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I. Perceptual Organization
Overview•Introduction (Gestalt)
•A. Form Perception•B. Depth Perception•C. Motion Perception•D. Perceptual Constancy
Introduction
_____________ “form” or “whole” • Field of psychology that emphasizes our
tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
A. Form Perception
• _____________________: organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
A reversible figure-ground illustration
A. Form Perception
• _______________– the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
– Proximity
– Similarity
– Continuity
– Connectedness
– Closure
We bring order & form to basic perceptionsWe bring order & form to basic perceptions
B. Depth Perception• Depth perception: ability to see objects in three
dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional
B. Depth PerceptionBinocular Cues
• How do we see depth?–We respond to cues
• Binocular cues or Monocular Cues –Retinal disparity
B. Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues
• Monocular cues1. Relative height
2. Relative size
3. Interposition
4. Linear perspective
5. Relative motion
6. Light and shadow
Page 155- Read the caption & be able to explain in your own words.
C. Motion Perception
• Stroboscopic movement- a rapid series of slightly varying images perceived as movement – Film
• Phi phenomenon- an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. Example
D. Perceptual Constancy
• Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change– Shape Constancy– Size Constancy– Lightness Constancy– Color Constancy
Perceptual ConstancyShape and Size Constancies
• Shape constancy
Perceptual ConstancyShape and Size Constancies
• Size constancy- we perceive object as having a constant size even when our distance from them varies – This interplay between perceived size and
perceived distance helps explain several well-known illusions
• Moon illusion
Perceptual ConstancyLightness Constancy
• Lightness constancy (aka Brightness constancy)
–We perceive constant lightness even when illumination varies
–Relative luminance
• Relative to objects
around it
Perceptual ConstancyColor Constancy
• Color constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.– Surrounding
context– Surrounding
objects
II. Perceptual InterpretationA.Sensory Deprivation & Restored VisionB.Sensory AdaptationC.Perceptual SetD.Perception as Biopsychosocial
Phenomenon
A. Sensory Deprivation & Restored Vision
• Experiments on sensory deprivation–Critical period
B. Perceptual Adaptation
• Perceptual adaptation– in vision, the ability to adjust
to an artificially displaced or
even inverted visual field.
– Displacement goggles
C. Perceptual Set• Perceptual set: a mental disposition
to perceive one thing and not another– Mental predisposition
• the readiness to interpret a stimulus in a certain way
– Schemas
C. Perceptual SetContext Effects
• Context effects
C. Perceptual SetEmotion and Motivation
• Motivation on perception
• Emotions on perception
D. Perception is a Biopsychosocial Phenomenon
Is There Extrasensory Perception?
Parapsychology
Claims of ESP• Parapsychology
– study of paranormal phenomena, includes ESP & psychokinesis (PK).
• Extrasensory Perception– the controversial claim that perception can
occur apart from sensory input• Telepathy• Clairvoyance• Precognition