ) 7.(Khm 2

& <S*ST< ) &.,Khm 1

4 AA*T< ) 100p! 1

( -A<*ABL <S*ST< ) 0)

103Khm

1

+ S*6%5T< T<A*6<

K*T

) ) 1

THEORY4-

The three)terminal re"ulators ha#e the !ollo'in" limitations

1. 6o short)iruit protetion

2. utput #olta"e E#e or D#e3 is !ixedThese limitations ha#e been o#erome in 72& "eneral purpose re"ulator. This * is

inherently lo' urrent de#ie but an be boosted to pro#ide ( amps or more urrent by

onnetin" external omponents. The limitation o! 72& is that it has no in)built thermal protetion. *t also has no short)iruit urrent limits. The *72& has t'o setions. The

!irst setion onsists o! Vener %iode onstant urrent soure and a re!erene ampli!ier.

The other setion o! the * onsists o! an error ampli!ier series pass transistor and aurrent limit transistor. This is a 14)pin %* pa$a"e. The main 9eatures o! 72& inlude

an input #olta"e o! 40# max@ output #olta"e is adustable !rom 2- to &7-@ 1(0 mA output

urrent 'ithout external pass resistor@ an be used as either a linear or a s'ithin"

re"ulator.A #olta"e re"ulator is a iruit that supplies onstant #olta"e re"ardless o! han"es in load urrents. xept

!or the s'ithin" re"ulators@ all other types o! re"ulators are alled linear re"ulators. * L 72& is "eneral

purpose re"ulator. The input #olta"e o! this 72& * is 40 - maximum. utput #olta"e adustable !rom 2-to &0-. 1(0mA output urrent external pass transistor. utput urrent in exess

o! 10Ampere possible by addin" external transistors. *t an be used as either a linear or a s'ithin"

re"ulator. The #ariation o! % output #olta"e as a !untion o! % load urrent is alled re"ulation.

W <e"ulation HX-nl ) -!l3 / -!lY100



CIRCUIT D IAGRAM

PROCEDURE41 LINE REGULATION4


2. o'er supply is onneted to 12 and 7 terminals.&. -olt meter is onneted to 10 and 7 terminals.

4. By inreasin" the input #olta"e orrespondin" #olt meter readin" is noted.

2 LOAD REGULATION4

1. onnet the load to the terminals 10 and 6%.

2. Keep the input #olta"e onstant at 'hih line re"ulation is obtained&. The maximum load #alue is alulated !rom * ratin"s.

4. 6o'@ 'e derease the load resistane and note do'n the orrespondin" #alue o! the output in #olt meter.

(. lot the "raph !or load #erses load re"ulation.

. OBSER!ATIONS4

,1/LINE REGULATION4

-nlH14.1&-

Line -olta"e-3 utput -olta"e-3

2

&4

(

+7.(

8.1

1012

0.77

1.712.7+

&.7

4.72+.18

+.74

8.+810.++



1&.(

14

1(1(.4

1(.+

1+.0

17.420.+

21242(

12.1+

1&.++

14.0114.11

14.12

14.1&

14.1&14.1&

14.1&14.1&14.1&

,2/ LOAD REGULATION4

<e"ulatedutput-o3

LoadurrentmA3

Load<esistaneKI3

Load <e"ulation

14.07

14.0714.07

14.0,

14.10

14.1014.10

14.11

14.11

14.11

1&.+

7.8(.2

&.,

&.1

2.+2.2

2.0

1.7

1.+

1.1

2.0&.0

4.0

(.0

+.07.0

8.0

,.0

,.7

0.42

0.420.42

0.28&

0.212

0.2120.121

0.141

0.141

0.141

<5LAT*6 H X-nl)-!l3/-!lY100

GRAPH4



RESULT

RE!IE :UESTIONS4

1. Mhat is the maximum input #olta"e that 'e an "i#e to 72& re"ulator2. Mhat output #olta"e ran"e 'e an obtain !rom 72& re"ulator

&. Mhat is the output urrent in ase o! 72& re"ulator

4. Mhat are the appliations o! 72& re"ulator(. %e!ine line re"ulation

+. %e!ine load re"ulation

7. %e!ine ripple reetion

8. %e!ine lon" term stability,. Mhat is the urrent limit protetion

10. Mhat are the ideal #alues o! load and line re"ulations



11 IC 5 55 TIMER- AS TABLE OPERATION CIRCU IT

AIM4-

To onstrut and study the operation o! astable multi#ibrator usin" ((( timer.

E:UIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS4-

S.6 6A 9:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 T*< ((( ) 1

2 <S*ST< ) 1.2Khm 1

& <S*ST< ) 1.7Khm 1

4 AA*T< ) 0.1u! 1

( AA*T< ) 0.01u! 1

+ S*6%5T< T<A*6< K*T ) ) 1

7 AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)

203=>

1

THEORY4

The ((( timer an be used 'ith supply #olta"e in the ran"e o! E ( # to E 18 # and an

dri#e upto 200 mAmps. *t is ompatible 'ith both TTL and S lo"i iruits beause

o! the 'ide ran"e o! supply #olta"e the ((( timer is #ersatile and easy to use in theastable multi#ibrator. The timer is osillated bet'een t'o threshold le#els 1/& - and

2/& - in order to "enerate a sCuare 'a#e !orm. 6o external si"nal soure is reCuired !or

suh "eneration and hene this is alled as a !ree runnin" multi#ibrator.

*! -sat QQ -p and <1H<2 and Z H 0.(@Then@ T H 0.+,<

A($abl" Mul$'>'b%a$&%4

An astable multi#ibrator has 2 Cuasi stable states and it $eeps on s'ithin" bet'een these2 sta"es. 6o external is needed. *t an remain inde!initely in any o! these 2 sta"es.

The output o! astable multi#ibrator is a sCuare 'a#e o! period T. Sine the multi#ibrator

"enerates sCuare. %ue to this phenomena the multi#ibrator an be named as sCuare 'a#e"enerator or3 sCuare 'a#e osillator or3 relaxation osillator or3 !ree runnin"

multi#ibrator. har"es !rom 1/& V cc to 2/& V cc is eCual to the time the output remains hi"h

and is "i#en by

t H0.+,< 1E< 231

'here R A and R B are in ohms and is in 9arads. Similarly the time durin"

'hih the apaitor dishar"es !rom 2/& V cc to 1/& V cc is eCual to the time the

output is lo' and is "i#en by



td H0.+,< 2 1

Thus the total time period o! the output 'a#e!orm is

T H tE tdH0.+,< 1E2< 23 1

There!ore the !reCueny o! osillation

9H 1/T H 1.4(/0.+,< 1E2< 23 1

The output !reCueny@ f is independent o! the supply #olta"e V cc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4-

PROCEDURE4


2. ins 4 and 8 are shorted and onneted to po'er supply - E(-3

&. Bet'een pins 8 and 7 resistor <1 o! 1.2KI is onneted and bet'een 7 and + resistor <2 o! 1.7K I is onneted. ins 2 and + short iruited.

4. *n bet'een pins 1 and ( a apaitor o! 0.01O9 is onneted.

(. The output is onneted aross the pin & and 6%.+. *n bet'een pins + and 6% a apaitor o! 0.1R9 is onneted.

7. Theoretially 'ithout diode har"in" time T is "i#en by TH0.+,< 1E< 23 1@ %ishar"in" time Td is"i#en by TdH 0.+,<21The !reCueny ! is "i#en by !H 1.4(/< 1E2< 231W o! %uty yle is T/TETd33100

8. ratially Td and T are measured and 'a#e !orms are noted and theoretial #alues are #eri!ied 'ith

pratial #alues

,. ratially Td and T are noted and #eri!ied 'ith theoretial #alues.



OBSER!ATIONS4-

1.t H ton H 0.+, < 1 E < 23 1

H0.+,11.2$E1.7$3x0.01x10)+

tonH0.2ms2.t99 H tdH 0.+, < 2 1

to!! H0.+,11.7$3 0.01x10)+

H0.17ms

W %utyyle H t/ tEtd x100 0.2/0.&7x100H(4.0(W

. %esi"n o! astable multi#ibrator to produe 1 K=> output 'a#e!orm 'ith adustableduty yle o! 10W to ,0W

The iruit is as sho'n in 9i". 2

%urin" the har"in" period@ the diode [%? is !or'ard biased@ < 2 is bypassed=ene ton H 0.+, < 1.

%urin" the dishar"e period@ the dishar"in" transistor is shorted 63 and the diode

[%? is re#erse biased.

=ene t99 H 0.+,< 2 utput !reCueny !H 1 K=> is assumed.

MODELGRAPH4

RESULT4 utput 'a#e!orms o! astable multi#ibrator is obser#ed and the duty yle is

alulated

RE!IE :UESTIONS4

1xplain the !untional blo$ dia"ram o! a ((( timer

2. xplain the !untion o! reset&. Mhat are the modes o! operation o! timer

4. Mhat is the expression o! time delay o! an astable multi#ibrator

(. %isuss some appliations o! timer in astable mode

+. %e!ine duty yle7. i#e methods o! obtainin" symmetrial 'a#e!orm

8. =o' is an astable multi#ibrator onneted into a pulse position modulator

,. =o' Shmitt tri""er iruit is onstruted usin" ((( timer



555 TIMER-MONOSTABLE MULTI-!IBRATOR

AIM4 To onstrut and study the operation o! a monostable multi#ibrator usin" ((( * timer.


S.6 6A 9:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 T*< ((( ) 12 <S*ST< ) 10Khm 1

& AA*T< ) 0.1u! 1

4 AA*T< ) 0.01u! 1

( S*6%5T< T<A*6< K*T ) ) 1

+ AT=% <A; S*LLS ) 0)203=>

1

7 956T*6 6<AT< ) 0)&3=>

1

THEORY4-

The ((( timer an be used 'ith supply #olta"e in the ran"e o! E( # to E18 # and an

dri#e upto 200 mAmps. *t is ompatible 'ith both TTL and S lo"i iruits beause

o! the 'ide ran"e o! supply #olta"e the ((( timer is #ersatile and easy to use inmonostable multi#ibrator 'e 'ill pro#ide external tri""erin" in order to ma$e the timer

to s'ith o#er to hi"h state unstable3. This is also alled as one)short multi#ibrator.

MONOSTABLE MULTI!IBRATOR4

onostable multi#ibrator is also $no'n as trian"ular 'a#e "enerator. *t has one stable and one Cuasi stablestate. The iruit is use!ul !or "eneratin" sin"le output pulse o! time duration in response to a tri""erin"

si"nal. The 'idth o! the output pulse depends only on external omponents onneted to the op)amp. The

diode "i#es a ne"ati#e tri""erin" pulse. Mhen the output is E-sat@ a diode lamps the apaitor #olta"e to

0.7-. then@a ne"ati#e "oin" tri""erin" impulse ma"nitude -i passin" throu"h < and the ne"ati#etri""erin" pulse is applied to the positi#e terminal. Let us assume that the iruit is instable state. The output

-0i is at E-sat. The diode %1 onduts and - the #olta"e aross the apaitor [? "ets lamped to

0.7-.the #olta"e at the positi#e input terminal throu"h <1<2 potentiometer di#ider is EZ-sat. 6o'@ i! ane"ati#e tri""er o! ma"nitude -i is applied to the positi#e terminal so that the e!!eti#e si"nal is less than

0.7-.the output o! the p)Amp 'ill s'ith !rom E-sat to D-sat. The diode 'ill no' "et re#erse biased

and the apaitor starts har"in" exponentially to D-sat. Mhen the apaitor har"e - beomes sli"htly

more ne"ati#e than DZ-sat@ the output o! the op)amp s'ithes ba$ to E-sat. The apaitor [? no' startshar"in" to E-sat throu"h < until - is 0.7-.

-0H -! E-i)-! 3 \-t/RC

Z H <2/<1E<23

*! -satQQ -p and <1H<2

and Z H 0.(@Then@ T H 0.+,<



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4-

PROCEDURE4

1. onnetions are made as per the iruit dia"ram.2. 6e"ati#e tri""erin" is applied at the terminal 2.

&. The output #olta"e is measured by onnetin" the hannel)1 at pin&.

4. The output #olta"e aross apaitor is measured by onnetin" the hannel)2 at the point

(. Theoretially the time period is alulated by TH 1.1< 11'here < 1H 10KI1H0.1O9.

+. ratially the har"in" and dishar"in" timers are measured and theoretial #alue o!

time period is measured 'ith pratial #alue

OBSER!ATIONS4

1. T H 1.1 < 11 H1.1x10x10& x0.1 x10)+

H1.1ms

MODEL GRAPH4



RESULT4

RE!IE :UESTIONS4

1. xplain the !untional blo$ dia"ram o! a ((( timer

2. xplain the !untion o! reset&. Mhat are the modes o! operation o! timer

4. Mhat is the expression o! time delay o! a monostable multi#ibrator(. %isuss some appliations o! timer in monostable mode.

+. %e!ine duty yle

7. i#e methods o! obtainin" symmetrial 'a#e!orm.8. =o' is a monostable multi#ibrator onneted into a pulse position modulator

,. =o' Shmitt tri""er iruit is onstruted usin" ((( timer

10. %ra' the pin dia"ram o! ((( timer.

12 . BIT D@A CON!ERTER



AIM4

To onstrut a 4)bit < D 2 < ladder type %/A on#erter. lot the trans!er harateristis@

that is@ binary input #s output #olta"e. alulate the resolution and linearity o! the

on#erter !rom the "raph.


S.6 6A 9:5*6T/66T

T; <A6 :5A6T*T;

1 A 741 ) 1

2 <S*ST< ) 10Khm 4

& <S*ST< ) 22Khm +

( S*6%5T< T<A*6< K*T ) ) 1

THEORY4

ost o! the real 'orld physial Cuantities suh as #olta"e urrent temperature pressure

are a#ailable in analo" !orm. *t is #ery di!!iult to proess the si"nal in analo" !orm@hene A% and %A are used. The %A is to on#ert di"ital si"nal into analo" andhene the !untionin" o! %A is exatly opposite to that o! A%. The %A is usually

operated at the same !reCueny as the A%. The output o! the %A is ommonly

stairase. This stairase li$e di"ital output is passed throu"h a smoothin" !ilter to redue

the e!!et o! Cuanti>ation noise. There are three types o! %A tehniCues i3 Mei"htedresistor %A ii3 <)2< ladder. iii3 *n#erted <)2< ladder. Mide ran"e o! resistors is

reCuired in binary 'ei"hted resistor type %A. This an be a#oided by usin" <)2< ladder

type %A 'here only t'o #alues o! resistors are reCuired it is 'ell suited !or inte"ratediruit reali>ation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4-

<3



PROCEDURE4

1. Set up the iruit sho'n in 9i".

2. Mith all inputs d0 to d&3 shorted to "round. This 'ill nulli!y any o!!set #olta"e at the

input o! the op)amp.& .easure the output #olta"e !or all binary input states 0000 to 11113 and plot a

raph o! binary inputs #s output #olta"e.

4. .easure the si>e o! eah step and hene alulate resolution(. alulate linearity.

OBSER!ATIONS4

CALCULATIONS

-0H )-re!X%o/2]1E%1/2]2E%2]&/2E%/2]4Y

D D2 D1 R-2R LADDER DAC

THEORITICAL,!/ PRACTICAL,!/0

00

0

0

00

0

11

1

11

1

1

1

0

00

0

1

11

1

00

0

01

1

1

1

0

01

1

0

01

1

00

1

10

0

1

1

0

10

1

0

10

1

01

0

10

1

0

1

0

0.,&71.87(

2.812

&.7(

4.+8(.+2(

+.(+2

7.(8.4&7

,.&7(

10.&1211.2(

12.187(

1&.12(

14.0+2

0

0.8+1.7&

2.((

&.,7

(.0++.0(

+.,4

7.77,.0&

,.,(

10.(&11.74

12.(&

1&.,2

14.&2



GRAPH4-

RESULT)

RE!IE :UESTIONS1. lassi!y %A on the basis o! their output

2. 6ame the essential parts o! a %A

&. Mhat is meant by auray o! %A4. =o' many resistors are reCuired in 12 bit 'ei"hted resistor %A

(. Mhy is an in#erted <)2< ladder net'or$ %A is better than <)2< ladder %A

+. %e!ine resolution7. %e!ine linearity

8. %e!ine monotoniity

,. %e!ine step si>e

10. %e!ine settlin" time



13. ACTIVE FILTERS – LPF, HPF

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of

i) Second order Low Pass Filter (LPF) where cut off frequency is 2Khz

ii) Second order High Pass Filter (HPF) where cut off frequency is 1Khz.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Name of theSpecifications Quantity

Component/Equipment

IC 741 Refer Appendix A 1

Resistors 10k Ω 1

Resistors 8.2k Ω 2

Capacitors 0.01Of 2

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1

Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30V),1A 1

Function Generator (1Hz – 1MHz) 1

Bread Board 1

Probes & Connecting wires

THEORY:

a) LPF:

A LPF allows frequencies from 0 to higher cut of frequency f H. At f H the gain is

0.707 Amax, and after f H gain decreases at a constant rate with an increase infrequency. The gain decreases 40dB each time the frequency is increased by 10.

Hence the rate at which the gain rolls off after f H is 40dB/decade or 12 dB/ octave,where octave signifies a two fold increase in frequency. The frequency f=f H iscalled the cut off frequency because the gain of the filter at this frequency is downby 3 dB from 0 Hz. Other equivalent terms for cut-off frequency are -3dBfrequency, break frequency, or corner frequency.

b) HPF:

The frequency at which the magnitude of the gain is 0.707 times the maximumvalue of gain is called low cut off frequency. Obviously, all frequencies higher than

f L are pass band frequencies with the highest frequency determined by the closed

loop band width all of the op-amp.



CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS4

LO PASS FILTER4 HIGH PASS FILTER4

PROCEDURE4


2. Apply sine 'a#e o! amplitude 2-p)p to the non)in#ertin" input terminal.

&. -alues the inpu t si"nal !reCueny.


+ . Tabu l a te t he #a l ues .7. lot a "raph bet'een !reCueny and "ain.


OBSER!ATIONS4 ,LPF/


#olta"e

ain in db

20 lo" -o/-i

1.

2&

4.(.

+.

7.

OBSER!ATIONS4 ,HPF/


#olta"e

ain in db

20 lo" -o/-i

1.2

&

4.(.

+.

7.



CALCULATIONS-

LPF4

^H&)A-

9or butter 'orth !ilter ^H1.414

So@ A-H&)1.414H1.(8+

A#H1E<!/<

Assume <H10$I<!H

hoose H0.01O! 9hH1/2P<

<H

HPF4

^H&)A-

9or butter 'orth !ilter ^H1.414

So@ A-H&)1.414H1.(8+

A#H1E<!/< Assume <H10$I

<!Hhoose a standard #alue o! apaitor say 0.01 R9Then !LH1/2P<

<H

MODEL GRAPH4

LPF4



HPF4

RESULT)

RE!IE :UESTIONS1. lassi!y !ilters

2. %isuss the disad#anta"es o! passi#e !ilters&. Mhy are ati#e !ilters pre!erred

4. List the ommonly used !ilters



ANALOG TO DIGITAL CON!ERTER USING ADC070.

A I M 4 %esi"n an analo" to di"ital on#erter usin" A%)0804. -eri!y the di"ital output !or the

orrespondin" analo" input.

COMPONENTS RE:UIRED4

1. A%)0804 trainer $it

THEORY4

An A/% on#erter is to determine the output si"nal 'ord orrespondin" to an analo"si"nal. A% 0804 is an 8)bit on#erter 'ith (- o! po'er supply. *t an ta$e only one

analo" si"nal as input.

The di"ital output #aries !rom 0)2((. A% needs a lo$ to operate. The time ta$en to

on#ert the analo" to di"ital #alue depends on the lo$ soure. An external lo$ an be"i#en to LK *6 pin no.4. A suitable < iruit is onneted bet'een the lo$ *6 and

lo$ < pins to use the internal lo$. in2 is the input pin D =i"h to lo' pulse brin"s the

data !rom internal re"ister to the output pins a!ter on#ersion. in& is a Mrite D Lo' tohi"h pulse is "i#en to external lo$. in11 to 18 are data pins !rom SB to LSB.

in dia"ram o! A%0804 is as sho'n belo'@ 'here

P'n 1 *t is a hip selet pin and ati#ates A%@ ati#e lo'.

P'n 24 *t is an input pin hi"h to lo' pulse brin"s the data !rom internal re"isters to theoutput pins a!ter on#ersion

P'n 4 *t is an input pin lo' to hi"h pulse is "i#en to start the on#ersion

P'n .4 *t is a lo$ input pin@ to "i#e external lo$

P'n 54 *t is an output pin@ "oes lo' 'hen on#ersion is omplete

P'n 4 Analo" non)in#ertin" input

P'n 64 Analo" in#ertin" input@ it?s normally "round

P'n 74 round 0-3

P'n 84 *t is an input pin@ sets the re!erene #olta"e !or analo" input

P'n 104 round 0-3

P'n 11 P'n 174 *t is an 8)bit di"ital output pins

P'n 184 *s used 'ith lo$ *6 pin 'hen internal lo$ soure is used

P'n 204 Supply #olta"e (-



C ' % # u ' $ D ' a + % a * 4

PROCEDURE4

1. onnet the po'er supply to A%)0804 trainer $it.2. ro#ide analo" input #olta"e to the trainer $it and obser#er the orrespondin" di"ital output.

&. *! input #olta"e is 0.21(# and the orrespondin" output is 00001011@ #eri!y this pratially.

4. bser#e the di"ital output !or any o! the 10 analo" inputs out o! 2(+ ombinations

(. -eri!y the pratial #alues 'ith the respeti#e theoretial #alues.

TABULAR COLUMN4

S.6o. Analo" input #olta"e %i"ital output #alue

RESULT4

RE!IE :UESTIONS4

1. Mhat are the appliations o! A% 0804

Documents

Ica Manual