HNG LIU M PHM ti 7: SN PHM M PHM CHO RNG V MII. Gii thiu v rng v miI. Gii thiu v mi1.1 Cu to ca mi:Mi c cu to bi ba phn. Phn ngoi cng l lp biu b. Phn th hai l khu vc mi , c bao bc bi mt lp mng khng c cc tuyn m hi (tuyn nhn). Phn cch gia phn biu b v khu vc mi l vin mi. khu vc mi , da mi rt mng cho php chng ta nhn thy cc mch mu chy qua r hn, v th m mi c mu .Da mi ca chng ta rt khc vi da mt v cc phn da khc trn c th. Da trn c th c rt nhiu lp, nhiu tuyn m hi v cc l chn lng. Da trn c th cn sn sinh ra melanin; cht ny to nn mt lp da rm nng c vai tr nh mt mn chn bo v cc lp da bn trong khi b ph hu bi cc tia cc tm khi tip xc vi nh nng mt tri.Tri li, da mi c rt t sc t melanin, nn mi t c bo v khi nh nng mt tri. Mi cng li khng c nhng lp m dy che ph. Khng c tuyn nhn, mi d b kh.Hn na, ngoi lng bn tay v gan bn chn ra, mi l ni duy nht trn c th khng c lng mc. Chnh v nhng nguyn nhn ny m mi rt d b tn thng.Cc u dy thn kinh trn mi rt st b mt mi, v th m mi d b chy mu v chng ta d b ung th da mi hn bt c ni no khc trn c th2.1 Cc bnh thng gp miL mp:L mp thng gp mt s ngi. Khi l mp thng b au rt, n ung kh kh khn, khi mi c ng mnh, c th b chy mu. Bnh l mp thng gp nhiu nhng ngi tr c ln da nhy cm. Vi nhng ngi ln tui, cc c quanh ming thng chy s v nho, to thnh np gp gc ming, cng c th gy l mp.Vim mi d ng:Thng xy ra khi mi tip xc vi cc cht to d ng cho mi. Cc cht ny c th l kem nh rng, x phng, nc sc ming, thm ch l son mi... Tnh trng d ng s chm dt mt vi ngy sau khi bn ngng s dng cc cht gy d ng.Vim mi do kch thch:Thng xy ra nhng ngi (do thi quen hoc do bnh l) hay lim mi hoc cn mi. Nu bn mc phi mt chng bnh no dn n vim mi do kch thch th cn iu tr khi bnh nhng nu ch v thi th quen, cn nhanh chng loi b thi quen ny.Lu , i mi ti tn khng ch l biu tng ca sc p m cn l biu hin ca sc khe, tui tc. Nhng thiu n ang dy th, kh huyt di do thng c i mi hng ho. Vi nhng ngi tui tc cao, ti thm ca i mi cng dn nht i.3.1 B quyt gip i mi lun mm mi v quyn rLn mi ti tn khng ch l biu tng ca sc p m cn biu hin cho sc khe v tui tc. V vy, i mi lun mm mi v quyn r, bn nn dnh thi gian chm sc cho vng da nhy cm ny.Trn c th chng ta cc vng da c cu trc khc nhau, vng da mi cng vy bi n rt mng manh v nhy cm. Mi khng c tuyn nhn, khng c nhng lp m che bo v, t sc t malenin nn kh nng ngn chn cc tia t ngoi ca nh sng mt tri v mi trng rt yu. V vy da mi rt d b kh v b tn thng.a. Ch n ungThng thng, mi b kh nt l do c th thiu nc hoc do mi trng kh v lnh, do nh nng mt tri gay gt chiu vo. Ch n ung hng ngy khng cn bng, thiu ht cht, chng hn thiu vitamin B cng nh hng n sc khe ca mi. Thi quen thng xuyn lim mi cng lm cho mi b kh, nt n, nht l vo ma hanh rt.V vy, mt trong nhng bin php quan trng u tin bo v mi l ung lng nc cn thit v n ung y dng cht, nht l nhng thc n giu vitamin.b. Kem dng miNgoi ra, cn dng n cc loi kem dng mi c m cao duy tr bng v nt ti tn ca ln mi. Nu mi b kh rp ko di nn dng cc loi kem dng da c cha vitamn A, D bi loi kem ny c tc dng tr ha cc t bo thng b, gip mi bn khi phc c mm mn.c. Ty da cht cho miBn nn ty t bo cht cho mi bng cch s dng sn phm t thin nhin hoc sn phm ty t bo cht cho da mt m bn hay dng. Cho mt t sn phm ty t bo cht ln ming vi mng ri nh nhng thoa u ln mi, ra sch bng nc m. Sau , thoa mt lp son dng ln mi v nguyn khi i ng. Tuy nhin, khng nn thc hin thng xuyn v c th s gy tn thng cho da. gi cho i mi ti tn, ngoi cc yu t cn thit trn, bn nn massage quanh ming c tc dng lm cho c vng ming linh hot, khin ln mi mm mi, t nhin khi ni, ci.Hin nay, rt nhiu bn chn cng ngh phun mi to mt ln mi hng ho t nhin. Tuy nhin, phun mi s c nhng tc dng khng mong mun nu khng c thc hin ng k thut cng nh chuyn mn. V vy, bn nn chn la v t vn k c c kt qu nh mong mun.II. Gii thiu v rng ming:2.1 Cu to ca rngRng c cu trc nh xng cng c cm cht vo cc hc rng ca hm. Hai hm rng ln lt xut hin trong c cuc i. Mi rng gm hai phn: thn rng, l phn c th nhn thy bn trongmingv chn rng l phn c cm bn trong xng hm. Chn rng thng di hn thn rng. Rng ca ch c mt chn, trong khi cc rng mc xa v pha sau c hai hoc ba chn.Nguyn t cu trc quan trng nht ca rng gm m vi hac gi lng rng. Ng rng l mt cht liu ging nh xng cng c cha cct bosng. N l mtmnhy cm v gy racm gicau khi b kch thch bngnhithoc bng ha cht. Ng ca thn rng cmen rngbo v bao bc, lp men ny l mt m t bo rt cng v khng c cm gic. Chn rng c bao bc bng mt lp xng rng, mt cht tng t vi ng rng gip gi rng trong hc rng.Gia rng c hnh dng mt hc rng cha y m lin kt nhy cm c gi lty rng. Ty ny ko di t bn trong thn rng thng xung n cui chn rng. Chn rng c l m phn su nht trong xng hm. Qua l m ny, ccmch muv dy thn kinh nh b chy vo hc ty rng.2.2 S nng rng:Mi rng u c chn c dnh cht vo xng hm; phn hm nng rng c gi lmm rng. Tuy nhin phng thc gn vo phc tp v cc rng c dnh cht vo hm nh cc si c gi ldy chng nha chu. y gm mt lot sicollagencng, chy t xng rng bao bc chn rng n st bn xng rng. Cc si ny nm ri rc vi cc m lin kt, trong m kin kt cng c cha ccmch muv si thn kinh.Cch thc gn rng a n mt mc chuyn ng t nhin rt nh. iu ny c tc dng nh mt loi gim xc c th bo v rng vxngkhi b tn hi khi cn.Khu vc quan trng ch yu trong h thng ny l c rng, ni tip gip gia thn rng v chn rng. vng ny nu rng tht cht vo rng c tc dng bo v ccmnng nm di khi bnhim trngv cc nh hng c hi khc.2.3 Cc loi rng ngi, rng c chia ra thnh: Rng sa: rng tm thi, mc trong khong t 6 n 30thngtui. Rng sa c 20 ci v s c thay dn bng rng vnh vin.[1] Rng vnh vin: loi rng thay rng sa v tn ti n gi. S lng rng vnh vin l 32, mc t khong 6 ti 22 hoc 25 tui.[1] Rng khn: loi rng ci ln mc vo tui thnh nin, t 18 n 25. Nhng cng c khi rng khn mc chm hn hoc khng mc. i khi rng khn mc lch c th lm hng rng hng ng trc n nn phi nh.[1]2.4 S pht trin ca rngDu hiu u tin v s pht trin ca rng xut hin khi bo thai ch 6 tun tui. giai on ny cct bobiu m camingnguyn thy tng ln v s lng v hnh thnh mt bng dy c hnh dng ca hm rng. Ti mt chui cc im tng ng vi rng ring r, bng ny to ra cc im mc vo trong nh chi trong m m biu m bao ph. Sau , cc chi ny tr thnh hnh chung v dn dn mc ln to nn hnh dng ni lin sau cng gia men rng v ng rng. Mt s t bo no sau tip tc hnh thnh ng rng, trong khi cc t bo khc to nn men rng.Cc ra chung tip tc pht trin su hn v cui cng cc chn rng trn vn hnh thnh, nhng qu trnh ny khng hon ton cho n khong 1 nm sau khi cc rng sa xut hin. Lc mi sinh, du hiu duy nht ca khp cn c cung cp bng "cc m nu", chng l cc bng lm dy ca m nu. Khong 6 thng tui, rng ca di bt u nh qua nu, qu trnh ny gi ls mc rng. Tui mc rng c th thay i: c mt s t tr c rng lc mi sinh trong khi c nhng tr n mt tui mi c rng. Sau khi cc rng ca di xut hin, cc rng ca trn bt u mc v tip theo l cc rng nanh v rng hm, tuy vy s lin tc chnh xc c th thay i.Khong 2,5 - 3 tui, a tr thng c mt b y 20 chic rng sa. Chng s c t cch nhau mt cch l tng cung cp ch cho cc rng vnh vin ln hn. n 6 tui, cc rng ca sa trn v di tr nn lung lay v c thay th bng cc rng vnh vin. Cc rng hm vnh vin pht trin khng ng v tr ca rng hm sa m pha sau chng. Cc rng hm vnh vin th nht xut hin lc 6 tui, rng hm th hai lc 12 tui v rng hm th ba (rng khn) khong 18 tui. Tuy nhin, c s thay i ng k v thi gian xut hin ca tt c cc rng. Khong 25% s ngi khng bao gi pht trin mt rng khn; l do ca vn ny c th l dotin ha: khi hm tr nn nh i th s rng s gim i. Mt s rng khn c th khng bao gi mc qua nu v nu chng b ln cht (b nm st vo nhau di nu) chng c th cn c nh b; iu ny xy ra trong 50% s ngi.2.5 Cc bnh v rng mingB bng ht bp, v cng ch c n 32 ci l cng, vy m rng gy ra nhiu phin toi, v xung quanh n la v s cc loi bnh...a. Su RngSu rng l s tiu hy t chc cng ca rng, gm c men rng v ng rng, to nn l hng trn b mt. Su rng khng d pht hit ngay t lc u. Bn tng ch ngh rng rng ru khi cc l su xut hin, nhng l lc bnh tin trin c mt thi gian di. Khi bn thy au, but, tc l su rng bc sang giai on trm trng. Nu khng iu tr, ty rng s cht v gy ra nhng bin chng nh vim quanh cung rng, vim xng, vim hch...Su rng l do vi khun c sn trong ming, cc vi khun s phn hy thc n (c bit l ng v tinh bt) bm trn mt rng to thnh acid n mn men rng. Vi khun, acid, mn thc n s to thnh mng bm rng, rt dnh v c tt c cc mt rng c bit l rng hm. Mng ny dn c khong ha bi cc cht khong c trong nc bt v thc n to thnh cao rng. Khi men rng b n mn thnh l, vi khun v thc n cng c iu kin bm vo rng, acid cng c to ra nhiu hn, t chc cng (men v ng rng) cng d b ph hy, l su c m rng v tin v pha ty rng.Nu bn li i ly cao rng, ngha l khng ch rng c nguy c b su, m bnh vim li e da. Cc du hiu ca vim li v li sng , d chy mu, c bit khi nh rng. Vim li mn tnh s dn n rng rng. C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn cn bnh ny nhng ch yu vn l v sinh rng li km, cc mng bm khng c thng xuyn lm sch, vi khun s tn cng n tn chn rng v sn sinh cc enzym c kh nng ph hy s lin kt ca cc biu m (ni li v rng).Bn cnh , vim li cn do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nh: ht thuc l, ung ru v ch dinh dng mt cn bng, thng xuyn n thc n qu mm (lm cho hm rng lui hot ng v cu trc bo v rng yu i), mang bu lm thay i hormone, gy tt li (khi li v rng khng kht), gim tit nc bt...b. Vin quanh rngCc nghin cu gn y cho thy, hn 90% dn s Vit Nam b vim quanh rng vi cc triu chng: hi ming, li, chy mu li, cm gic au khi nhai, rng lung lay, thm ch dn n mt rng...Khi vim li khng c quan tm v iu tr th s pht trin thnh vim quanh rng (cn gi l bnh nha chu). Bnh ny gy tn thng n li, cc dy chng quanh rng, xng rng v xng rng. Li s dn dn tt khi rng, to nn nhng ti li su, to iu kin cho vi khun pht trin v lm bnh nng thm. Bnh cn lm cho xng v dy chng bao bc quanh rng cng b tiu hy dn, khin rng khng c ch da, lung lay v rng.Bnh vim quanh rng khng ly lan, nhng n ngm ngm hy hoi xng rng v li, lm rng mt chc nng nhai, nghin ca n. Nn khi thy du hiu ca bnh, tt nht bn nn n bc s nha khoa cng sm cng tt. Nu bnh qu nng, vic iu tr s gp nhiu kh khn. Cc bc s s thm khm, hoc chp X-quang vng rng vim nhim v c phng php iu tr thch hp. C th cc bc s s phi gii phu thut li, "rng buc" cc rng li ngn chn chng b lung lay, hay cy ghp xng rng.c. Chy mu chn rngChy mu chn rng hay ng hn l chy mu li rng thng gp do b u li, vim quanh rng, nhng ph bin nht l vim li. Triu chng ca bnh l chn rng sng, , ming c mi hi, rng d lung lay, au vng li. Nguyn nhn chnh l do chm sc rng khng tt, nh rng khng ng cch lm tn thng li.d. Vim ty rngKhi cc loi vi khun trong khoang ming xm nhp vo ty rng qua cc l su rng v cung rng, n s gy vim ty. Bnh ny cng c th bt ngun t vic nhim c ha cht, sang chn, hay thay i p sut mi trng... Vim ty rng l mt phn ng bo v ca ty rng i vi cc tc nhn gy bnh. Bnh c th din bin qua nhiu giai on, nhiu dng tn thng khc nhau nh:e. Vim ty rng c hi phc:Nguyn nhn thng do su rng. Bn s thy rng t nhin xut hin cn au, au thong qua, d nhm vi cm gic but ca su rng. Khi nhai, n nng, hoc lnh c th xut hin cn au hoc gia tng cng au. Giai on ny tn ti khng lu, nu khng c iu tr s chuyn sang cc th vim ty khc.Vim ty rng cp: Rng xut hin cn au, au tng cn d di. Nu thc n lt vo l su, hay khi bn n n nng, ung nc lnh, cn au tng ln gp bi, au lan ra cc rng k cn. Ht cn au, ngi bnh li bnh thng. Nu l vim ty rng cp tnh c m th au s d di hn, au git nh mch p, rng b au c cm gic lung lay nh v tri cao hn rng khc.Vim ty mn tnh: Rng au tng cn m , au lin tc hng gi, khong cch gia cc cn au rt ngn, au nhiu hn v m. Khi nhai, cn au cng gia tng.Ty rng hoi t: Ty rng b vim khng c iu tr s dn n hoi t. Trng hp ny thng bnh nhn khng thy au.

II. Kem nh rng:1. Thnh phn chnh:Thnh phn ch yu ca kem nh rng l mt hp cht cha fluor, cht st khun nh, cht mi mn, cht lm c, to bt, hng liu, nc, cht bo qun,... Kem nh rng thng c hm lng fluor thp hn thuc nh rng (di mc 1.500ppm) nn tc dng chnh l v sinh rng ming, phng nga su rng, gim hnh thnh vi rng, gip hi th thm tho... Nu s dng ng cch, kem nh rng c th lm sch mt s vt dnh ngoi lai bm ln b mt rng nh cht mu t n, thc ung, thuc l... Tuy nhin cho n nay cha c nghin cu no cho thy ch s dng kem nh rng khng thi m ty c s i mu rng do nhim fluor, nhim tetracycline hay s thay i mu rng theo tui... nh mt s li qung coCng cn bit rng, khng phi ch dng ng kem nh rng l ng nhin rng sch, kho, vic chi rng thng xuyn, ng cch vi loi bn chi ph hp cng gp phn quan trng vo hiu qu m kem nh rng em liNc mui c pha vi nng thch hp ( mn ging nh nc canh, m khong 2%), m va phi s c tc dng st trng rt tt. Sc ming bng nc mui m hng ngy gip loi b bt vi khun, lm sch khoang ming, amidan, hng. Nc mui m cn kch thch tng tun hon mu ti ch, tp trung nhiu t bo bch cu lm tng kh nng tiu dit vi khun. Khng nn pha nc mui mn qu, d gy l lot. Trng hp rng b lung lay nu sc ming bng nc mui m nht nhiu ln trong ngy khng ch gip loi b bt vi khun m cn loi b cc cht cn b - sn phm ca qu trnh vim, v nh vy s lm gim bt vim nhim, gip rng lung lay chc li phn no. Tuy nhin, rng lung lay c th do nhiu nguyn nhn nh: vim quanh rng, chn thng, u xng hm... c bit l kt hp trn mt ngi mc bnh tiu ng.Noi chung la ban nn tuy theo minh ang trng hp nao dung cho ung cach bi vi ca hai th o u co mt li va mt hai2. Mc ch kem dnh rngT kem nh rng (dentifrice) c dng trong ting anh t 1558.T in ting Anh Oxford nh ngha kem nh rng l mt loi bt do , c tc dng lm sch rng. Di gc chuyn mn , nh ngha trn y qu l n gin ,bi v kem nh rng c kh nng gip lm sch rng ,phng nga su rng ,phng nga vim nu ,gim au ,tr hi ming . tu theo l kem nh rng - sn phm v sinh rng ming hay thuc nh rng.Yu cu i vi sn phm:1.1 i vi ngi s dng: Kem phi lm sch rng v thm ming To cm gic d chu, sch se, d dng. Khng gy v l, ng cao, gy c2.1 Yu cu chung Sn phm n nh Sn phm bn trong qu trnh lu tr v s dng t tiu chun chung theo quy nh ca sn phm3. Nguyn liu:Kem thng dng paste hay dng c, nh hnh c, thnh phn gm: Nc : ha tan v phn tn cc cht ty ra, lm st, lm du, tc nhn tr liu Cht mi mn: lm sch vt bn trn rng, lm bng rng, thnh phn gm: Cu t mm chim phn ln trong sn phm, l cc tinh th c nhim v ty cc cht bn trn rng, thng c s dng nh: Al2O3.3H2O, Al(OH)3, silic v nh hnh SiO2, CaCO3 (calci hay aragonit). Cu t cng thng l nhng tinh th c ng knh khong 1m, c nhim v lam bng rng. Thng c s dng nh CaHPO4.2H2O (DCP) (photphat dicalci dihydrat), Ca2P2O7 (pyrrophosphat calci), NaPO3 ( metaphosphat khng tan) Cht ty ra: l nhng cht hot ng b mt nh primary alcohol sulfate (PAS), natri lauryl sulfate, linear alkylbenzen sulfate(LAS), c nhim v chnh gip ty sch rng, duy tr tnh thm nc, kh nng phn tn trong cc pha ( ng thi gip ha tan v phn tn cc hp cht khng tan trong nc bng cch to mixel). Cht lm t, cht ng cng: gii hn s lm kh keo, to s tng tc gia cc cu t trong keo, lm tng sc thi v lm bng kem. Thng ngi ta dng cc hn hp glycerin [HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH], v sorbitol [HOCH2[CH(OH)4CH2OH] Cht to cu trc: to hnh dng cho kem khi ra khi tube, ngoi ta dng polyethylenglycol(P.E.G) to cu trc v lm ha tan ng thi hng v cht hot ng b mt. Cht lm st, kt dnh: lm thay i nht cho kem v2 trnh s lng ng ca ccb cht mi mn Cht lm c ( s dng trong kem c), c th dng thm TiO2 tng trng cho kem hoc to nn khi mun thay i mu sc. Cht lm du: to v gt nhe, ming d chp nhn. c s dng nhiu cht l saccharin Cht n nh v iu chnh pH: do kem thng c ng trong cc v nhm, d c trng k bng mt lp polyme, vn c th xy ra hin tng n mn phng thch kim loi vo kem gy n mn gy n mn, c th b sung cc cht sau: NaHPO4 Zn citrat to pH trung tnh cho n phm, khng c dng chung vi photphat, do to mui Zn photphat khng tan. H2SiO3 Cht bo qun: ng vai tr l cht boqun cho sn phm. tuy nhin a s cc sn phm kem nh rng cha nhiu cht bo qun nn cn s dng cht c ch vi sinh vt. Dc cht: Chng ba ng trn rng: dng cc tc nhn dit khun nh mui ZN : km sulfat, km clorua,hoc tc nhn khng khun nh trichlosan Chng cao rng dng Na pyrrophosphat, Na tetraphosphat. Chng rng nhy cm dng mui Sr acetat hay mui Kali (clorua, nitrat, citrat) Chng su rnng thng dug2 kem c cha clorua, nh rng t 1 n 3 ln trong ngy. Cng thc kem tt nht nu lng florua t do trong nc bt cao hn 0,02ppm trong nhiu gi sau khi nh rng. Mu: dng cc lao mu thc phm: trng , xanh l, hng, l nht, c th dng thm mt lng MgSO4 n nh mu. Hng: lm d chu c tnh dit v chng vi khun, thng dng l menthol, peppermint, tinh du bc h, qu, hi, inh hng.. Thnh phn c bn ca kem nh rng Thnh phn c bn trong kem nh rng gm c :cht fluor,cht mi mn ,cht hot ng b mt ,cht st trng nh,tinh du thm tu theo Cng ty sn xut m cc thnh phn c bn c khc nhau .V d nh loi Fluor c trong kem (NaF,MFP,KmnF.),mt hay hai loi Fluor ,nng Fluor trong kem ;cht mi mn (bt vi ,DCP,hay silica);hng thm (bc h ,du.).i vi thuc nh rng th thnh phn c bn cng c khc nhau nh hm lng Fluor cao khc nhau, thm tri-closan tng cng dit khun ,thm dip lc t va Vitamin tng kh nng chng vim v kh c ,thm Boroglycerin tr nm ,VitaminB3 gip phc hi nhanh cc vt thng vng ming.4. Cng thc c bn ca kem nh rngC 2 dng kem c bn l kem trong v kem c, hai loi kem c thnh phn khng khc nhau lm. trong kem trong cc ch s c chn sao cho kem c ch s khc x ca hn hp cao. Ch s khc x ca mt vi cht dng trong kem:Silic : 1,45-1,54 Alumin : 1,52- 1,55Carbonat : 1,148- 1,168 Sorbitol : 1,455-1,461Glycerin : 1,4729 H2O:1,333Thng ngi ta phi trn silic trong hn hp nc v sorbitol( glycerol) nh sng truyn sut ti a(=589nm)

Chc nngTn cht thng dng%

Cht mi mn

Silic v nh hnh, carbon kt ta,alumin,phosphat calci1550

Cht ty raLAS, PAS12.5

Cht lm t, chng ng cngSorbitol, glycerol

1045

Cht to cu trcPolyethylenglycol(P.E.G)t.h

Cht lm st, to kt dnhGm xanthan, gelsilic, dn xut CMC

1

Cht lm cTiO2t.h

Cht lm duSaccharin0.10.2

Cht n nh v iu chnh PHNa2HPO4 , Zn citrat, H2SiO3

t.h

Cht bo qunformol, nabenzoat, methylparaben

Cht muMu thc phmt.h

Hng ,vMenthol,peppermint,saccharin11.5

Nc

Va 100

Cht c dc tnh:-chng su rng-chng cao rng- dit khun( ba, vim rng v nu, hi ming, su rng)- rng nhy cmNaFPyrrophosphat

Mui Zn hoc trichlosan

Sracetat, cc mui kali

0.10.50.11

t.h

S cng ngh phi kem nh rngSau khi phi trn thnh dng paste th sn phm thng c bt kh, khi ngi ta ht chn khng ph bt ri mi cho vo cc bnh cha sn phm.Cc bc thc hinBc 1: sorbitol c ha tan trong nc v c bm qua my khuy trn chnh MT. cc vt liu rn c np qua phu P dc vo my khuy trn chnh(MT)( phosphat,TiO2, silic kt ta), khuy n khi hn hp ng nht(I).Bc 2: saccharin, nati benzoat, c ha tan trong nc( thng T2)- lc v bm vo my trn chnh( MT). laurysulfat, CMC natri ha tan trong nc( thng T3) ri bm tip vo my trn chnh(MT). flourua ha tan trong nc( thng T4) ri bm vo my trn chnhDu thm + methylparaben (trong thng 6)- bm v my trn chnhSau khi np xong cc cht vo my trn chnh, khuy tip 30 pht c hn hp ng nht(II)Bc 3: loi bt kh( ht chn khng 15 pht) lm ngnht v bm vo thng cha, o y bt u cng on np vo tube, bao b v ng gi.Mt s cng thc hng v kem nh rngCng thc hngCng thc 1Nguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

Tinh du bc h tinh ch (lm mt)Thyme oil6712Ethylsalicylat( v ngt)Tinh du hi: lm m vm ming, tr tiu ha

129

Cng thc 2Nguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

Tinh du bc h tinh chAnise oil6030Tinh du qu10

Cng thc 3Nguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

Tinh du bc hTinh du quTinh du inh hng(c tnh st khu)6777Cassra oilTinh du chanhBenzaldehyd( bc hng cao)5104

Cng thc kem -kem cCng thc 1Nguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

NaFZnCl2Sorbitol 70%GlycerinSilic hydratTaurat NaGm xanthanhydroethylcellulose0,2223510233,7511Na gluconatTiO2SaccharinNa sacchanitratNa benzoatHng liuNc kh khong0,80,80,10,70,21,3v/ 100

Cng thc 2Nguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

Alumin.3H2OSorbitol 70 %Na PASNa CMCZn citrat.3H2O

50271,880,81Na monoflourophosphatHng liuNa sacharinatFormolH2O loi khong0,50,850,180.04v/ 100

Kem trong Nguyn liuCng thc 3(%)Cng thc 4(%)

Sorbitol 70%(silic hydrat 23%)PolyethylenglycolMonoflourophosphatNa flouruaNa PASNa CMCSacharinPhm muHng liuZnSO4.7H2OGlycinH2O loi khong58,5950,8-1,70,50,20,0121,10,6860,3584v/ 10058.595-0.331.70.50.20.0121,10,6860,3584v/ 100

5. Kim nghim hiu nng kem nh rnga. Trong phng th nghimNguyn tc: da trn vic o ha tan trong acid ca hydro alpatit(HAP), thnh phn cu to ca men. ha tan ca acid ngy cng km, men cng c kh nng chng s tn cng ca acid hn.Cch thc hin: s dng bt HPA, bt ny c x l vi cc hp cht cha flourua cn c kho st, ri cho tip xc vi dung dch acid trong mt thi gian, lc, ra, sy kh, cn HPA cn li. thc hin mu trng song song.S sai bit ha tan gip ta bit r hiu nng ca tc nhn chng su rng kim nghim.b. kim nghim invivoKem c kim nghim cng lc vi kem i chng, trn bnh nhn mang chng su rng. H nh rng 2 ln ngy, mi ln 2 pht 30 giy, ln u vo bui sng sau im tm v ln sau vo bui ti trc khi i ng. qu trnh c ko di trong 3 nm. Cc nha s kim tra nh k bnh su rng theo tiu chun xc nh(O.M.S) cc thng tin c bit qua ch s CAO( C = su, A = khng, O = phi trm).Kt qu kim nghim c nh gi qua:Mc tng trng: ch s CAO rng tng kt phn kim nghim. Ch s CAO rng phn s kt.T l phn trm gim chng su rng. III. Nc sc ming:Ti sao ming c mi hi:Mi hi ming thng l do cc hp cht lu hunh d bay hi c gi l VSC(volatile sufur compounds).Ngi ta tnh ra c ti 400VSC khc nhau trong hi th ca mt ngi trung bnh.Nhng 3 cht chnh gy hi ming l: Hydro sulfua (H2S) c mi trng thi Methyl Metcaptan(CH3SH)c mi ga Dimethyl sulfua (CH3S CH3)Mt khi cc hp cht ny hnh thnh ming th n c ho tan trong nc bt v c ngm vo mng nim trong ming nh ta khng b hi ming. Nu cc hp cht ny hnh thnh qu nhiu ming vt qu kh nng hp thu ca nc bt v mng nim trong ming th khi ming c mi hi v khi nng mi hi tng cao mc m ngi i din cm nhn c th lc ta b chng hi ming.Cc hp cht lu hunh d bay hi (VSC) ny n t 2 ngun: VSC c to ra t hc ming:Hi ming do nguyn nhn ming. VSC c thi ra hi th do cc bnh l ng h hp,bnh l ton thn ,do thc n,do thucy l trng hp hi ming do nguyn nhn ngoi ming.1. Mc ch v yu cu ca sn phm Mc ch: dit khun, kh mi kh chu,ngn cc mng bn trn rang, hn ch vim nu, vim m trong, su rng,Yu cu ca sn phm:a. i vi ngi s dng: Nc xc ming phi dit khun, kh mi v lm thm ming To cm gic d chu , thm mt, sch s, d dng Khng gy v l, khng cb. Yu cu chung: Sn phm n nh Bn trong qu trnh lu tr v bo qun t tiu chun theo quy nh dnh cho sn phm2. Nguyn liu trong sn xut nc sc mingThnh phn v tc dng ca cc cht c trong nc sc ming: Cht khng vi sinh vt: Cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine v cc hp cht phenolic l nhng cht c tc dng lm gim cc vi khun c trong khoang ming. Cc cht oxy ha v kh mi: sodium bicarbonate, chlorine dioxide c tc dng che giu v kh mi hi ming. Cht cung cp oxy: hydrogen peroxide gip tiu dit nhng vi khun k kh bng cch cung cp oxy tiu dit chng. Cht fluoride c tc dng lm chc rng v nga su rng. Cht lm gim au cha nhng cht gim au khi rng b au, t... Cht m (tc l dung dch m) gim au nhng m mm, lm gim acid c trong ming v ha tan nhng lp mng mng bm vo nim mc ming. Nguyn liu sn xut nc sc ming rt a dng v phong ph : ngi ta c th iu ch nc sc ming t chanh ,bc h ,tri da , cc tho dc, l ch.,cng c th dung mui n , ru lm nc sc mingV d: X da c th c dng lm nguyn liugi r sn xut cc loi nc sc ming chng vi khun gy bnh ng rng ming.V x da chamt s cc thnh phn gim au v chng -xi ha c kh nng nga vi khun, vi-rt v chng ung th m khng gy tc dng ph.C th dng nc chanh sc ming khi b vim hng

IV. Son mI1. Yu cu ca sn phmKhi s dng: Lp ghim ca son phi bm vo mi trong vi gi v khng b bm d dng vo tch ly hoc trn cc iu thuc l Thi son phi to c nhng ng nt r rng trn mi v khng b nhe khi k Thi son phi do khng b gy khi s dng M v ph hp vi ngi dng Khng c t tiu chun chung theo quy nh dnh cho sn phmKhi tn tr n nh trong mt thi gian di iu kin kh hu khc nhau Khng b hin tng to hoa trn b mt son Khng b hin tng m hi trn b mt thi son.2. Nguyn liua. Nguyn liu cho nn sn phmNn son l hn hp ca cht du, cht bo, sp ca c ng vt, thc vt, khong cht v tng hp.Sp ong c s dng nh cht nh dng, dng kt hp vi du thu du nhng b mt son t bng v thi son d b gy khi s dng, do phi b sung nhng sp nng khc nhm tng tnh mm do v nng ng cho thi son v gim vt nt.Carnauba wax l sp cng c im nng chy cao, dng vi mt t l nh lm thi son chc hn v to mt lp mng k nc, tng bng cho b mt thi son.Ozokerit l mt loi sp do, d un, c dng nh mt loi sp c bn trong cng thc son mi do c dc im vi tinh th hp thu du ttCeresin wax c dung ph hp vi Ozokerit to im nng chy thp hn, lm cng son m khng gy hin tng son qu dn hay qu cng.Sp vi tinh th c s dng do c khong nng chy rng v c tnh hp ph du rt tt.Candelilla wax l mt loi sp n ha hn carnauba do c nhit nng chy thp hn v t cng hn c s dng lm chc son nhng vi lng nhiu hn carbanau wax.Parafin wax khng c s dng rng ri trong son v khng trn ln vi du v cu trc thiu chc. Tuy nhin khi s dng vi lng nh, n s gp phn lm tng bng cho b mt thi son.Spermaceti c dng vi mt lng nh gip tng bng b mt thi son v lm mm son nhit c th. Khi s dng phi rt cn trng v n khng tng hp vi nhng loi este khc.Anhydrous lanolin c tc dng gip mi chu c thi tit khc nghit, gi cho da mi mm, khng b kh, khng b nt n v lm mi sng ln. Ngoi ra anhydrous lanolin v dn xut ca n dng phn tn mu trong son. Dng nhiu anolin lm tng tnh dnh ca sn phm, gy kh chu cho ngi tiu dng.Nhng loi sp khc: mt s loi sp c dng vi mt lng nh lm son d s dng hn nh:Wool wax alcohol lm son mi mm v do.Cocoa butter c tc dng hn ch gy hoaHydrogenated castor oil gip son bn, chng oxy ha.Acetoglyceride c tc dng hn ch s thay i cu trcCetylancol gip gim bt tnh phn lp.Du: bn cnh sp, mt s du cng c a vo thnh phn nn ca son.Du thu du l thnh phn ch yu trong son mi do c tnh do cao, ngn cn c s lng ca phm mu trong thi son, gip mu lan nhiu trong son, gip mu lan iu trn mi v l cht trung gian tt cho qu trnh nghin.Hn ch chnh ca du thu du l mi bo, to mi khi lu tr v lm t phm mu nhanh chng. Trn thc t ngi ta c th hn ch cc tnh cht ny bng cch s hng che ph hp v cc cht chng oxi ha.Mt s cht khc c s dng ci thin tnh cht ca son nh:Isopropyl mycristat c tc dng lm son kng c mi m v thm tt hn.Oleyl ancol gip son t nht hn.Butyl stearatgip thi son n hi, tuy nhin t s dng do c mi hc.Isopropylpalmitat( stearat) c tc dng lm cho son t mi bo hn, to tnh n nh tt cho sn phm.Dimethylsebacat: tc nhn lin kt tt cho du khong, du thc vt v l dung mi tt cho sn phm.Oley oleat: lm mm, gi m tt, hp ph tt trn mi, s dng hn ch do hi boDu khong tng bng ca son mi. Hn ch ca n l d gy bn nu dng lng ln.Petroleum jelly tng bng v d dng khi s dng.b. MuYu cu: Mu trong son gi mt vai tr quan trng trong phi ch son. Cc lao mu s dng cho son cn tun th mt s yu cu sau: Rt t hoc khng phai mu di nh sng mt tri n nh khi tng nhit To ph tt. Khng bt m (gy xung khc vi th bo trong son). Khng ha tan trong du trnh s chuyn mu t t trong c khi son. Khnh ha tan trong nc trnh s nha mu kh coi quanh ming do s chy mu. Khng gy bt c mt phn ng no gia cc thnh phn trong son. Lng phm hn hp s dng trong khong 1-3%Nguyn liu mu: Mu son khng c nh m thay i theo tng thi im, nhng mu chnh vn l mu . Gam mu s dng cho son bao gm tt c mu t cam n ta, mt s loi c mu nu tmMt vi lao son khng cn mu nh son m v son bng (hoc mu rt nht). Mu trong son thng dng hn hp: pigment + thuc nhum. Mt s hn hp mu c s dng trong son nh: Stanning dyes (bromoacids) 0.5 3%; oil soluble pigment 2%; pigment khng tan 8 10%; TiO2 1 4%.Staning dyes: c s dng rng ri l eosin v cc dn xut halogen fluorescein: Eosin (D C red N021) l mt cht mu cam khng tan chuyn sang dng mui cho mu chi pH>4. Halogented flourescein c hiu mu khc nhau v thng c dng chung vi eosin. Tetracloro tetrabromo floirescein (D C red N027) cho mu chi; dibromofluorescein ( D C orange N05) cho mu cam. Hn ch chung ca bromoacid l kh phn tn trong son kch thch da, c th dn n d ng. s dng c cc phm staning dyes trong son, cn phi loi sulfoacid ra khoi cng thc, tng tnh khng tan trong nc.Pigment TiO2 thng c s dng vi hm lng trn 4%. TiO2 l pigment trng hu hiu to lp mng trn mi. Cc loi mu thng c s dng trong son mi: D C red N08.7.31 34; D C red N09; D C orange W17; D C red NOS 2.3 19; FD C yellow NOS 5 6%.c. Dung miThc ra trong cng thc ca son mi khng cn dung mi, nhng nu khng dng dung mi s gy ra mt s s c nh ty mi, gy rt, dn cc, khng chy u trn mi d s dng k thut phi ch hon ho.Mt s yu cu trn dung mi s dng cho son: t bay hi v n nh (bn, khng chy khi nhit tng) trong sut qu trnh sn xut hoc lu tr. Phi tng hp vi tt c cc thnh phn ca son. t tan trong nc. C tc dng gip cho s chuyn dch son ln mi d dng. Khng mu, khng v, khng c, khng kch thch mi.Mt s dung mi thng dng: Glycol este: propylen glycol monoeste( nh laurate, myrisstate, monoricinoleate) l nhng dung mi tt cho son v tc nhn lin kt ghp cc hp cht du v gip chuyn son mi vo da d dng. Mt khc n cng t gy hin tng chy hn cc glycol n gin . Tetrahydrofurfural alcol v este ca n: cc alcol ny c kh nng ha tan eosin rt ln (khong 28%). Cc este ca acid c trng lng phn t thp cng ha tan eosin, nhng d bc hi, ngc li este ca acid trng lng phn t cao nh acid stearic c kh nng ha tan eosin thp. Dung mi phm nh alkylolamid c mi nh, t bay hi, khng ht m, c s dng nh mt thnh phn sp c bn, v c kh nng gip trn ln cc thnh phn khc trong son (du khong v du thc vt), ng thi ha tan c phm. Tuy nhin do tnh tan phm vo dung mi ph thuc vo chui acid bo v s hin din ca lin kt amid nn cn rt cn thn khi s dng. Polyethylenglycol etther: ty thnh phn du, sp, mu trong son s dng hn hp dung mi vi thnh phn v kng thch hp. Lauryl alcol cng l dung mi tt cho eosin nhng khng mai li hiu qu cao( do tinh d ht m).Hng : chn cho son phi t mt s yu cu chung sau: Phi giu c mi bo ca cht nn. Hng phi bn v thch hp vi cc thnh phn trong son. Hm lng hng c s dng trong hng kh cao: 2 4%. Cc loi hng thng c dng trong son: Ru v este ca hoa hng. Hng tri cy: hanh, cam, qut, dunhng khng thng dng.Cht chng oxy ha v cht bo qun:Trong thnh phn ca son phi c cc cht bo qun do: Cc loi sp, du, m b oxy ha di tc dng ca nhit , nh sng, oxy ha trong khng kh gy hin tng i ha, lm mt mi hng, lm phai mu Ion kim loai Cu, Fe t ngun mu, ngun nguyn liu, thng cha, thit b sn xut b oxy ha mu. Nhim nm mc v vi kun. hn ch s oxy ha, nhim nm mc v vi khun, ngi ta hn ch vic s dng cht bo c niu kin kt i. Trnh cha du, m, sp trong thng bng Fe, Cu hay cc kim loi khc v nhng ni c m cao.Cc cht chng oxy ha v cht bo qun thng s dng trong son mi:Cc este ca acid galic:

Propyl galat l cht bt mu trng, c im nng chy ti hn 1500C, c s dng rng ri nht v c hiu qu ngay nng thp (c bit trong du thc vt) v phn hy nhit cao. Khi gp cc cht n k nc, ngi ta dng cht bo qun octyl hoc dodecyl galat.

Butyllat hydroxyanisol (BHA) l cht rn sp, bn mu trng, im nng chy ti hn la 600C, d ha tan trong du v cht bo, hiu qu nng thp v c bit hu dng trong m ng vt.Butylat hydroxytoluen (BHT): tinh th trng, im nng chy ti hn 700C, c mi rt nh, d ha tan trong du v cc cht bo.

Mt s cng thc minh ha n gin:Vic thit lp mt cng thc son mi khng n gin. Rt kh c th pht hin ngay nhng thiu st ca thi son do c khi n ch xut hin sau mt thi gian di bo qun. Khi hon thnh s b, cn lu kim tra cc yu t sau: Kh nng to cc git du trn b mt thi son. To bt phn. Gy, v.Thng thung c 2 loi son: son thng ch yu lm p v gi m cho mi; son m - son bng c dng ch yu bo qun mi trnh nhit v thi tit thay i tht thng.Son thngCng thc 1 [c th s dng silicon]: son thng loi rnNguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

Castor oilMineral oilBees wasparaffin30151510Carnauba waxCeresin waxUnion Carbide L. 45 silicon Fluid (1000CS)Hng101010t.h

Cng thc 2 :dng to son dng lng. Loi son ny c c im ci tin hn loi rn, v n c lp mng mng trn mi bn hn, v to cho mi c cm gic bng mng hn. Tuy nhin, do khng tin dng v gy kh chu mi nn t ph bin hn son thng loi rn. Thnh phn ch yu gm dung dch alcol, cc mu tan trong alcol, dung mi ethyl alcol, cht to nht, to mng etylcellulose, polyvinyl alcol, poly vinyl acetat, cht to do triethyl nitrat, methyl abietat, poly etylen glycol. Hng c ha tan trc trong alcol trc khi trn.Nguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

EthylcelluloseEthyl alcolPetroleum ether3.169.420Hydrogenated metylabietatRhdamin 9Hng7.5t.ht.h

Son m - son bngSon m gip to mt lp mng, mm do, bm dnh tt gi m cho mi, do son m khng cn mu. Son m s dng cc cht nn l du khong, sp, c mt s cht a nc lm tng tnh bm dnh trn mi. Ngi ta cng cho mt lng rt t mu trang im nh.Cng thc 3: Son mNguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

Parafin waxVaselin3035White oilBees wax2015

Cng thc 4: Son mNguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

Cetyl alcolHD-EtanalBees wax53025Parafin wax (530C)Liquid parafin

1525

Cng thc 5: Son bng lngNguyn liu%Nguyn liu%

PolybutenLanolinMineral302024,8Oleyl alcolSaccharinHng, cht chng oxy ha250.2t.h

Ti liu thmSon mi gy su rngCc nh nghin cu ti i hc Paulo pht hin son mi c hi cho sc khe. H nhn thy rng rt nhiu sn phm son mi cha du cng - mt cht lm ph tch men rng.

Tuy khi trang im, bn gi ch s dng mt lng nh son mi. Nhng nu p dng thng xuyn, iu ny c th dn n su rng - Ngi ng u nhm nghin cu, Antonio Habier cho bit.

Cht paraffin dnh vo b mt rng v gn kt cc ht cc nh ca chng vi thc phm s to ra mt mnh t mu m cho s ti sinh ca vi khun truyn nhim. Thng xuyn s dng son mi dn n nhiu vi khun truyn nhim, lm xut hin cc vt nt nh trong men rng.

Nhng vt nt ny lun v hnh i m mt thng khng th trng thy qu trnh phn r ca chng cho n khi bn nhn thy l hng ln ca su rng. V vy, cc chuyn gia khuyn co cc bn gi nhng ngi thng xuyn dng son mi nn hn ch dng bo v nhiu hn cho sc khe rng ming ca mnh.

Son mi gy ung thSon mi tuy l mt ph kin thc s rt quan trng i vi nhng bn gi c i mi kh n, v n gip giu i nhng thiu st cho nhng i mi khng hon ho. Nhng bn c bit son mi c th c thc s gy hi cho sc khe ca bn khng?

Thc t, c nhiu bn gi vn thoa son mi nhiu ln/ ngy ch v nhng li ch ca n. Thm ch nhiu bn gi cn s dng son mi i km vi son bng. Nhng mt nghin cu gn y ch ra rng vic p dng son mi qu nhiu c th gy ra cc vn sc khe nghim trng, bao gm c ung th.

Son mi cha ch - mt c tnh cao. Ngoi ch, n cng cha cc kim loi nng khc nh niken, ng, asen, crm v coban. V th, khi mt bn gi thoa son mi, mt trong s nhng cht c hi s c hp th ti mi.

Phn cn li chng s hp th bi cc sc t ca da hoc gy phn ng vi ha cht khc c trong mi trng m gy ra chng pht ban trn mi. Ngoi ra, mt s lng ln ch v ng t son mi s ha quyn vo trong thc phm khi bn n ung m gy ra cc bnh ung th.

Son mi ph v hot ng bnh thng ca h tiu haDo son mi cha nhiu cht c hi nn khi tiu th cc cht ny c hi, sc khe bn gi b xm phm nghim trng v gy ra nhiu vn sc khe khc nhau.

Cht ch v ng c trong son mi phn ng vi cc enzyme c trong d dy v c th gy nhiu lon, ph v cc hot ng bnh thng ca h tiu ha. Ngoi ra, nu tiu th asen vt qu mt mc nht nh, n c th gy hi trc tip cho nhng c quan quan trng ca c th.

Khuyn co:- Kim tra danh sch cc thnh phn cc ho cht c lit k trn son mi khi bn mua son mi cng nh tt c cc sn phm m phm khc. Sau ch chn nhng sn phm t c hi hoc cha cc thnh phn hon ton t nhin.

- Trnh s dng son mi cng nhiu cng tt. Hoc bn c th t ch son mi bng mt s sn phm t nhin.

- Nu bn mun trang tr cho i mi ca bn thm gi cm, hy s dng bt ch mu t mu mi v p dng du bi trn ln lp trn cng. iu ny s cho tc dng tng t nh khi bn son mi vi mt thi son nhng li khng lm hi cho sc khe sau ny ca bn.I. Cc vn m rng