ZADAR, 2012.

9 7 8 9 5 3 7 8 6 6 0 4 4

ISBN 978-953-78660-4-4

Irena Radi RossiSTAKLENA ODISEJA / Staklo u opremi i teretu broda

GLASS ODYSSEY / Glass in the ships equipment and cargo

CIP - Kategorizacija u publikacijiZnanstvena knjiica Zadar

UDK 902.034(497.5)(083.824) 904:748>(497.5)(083.824

RADI Rossi, Irena

Staklena odiseja : staklo u opremi i teretu broda = Glass Odyssey : glass in the ships equipment and cargo / Irena RadiRossi ; . - Zadar : Muzej antikog stakla, 2012. - 64 str. : ilustr. u bojama ; 24 cm

Bibliograija: str. 61-63.

ISBN 978-953-7866-04-4

140121019

STAKLENA ODISEJAStaklo u opremi i teretu broda

GLASS ODYSSEYGlass in the ships equipment and cargo

Zadar, 2012.

Irena Radi Rossi

Sadraj

Content

Predgovor

Foreword 1

Uvod

Introduction 3

Najstariji tragovi pomorskog prijevoza staklene sirovine

Earliest traces of maritime transport of raw glass 7

Organizacija proizvodnje i pomorski prijevoz stakla tijekom antikoga doba

Organization of production and maritime transport of glass in antiquity 11

Brodolom kod rta Glavata na Mljetu

Shipwreck at cape Glavat on the island of Mljet 17

Brodolom kod otoia Sv. Petra nedaleko od Ilovika

Shipwreck at the islet of Sv. Peter near Ilovik 25

Staklo u srednjem vijeku

Glass in the Middle Ages 29

Brodolom kod rta Stobe na Mljetu

Shipwreck at cape Stoba on the island of Mljet 33

Brodolom kod otoia Gnalia

Shipwreck near the islet of Gnali 37

Brodolomi u Koloepskom kanalu

Shipwrecks in the Koloep Channel 45

Zavrna rije

Final word 53

Bibliograija

Bibliography 55

1

Izloba Staklena Odiseja istraivanje je

hrvatskog podmorja u potrazi za najzani-

mljivijim, i najljepim staklenim predmeti-

ma koji su nekada plovili Jadranom. Nakon

pomorskih avantura i mnogih stoljea zabo-

rava danas nam se vraaju obogaeni novom

povijesnom vrijednou.

Plovidbom kroz vrijeme, na koju nas po-

zivaju arheoloki nalazi, plovimo i kroz po-

vijest podmorskih istraivanja u Hrvatskoj.

ezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina prologa

stoljea u njih je uloeno mnogo entuzijaz-

ma i truda, to se odrazilo i u postignutim

rezultatima. Individualne akcije poduzetnih

pojedinaca slile su se tada u organizirani su-

stav koji je na poticaj Vlade Maaria osmi-

slio Dasen Vrsalovi.

Od protagonista tadanjega doba i da-

nas je aktivan Zdenko Brusi, arheolog s

najduim i najraznolikijim podmorskim

iskustvom, jedan od istraivaa brodoloma

kod otoia Gnalia i prvi arheolog koji je

zaronio na nalazite. Za uvoenje Gnalia u

slubenu evidenciju kulturne batine zaslu-

an je Dalibor Martinovi, a viegodinju

he exhibition Glass Odyssey takes us

on an exploration of the Croatian seabed by

displaying the most interesting glass objects

found on shipwrecks. Both unique and be-

autiful, these artefacts once sailed across

the Adriatic, but ater adventures at sea and

many centuries of oblivion, they return to us

with new historical value.

he archaeological inds invite us to

navigate through time and, simultaneously,

to explore the history of underwater re-

search in Croatia. In the 1960s and 1970s

a lot of enthusiasm and efort was invested

in this research, as the resulting discoveries

illustrate. Over time, the isolated eforts of

the enterprising individuals became part of

an organized system, encouraged by Vlado

Maari and arranged by Dasen Vrsalovi.

Zdenko Brusi, who is still an active re-

searcher today, is the Croatian archaeologist

with the longest and most varied underwa-

ter experience. He was one of the main in-

vestigators of the post-medieval shipwreck

of Gnali, and the irst archaeologist to dive

on that site. Dalibor Martinovi deserves the

Predgovor

Foreword

2 3

Archaeological inds from land sites in-

dicate that for centuries, the sea was the

preferred route for the transport of glass

products to customers. As these artefacts

originated from shipwrecks, self-contained

sites of human activity brought to an end

in a single moment, they provide excellent

testimony about the maritime trade routes

used for the transport of glass. Glass from

shipwrecks includes simple objects for eve-

ryday use, ships cargo and equipment, and

the possessions of wealthy passengers and

ship owners.

he oldest known shipwreck from Croa-

tian waters which transported glass cargo

was found near Cape Glavat on the island

of Mljet, and it is dated to the end of the 1st

century AD. On another ship which sank in

the 2nd century AD near the islet of sv. Petar

near the island of Ilovik, several glass objects

belonging to the ships equipment were dis-

covered. Well-preserved glass inds from the

cultural layers in ports are characteristic of

the ancient period. he most beautiful ob-

Mnogi kopneni arheoloki nalazi upuu-

ju na more kao logian put kojim su stakle-

ni predmeti stoljeima pristizali do krajnjih

korisnika. No, potekavi iz konteksta bro-

doloma koji predstavljaju male zaokruene

cjeline naglo zaustavljenog ivota, stakleni

nalazi iz brodskog tereta ili opreme imunih

putnika i brodovlasnika izravno svjedoe o

pomorskim putovima kojima su se u odre-

enim trenutcima kretale staklene sirovine,

jednostavni predmeti za svakodnevnu upo-

rabu ili luksuzni stakleni proizvodi.

Najstariji brodolom u hrvatskom pod-

morju koji je prevozio stakleni teret prona-

en je kod rta Glavata na otoku Mljetu ii

potjee iz 1. st. po Kr. Na brodu potonulom

u 2. st. po Kr. kod otoia Sv. Petra u blizini

otoka Ilovika nekoliko je staklenih predmeta

inilo dio brodske opreme. Za antiko doba

karakteristini su i dobro ouvani stakleni

nalazi iz kulturnih slojeva u lukama, a naj-

ljepi predmeti pronaeni su u luci antike

Enone u Zatonu kod Nina, rimskog naselja

Sikuli u Resniku kod Trogira, te rimskih

Uvod

Introduction

teku bitku za istraivanje, zatitu i ouvanje

vrijednih gnalikih nalaza uspjeno su vodi-

li Ksenija Raduli, Boidar Vilhar te Soija i

Ivo Petricoli.

Za vaenje reprezentativnog brodskog

tereta s brodoloma na poloaju Drevine kod

Oraca, kao i mnoge druge akcije na dubro-

vakom podruju, zalagala se Anica Kisi;

Zdenko Brusi upozorio je na posebno za-

nimljive nalaze kod rta Stobe na Mljetu; an-

tiki brodolom kod otoia Sv. Petra nedale-

ko Ilovika zajednikim su snagama otkrili i

istraili Radmila Mateji i Marijan Orli, a

izvrsnu nacrtnu dokumentaciju iz tog doba

moemo zahvaliti Danku Grigiu.

Krajem osamdesetih i poetkom devede-

setih godina prologa stoljea otkriven je i

istraen jedinstven antiki brodolom kod rta

Glavata na Mljetu. Viegodinje istraivanje

vodili su Marijan Orli i Mario Jurii, tada

najaktivniji istraivai hrvatskog podmorja.

Uz strunjake ija su imena vezana za

brodolome sa staklenim nalazima, na listi

zaslunih za brigu o podmorskim nalaziti-

ma nalaze se jo mnoga imena. Zahvaljujui

svima njima Hrvatska se danas moe podii-

ti pozamanom povijeu podmorskih arhe-

olokih istraivanja i raznolikom batinom

koja svjedoi o bogatoj i burnoj jadranskoj

pomorskoj prolosti, dijelom prikazanoj i

ovom izlobom.

credit for recording the evidence that made

Gnali an oicial part of Croatian cultural

heritage, while Ksenija Raduli, Boidar

Vilhar, Soija and Ivo Petricioli successfully

fought a diicult battle to explore, protect

and preserve the valuable inds.

Anica Kisi dedicated great efort to rais-

ing a representative sample of the cargo of

the shipwreck of Drevine near Oraac, as

well as working on many other projects in

the Dubrovnik region; Zdenko Brusi drew

attention to the extremely interesting ob-

jects found near Cape Stoba on the island

of Mljet; Radmila Mateji and Marijan

Orli found and explored the important Ro-

man shipwreck of the islet of Sv. Petar near

Ilovik, while at the same time Danko Grigi

produced excellent graphic documentation

of a number of sites.

At the end of 1980s and the beginning of

1990s Marijan Orli and Mario Jurii, then

the most active explorers of the Croatian

seabed, discovered and excavated a unique

Roman shipwreck near Cape Glavat on the

island of Mljet.

Besides the experts that explored ship-

wrecks with glass inds, many other names

may be inscribed on the list of those who

contributed to the protection of Croatian

underwater sites. hanks to their eforts,

Croatia may be proud today of its remark-

able legacy of underwater archaeological

research. hat research has revealed a multi-

faceted heritage that is testament to the rich

and tumultuous history of Adriatic seafar-

ing, a history which is partly represented

through this exhibition.

4 5

turies. hese sites include a shipwreck near

the islet of Gnali at the southern end of the

Paman Channel, another site near the islet

of Otoac in the vicinity of Brna on the is-

land of Korula, a wreck in the cove of Salad-

inac on the island of Bievo, and two sites in

the Koloep Channel.

here are only a few shipwrecks with

larger amounts of glass objects but they were

not recovered from systematically excavated

sites, which would have allowed us to recon-

struct a complete maritime-historical story

through archaeological investigation. How-

ever, these discoveries hint at the wealth

and great variety of cultural heritage objects

which lie on the sea bed. Every new discov-

ery reinforces the importance of maritime

communications in the glass trade, and of-

ten also raises new questions which we can

try to solve with careful archaeological and

historical research.

Leita brodoloma na kojima su do sada

pronaene vee koliine staklenih predmeta

za sada nema mnogo niti je rije o sustavno

istraenim arheolokim cjelinama o kojima

moemo ispriati cjelovitu pomorsko-povi-

jesnu priu. Ipak, ona nas upuuju na bo-

gatstvo i raznolikost kulturne batine koja

nas oekuje na morskom dnu. Svako novo

otkrie potvrda je nasluenih pomorskih

komunikacija, a esto i nova zagonetka koju

moemo pokuati rijeiti tek pozornim ar-

heolokim i povijesnim istraivanjem.

jects were found in the port of ancient Aeno-

na in Zaton near Nin, the Roman settlement

Siculi in Resnik near Trogir, the Roman es-

tates in Savudrija, the bay of Verige on Bri-

juni, and Pakotane near Biograd.

Although heavily damaged, a site near

the Cape Stoba on Mljet provides evidence

for the import of glass goods from the

eastern Mediterranean in the 11th and 12th

centuries AD. he greatest number of ship-

wrecks of merchant vessels bearing diverse

glass cargos is dated to the 16th and 17th cen-

imanja u Savudriji, uvali Verige na Brijuni-

ma i Pakotanima kod Biograda.

Iako teko devastirano, nalazite kod rta

Stobe na Mljetu svjedoi o uvozu staklene

robe s istonog Mediterana u 11. i 12. stolje-

u, a najvei broj brodoloma trgovakih bro-

dova s raznolikim staklenim teretom potjee

iz 16. i 17. stoljea. Rije je o nalazitima kod

otoia Gnalia na junom kraju Paman-

skoga kanala, kod otoia Otoca nedaleko

Brne na Koruli, u uvali Saladinac na Bievu

te dva nalazita u Koloepskom kanalu.

Karta 1 Izbor podmorskih arheolokih nalazita sa staklenim nalazima du hrvatske obaleMap 1 Selection of underwater archaeological sites with glass inds along the Croatian coast

7

Following the tradition of his times, Ro-

man scientist Pliny the Elder, writing in the

1st century AD, explained the invention

of glass as an accidental discovery that oc-

curred in the vicinity of the mouth of the

Belus river north of modern Haifa. At that

time the Phoenicians were the most famous

seafarers of the ancient world, and some

of them who were spending a night on the

beach used chunks of soda from their ships

cargo to make a ireplace as they lacked

proper rocks. When heated to a high tem-

perature, the soda and quartz sand of the

beach transformed into a shiny, reined,

transparent mass, which quickly became

very popular.

As with many other legends, Plinys story

about the invention of glass contains truth-

ful elements. Long ago, workshops from

the Mediterranean and Near East actually

represented the main source of raw glass

for Europe, and this substance was made

by melting quartz sand from the banks of

the Belus river with natron (soda) which

was transported from the Egyptian valley

Rimski znanstvenik i pisac Plinije Sta-

riji u 1. st. po Kr., sukladno priama svoga

vremena, izum je stakla pripisao sluajnom

otkriu koje se dogodilo u blizini ua rijeke

Belus sjeverno od Haife. Feniki su trgovci i

najslavniji pomorci Staroga svijeta, zanoiv-

i na plai, u nedostatku kamenja za izradu

ognjita iskoristili grumenje sode iz tereta

svoga broda. Soda i silikatni pijesak plae

stvorili su pod utjecajem visoke temperatu-

re sjajnu, plemenitu, prozirnu masu koja je

ubrzo postigla veliku popularnost.

Kao i svaka druga legenda, pripovijest o

izumu stakla isprepletena je nitima istine.

Radionice Sredozemlja i Bliskog istoka do-

ista su u dubokoj prolosti bile glavno izvo-

rite staklene sirovine proizvoene taljenjem

silikatnog pijeska s obala Belusa i natrona

(sode) koji se dopremao iz egipatske doline

Wadi-el-Natron. Plinije, meutim, osim sili-

katnog pijeska s obala Belusa spominje i pi-

jesak s podruja Kampanije kao izvor jedne

od glavnih sirovina za proizvodnju sirovoga

stakla. Provedene analize, meutim, za sada

nisu uspjele potvrditi taj podatak. Za razliku

Najstariji tragovi pomorskog prijevoza staklene sirovine

Earliest traces of maritime transport of raw glass

8 9

with ovoid or conical bodies with two small

handles and a narrow neck (Figs. 1, 3). Ca-

naanite jars appeared in the Syro-Palestinian

region at a time when the political situation

provided conditions for intensifying inter-

national trade, and the development of sail-

ing on the open sea facilitated the maritime

transport of goods. hese jars were the pred-

ecessors of the transport amphorae which

spread across the Mediterranean in the sub-

sequent centuries through the trading activi-

ties of the Phoenicians and Greeks, and were

later adopted by the Etruscans and Romans.

Jars from the Uluburun shipwreck were

mostly illed with terebinth resin (Pistacia

atlantica); several vessels also contained ol-

ives, and one was used for transport of glass

beads. In addition to these glass products,

the ships cargo contained 175 pieces of raw

glass, as ingots in the form of roughly trun-

cated cones in the colours of cobalt blue, tur-

quoise and lavender (Fig. 2). hese are the

oldest completely preserved glass ingots of a

type described as a Syro-Palestinian product

stoljea pronijeli Sredozemljem, a od njih ih

preuzeli Etruani i Rimljani.

Vrevi s brodoloma kod Uluburuna bili

su veinom ispunjeni gustom smolom do-

bivenom iz drveta istone trilje (Pistacia

atlantica); nekoliko je posuda sadralo plo-

dove masline, dok je jedna bila iskoritena

za prijevoz staklenih perli. Osim toga stakle-

nog proizvoda brodski je teret sadravao 175

komada staklene sirovine, izlivene u ingote

u obliku niskih krnjih stoaca boje lavande,

tirkizne ili kobaltno plave (Sl. 2). Rije je o

najstarijim cjelovito ouvanim staklenim

ingotima koji su kao sirijsko-palestinska

roba ostali zabiljeeni na glinenim ploica-

Sl. 1 Uluburun; bakreni ingoti u obliku volujske koe ( Institute of Nautical Archaeology)

Fig. 1 Uluburun; copper oxhide ingots ( Institute of Nautical Archaeology)

Sl. 2 Uluburun; stakleni ingoti ( Institute of Nautical Archaeology)Fig. 2 Uluburun; glass ingots ( Institute of Nautical Archaeology).

of Wadi-el-Natron. Pliny however in addi-

tion to the quartz sand from the banks of the

Belus mentions sand from the Campania

region of Italy as one of main raw materials

for the production of glass. To date, analyses

conducted on ancient glass have not yet con-

irmed Plinys claim.

As opposed to ceramic products whose

entire production process could have been

performed at any place with available clay,

the process of production of glass prod-

ucts in ancient times demanded a certain

hierarchical organization which, similar to

the exploitation and processing of metals,

demanded the existence of primary work-

shops in the vicinity of the sources of ba-

sic raw material. Further processing could

take place in distant regions, in secondary

workshops situated where raw material was

transported, oten alongside cargos of bro-

ken glass objects suitable for recycling.

he oldest shipwreck with abundant di-

rect evidence for maritime glass transport

was found near Cape Uluburun in the vicin-

ity of the city of Ka on the southern coast

of Turkey. his is an extremely interesting

site from the Late Bronze Age whose rich

cargo is dated to the end of the 14th or begin-

ning of the 13th centuries BC. he attention

of archaeologists was at irst attracted by a

large amount of copper and tin ingots1 and

so-called Canaanite jars, transport vessels

1 Piece of metal cast into a certain form (e.g. plate, bar, etc.) before further processing.

od keramikih proizvoda iji se proces pro-

izvodnje mogao u cijelosti odvijati na svim

mjestima na kojima je bila dostupna glina,

proces proizvodnje staklenih predmeta u

prapovijesno je i antiko vrijeme pretpo-

stavljao odreenu hijerarhijsku organizaciju

koja je, poput eksploatacije i prerade metala,

zahtijevala postojanje primarnih radionica

u blizini izvorita osnovnih sirovina. Prera-

da se, potom, mogla odvijati i na udaljenim

prostorima, u sekundarnim radionicama

smjetenim na dostupnim poloajima do

kojih je stizalo sirovo staklo ili slomljeni sta-

kleni predmeti namijenjeni recikliranju.

Najstariji brodolom koji izravno svjedo-

i o transportu stakla pronaen je kod rta

Uluburun u blizini grada Ka na junoj oba-

li Turske. Rije je o zanimljivom nalazitu

iz kasnoga bronanog doba iji bogati teret

upuuje na datiranje u kraj 14. ili poetak 13.

st. pr. Kr. Pozornost arheologa u prvom su

trenutku privukli brojni bakreni i kositreni

ingoti1, i tzv. kanaanski vrevi, transportne

posude jajolika ili konina tijela s dvije male

ruke i uskim vratom (Sl. 1, 3). Kanaanski

su se vrevi pojavili na sirijsko-palestinskom

podruju u trenutku kad je politika situaci-

ja stvorila uvjete za intenziviranje meuna-

rodne trgovine, a razvoj jedrenja otvorenim

morem olakao pomorski transport robe.

Oni su zapravo pretea transportnih amfo-

ra koje su Feniani i Grci tijekom sljedeih

1 Komad metala izliven u odreeni oblik (npr. ploa, poluga, ipka i dr.) prije daljnje obrade.

10 11

Raw glass continued to be produced in-

tensively in the subsequent centuries in the

eastern Mediterranean region where a se-

ries of primary workshops developed. Pri-

mary workshops also existed in Egypt, but

it seems that their production never reached

the quantity that would indicate intensive

export activity. On the other hand, Syro-

Palestinian workshops satisied the needs of

the entire Mediterranean for a long time by

exporting their products to a series of sec-

ondary workshops which developed along

the Levantine coast and deeper in the hin-

terland. Such a hierarchy seems to develop

as early as the 9th century BC, and lasts until

Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.

Recent discoveries of ancient shipwrecks

loaded with raw glass, and the results of a

series of archaeometric analyses carried out

on the inds from underwater and land sites,

provide signiicant support for the hypoth-

esis that there were a number of primary

workshops that distributed raw glass across

the entire Mediterranean. Direct archaeo-

logical conirmation of such this hypothesis

Staklena sirovina i tijekom sljedeih sto-

ljea nastavila se intenzivno proizvoditi na

istono-mediteranskom podruju, na ko-

jem se razvio niz primarnih radionica. Pri-

marne su radionice postojale i u Egiptu, ali

izgleda da njihova produkcija nikada nije

dosegla koliinu koja bi ih navela na inten-

zivnu izvoznu aktivnost. Za razliku od njih,

sirijsko-palestinska proizvodnja dugo je vre-

mena zadovoljavala potrebe itavog Sredo-

zemlja, izvozei svoje proizvode prema nizu

sekundarnih radionica koje su se razvile na

njegovim obalama i dublje u unutranjosti.

Takva se hijerarhija, ini se, razvila ve u 9.

st. pr. Kr., a potrajala je sve do vremena ka-

sne antike i ranoga srednjeg vijeka.

Novija otkria antikih brodoloma nato-

varenih sirovim staklom te niz arheometrij-

skih analiza provedenih na nalazima s kopna

i iz mora znatno su osnaili pretpostavke o

postojanju primarnih radionica koje su sta-

klenu sirovinu distribuirale irom Meditera-

na. Izravne arheoloke potvrde takvih pret-

postavki pronaene su na nekoliko kasno-

Organizacija proizvodnje i pomorski prijevoz stakla tijekom antikoga doba

Organization of production and maritime transport of glass in antiquity

on clay tablets found in Egypt and Mesopo-

tamia. Furthermore, chemical analyses con-

irmed that their composition corresponded

to the composition of contemporary Egyp-

tian glass vessels and Mycenaean beads. his

proved that the glass of the period had a

common source in the Eastern Mediterra-

nean region.

he evidence mentioned above and

many other inds led the researchers to the

conclusion that the Uluburun ship was load-

ed with an exceptionally rich cargo of raw

materials and inished products, probably

intended for exchange as royal gits between

the kingdoms of the Near East and conti-

nental Greece.

ma pronaenima u Egiptu i Mezopotamiji.

Kemijskim analizama, osim toga, potvreno

je kako njihov sastav odgovara sastavu egi-

patskih staklenih posuda i mikenskih perli,

ime je dokazano kako je staklo toga doba

imalo zajedniko izvorite na istono-medi-

teranskom podruju.

Svi spomenuti i jo mnogi drugi nalazi

naveli su istraivae na zakljuak o brodu

natovarenom krajnje bogatim teretom siro-

vina i gotovih proizvoda, namijenjenih raz-

mjeni kraljevskih poklona izmeu kraljev-

stava Bliskog istoka i kontinentalne Grke.

Sl. 3 Muzej podvodne arheologije, Bodrum; idejna rekonstrukcija potpalublja broda potonuloga kod

rta Uluburuna ( Institute of Nautical Archaeology)

Fig. 3 Museum of Underwater Archaeology, Bodrum; ideal reconstruction of the hold of the ship sunk near the cape of Uluburun ( Institute of Nautical Archaeology)

12 13

covered at the site of Bet Shearim. Blocks of

raw glass material preserved inside weighed

about 9 tons. his glass was probably aban-

doned due to the presence of a great amount

of lime, which made it unusable.

In 1992, excavations at the site of Bet

Eliezer from the 7th century AD unearthed

as many as 17 furnaces for raw glass produc-

tion, and contributed signiicantly to the

reconstruction of the primary production

velike koliine vapna u njegovom sastavu,

koja ga je uinila neupotrebljivim za daljnju

preradu.

Godine 1992. istraivanje nalazita Bet

Eliezer iz 7. st. po Kr., na kojemu je otkri-

veno ak sedamnaest pei za proizvodnju

staklene sirovine (Sl. 4), znatno je pridoni-

jelo rekonstrukciji primarnoga proizvodnog

procesa. Veliki stakleni blokovi teine 7-9

t nastajali su taljenjem sirovina u velikim

peima pravokutna tlocrta, izgraenima za

jednokratnu uporabu (Sl. 5). Po zavretku

procesa kupola se demolirala, a blokovi raz-

bijali u nepravilno grumenje razliitih veli-

ina. Za razliku od ranijeg lijevanja staklene

mase u ingote ili manje blokove, tehnika lije-

Sl. 5 Rekonstrukcija procesa proizvodnje sirovog stakla na osnovi nalaza iz Bet Eliezera (iz Foy -Nenna 2001)

Fig. 5 Reconstruction of the process of produc-tion of raw glass based on the Bet Eliezer inds (Foy, Nenna 2001)

Sl. 4 Bet Eliezer; ostatci primarne radionice za proizvodnju sirovog stakla s nalazima staklenih blokova in situ (iz Foy - Nenna 2001)

Fig. 4 Bet Eliezer; remains of the primary wor-kshop for raw glass production with the blocks of glass in situ (Foy, Nenna 2001)

was found on several late antique and early

medieval land sites in the regions of Israel

and Lebanon.

he irst of these sites was discovered

more than half a century ago at the site

of ancient Apollonia on the Israeli coast

(present-day Arsuf). he melting tank for

casting glass was in shape of a rectangular

pit within an earthen basin, in which a layer

of about 25 cm of raw glass was found; the

dimensions of this pit were 2.5 x 3.8 m. A

similar tank, 45 cm long and only slightly

narrower than the Arsuf example was dis-

antikih ili ranosrednjovjekovnih kopnenih

nalazita na podruju Izraela i Libanona.

Prvo je od njih otkriveno prije vie od

pola stoljea na mjestu antike Apolonije na

izraelskoj obali (dananji Arsuf). Dimenzije

kalupa za lijevanje stakla u obliku pravo-

kutnog ukopa u zemljanu podlogu, u koje-

mu je pronaeno oko 25 cm sloja staklene

sirovine, iznosile su 2,5 x 3,8 m. Slian je

kalup, dubine 45 cm i tek neznatno ui od

prethodnoga spomenutog nalaza, otkriven i

na nalazitu Bet Shearim. Blok staklene si-

rovine koji se u njemu ouvao teio je oko 9

tona, a bio je vjerojatno naputen zbog pre-

Karta 2 Poloaj nalazita brodoloma kod rta Ulu-buruna (uto), primanih radionica za proizvodnju sirovog stakla (zeleno) i izvorita staklene sirovine (crveno)

Map 2 Position of the Uluburun shipwreck site (yellow), primary glass workshops (green) and the sources of raw material for glass production (red)

14 15

At the time when it was transported,

cobalt blue glass from the two shipwrecks

mentioned above may have been used for

making smaller glass objects such as popular

glass beads and perfume bottles, as the tech-

nique of glass blowing had not been discov-

ered at the time. hat technique appeared

in the Near East only during the 1st century

BC, making glass vessels very popular in a

relatively short period of time.

Chunks of raw glass were also used as

ballast that could stay in the cargo hold for

a longer period, depending on the needs of

the market and intentions of the merchant

owner. At the height of the Roman Empire

at the end of the 1st century AD, a merchant

ship loaded with various raw materials and

Grumenje sirovoga stakla preuzimalo je

u brodovima ulogu balasta koji se u potpalu-

blju mogao zadravati i due vrijeme, ovisno

o potrebama trita i trgovakim namjerama

vlasnika tereta. U jeku Rimskoga Carstva

krajem 1. st. po Kr. trgovaki brod natovaren

razliitim sirovinama i poluproizvodima po-

tonuo je kod rta Glavata na Mljetu. Staklena

sirovina koju je prevozio moe se usporediti

s brodskim teretima pronaenima na nalazi-

tu Malamocco (Venecija) i Ouest Embiez 1

iz 2./3. st. po Kr. Otprilike iz istoga vremena

potjee i brodolom istraen u Gradu neda-

leko Akvileje, na kojem se umjesto staklene

sirovine u bavi smjetenoj na pramcu pre-

vozila velika koliina lomljenog stakla nami-

jenjenoga ponovnoj obradi.

Karta 3 Karta rasprostranjenosti antikih bro-doloma s nalazima staklene sirovine ili gotovih proizvoda od stakla (prema Fontaine, Foy 2007)

Map 3 Distribution map of shipwrecks from Classical Antiquity, with cargoes of raw glass or i-nished glass products (ater Fontaine, Foy 2007)

process (Fig. 4). Large glass blocks weighing

7-9 tons were made by melting raw materi-

als in large furnaces with a rectangular lay-

out, built for one-time use (Fig. 5). Ater the

process was inished, the dome was demol-

ished, and the blocks were broken into ir-

regular chunks of diferent sizes. As opposed

to the earlier method of casting of raw glass

in ingots or smaller blocks, the technique of

casting and breaking large blocks and their

subsequent maritime transport prevailed

throughout the Roman period.

he largest tank furnace discovered so

far with dimensions of 3 x 6 m was located

in Tyre on the Lebanese coast. Blocks of raw

glass weighing as much as 30 tons were cast

in this furnace when it was used for the last

time. According to David Whitehouse, until

recently executive manager of the prestig-

ious institution he Corning Museum of

Glass, in the present day about 120,000 Coca

Cola bottles could be produced from a glass

block that size.

So far, two shipwrecks have been dis-

covered transporting raw glass from the

Hellenistic period. he irst one, known as

Sanguinaires A, sank along the western coast

of Corsica in the 3rd century BC. Five hun-

dred kilos of cobalt blue glass were found on

the site, and the entire glass cargo was esti-

mated to weigh more than a ton. Another

shipwreck of the time, known as Lequin 2,

was discovered of the coast of southern

France, but its cargo was more heavily dam-

aged, which limited the amount of available

information.

vanja i razbijanja velikih blokova te njihova

daljnjeg transporta vodenim putem bila je

dominantna tijekom itavoga rimskog doba.

Dosada najvei kalup, dimenzija 3x6 m

otkriven je u Tiru na libanonskoj obali, a pri

posljednjem koritenju u njemu je izliven

blok staklene sirovine teak ak 30 t. Prema

rijeima Davida Whitehousea, donedavno

izvrnog direktora prestine institucije he

Corning Museum of Glass, od njega bi se

danas moglo proizvesti 120.000 boica Co-

ca-Cole.

Iz helenistikog doba poznata su za sada

dva potonua brodova koji su prevozili siro-

vo staklo. Prvi od njih, u literaturi zabilje-

en pod imenom Sanguinaires A, dogodio

se uz zapadnu obalu Korzike u 3. st. pr. Kr.

Na njemu je pronaeno oko 500 kg kobaltno

plavoga stakla, a sveukupni je stakleni teret

procijenjen na vie od 1 t. Drugi brodolom

toga doba, poznat pod imenom Lequin 2, ot-

kriven je na podruju june francuske obale,

ali je njegov teret pretrpio znatno teu deva-

staciju, to je ograniilo koliinu dostupnih

podataka.

Kobaltno plavo staklo s navedenih bro-

doloma, u vrijeme u kojem je prevoeno,

moglo je posluiti za izradu manjih stakle-

nih predmeta poput omiljenih staklenih

perla i mirisnih boica, jer tehnika puhanja

tada jo nije bila poznata. Ona se na blisko-

istonom prostoru pojavila tek tijekom 1.

st. pr. Kr., omoguivi da stakleno posue u

relativno kratkome roku zadobije veliku po-

pularnost.

16 17

he shipwreck at Cape Glavat on the is-

land of Mljet at the north-western end of the

island was oicially recorded in the registry

of the Croatian undersea sites at the end of

the 1980s. In the period from 1988 to 1991,

rescue excavations were organized under

the leadership of Marijan Orli and Mario

Jurii from the Croatian Republic Institute

for the Protection of Cultural Monuments at

the time. he results were surprising.

he ships cargo consisted of a large

amount of mass-produced ceramic vessels,

goods packed in amphorae, and raw lead

and its by-products in ovoid ceramic vessels

in two sizes. Although the rescue character

of the research did not allow full excavation

of the wooden remains of the ships hull,

from the excavated part one can recognize

the remains of 13 frames with part of a keel,

fragments of ceiling, and planking con-

nected using the ancient technique of mor-

tise and tenon joints, typical for the Roman

shipbuilding. Judging from the dimensions

of these elements of the ships construction,

the original vessel measured about 20 m

Brodolom kod rta Glavata na sjeveroza-

padnom kraju otoka Mljeta u slubenu je

evidenciju nalazita u hrvatskom podmorju

upisan krajem osamdesetih godina prologa

stoljea. U razdoblju od 1988. do 1991. godi-

ne, pod vodstvom Marijana Orlia i Marija

Juriia iz tadanjeg Republikog zavoda za

zatitu spomenika kulture, organizirano je

zatitno istraivanje nalazita s iznenauju-

im rezultatima.

Brodski se teret sastojao od velike kolii-

ne serijskoga keramikog posua, proizvoda

pakiranih u amfore te olovnih minerala i po-

luproizvoda u jajolikim keramikim posu-

dama u dvije razliite veliine. Iako zatitni

karakter istraivanja nije doputao potpuni

iskop drvenih ostataka brodske konstruk-

cije, na otkrivenom su dijelu jasno uoeni

ostatci 13 rebara s dijelom kobilice, plati-

cama unutranje oplate i platicama vanj-

ske oplate meusobno spojenim poznatom

antikom tehnikom utora i klinova (Sl. 7),

kojom je bila graena velika veina rimskih

brodova. Sudei prema dimenzijama otkri-

Brodolom kod rta Glavata na Mljetu

Shipwreck at cape Glavat on the island of Mljet

by-products sank near the Cape Glavat on

the island of Mljet. Raw glass transported

on this ship can be compared to the ship

cargos found at the sites of Malamocco

(Venice) and Ouest Embiez 1, which date

from the 2nd/3rd centuries AD. he ship-

wreck from Grado near Aquileia is from ap-

proximately the same period. On this ship,

instead of raw glass, a large amount of bro-

ken glass for recycling was transported in a

barrel located on the bow.

Ouest Embiez I is the only known ship-

wreck from the Roman period which trans-

ported only glass. he original amount of

raw glass (Fig. 6) was estimated at 15 to 18

tons, and the total cargo included around

1800 glass vessels of diferent shapes and

sizes. here were also two kinds of window

panes, in plate-like and hemispherical form.

In the Edict on Prices, which was is-

sued in 301 AD by the Emperor Diocletian

in order to control inlation, as many as

six types of glass were diferentiated. Raw

glass and inished products could be clas-

siied as Alexandrian (alexandrinum) or

Judaean (judaicum), terms which denoted

diferent glass quality as well as the origin of

the product from Egypt or Judaea. he re-

maining categories included window pane

(specularis), classiied in two types based

on quality. Alexandrian raw materials and

inished products were valued more highly

than Judaean, whereas the lowest price was

assigned to window glass from the both re-

gions.

Ouest Embiez I jedini je za sada poznati

brodolom iz rimskoga doba koji je prevozio

iskljuivo staklo. Prvobitna koliina stakle-

ne sirovine (Sl. 6) procijenjena je na 15 do

18 tona, a sveukupni brodski teret ukljui-

vao je i 1800 staklenih posuda raznih oblika

i veliina te dvije vrste prozorskoga stakla,

ploasta i polukuglasta oblika.

U Ediktu o cijenama koji je 301. godine

izdao car Dioklecijan kako bi zaustavio na-

gli porast cijena, razlikuje se ak est vrsta

stakla. I sirovo staklo i gotovi proizvodi svr-

stavaju se u aleksandrijsku (alexandrinum)

ili u judejsku (judaicum) skupinu, koje

oznauju razliitu kvalitetu stakla i podri-

jetlo proizvoda iz Egipta ili Judeje. U osta-

lim dvjema skupinama nalo se prozorsko

staklo (specularis), svrstano po kvaliteti u

dvije kategorije. Aleksandrijske su sirovine

i gotovi proizvodi bili na veoj cijeni, dok je

najmanje cijenjeno bilo prozorsko staklo iz

obje spomenute skupine.

Sl. 6 Ouest Embiez 1; grumenje sirovog stakla iz brodskog tereta (http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/archeosm/archeosom/embiez-s.htm)

Fig. 6 Ouest Embiez 1; chunks of raw glass from the ships cargo (http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/archeosm/archeosom/embiez-s.htm)

18 19

ic vessels was situated in the bow section of

the ship. It was packed in rows of alternately

arranged bowls and plates (Fig. 8). Organic

material, probably straw or hay, was used

as padding (dunnage) for the fragile cargo.

During the excavation, more than 500 pieces

of these simple ceramic vessels were recov-

ered, as well as 15 luxurious large plates,

coated on the inner side with characteristic

red slip.

he central place in the ships hold con-

tained the lead cargo and by-products. In the

ovoid vessels with lat bases was bright red-

orange powder, lead oxide (Pb3O

4), which is

still known as minium (Figs. 9, 10). Analyses

showed that white and grey cubes which lay

scattered in the sand or were found in larger

zglobova nogu ovaca ili koza, u rimsko vri-

jeme koritenih za igre na sreu. Najsretni-

je bacanje, zvano iactus Veneris (Venerino

bacanje), znailo je da je svaka od baenih

koica pala na razliitu stranu, tj. da su

astragali pokazali 1, 3, 4 i 6 bodova. Upravo

je takav rezultat prikazan na sidrenoj preki

kao simbol koji je trebao doprinijeti sretnoj

sudbini broda i unosnoj trgovini.

itav niz predmeta poput malih amfora,

vreva i aa, zdjelica, tanjura, i uljanica,

podrijetlom iz raznih krajeva Sredozemlja

predstavljao je opremu namijenjenu brod-

skoj posadi, a pronaen je i bronani pred-

met s oznakama koji je mogao biti krak vise-

e vage (kantar).

Sudei prema rasporedu nalaza, ini se

da je u pramanom dijelu bio smjeten teret

serijskoga keramikog posua, pakiranog u

nizove sastavljene od naizmjenino poslaga-

nih zdjela i tanjura (Sl. 8). Organski materi-

jal, vjerojatno slama ili sijeno, bio je iskori-

ten kao podloga i obloga za lomljivi teret.

Tijekom istraivanja izvaeno je vie od 500

komada toga jednostavnog keramikog po-

sua, a uz njih i 15 velikih tanjura luksuznije

izradbe, premazanih s unutranje strane ka-

rakteristinom crvenom prevlakom.

Centralno mjesto u potpalublju zauzi-

mali su olovni minerali i poluproizvodi. U

jajolikim posudama ravna dna nalazio se

prah arke crvenonaranaste boje, olovni

oksid (Pb3O

4), koji i danas nazivamo mi-

nijem (Sl. 9, 10). Analize su pokazale da su

Sl. 8 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet; keramiko posue junoitalske proizvodnje, u est razliitih veliina (foto: D. Kalogjera)

Fig. 8 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet; pottery of Southern Italian origin, in six dimensions (photo: D. Kalogjera)

in length and had a transport capacity of

around 100 tons.

Alongside the exceptionally well-pre-

served wood remains, numerous nails were

found, remains of exterior sheathing made

of lead sheet, and a long lead pipe that be-

longed to a bilge pump. Six wooden clamps

found on the shipwreck are particularly in-

teresting. hey were made of olive wood and

used for fastening stays. hese clamps are no

diferent from present-day examples in their

shape and function.

he lead stock of a Roman lead-wooden

anchor was found among the ships equip-

ment. It bears a depiction of four astragali

(Greek astragalos, Latin talus), small knuck-

lebones of sheep and goats that were used

for games of chance in the Roman period.

he luckiest throw was called iactus Veneris

(the Venus throw) which meant that each of

the thrown bones fell to a diferent side so

that the astragali showed 1, 3, 4 and 6 points.

hat is exactly the result represented on the

anchor stock, a symbol that was no doubt

supposed to ensure the good fortune of the

ship and its lucrative trading ventures.

A series of objects such as small ampho-

rae, jugs, beakers, small bowls, plates, and

oil lamps originating from various regions

of the Mediterranean represented the equip-

ment of the ships crew. A bronze object with

markings upon it was also found, which may

represent the arm of a steelyard.

Judging from the distribution of inds it

seems that a cargo of mass-produced ceram-

venih elemenata brodske konstrukcije, rije

je o brodu duine oko 20 m i nosivosti oko

100 t.

Uz odlino ouvane ostatke drveta

pronaeni su i brojni avli, ostatci vanjske

zatitne oplate od olovnoga lima i duga-

ka olovna cijev koja je pripadala kaljunoj

pumpi, a meu drvenim predmetima istie

se est drvenih stezalica, tzv. bigota, izra-

enih od maslinova drveta i koritenih za

pritezanje pripona. One se ni oblikom ni

funkcijom nimalo ne razlikuju od dananjih

primjeraka.

Brodskoj opremi pripadala je i olovna

preka rimskoga olovno-drvenog sidra,

koja na sebi nosi prikaz etiriju astragala

(gr. astragalos, lat. talus), malenih kosti iz

Sl. 7 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet; statci drvene brodske konstrukcije (foto: M. Orli)

Fig. 7 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet; remains of the wooden hull (photo: M. Orli)

20 21

ors, or perhaps even to protect the ships hull.

hird in the list of transported raw ma-

terials, lead sulphide (also called galena) was

employed in the production of pure lead,

which was used by the Romans not only for

lead colors but also for numerous objects

necessary for everyday life on land and at sea.

Amphorae (type Dressel 21-22) were

packed along the lateral sides of the cargo

hold below deck. Judging from their form,

these amphorae were produced in the Cam-

pania region of Italy, and used for the trans-

port of fruits. he stern area of the cargo hold

was illed with elongated amphorae with cy-

lindrical, ribbed bodies (Richborough 527),

naao u teretu potonulog broda. Antiki mi-

nium (HgS) i dananji minij (Pb3O

4) prekra-

sne su crvene boje koritene za bojanje kipo-

va ili unutranjosti prostorija, vjerojatno i za

zatitu brodskoga trupa.

Trei u nizu, olovni sulid ili galenit, slu-

io je za proizvodnju istoga olova koje su

Rimljani esto koristili ne samo za izradu

olovnih boja ve i brojnih predmeta prijeko

potrebnih za svakodnevni ivot na moru i na

kopnu.

Du bonih strana potpalublja bile su

smjetene amfore (tip Dressel 21-22) koje

su, sudei prema obliku, bile proizvedene

Sl. 11 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet: staklena sirovina iz brodskog tereta (foto: D. Kalogjera)

Fig. 11 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet: raw glass from the ships cargo (photo: D. Kalogjera)

compact groups consisted of lead carbonate

(PbCO3), so-called cerussite, and lead sul-

phide (PbS) i.e. galena.

Lead carbonate was used in antiquity for

the production of a white substance called

cerussa. According to the writings of Pliny

the Elder, cerussa held the third place on

the scale of highly esteemed white colors of

his time. At the same time, it was the only

white color that the Romans knew how to

produce artiicially. Lead carbonate could

also be used for obtaining red lead, called

cerussa usta, which was known as the best

forgery of ancient minium (HgS). he high

value of true minium in Roman times led

to a strict imperial monopoly over its pro-

duction. Pliny mentions other minium,

which only few know of , lead oxide which

kept the name minium until the present day,

and which was also found in the cargo of

the sunken ship. Ancient minium (HgS) and

present-day minium (Pb3O

4) are beautiful

red colors used for painting statues or interi-

bijele i sive kocke koje su leale razbacane u

pijesku ili se nalazile u veim kompaktnim

skupinama bile sainjene od olovnog karbo-

nata (PbCO3), tzv. ceruzita, i olovnog sulida

(PbS), tj. galenita.

Olovni karbonat koristio se u antici za

proizvodnju olovnog bjelila zvanog cerussa.

Prema pisanju Plinija Starijeg cerussa je za-

uzimala tree mjesto na ljestvici cijenjenih

bijelih boja njegova vremena, a ujedno bila

i jedina bijela boja koju su Rimljani znali

umjetno napraviti. Ona je mogla poslui-

ti i za dobivanje olovnog crvenila, zvanog

cerussa usta, poznatog kao najboljeg falsi-

ikata antikog minija (HgS). Dragocjenost

pravog minija u rimsko je vrijeme dovela

do strogoga dravnog monopola na njegovu

proizvodnju. Plinije spominje i drugi minij,

za koji malo njih zna, olovni oksid, koji je

ime minij zadrao do naih dana, a koji se

Sl. 9 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet: jajolike posude ispunjene minijem (olovnim oksidom), (foto: D. Kalogjera)Fig. 9 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet: ovoid vessels illed in with minium (led oxide), (photo: D. Kalo-gjera)

Sl. 10 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet: sadraj jajolike posu-de (minij) (foto: D. Kalogjera)Fig. 10 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet: content of the ovoid vessel (minium), (photo: D. Kalogjera)

22 23

specimens (Fig. 13). Furthermore, on some

pieces part of the smooth side is clearly visi-

ble, indicating the side of the glass block that

lay against the smooth surface of its earthen

mould (Figs. 14, 15).

Limiting factors in the interpretation of

the shipwreck as a whole include the fact

that it was not excavated systematically, and

the ships inventory has not yet been stud-

ti na talijanskom otoju Lipari, ali i na isto-

nom Mediteranu.

Krmeni dio potpalublja bio je, osim toga,

natovaren veom koliinom sirovoga stakla

tirkizne i svijetlozelene boje (Sl. 11, 12). Naj-

vei komadi teki su oko 2 kg, a ukupna tei-

na izvaenoga stakla prelazi 200 kg.

Pozornim pregledom grumenja sirovo-

ga stakla moe se uoiti niz primjeraka na

kojima se vidi isjeak koncentrinih kru-

nica nastalih pri taljenju i suenju staklene

mase. Oigledno se tehnika lomljenja blo-

kova u manje komade sastojala u pogaanju

alatkom u njegovo sredite, jer se na svim

primjercima upravo na tome mjestu primje-

uju tragovi udaraca (Sl. 13). Osim toga, na

nekim se komadima jasno uoava dio glatke

stranice kojom je stakleni blok nalijegao na

glatku podlogu svoga zemljanog kalupa (Sl.

14, 15).

Sl. 15 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet: grumen staklene siro-vine s tragovima proizvodnje (foto: D. Kalogjera)

Fig. 15 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet: raw glass chunk with the signs of production (photo: D. Kalogjera)

Sl. 14 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet: grumen staklene siro-vine s otiskom kalupa (foto: D. Kalogjera)

Fig. 14 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet: raw glass chunk with the imprint of the mould (photo: D. Kalogjera)

intended for the transport of the mineral

alunite, which was used in medicine and for

textile dyeing. he origin of these amphorae

can be traced to the Italian archipelago of

Lipari, as well as the eastern Mediterranean.

he stern area of the cargo hold was load-

ed, in addition, with a large amount of raw

glass in turquoise and light green colours

(Figs. 11, 12). he largest pieces weighed

about 2 kg, and the entire amount of glass

recovered from the site weighed over 200 kg.

Detailed examination of these raw glass

chunks revealed a series of examples on

which one can see a section with concentric

circles made in melting and drying mol-

ten glass. It is evident that the technique

of breaking glass blocks into smaller pieces

consisted of hitting the centre of the block

with some tool, since traces of these hits

are visible exactly on this spot on all of the

na podruju Kampanije i koritene za prije-

voz voa. Stranji prostor u krmenom dijelu

broda bio je ispunjen izduenim amforama

cilindrinoga, narebrenog tijela (Richboro-

ugh 527), namijenjenih prijevozu minerala

alunita, koritenog u medicini i za bojanje

tkanina. Njihovo je podrijetlo mogue trai-

Sl. 12 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet: grumenje staklene sirovine tirkizne i zelene boje (foto: D. Kalogjera)

Sl. 13 Rt Glavat, otok Mljet: grumen staklene siro-vine s tragovima proizvodnje (foto: D. Kalogjera)

Fig. 13 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet: raw glass chunks with signs of production (photo: D. Kalo-gjera)

Fig. 12 Cape Glavat, island of Mljet: turquoise and green raw glass chunks (photo: D. Kalogjera)

24 25

his important shipwreck from the be-

ginning of the 2nd century AD lies near the

north-western cape of the islet of St. Peter

near Ilovik, and was partially explored in

the 1970s. In contrast to the shipwreck near

Cape Glavat, its cargo consisted mainly of

amphorae whose initial number was esti-

mated at about 1500 units. Unfortunately,

from the irst warning in the early 1960s,

until the beginning of rescue excavations in

the late 1970s, the site was heavily damaged,

and the number of complete amphorae was

reduced drastically.

Most of the amphorae belonged to the

type of Adriatic amphorae with lat bases

used for wine transport, which are oten

called the Forlimpopoli type in the literature

ater one of the production centers situated

on the western Adriatic coast. here is a

signiicantly smaller quantity of the second

group of wine amphorae (type Dressel 2-4).

hese amphorae could also be produced on

the Italic coast.

Znaajan brodolom s poetka 2. st. po

Kr. djelomino je istraen uz sjeverozapadni

rt otoia Sv. Petra kod Ilovika sedamdese-

tih godina prologa stoljea. Za razliku od

brodoloma kod rta Glavata, njegov se teret

sastojao poglavito od amfora, iji je poet-

ni broj procijenjen na oko 1500 komada. Na

alost, od prvog upozorenja poetkom ez-

desetih, pa do poetka zatitnog istraivanja

krajem sedamdesetih godina nalazite je te-

ko devastirano, a broj se cjelovitih amfora

drastino smanjio.

Veina amfora pripadala je tipu jadran-

skih amfora ravna dna (Sl. 16), namijenjenih

prijevozu vina, koje se u literaturi esto na-

zivaju i tipom Forlimpopoli prema jedno-

me od proizvodnih centara smjetenih na

zapadnoj jadranskoj obali. Druga skupina

vinskih amfora (tip Dressel 2-4), prisutna u

mnogo manjem broju, mogla je takoer biti

proizvedena na italskoj obali.

Iako u brodski teret nisu bili ukljueni

stakleni proizvodi, nekoliko je njih vjerojat-

no inilo dio opreme broda. Rije je o dvije

boce kvadratna presjeka, s oznakama na nji-

Brodolom kod otoia Sv. Petra nedaleko od Ilovika

Shipwreck at the islet of Sv. Peter near Ilovik

ied in detail. It is diicult to say where this

1st century AD ship near Cape Glavat sailed

from, and where it was going. he Southern

Italian origin of a part of the ceramic cargo,

and perhaps also the mineral alunite, sug-

gest a starting point in this region. However,

lead cargos and lead by-products are prob-

ably related to the great mines in the region

of Srebrenica in Bosnia (Roman Argentaria),

and the raw glass came from the Eastern

Mediterranean region. Taking into consid-

eration the previously mentioned observa-

tion about glass ballast, which could be held

in the ship for a long time, it is possible that

part of the cargo was loaded in Southern

Italy and later supplemented by raw materi-

als including the lead in one of the southern

Dalmatian ports. hen the ship may have

sailed towards some of the Northern Adriat-

ic centres, which it was fated never to reach.

hough it has been insuiciently re-

searched, the shipwreck at Cape Glavat is

one of the most interesting ancient ship-

wrecks in Croatian waters. Its unique cargo

diferentiates it from the large group of mer-

chant shipwrecks from the early centuries

of the Common Era, whose remains are

preserved across the Mediterranean. his is

the only ancient ship we know of which sank

along the Croatian coast while transporting

primarily glass commodities.

Nemogunost sustavnog istraivanja i jo

uvijek nedovoljno detaljno prouen brodski

inventar ograniavajui su faktori pri inter-

pretaciji brodoloma u cjelini. Teko je za

sada rei odakle je i kamo plovio brod koji je

krajem 1. st. po Kr. potonuo kod rta Glava-

ta. Junoitalsko podrijetlo dijela keramikog

tereta, a moda i minerala alunita, sugerira-

ju ishodite plovidbe upravo na tome pro-

storu. Olovni minerali i poluproizvodi veu

se, meutim, uz velike rudnike na podruju

Srebrenice u Bosni (rimska Argentaria), a

sirovo staklo uz istono-mediteranski pro-

stor. Uzimajui u obzir navedeni podatak o

balastu koji se mogao due vrijeme zadrati

u brodu, ostatak tereta mogao je biti ukrcan

u junoj Italiji i dopunjen sirovinama na

bazi olova u jednoj od junodalmatinskih

luka. Nakon toga brod se mogao usmjeriti

prema nekom od sjevernijih jadranskih pro-

izvodnih centara, kojega zbog zle kobi nije

uspio dosegnuti.

Iako jo uvijek nedovoljno istraen, bro-

dolom kod rta Glavata jedan je od najzani-

mljivijih antikih brodoloma u hrvatskom

podmorju, a jedinstven teret izdvaja ga i iz

velike skupine trgovakih brodova iz prvih

stoljea po Kr. iji su nam se ostatci ouva-

li diljem Mediterana. Rije je, osim toga, o

jedinom antikom brodu potonulom du

hrvatske obale za koji znamo da je prevozio

staklenu robu.

26 27

During research at the site, several more

luxurious objects were found which were

unlikely to have formed part of a regular

ships equipment. here was a round bronze

plate with a long handle decorated with a

lions head (patera) and a bronze wine jug

(oinochoe, urceus) with a handle whose at-

tachment to the body was decorated with

human igure; these were probably used in

rituals (Figs. 19, 20).

Marijan Orli, who in 1999 managed the

recovery operation for the sunken bronze

statue of a young athlete from near the is-

Tijekom istraivanja otkriveno je jo

nekoliko luksuznih predmeta kakve je bilo

teko oekivati u uobiajenoj opremi bro-

da. Okrugla bronana plitica s dugom dr-

kom ukraenom lavljom glavicom (patera)

i bronani vr za vino (enohoja, urceus) s

rukom iji je spoj na tijelo posude ukraen

ljudskim likom imali su vjerojatno obrednu

namjenu (Sl. 19, 20).

Sl. 20 Otoi Sv. Petar, otok Ilovik: plitka posuda s dugom drkom (patera) (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 20 Islet of Sv. Petar, island of Ilovik: bronze pan (patera), (R. Moskovi)

Sl. 19 Otoi Sv. Petar, otok Ilovik: bronani vr za vino (enohoja) (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 19 Islet of Sv. Petar, island of Ilovik: bronze wine jug (oinochoe), (photo: R. Moskovi)

Although glass products were not in-

cluded in the ships cargo, several of the glass

items discovered at the site probably be-

longed to the ships equipment. here were

two bottles with square sections and marks

on the bases made of bluish-greenish glass

and with wide channelled handles (Fig. 17).

his type of bottle was produced and fre-

quently used during the 1st and 2nd centu-

ries AD. Furthermore (Fig. 16), in the ships

equipment there was a small glass bowl with

a proiled and decorated rim made of yel-

lowish-greenish glass (Fig. 18).

hovu dnu, izraene od plavkasto zelenkastog

prozirnog stakla i opremljene irokim kane-

liranim rukama, kakve su se proizvodile i

esto koristile tijekom 1. i 2. st. po Kr. (Sl.

17). Osim toga u brodskoj se opremi nala

i jedna staklena zdjelica izvuena i ukrae-

na oboda, izraena od ukasto zelenkastog

stakla (Sl. 18).

Sl. 16 Otoi Sv. Petar, otok Ilovik: jadranska amfora ravnog dna (foto: D. Peli)

Fig. 16 Islet of Sv. Petar, island of Ilovik: Adriatic lat-bottomed amphora (photo: D. Peli)Sl. 17 Otoi Sv. Petar, island of Ilovik: staklene

boce kvadratnog presjeka (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 17 Islet of Sv. Petar, Ilovik: glass bowl (photo: R. Moskovi)

Sl. 18 Otoi Sv. Petar, island of Ilovik: staklena zdjelica (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 18 Islet of Sv. Petar, Ilovik: glass bowl (photo: R. Moskovi)

28 29

he technology of glass production and

the variety of decorative techniques reached

their peak in Roman times. Most Roman

glass products were made by blowing and

were easily accessible for everyday use. Dur-

ing the Early Middle Ages, production in

European areas decreased signiicantly. Raw

glass made with natron was still used for the

production of glass vessels, as well as frag-

ments of broken glass, which have been col-

lected from many ancient Roman sites.

During the 8th century, a procedure for

the production of raw glass with beech ash

spread across Europe. In the 9th century,

natron - which was imported from Egypt

as mineral soda in antiquity and the Early

Middle Ages and used for glass production

in the Levant - was replaced by soda from lo-

cal plants adapted to growing in conditions

of high salinity.

Medieval glass production was limited

for a while to forms intended for transport

and drinking liquids. From the 12th century

Tehnologija proizvodnje stakla i reper-

toar dekorativnih tehnika dosegli su u rim-

skom razdoblju svoj vrhunac. Veina robe

bila je izraena tehnikom puhanja i lako

dostupna za svakodnevnu uporabu. Tijekom

ranoga srednjeg vijeka proizvodnja na eu-

ropskim prostorima znatno je opala. Za izra-

du staklenog posua jo se uvijek koristila

staklena sirovina izraena pomou natrona

te ulomci slomljenoga staklenog posua pri-

kupljeni na mnogim antikim nalazitima.

Tijekom 8. stoljea Europom se proirio

postupak proizvodnje staklene sirovine uz

pomo pepela bukve. Natron, koji se kao

mineralna soda u antiko i ranosrednjovje-

kovno doba uvozio iz Egipta i koristio za

proizvodnju stakla na Levantu, tijekom 9.

stoljea zamijenjen je sodom iz lokalno do-

stupnih biljaka prilagoenih rastu u uvjeti-

ma visokoga saliniteta.

Srednjovjekovna proizvodnja stakla neko

je vrijeme bila ograniena na oblike nami-

jenjene prijenosu i konzumiranju tekuina.

Staklo u srednjem vijeku

Glass in the Middle Ages

let of Vele Orjule (Fig. 21), as well as earlier

research on the shipwreck of the islet of St.

Petar near Ilovik, suggested possible con-

nections between these two sites. his was

on the basis of their relative positions, and

also observing the efect of the bora wind

which carries objects from Cape Glaviin

on Vele Orjule towards the site of Sv. Petar.

he unusual inventory of inds from the

ships equipment, which consisted of two

bronze and three glass inds, may also indi-

cate a relationship between the statue and

the ship which sank near Ilovik; perhaps all

of these items were once the possessions of

a wealthy merchant or passenger. Without

comprehensive investigation of the possible

scenarios for this shipwreck, we can only as-

sume that the statue was thrown of the ship

because of the need. It may also have been

to fulil a vow or as an act of faith in order

to save the ship, which sank some distance

the place where its troubles probably began.

Marijan Orli, koji je 1999. godine ruko-

vodio akcijom vaenja bronane statue mla-

dog atleta iz podmorja otoia Velih Orjula

(Sl. 21), a takoer i ranije istraivanje brodo-

loma kod otoia Sv. Petra, sugerirao je mo-

guu povezanost dvaju nalazita na osnovi

njihova meusobnog poloaja i promatranja

uinka bure koja s rta Glaviina na Velim

Orjulama odnosi predmete u smjeru ilovi-

kog nalazita. Neuobiajeni repertoar nala-

za iz brodske opreme, koji se sastoji od dva

bronana i tri staklena predmeta, mogao bi

se takoer iskoristiti kao argument za pretpo-

stavljenu pripadnost statue brodu potonulom

kod Ilovika, tj. njegovu oigledno imunom

vlasniku. Ne ulazei u detaljnija objanjenja

mogueg scenarija brodoloma mogue je

samo pretpostaviti da je statua, iz potrebe,

vjere ili zavjeta izbaena s ciljem spaavanja

broda koji je podlegao sudbini neto dalje od

mjesta gdje ga je ona ustvari snala.

Sl. 21 Otok Vele Orjule; bronana statua mladog atleta (foto: D. Frka)

Fig. 21 Island of Vele Orjule; bronze statue of the young athlete (photo: D. Frka)

30 31

stamps of caliphs from the Fatimid dynasty

and coins of the Byzantine emperor Basil II.

Probably this ship was transporting goods

from Syria to Constantinople, the most im-

portant center of Byzantine glass produc-

tion.

he excavation of the Sere Limani ship-

wreck was directed by George F. Bass in the

late 1970s. During the three year expedi-

fa iz dinastije Fatimida i novcem bizantskog

cara Bazilija II. u vrijeme oko 1025. godine,

a pretpostavlja se da je robu ukrcanu u Siriji

vozio u Konstantinopolis, najznaajniji cen-

tar bizantske proizvodnje stakla.

Istraivanje brodoloma vodio je Georg F.

Bass krajem sedamdesetih godina prologa

stoljea, a tijekom trogodinje istraivake

Sl. 22 Matoviti prikaz Aleksandra Velikog koji istrauje more uz pomo staklene bave (francuski prijevod Romana o Aleksandru Velikom, oko 1445., he British Library, London, , iz Whitehouse 2010)

Fig. 22 Idealistic representation of he Alexander Romance exploring the sea in a glass barrel (French translation of he Romance of the Alexander the Great, around 1445, he British Library, London)

onwards, the economic situation again en-

couraged the development of various glass

products that were used intensively in every-

day life as well as in religious, scientiic and

medicinal contexts. By the end of the Mid-

dle Ages, workshops still existed which pro-

duced a variety of glass objects and traded

them across the Mediterranean. he trade

included not only many forms of glass ves-

sels but also lat glasses for window panes

and mirrors, objects used for scientiic pur-

poses, or luxury products with pronounced

aesthetical value.

Intensive glass production was charac-

teristic of the Venice region and the earliest

traces of this industry can be dated to the 9th

century. Owing to intensive maritime trade,

Venetian production increased immensely

by the 13th century giving rise to the numer-

ous innovations of Venetian glassmakers.

Attractive glass material sometimes in-

spired fantastic ideas, so that in the French

version of he Alexander Romance the kings

adventure under the sea was assisted by a

bizarre solution, with Alexander descending

to the depths inside a glass barrel (Fig. 22).

he greatest and most impressive exca-

vated medieval shipwreck with a glass cargo

is deinitely the Sere Limani shipwreck,

which was found along the southern coast

of Asia Minor opposite to the Greek island

of Rhodes. It is also referred to as the Islam-

ic glass shipwreck. Sere Limani was dated

to c. 1025 AD by the Islamic weights with

Od 12. stoljea ekonomska je situacija po-

novno potakla razvoj raznolikih staklenih

proizvoda koji su se osim u svakodnevnom

konzumiranju jela i pia intenzivno koristili

u vjerskim, znanstvenim i medicinskim kon-

tekstima. Do kraja srednjega vijeka razvio se

tako itav niz radionica koje su proizvodile

najraznolikiju staklenu robu i njome trgova-

le irom Mediterana. Ona je ukljuivala ne

samo mnoge oblike uporabnoga stakleno-

ga posua ve i plosnata stakla za ogledala

i prozore, predmete koritene u znanstvene

svrhe ili luksuzne proizvode poglavito estet-

ske vrijednosti.

Intenzivna proizvodnja stakla karakte-

ristina je za podruje Venecije, a njezine

najstarije potvrde potjeu iz 9. stoljea. Za-

hvaljujui intenzivnoj pomorskoj trgovini

ta se proizvodnja do 13. stoljea razvila do

nesluenih razmjera, potiui mletake sta-

klare na brojne inovacije.

Atraktivan stakleni materijal dovodio je

ponekad i do fantastinih domiljanja, pa je

u francuskoj verziji Romana o Aleksandru

Velikom jedan kraljev podvig prikazan kroz

bizarno rjeenje sputanja u podmorje uz

pomo staklene bave (Sl. 22).

Najvei i najimpresivniji do sada istraen

srednjovjekovni brodolom s teretom stakla

svakako je brodolom Sere Limani prona-

en uz maloazijsku obalu, nasuprot grkom

otoku Rodosu. Poznat jo i pod nazivom

Brodolom islamskog stakla, Sere Limani je

datiran islamskim utezima s peatima kali-

32 33

Despite the existence of many glass work-

shops in European territory, luxurious glass

products were imported via sea routes also

from Byzantium and the Islamic world dur-

ing the High Middle Ages, passing through

Usprkos postojanju mnogih radionica

na europskom kopnu, tijekom razvijeno-

ga srednjeg vijeka luksuzna je staklena roba

stizala morem i iz Bizanta i islamskog svijeta

posredstvom trgovaca, hodoasnika i kriara.

Brodolom kod rta Stobe na Mljetu

Shipwreck at cape Stoba on the island of Mljet

Sl. 23 Rt Stoba, otok Mljet; zdjelica na ukraenoj nozi (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 23 Cape Stoba, island of Mljet; decorated footed bowl (photo: R. Moskovi)

tion more than eighty complete vessels were

found and at least ten thousand broken ves-

sels, from which more than two hundred

forms could be recognized. In addition to

the glass objects, there were also 150 ampho-

rae and other ceramic vessels on the ship.

he comprehensive analysis of the exca-

vated cargo subsequently revealed that the

ship had mainly transported broken glass,

which was packed in baskets, and intended

for further processing. Eighty complete ves-

sels found in a separate part of the cargo

hold probably belonged to a merchant or

merchants who intended to sell them. Ex-

amples of the maritime trade of complete

vessels and broken glass goods intended for

re-use also appear in contemporary Medi-

eval documents.

Receptacles in the hold once illed with a

degradable substance led experts to the con-

clusion that the ship had also transported a

large amount of herbal ash, which was in-

tended for use as the raw material for glass

production. In the High Middle Ages, herbal

ash from the Levant was intensively used by

the Venetian glassmakers, who at this time

also imported glass waste from Syria for fur-

ther processing.

Uniform results of the archaeometric

analyses point to the conclusion that the

cargo came from a single unique port of ori-

gin in the Near East, but its identity remains

unknown.

kampanje pronaeno je vie od osamdeset

itavih te najmanje deset tisua slomlje-

nih posuda iz kojih se moglo iitati vie

od dvjesto razliitih oblika. Osim staklenih

predmeta, na brodu se nalazilo i oko 150

amfora i drugih keramikih posuda.

Sustavno istraivanje popraeno krajnje

detaljnom dokumentacijom omoguilo je

zakljuak kako je rije o prijevozu ve slo-

mljenog stakla, pakiranog u koare i nami-

jenjenoga daljnjoj preradi. Osamdesetak i-

tavih posuda, pronaenih u zasebnom dijelu

potpalublja, pripadalo je vjerojatno trgovcu

ili trgovcima koji su ih ukrcali radi proda-

je. Pomorski prijevoz itavog posua i slo-

mljene staklene robe namijenjene ponovnoj

uporabi potvren je i u srednjovjekovnim

dokumentima.

Praznine u potpalublju koje su zbog sta-

bilnosti broda morale biti ispunjene nekim

razgradivim teretom navele su strunjake na

pomisao o transportu vee koliine biljnoga

pepela u funkciji sirovine za izradu stakla.

Biljni pepeo s Levanta u razvijenom sred-

njem vijeku intenzivno su koristili i mletaki

majstori koji su u to vrijeme iz Sirije uvozili

i stakleni otpad za preradu.

Ujednaeni rezultati arheometrijskih

analiza uputili su na zakljuak o jedinstve-

nom, ali za sada jo uvijek nepoznatom po-

drijetlu tereta ukrcanog u nekoj bliskoisto-

noj luci.

34 35

ju za sada na njihovo podrijetlo s istonog

Mediterana, bilo iz islamskih radionica ili iz

onih bizantskih koje su djelovale pod jakim

islamskim utjecajem.

Najbliu mediteransku usporedbu s tere-

tom broda potonuloga kod rta Stobe nalazi-

mo u opisanome brodolomu Sere Limani.

Stoga i njegovo datiranje za sada uglavnom

poiva na tipolokoj analizi amfora te nji-

hovu povezivanju s nalazima iz turskog

podmorja. Tijekom posljednjih godina ob-

novljeno je zanimanje za nalazite, to bi u

budunosti moglo dovesti do novih spozna-

ja o podrijetlu i datiranju brodskog tereta.

Budue analize pokazat e, nadajmo se, i po-

drijetlo spomenutoga natpisa te eventualno

proniknuti u njegov sadraj.

jects were produced according to the tradi-

tional ancient methods. All elements of the

decoration, composition and form indicate

that their origin was in the eastern Mediter-

ranean, either from Islamic workshops or

Byzantine ones operating under strong Is-

lamic inluence.

he closest Mediterranean comparison

to the cargo of the ship which sank near

Cape Stoba is the Sere Limani shipwreck

described above. herefore its dating relies

on typological analysis of the amphorae and

their connections with inds from the Turk-

ish seabed. During the last few years, interest

in this site has been renewed, which may lead

to new insights about the origin and dating

of the ships cargo. Future analyses will hope-

fully reveal the origin of the inscription, and

possibly decipher its meaning.

Sl. 26 Rt Stoba, otok Mljet; obod zdjelice s natpi-som (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 26 Cape Stoba, island of Mljet; rim of the bowl with the inscription (photo: R. Moskovi)

the hands of merchants, pilgrims and cru-

saders.

In the 1970s under the leadership of

Zdenko Brusi, near Cape Stoba on Mljet,

remains of a medieval shipwreck were docu-

mented with a cargo of Byzantine amphorae.

On this unfortunately heavily damaged site,

Brusi discovered a large number of frag-

ments of luxurious glass vessels, including

a completely preserved goblet made with a

combination of yellowish-greenish and co-

balt blue glass (Fig. 23). Among the remain-

ing fragments there was also a rim from a

small bicoloured bowl. On the lower side of

this bowls rim is a miniature inscription that

could not be deciphered. Probably this is an

alphabet which was used by some Christian

community in the region of Syria or Meso-

potamia (Fig. 26).

Ater a detailed analysis of the glass

inds, which employed a combination of

transparent and cobalt blue glass, it was

determined that these luxury decorated ob-

Sedamdesetih godina prologa stoljea,

pod vodstvom Zdenka Brusia, kod rta Sto-

be na Mljetu dokumentirani su ostatci po-

topljenoga srednjovjekovnog broda koji je

prevozio teret bizantskih amfora. Na prili-

no opustoenom nalazitu pronaen je vei

broj ulomaka luksuzne staklene robe, meu

kojom i potpuno ouvan pehar izraen u

kombinaciji stakla ukasto zelenkaste i ko-

baltno plave boje (Sl. 23). Meu preostalim

ulomcima istie se rub dvobojne zdjelice uz

iji je obod s donje strane ucrtan minijaturan

neodgonetnuti natpis (Sl. 26). Pretpostavlja

se da je rije o pismu koje je upotrebljavala

neka kranska zajednica na podruju Sirije

ili Mezopotamije.

Pozornom analizom staklenih nalaza,

izraenih u kombinaciji prozirnog i kobal-

tno plavog stakla, utvreno je kako je rije

o luksuzno ukraenim predmetima ija pro-

izvodnja poiva na jakoj antikoj tradiciji.

Svi elementi ukrasa, sastava i oblika upuu-

Sl. 25 Rt Stoba, otok Mljet; ulomak boce s reljefnim ukrasom (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 25 Cape Stoba, island of Mljet; bottle fragment with the relief ornament (photo: R. Moskovi)

Sl. 24 Rt Stoba, otok Mljet; donji dio ukraene staklene zdjelice (foto: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 24 Cape Stoba, island of Mljet; bottom part of a decorated glass bowl (photo: R. Moskovi)

36 37

he site at the islet of Gnali was known

from the early 1960s but it entered oicial

records only in 1967 ater a large number of

Nalazite kod otoia Gnalia poznato

je od ranih ezdesetih godina prologa sto-

ljea, ali je u slubenu evidenciju uvedeno

tek 1967. godine nakon to je velika koli-

ina nalaza zavrila u belgijskim privatnim

zbirkama. Prve tri istraivake kampanje

organizirane su tijekom 1967. i 1968., a slje-

dee dvije tijekom 1972. i 1973. godine. Za

njihovo ostvarenje i kasnije konzerviranje

atraktivnih ali osjetljivih nalaza osobito su

zasluni Ksenija Raduli, Boidar Vilhar te

Soija i Ivo Petricioli. Zatitna kampanja ma-

njega opsega provedena je 1996. godine pod

vodstvom Zdenka Brusia radi obnavljanja

istraivanja i poticanja akcije zatite nalazi-

ta, ali je zbog administrativnih komplikaci-

ja taj vrijedni pokuaj ostao bez uspjeha.

Dosadanjim istraivanjima utvreno je

kako je rije o trgovakom brodu duine oko

30 m, naoruanom topovima i natovarenom

razliitim gotovim proizvodima, poluproi-

zvodima i sirovinama uglavnom s podruja

Italije, Slovenije i sjeverne Njemake. S mor-

skog dna podignuta su dva velika eljezna

Brodolom kod otoia Gnalia

Shipwreck near the islet of Gnali

Sl. 29 Zaviajni muzej Biograd na moru; prozorsko staklo s brodoloma kod Gnalia (foto: R. Mosko-vi)

Fig. 29 Homeland museum of Biograd na moru; window glass from the shipwreck of Gnali (pho-to: R. Moskovi)

Fig. 27, 28 Islet of Gnali; round window glass from the ships cargo (foto: D. Frka, M. Brzac)

Sl. 27, 28 Otoi Gnali; okruglo prozorsko staklo iz brodskog tereta (foto: D. Frka, M. Brzac)

38 39

Znaajan dio tereta sastojao se od me-

talnih poluproizvoda koji su trebali poslu-

iti kao sirovine za daljnju preradu. Meu

njima se posebno istiu deblji preklopljeni

i stlaeni mjedeni lim, tanji mjedeni lim u

smotcima i mjedena ica razliita promje-

ra namotana u kolute. Osim mjedenoga,

iz mora je izvaen i komad elinog lima

prevuenog tankom kositrenom prevlakom

(tzv. bijeli lim) te preko 1000 kg istoga kosi-

tra u metalnim ipkama duine 70 cm. Brod

je prevozio i veu koliinu elementarne ive,

ali i umjetno napravljen ivin sulid (cino-

ber, HgS) koji je kao arko crvena boja bio

na vrlo visokoj cijeni jo od antikoga doba.

ivin sulid prevozio se u ingotima zvonoli-

ka oblika, teine oko 100 kg, a zbog visokog

postotka ive mogao je posluiti i kao me-

dij za njezin transport. U malim unjevima

teine 0,25 kg, pakiranima u manje bavice,

prevozilo se olovno bjelilo izraeno na bazi

olovnog karbonata, koje je u krutu formu

vjerojatno dovedeno mijeanjem s gaenim

vapnom. U drvenim bavicama prevozio se

takoer elementarni sumpor, moda kao si-

rovina za izradu baruta. Uz nabrojenu robu

pronaen je i grumen antimonova sulida iz

kojega se dobivao isti antimon.

Kao i u sluaju antikog brodoloma kod

rta Glavata na Mljetu, neki od navedenih po-

luproizvoda mogu se dovesti u vezu s upora-

bom stakla. Osim za kvalitetnu bijelu boju,

olovno je bjelilo sluilo i za glaziranje kera-

mikih proizvoda, dok su se kositar i iva

terials mostly from the region of Italy, Slov-

enia, and northern Germany. Two large iron

anchors and eight bronze guns were raised

from the seabed. For dating the shipwreck,

the two guns are particularly important.

Weighing about 700 kg with a caliber of 9

cm, they were produced in 1582 in Venice by

Giovanni II (Zuan) Alberghetti, a member

of one of the most famous families of Vene-

tian casters. Five smaller guns originated

also from Venetian workshops, and only one

specimen is from the region of Germany or

France. he complete absence of the symbol

of the Venetian lion in the gun ornaments

from the Gnali shipwreck proves that this

was not a Venetian galley, since those ves-

sels had to be equipped in accordance with

the strict rules of the Republic. Rather, it was

merchant ship with rounded hull (Italian

nave tonda). his conclusion is also support-

ed by the analyses of the documented (albeit

meagre) remains of the ships hull construc-

tion.

An important part of the cargo consisted

of metal by-products which were supposed

to serve as raw materials for further process-

ing, such as thick folded and compressed

brass sheet, and thin brass sheet in rolls.

Apart from the brass, a piece of iron sheet

with a thin tin slip (so-called tin plate) was

taken from the sea along with over 1000 kg

of pure tin in metal bars measuring 70 cm

in length. he ship also transported a large

amount of elementary mercury as well as

artefacts from the site ended up in Belgian

private collections. he irst three research

campaigns were organized in 1967 and 1968,

and the subsequent two in 1972 and 1973.

Credit for these excavations and subsequent

conservation work goes to Ksenija Raduli,

Boidar Vilhar and Soija and Ivo Petricioli.

A smaller rescue campaign was carried out

in 1996 under the leadership of Zdenko

Brusi with the aim of renewing research

and promoting the continuation of rescue

excavations of the site. Due to administra-

tive complications this praiseworthy efort

was not successful.

he earlier research revealed that this was

a merchant ship measuring 30 m in length,

armed with guns and loaded with various

inished products, by-products and raw ma-

sidra i osam bronanih topova. Za datiranje

brodoloma osobito su znaajna dva sakra,

teine oko 700 kg i kalibra 9 cm, koja je u Ve-

neciji 1582. godine izlio Giovanni II. (Zuan)

Alberghetti, pripadnik jedne od najpozna-

tijih obitelji mletakih ljevaa. I pet manjih

topova potjee vjerojatno iz mletakih radi-

onica, dok je samo u jednom sluaju rije o

proizvodu s podruja Njemake ili Francu-

ske. Potpuni izostanak simbola mletakoga

lava u ornamentici topova posluio je kao

uvjerljiv argument da kod Gnalia nije po-

tonula mletaka galija kakva je morala biti

opremljena po strogim pravilima Republike,

ve trgovaki brod zaobljena trupa (tal. nave

tonda). Taj zakljuak podupiru i analize za

sada tek oskudno dokumentiranih dijelova

brodske konstrukcije.

Sl. 30 Zaviajni muzej Biograd na moru; ukraena staklena zdjela s brodoloma kod Gnalia (foto: I. Fadi )

Fig. 30 Homeland museum of Biograd na moru; decorated glass bowl from the shipwreck of Gnali (photo: I. Fadi)

40 41

the Institute for Mediterranean Heritage,

and the Scientiic Research Centre of the

University of Koper, Slovenija, most of the

glass inds were documented thoroughly and

analyzed professionally. he total amount of

glass was estimated at 5500 pieces, of which

75 % were vessels of diferent types. Among

various forms of beakers, bottles, bowls and

other utilitarian objects, beakers with ped-

estals (goblets) are deinitely the most abun-

dant, as about 2300 pieces have been found

so far. Stems decorated with lion masks are

a characteristic Venetian invention from the

end of the 16th century, which spread across

Europe in subsequent years and were imi-

tated in many workshops.

About 25 % of the glass cargo consisted

of a large amount of lat glass used for win-

dows and mirrors. Diferent sizes of round

window glasses (Figs. 27-29) indicate a non-

standardized product that was ordered for

special occasions, most frequently for fur-

nishing churches or the houses of wealthy

owners. Rare examples of window panes

decorated by blowing into a correspond-

ing mould deinitely had a special purpose.

Glasses for mirrors were of standard size,

round or rectangular, with specially smooth

surfaces in order to avoid the deformation of

the relexion.

At the Gnali site many polychrome

beads made of glass paste were also found,

and more than ity pairs of spectacles with

frames made of leather (Fig. 31). We know

from written sources that spectacles in the

ae na stalku (kalei) kojih je za sada pro-

naeno oko 2300 komada. Stalci ukraeni

lavljim maskama karakteristian su mletaki

izum s kraja 16. stoljea, koji se tijekom slje-

deih godina proirio Europom i imitirao u

mnogim radionicama.

Oko 25% staklenoga brodskog tereta i-

nila je velika koliina ravnoga stakla, kori-

tenog za prozore i ogledala. Razliite veli-

ine okruglih prozorskih stakala (Sl. 27-29)

upuuju na nestandardizirani proizvod koji

se naruivao za posebne prilike, najee za

opremu crkava ili kua imunih vlasnika.

Posebnu su namjenu svakako imali i rijetki

primjerci prozorskih stakala ukraenih pu-

hanjem u odgovarajui kalup. Stakla za ogle-

Sl. 31 Koritenje naoala u srednjem vijeku (Tom-maso da Modena, detalj freske, 1352.)

Fig. 31 he use of spectacles in the Middle Ages (Tommaso da Modena, detail of the fresco, 1352)

artiicially produced mercury sulphide (cin-

nabar, HgS) which was highly valued in

antiquity for its bright red colour. Mercury

sulphide was transported in bell-shaped in-

gots, weighing about 100 kg. Due to the high

proportion of mercury, it may have simply

served as a medium for its transport. Lead

white made from a compound of lead car-

bonate, which was brought to a solid state by

mixing it with slaked lime, was transported

in small cones weighing 0.25 kg and packed

in small barrels. Sulphur was transported

in small wooden barrels, perhaps as a raw

material for the production of gunpowder.

here was also a chunk of antimony sul-

phide, which was used for obtaining pure

antimony.

As in the case of ancient shipwreck near

Cape Glavat on Mljet, the presence of some

of these by-products may be related to the

production of glass. In addition to quality

white colour, lead white was also used for

glazing ceramic products, whereas tin and

mercury were intensively used in the pro-

duction of glasses; antimony may also have

been used in this process. he most com-

mon technique consisted of coating tin sheet

with a thin layer of mercury on which a glass

board was laid. he contact between the

mercury and the glass resulted in a metal-

lic relecting layer, and the alloying of mer-

cury with tin resulted in an amalgam which

formed the metal base of the mirror.

Possibly the most important part of the

ships cargo consisted of various glass ob-

jects. hanks to the eforts of experts from

intenzivno koristili u proizvodnji ogledala

za iju je izradu mogao posluiti i spome-

nuti antimon. Najea tehnika sastojala se

u prevlaenju kositrenog lima tankim slo-

jem ive na koju se polagala staklena ploa.

Kontaktom ive i stakla stvarao se metalni

relektirajui sloj, a spajanjem ive i kosi-