Hydropower development options...Micro-Hydro Design Manual: A Guide to Small-scale Hydropower Schemes. Practical Action Publishing Ltd, United Kingdom. • Van Dijk, M. Van Vuuren,

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development options

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•• Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions

Layout of the presentationLayout of the presentation

•• Two sides of hydropower in the water cycleTwo sides of hydropower in the water cycle•• Previous studiesPrevious studies•• Generating options Generating options •• Feasibility studyFeasibility study

Hydropower Course Hydropower Course -- 20132013 P1-2

y yy y•• ConclusionConclusion•• Opportunities related to high energy costsOpportunities related to high energy costs

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•• Energy sourcesEnergy sources

Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions

Pumped storagePumped storage NuclearNuclearPercentage of SA productionPercentage of SA productionPercentage of global productionPercentage of global production

•• Energy shortage in South AfricaEnergy shortage in South Africa•• High escalation of energyHigh escalation of energy

–– Hydropower generation capacitiesHydropower generation capacities–– Available turbine typesAvailable turbine types

Gas/liquidGas/liquid5.8%5.8%

HydroelectricHydroelectric1.4%1.4%

Pumped storagePumped storage3.4%3.4%

NuclearNuclear4.4%4.4%

CoalCoal--firedfired40%40%

LiquidsLiquids5%5%

NuclearNuclear15%15%


–– What is low head hydropower?What is low head hydropower?–– Factors influencing the generation capacityFactors influencing the generation capacity

CoalCoal--firedfired85.0%85.0%

Natural gasNatural gas22%22%

HydroelectricHydroelectric18%18%


•• Hydropower generation capacitiesHydropower generation capacities


Turbine Runner Capacity outputPico ≤ 20 kW

Micro 20 kW to 100 kW


Mini 100 kW to 1 MW

Small 1 MW to 10 MW

Macro /Large > 10 MW

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•• Available turbine typesAvailable turbine types


Turbine Runner

High

HeadMedium Head Low Head

Ultra-Low

Head

> 100m 20-100m 5-20m < 5m

I lPelton

Cross-flow

T

Cross-flow Water wheel

S T


ImpulseTurgo

Turgo

Multi-jet Pelton

Multi-jet

Turgo

Screw Type

Hydrokinetic

Reaction -Francis

Pump-as-Turbine

Propeller

Kaplan

Propeller

Kaplan


•• What is low head generation (ESHA, 2004)What is low head generation (ESHA, 2004)Introduction and definitionsIntroduction and definitions

Classification Head (m) Typical turbine type

High > 100 Pelton, Francis, etc.

Medium 30 to 100 Francis, Kaplan, etc.


Low 2 to 30Crossflow, Archimedes screw,

water weel, Hydroengine, etc.

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•• Factors influencing the generation capacityFactors influencing the generation capacity


–– Flow rate, Q;Flow rate, Q;–– Available head (positional energy), H;Available head (positional energy), H;–– Efficiency, Efficiency, ηη;;–– Reliability/load factor, R (Hydrology, Reliability/load factor, R (Hydrology,

operational match with demand,operational match with demand, etcetc))


operational match with demand, operational match with demand, etcetc))–– Constants (gravitational acceleration, g and Constants (gravitational acceleration, g and

liquid density, liquid density, ρρ).).


•• Demand and supply (input and harvest)Demand and supply (input and harvest)Two sides of hydropower in the water cycleTwo sides of hydropower in the water cycle

•• Demand sideDemand side::–– Optimum pipe diameter (Pumping hours and Optimum pipe diameter (Pumping hours and

energy rates; Static head; Transfer rate and energy rates; Static head; Transfer rate and Pipe costs/class/size)Pipe costs/class/size)

•• Harvest sideHarvest side::


Harvest sideHarvest side::–– Available head; flow rate; technology Available head; flow rate; technology

(efficiency); value of energy; reliability and load (efficiency); value of energy; reliability and load factorfactor

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsImpactImpact ofof energyenergy escalationescalation –– ConceptualConceptual assessmentassessment

??

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsCost breakdown of pumping systemsCost breakdown of pumping systems

Expected influence of energy increase - S3

Capital10%

Maintenance34%

Hydropower Course Hydropower Course -- 20132013

Energy

Other9%

Capital Energy Other Maintenance

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Opportunities: Capital/Operational Trade offOpportunities: Capital/Operational Trade off


Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReview existing pumping systems

Garsfontein Elarduspark Selection of Optimum Pipe Line Diameter with 18h of Pumping per day

R 117 000 000.00

R 122 000 000.00

R 127 000 000.00

rese

nt v

alue

cos

ts (

R )

Diameter with 18h of Pumping per day

Installed Installed diameterdiameter OptimumOptimum


R 107 000 000.00

R 112 000 000.00

350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050

∑ P

r

Pipe line diameter (mm)

diameterdiameter

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReview of installed pumping systems Review of installed pumping systems -- TshwaneTshwane

Selection of the pump Selection of the pump systems for which the systems for which the

pipelines needs upgradespipelines needs upgrades


Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReview existing systems Review existing systems –– Procedure to selectProcedure to select

hf/Hs vs Hshf/Hs vs Hs

Objective: Maximize Objective: Maximize Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

h f/H

s

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

h f/H

s

Mi iMi i

Maximum Maximum return on return on

investmentinvestment

Hydropower Course Hydropower Course -- 20132013 P1P1--1414

0

0.2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Hs

Replace Parallel DS 1 DS 2

0

0.2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Hs

Replace Parallel DS 1 DS 2

Minimum Minimum returnreturn

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsHydropowerHydropower fromfrom pressurizedpressurized conduitsconduits

Vari

esVa

ries


Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsHydropowerHydropower fromfrom pressurizedpressurized conduitsconduits


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WRC HP SJVV 310811 P1-17


Hydropower facilityHydropower facilityInstalled Installed

generation generation Load Load factorfactor

Power Power generation generation

HydropowerHydropower fromfrom pressurizedpressurized conduitsconduits

capacity (MW)capacity (MW) factorfactor ((MWhMWh))

Generation from pressurised supply to reservoirs in 5

Metropolitan AreasVarious 0,28 22 500

Gariep Hydropower Station 360 0,6 1 892 160

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(Base Station) 360 0,6 1 892 160

Grootdraai Power Station (Reinstated) 1200 0,9 9 460 800

Colley Wobbles (Feed into the local grid) 42 0,7 257 500

Klipheuwel Windmill 3,2 0,6 16 800

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AA Hi h L l S i I ti ti i t thHi h L l S i I ti ti i t th

Previous studiesPrevious studies

•• A A High Level Scoping Investigation into the High Level Scoping Investigation into the Potential of Energy Saving and Potential of Energy Saving and Production/Generation in the Supply of Water Production/Generation in the Supply of Water through Pressurized Conduits. WRC Project through Pressurized Conduits. WRC Project No. No. K8/839/3K8/839/3


•• Scoping Scoping study: Energy generation using low study: Energy generation using low head hydro head hydro technologiestechnologies


Types of HydropowerTypes of Hydropower


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Generation optionsGeneration options•• DamsDams

G iG i•• Gauging structuresGauging structures•• RunRun--ofof--riverriver•• PipesPipes•• Diversion structuresDiversion structures•• Concrete lined chutes and drop structuresConcrete lined chutes and drop structures•• Bridges across constant base flow conditionsBridges across constant base flow conditions


•• Bridges across constant base flow conditionsBridges across constant base flow conditions•• Flow measuring stationsFlow measuring stations•• Open lengths on irrigation canalsOpen lengths on irrigation canals•• SiphonsSiphons


DamsDams

(a) Kaplan(Alstom,2013)


(b) VerticalKaplan(Mavel,2013a)(c) Hydroe‐kidsassiphon(Toshiba,2013)

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsGauging structuresGauging structures

(a)Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013)

(b)Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013)


(c)Kaplanturbine(Alstom,2013)

(a) HorisontalKaplan(Mavel,2013a)


RunRun-- ofof-- river (CSIR/Eskom)river (CSIR/Eskom)


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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsPipelinesPipelines


Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsSystem layout of water supply to System layout of water supply to BloemwaterBloemwater


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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsPipelines Pipelines -- BloemwaterBloemwater

ΔΔHHmaxmax = 83.2 m, = 83.2 m, QQminmin = 0 m³/s = 0 m³/s

QQmaxmax = 1.42 m³/s, = 1.42 m³/s, ΔΔHHminmin = 15 m = 15 m To be discussed To be discussed

during the site visitduring the site visit


during the site visitduring the site visit


•• Q, H, generation time and assurance of Q, H, generation time and assurance of Development criteria for HydropowerDevelopment criteria for Hydropower

supplysupply•• Accessible to site and infrastructureAccessible to site and infrastructure•• Reservoir storage buffer to accommodate Reservoir storage buffer to accommodate

fluctuating demandsfluctuating demandsG d l i iG d l i i i ?i ?


•• Generated electricity Generated electricity vsvs consumption?consumption?•• Bypass alternativeBypass alternative•• Safety mechanismsSafety mechanisms•• StaffingStaffing

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Diversion structuresDiversion structures


Diversion structure in Diversion structure in BoegoebergBoegoeberg Irrigation SchemeIrrigation Scheme


Chutes and drop structuresChutes and drop structures


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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsBridgesBridges


Bridge across Bridge across TeebusTeebus canalcanal

Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsOpen channelsOpen channels

Drivers areDrivers are::


Drivers areDrivers are::•• Need for electricity nearbyNeed for electricity nearby•• Flow volumeFlow volume•• Flow velocityFlow velocity•• Reliability of flowReliability of flow

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsTypical InstallationsTypical Installations

(a) Hydroe‐Kidsassiphon(Toshiba,2013)

(b)Hydrokineticturbine(Hydrovolts,2013)


(b) Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013) (d)Archimedeanscrew(3Helixpower,2013)

Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsExample: OrangeExample: Orange--FishFish--Sundays Transfer SchemeSundays Transfer Scheme


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Conclusion•• Opportunities for Opportunities for picopico to micro to micro scale hydropower scale hydropower

installations in South Africa water infrastructureinstallations in South Africa water infrastructureinstallations in South Africa water infrastructureinstallations in South Africa water infrastructure•• Most important Most important parametersparameters to consider are:to consider are:

-- Pressure head, flow and;Pressure head, flow and;-- ReliabilityReliability

•• Locations should be identifiedLocations should be identified•• Consider Consider Capital cost/Operation cost trade off (KickCapital cost/Operation cost trade off (Kick--start start

economy and create jobs economy and create jobs –– Planning Commission)Planning Commission)


•• Provide additional hydraulic capacity in pumping mains Provide additional hydraulic capacity in pumping mains ((Subsidize capital to Subsidize capital to improve energy improve energy efficiency and offset efficiency and offset energy demand)energy demand)

•• Develop the potentialDevelop the potential

Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsReferencesReferences• British Hydropower Association (BHA). 2005. A Guide to UK Mini-Hydro

Developments, Version 1.2. The British Hydropower Association, Wimborne, UK. Available online: www.british-hydro.org.y g

• Eskom. 2012. Integrated Report for the Year Ended 21 March 2012. Available online: http://www.eskom.co.za/c/article/289/publications/. [Accessed: 7 January 2013].

• Harvey, A., Brown, A., Hettiarachi, P. and Inversin, A. 1993. Micro-Hydro Design Manual: A Guide to Small-scale Hydropower Schemes. Practical Action Publishing Ltd, United Kingdom.

• Van Dijk, M. Van Vuuren, S.J. and Barta, B. 2012. Optimization of energy generation from water supply and distribution systems Proceedings of the Hydro 2012


from water supply and distribution systems. Proceedings of the Hydro 2012 International Conference, 29-31 October 2012, Bilbao, Spain.

• Van Vuuren, S.J. 2010. A High Level Scoping Investigation into the Potential of Energy Saving and Production/Generation in the Supply of Water through Pressurized Conduits. WRC Project No. K8/839/3. WRC Report No. KV 238/10. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.

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Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsOpportunities derived from high energy costsOpportunities derived from high energy costs–– Review and optimize energy demand.Review and optimize energy demand.–– Consider Capital cost/Operation cost Consider Capital cost/Operation cost

trade off (Kicktrade off (Kick--start economy and create start economy and create jobs jobs –– Planning Commission)Planning Commission)

–– Provide additional hydraulic capacity in Provide additional hydraulic capacity in pumping mains (Subsidy to improvepumping mains (Subsidy to improve


pumping mains (Subsidy to improve pumping mains (Subsidy to improve energy efficiency)energy efficiency)

–– Review Hydropower generation Review Hydropower generation (Pressurised systems)(Pressurised systems)

Hydropower development optionsHydropower development optionsAny questions ?Any questions ?

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Thank you

Documents

Hydropower development options...Micro-Hydro Design Manual: A Guide to Small-scale Hydropower Schemes. Practical Action Publishing Ltd, United Kingdom. • Van Dijk, M. Van Vuuren,