Human Body Human Body SystemsSystems

By Nick NagyBy Nick Nagy

Digestive SystemDigestive System

Digestive System Digestive System Functions (food passes Functions (food passes

through)through)MouthMouth: Beginning of digestion where food is chewed and where : Beginning of digestion where food is chewed and where saliva is secreted and mixed in with food to begin to break it saliva is secreted and mixed in with food to begin to break it down.down.

PharynxPharynx: Tube where food and air pass. Small flap called : Tube where food and air pass. Small flap called epiglottis closes off and separates food from air to prevent epiglottis closes off and separates food from air to prevent choking.choking.

Esophagus:Esophagus: Tube which is lined with muscles that contract, Tube which is lined with muscles that contract, which pushes down food into stomach.which pushes down food into stomach.

StomachStomach: Where food is broken down by enzymes.: Where food is broken down by enzymes.

Small IntestinesSmall Intestines: Made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. : Made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The food is mixed with different liquids such as bile, chyme, and The food is mixed with different liquids such as bile, chyme, and pancreatic juices. These all break down the food even further.pancreatic juices. These all break down the food even further.

Large IntestinesLarge Intestines: It is made up of the cecum, ascending colon, : It is made up of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The basic transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The basic function is to absorb water from the food and store it as feces function is to absorb water from the food and store it as feces unit it can be excreted.unit it can be excreted.

RectumRectum: Pushes feces through anus.: Pushes feces through anus.

AnusAnus: Opening for feces to exit the body: Opening for feces to exit the body

Digestive System Digestive System (accessory (accessory

organs)organs)Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands: Excrete saliva to mix with : Excrete saliva to mix with food to begin digestion process.food to begin digestion process.

LiverLiver: Produces bile to be mixed with food : Produces bile to be mixed with food to break it down.to break it down.

PancreasPancreas: Secretes pancreatic juices which : Secretes pancreatic juices which help with the absorption of nutrients.help with the absorption of nutrients.

SphinctersSphincters: Constricts openings and allows : Constricts openings and allows food into next segment when needed.food into next segment when needed.

Digestive SystemDigestive SystemDigestion of large food molecules are essential because Digestion of large food molecules are essential because most of the food we eat is made up of many different most of the food we eat is made up of many different compounds from other organisms that won’t benefit us. compounds from other organisms that won’t benefit us. They have to be broken down and reassembled so we can They have to be broken down and reassembled so we can benefit from them.benefit from them.

We need enzymes in digestion because they break down We need enzymes in digestion because they break down the food for us to absorb the nutrients.the food for us to absorb the nutrients.

Physical digestion is when the food actually passes Physical digestion is when the food actually passes through all the different segments of the digestive through all the different segments of the digestive system. Chemical digestion is when our bodies digests system. Chemical digestion is when our bodies digests the nutrients of the food.the nutrients of the food.

Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth with salivary Carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth with salivary glands with amylase as the enzyme. Protein digestion glands with amylase as the enzyme. Protein digestion takes place in the stomach with pepsinogen as the takes place in the stomach with pepsinogen as the enzyme. Lipid digestion takes place in the small intestine enzyme. Lipid digestion takes place in the small intestine with lipase as the enzyme.with lipase as the enzyme.

Digestive System Digestive System DisordersDisorders

Yellow FeverYellow Fever: Acute viral hemorrhagic disease. : Acute viral hemorrhagic disease. Transmitted by the mosquito. Transmitted by the mosquito.

SymptomsSymptoms: mild infection with fever, headache, : mild infection with fever, headache, chills, back pain, loss of appetite, nausea and chills, back pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomitingvomitingEffects around 200,000 people a year. 90% of Effects around 200,000 people a year. 90% of cases occur in Africacases occur in AfricaNoneNone

CholeraCholera: Small intestine infection caused by : Small intestine infection caused by Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae

SymptomsSymptoms: diahrrea and vomitting: diahrrea and vomittingEffects around 3-5 million people a yearEffects around 3-5 million people a yearTreatment: Stay hydrated and ingest plenty of Treatment: Stay hydrated and ingest plenty of electrolytes. There are anitbiotics too.electrolytes. There are anitbiotics too.

Circulatory Circulatory SystemSystem

Circulatory Circulatory System: Blood System: Blood

VesselsVesselsMain function is to circulate blood and other Main function is to circulate blood and other nutrients throughout the bodynutrients throughout the body

Arteries carry blood away from the heart to Arteries carry blood away from the heart to body parts. They normally have oxygenated body parts. They normally have oxygenated blood in themblood in them

Veins take the deoxygenated blood back to the Veins take the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have smooth muscles in them to heart. They have smooth muscles in them to pump the blood back to the heart.pump the blood back to the heart.

Capillaries are the smallest of blood vessels. Capillaries are the smallest of blood vessels. Their function is to enable exchange of water, Their function is to enable exchange of water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen between blood cells carbon dioxide, and oxygen between blood cells and other cells.and other cells.

Circulatory System: Circulatory System: Blood Flow Through Blood Flow Through

HeartHeartStarts off by entering right atrium through superior Starts off by entering right atrium through superior and inferior vena cavaand inferior vena cava

Flows through tricuspid valve to right ventricleFlows through tricuspid valve to right ventricle

Goes through pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery Goes through pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery

From pulmonary artery it goes to lungs so it can be From pulmonary artery it goes to lungs so it can be oxygenatedoxygenated

Returns to the heart through pulmonary veinsReturns to the heart through pulmonary veins

Enters left atriumEnters left atrium

Goes through mitral valve to the left ventricleGoes through mitral valve to the left ventricle

Flows to aorta via aortic valveFlows to aorta via aortic valve

Goes to all parts of body from the aortaGoes to all parts of body from the aorta

Circulatory Circulatory System: The System: The

BloodBloodPlasma is the liquid of the blood that holds all the Plasma is the liquid of the blood that holds all the cells and components in it. It is mostly all water.cells and components in it. It is mostly all water.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) carry oxygen to all Erythrocytes (red blood cells) carry oxygen to all of the body’s tissues. They have a crescent shape of the body’s tissues. They have a crescent shape because they do not have a nucleus which allows because they do not have a nucleus which allows to carry more oxygen.to carry more oxygen.

Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the body’s Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the body’s defense mechanism against infections. They are defense mechanism against infections. They are responsible for killing off bacteria and viruses.responsible for killing off bacteria and viruses.

Platelets are cell fragments that are responsible Platelets are cell fragments that are responsible for clotting the blood when blood vessels are for clotting the blood when blood vessels are broken.broken.

Circulatory Circulatory SystemSystem

OpenOpen

Open circulatory system Open circulatory system is common to molluscs is common to molluscs and arthropods. and arthropods.

Open circulatory Open circulatory systems pump blood into systems pump blood into a hemocoel with the a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to blood diffusing back to the circulatory system the circulatory system between cells.between cells.

Blood is pumped by a Blood is pumped by a heart into the body heart into the body cavities, where tissues cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the are surrounded by the blood. blood.

ClosedClosed

Vertebrates, and a few Vertebrates, and a few invertebrates, have a invertebrates, have a closed circulatory closed circulatory system. system.

Closed circulatory Closed circulatory systems have the blood systems have the blood closed at all times within closed at all times within vessels of different size vessels of different size and wall thickness.and wall thickness.

Blood is pumped by a Blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, heart through vessels, and does not normally and does not normally fill body cavities. fill body cavities.

Circulatory Circulatory Systems: Systems:

Different TypesDifferent Types

Circulatory Circulatory System: DisordersSystem: Disorders

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosisAccumulation of cholesterol in the walls of an Accumulation of cholesterol in the walls of an artery causes the walls to harden.artery causes the walls to harden. AsymptomaticAsymptomaticAround 4.6 million people die a year in AmericaAround 4.6 million people die a year in AmericaMany treatments such as bypass surgery, or Many treatments such as bypass surgery, or just having a healthy diet.just having a healthy diet.

Coronary Heart DiseaseCoronary Heart DiseaseFailure of coronary circulation to supply blood Failure of coronary circulation to supply blood to cardiac musclesto cardiac musclesChest pains are a sign of itChest pains are a sign of itAlmost half a million people die of it in America Almost half a million people die of it in America each yeareach yearRegular exercise and a healthy diet are ways to Regular exercise and a healthy diet are ways to preventprevent

Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem

Respiratory Respiratory System: AlveoliSystem: Alveoli

Contain some collagen and elastic fibersContain some collagen and elastic fibers

Elastic fibers allow the alveoli to stretch Elastic fibers allow the alveoli to stretch as they are filled with air when as they are filled with air when breathing in, then spring back during breathing in, then spring back during breathing out in order to get rid of the breathing out in order to get rid of the carbon dioxide-rich aircarbon dioxide-rich air

A pair of human lungs contain about A pair of human lungs contain about 700 million alveoli, which adds up to 700 million alveoli, which adds up to about 70m² of surface areaabout 70m² of surface area

Respiratory Respiratory System: Path of System: Path of

OxygenOxygenOxygen begins being inhaled from the air into the Oxygen begins being inhaled from the air into the bodybody

Follows path of respiratory system going from mouth Follows path of respiratory system going from mouth to tracheato trachea

From trachea, goes through either bronchi into lungsFrom trachea, goes through either bronchi into lungs

Once in lungs, goes into small sacs, alveoliOnce in lungs, goes into small sacs, alveoli

Alveoli are lined with capillaries which exchange Alveoli are lined with capillaries which exchange deoxygenated blood with oxygen to make oxygenated deoxygenated blood with oxygen to make oxygenated bloodblood

Oxygen diffuses past alveoli membrane into blood Oxygen diffuses past alveoli membrane into blood which is picked up by hemoglobin in blood cellswhich is picked up by hemoglobin in blood cells

Respiratory Respiratory System: DisordersSystem: Disorders

BronchitisBronchitisMucous membranes in the bronchi become inflamed Mucous membranes in the bronchi become inflamed Coughing uncontrollably, coughing up mucousCoughing uncontrollably, coughing up mucousAbout 10 million people a year get bronchitisAbout 10 million people a year get bronchitisTreated with different types of medicinesTreated with different types of medicines

EmphysemaEmphysemaCauses shortness of breath because tissue that is Causes shortness of breath because tissue that is supposed to support lung’s shape is destroyed supposed to support lung’s shape is destroyed (usually caused by smoking)(usually caused by smoking)Shortness of breathShortness of breathAbout 20 million Americans are diagnosed each About 20 million Americans are diagnosed each yearyearIrreversible condition, but stop smoking, inhalers, Irreversible condition, but stop smoking, inhalers, and good body position all helpand good body position all help

Excretory SystemExcretory System

Excretory System: Excretory System: Types of Nitrogenous Types of Nitrogenous

WasteWasteUreaUrea

Excreted by mammalsExcreted by mammalsSlightly toxicSlightly toxicUses little amount of water to excreteUses little amount of water to excrete

Uric AcidUric AcidUsually excreted by reptiles and birdsUsually excreted by reptiles and birdsNon-toxicNon-toxicUses very little water to excrete, birds and reptiles Uses very little water to excrete, birds and reptiles usually need to conserve as much water as possibleusually need to conserve as much water as possible

AmmoniaAmmoniaUsually excreted by fishUsually excreted by fishHighly ToxicHighly ToxicNeeds a large quantity of water to excrete, hence Needs a large quantity of water to excrete, hence why fish excrete itwhy fish excrete it

Excretory System: Excretory System: Nephron ProcessNephron ProcessWaste travels through a filtration Waste travels through a filtration complex firstcomplex first

Reabsorption occurs with help of Reabsorption occurs with help of diffusion and active transportation diffusion and active transportation through renal tubulethrough renal tubule

Secretion occurs by the process of Secretion occurs by the process of active transport within the renal tubuleactive transport within the renal tubule

All waste is then excretedAll waste is then excreted

Excretory System: Excretory System: DisordersDisorders

Urolithiasis (kidney stone)Urolithiasis (kidney stone)Very high level of calcium concentration causes it Very high level of calcium concentration causes it to crystallize to make calcium oxalateto crystallize to make calcium oxalateIntense pain in the kidney area is a symptomIntense pain in the kidney area is a symptomAbout 3 million a year get themAbout 3 million a year get themDrink plenty of water and fluids to pass the stone Drink plenty of water and fluids to pass the stone

NephritisNephritisInflammation of the nephronsInflammation of the nephronsPresence of albumen in urine, suppression of Presence of albumen in urine, suppression of urine, are signsurine, are signsAbout 40,000 people die a year in America from About 40,000 people die a year in America from ititSteroids and antibiotics are used to treat itSteroids and antibiotics are used to treat it

Muscular SystemMuscular System

Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMakes the body move, circulates blood, and helps Makes the body move, circulates blood, and helps with posturewith posture

Muscle Contraction:Muscle Contraction:Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum which bonds to troponinreticulum which bonds to troponinMyosin heads bind to the passive actin filaments Myosin heads bind to the passive actin filaments at the myosin binding sites.at the myosin binding sites.Once a strong binding happens, myosin rotates at Once a strong binding happens, myosin rotates at the myosin-actin interface , extending the the myosin-actin interface , extending the myosin.myosin.Shortening occurs when the extensible region Shortening occurs when the extensible region pulls the filaments across each other. Myosin pulls the filaments across each other. Myosin remains attached to the actin.remains attached to the actin.The binding of ATP allows myosin to release from The binding of ATP allows myosin to release from the actin. ATP hydrolysis occurs. the actin. ATP hydrolysis occurs.

Muscular System: Muscular System: DisordersDisorders

RhabdomyolysisRhabdomyolysisCondition in which damaged skeletal muscle is Condition in which damaged skeletal muscle is destroyed rapidlydestroyed rapidlyTenderness and swelling of affected musclesTenderness and swelling of affected musclesAbout 26,000 Americans develop it each yearAbout 26,000 Americans develop it each yearTreat shock and maintain kidney funtcionTreat shock and maintain kidney funtcion

Muscular DystrophyMuscular DystrophyWeakens muscular system and decreases Weakens muscular system and decreases locomotionlocomotionPoor balance, droopy eye lids, inability to walk, Poor balance, droopy eye lids, inability to walk, muscle spasms are a few of the signsmuscle spasms are a few of the signs1 in about 3500 boys are born with it1 in about 3500 boys are born with itNo known cures, physical therapy helps slow No known cures, physical therapy helps slow down symptomsdown symptoms

Immune SystemImmune SystemProtects organism from diseasesProtects organism from diseases

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, heart, and Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, heart, and bones all play a part in the immune systembones all play a part in the immune system

When pathogens enter the body, the the When pathogens enter the body, the the white blood cells first decides if the pathogen white blood cells first decides if the pathogen is part of the body or not. To recognize it, the is part of the body or not. To recognize it, the white blood cells see if the pathogen’s white blood cells see if the pathogen’s antigens match up with the body’s antigens. antigens match up with the body’s antigens. If not, then it is labeled as non self and is If not, then it is labeled as non self and is attached to antibodies to be destroyed.attached to antibodies to be destroyed.

Innate immunityInnate immunity Dominant system of host defenseDominant system of host defenseDoes not help with long lasting immunity against Does not help with long lasting immunity against pathogenspathogensImmediate response to pathogens and damaged Immediate response to pathogens and damaged cellscellsNon-specificNon-specificInflammation is part of thisInflammation is part of this

Acquired ImmunityAcquired ImmunityRemembers pathogens by their antigenRemembers pathogens by their antigenAntigen specific and requires non-self Antigen specific and requires non-self identificationidentificationMaintained by memory cellsMaintained by memory cellsLymphocytes are part of thisLymphocytes are part of this

Immune SystemImmune SystemActive ImmunityActive Immunity

Occurs when the person is exposed to a live Occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogenpathogen

Can occur through a vaccine, then the body Can occur through a vaccine, then the body produces the cells necessary to destroy pathogenproduces the cells necessary to destroy pathogen

Passive ImmunityPassive ImmunityShort term immunity to pathogens by injection of Short term immunity to pathogens by injection of antibodiesantibodies

Antibodies from the maternal can be passed into Antibodies from the maternal can be passed into the bloodstream creating passive immunity as the bloodstream creating passive immunity as wellwell

Immune SystemImmune SystemHumoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity

Regulated by B lymphocytesRegulated by B lymphocytes

Cell-mediated ImmunityCell-mediated ImmunityRegulated by T lymphocytesRegulated by T lymphocytes

Immune SystemImmune SystemB LymphocyteB Lymphocyte

Binds to site specific to pathogenBinds to site specific to pathogen

Memory CellsMemory Cells

Help with acquired immunityHelp with acquired immunity

Effective against bacteriaEffective against bacteria

T LymphocytesT LymphocytesEffective against virusesEffective against viruses

Need other cells to identify as non-selfNeed other cells to identify as non-self

Immune SystemImmune SystemAntibiotics are effective against Antibiotics are effective against bacteria because they interfere with the bacteria because they interfere with the metabolic processes such as formation metabolic processes such as formation of a cell wall or protein synthesisof a cell wall or protein synthesis

Antibiotics are ineffective against Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses because viruses do not have viruses because viruses do not have metabolic processes because they are metabolic processes because they are not living so antibiotics have no effectnot living so antibiotics have no effect

Immune SystemImmune SystemHIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

Autoimmune disease which attacks T lymphocytes Autoimmune disease which attacks T lymphocytes causing immune system to be ineffectivecausing immune system to be ineffectiveFevers, sweating, weight loss, chills, weaknessFevers, sweating, weight loss, chills, weakness33.4 million people world wide have are HIV positive33.4 million people world wide have are HIV positiveAntiviral therapy is a treatment option as it’s not Antiviral therapy is a treatment option as it’s not curablecurable

VitiligoVitiligoDepigmentation of skin when melanocytes are killedDepigmentation of skin when melanocytes are killedDepigment of skin on the extremities, skin lesionsDepigment of skin on the extremities, skin lesionsLess than 1% worldwide have VitiligoLess than 1% worldwide have VitiligoUVB Phototherapy is a treatment optionUVB Phototherapy is a treatment option

Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemProvides structure for the human bodyProvides structure for the human body

Bones are connected by ligaments, and tendons connect Bones are connected by ligaments, and tendons connect muscles to bones which all assist in movement of the muscles to bones which all assist in movement of the bodybody

A hydrostatic skeleton is mainly seen in invertebrates A hydrostatic skeleton is mainly seen in invertebrates such as earthworms, in which the body cavity is filled such as earthworms, in which the body cavity is filled with fluid which supports body organswith fluid which supports body organs

An exoskeleton is mainly seen in invertebrates such as a An exoskeleton is mainly seen in invertebrates such as a crab or insect, where a hard substance like chitin is crab or insect, where a hard substance like chitin is found on the outside of the body in place of skin, which found on the outside of the body in place of skin, which protects the body’s organs.protects the body’s organs.

An endoskeleton is what is found in vertebrates such as An endoskeleton is what is found in vertebrates such as humans, in which the system is found on the inside of the humans, in which the system is found on the inside of the body, which provides structure and support to the body.body, which provides structure and support to the body.

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Skeletal Systems: Skeletal Systems: Disorders Disorders

Fibrous DysplasiaFibrous DysplasiaBone thinning diseaseBone thinning diseaseSwelling of affected boneSwelling of affected bone9,000 – 18,000 people will get it sometime in their 9,000 – 18,000 people will get it sometime in their lifetimelifetimeChemotherapyChemotherapy

OsteoporosisOsteoporosisBones become porous resulting in easier fracturesBones become porous resulting in easier fracturesBones fracture easily and stooped back are Bones fracture easily and stooped back are symptomssymptomsAbout 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed each About 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed each yearyearCalcium and Vitamin D supplements are helpfulCalcium and Vitamin D supplements are helpful

Sensory SystemSensory SystemMechanoreceptor – respond to pressure or Mechanoreceptor – respond to pressure or distortion. Located usually in skin cellsdistortion. Located usually in skin cells

Thermoreceptors – respond to changes in Thermoreceptors – respond to changes in temperature. Found in skin, urinary bladder, and temperature. Found in skin, urinary bladder, and cornea.cornea.

Chemoreceptors – responds to contact with certain Chemoreceptors – responds to contact with certain chemicals. Can be found in the nose, heart, and chemicals. Can be found in the nose, heart, and tongue.tongue.

Photoreceptors – absorbs photons and converts Photoreceptors – absorbs photons and converts them into signals that stimulate biological them into signals that stimulate biological processes. Found in the eye’s retina.processes. Found in the eye’s retina.

Pain receptors – sends signals to brain when Pain receptors – sends signals to brain when potentially harmful stimuli occurpotentially harmful stimuli occur

Sensory SystemSensory System

Sensory SystemSensory SystemRhodopsin – biological pigment that is Rhodopsin – biological pigment that is responsible for the formation of responsible for the formation of photoreceptorsphotoreceptors

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

System of organs, chemicals, and hormones System of organs, chemicals, and hormones that aid in reproductionthat aid in reproduction

Sexual reproduction is when a male and a Sexual reproduction is when a male and a female of a species perform sexual female of a species perform sexual intercourse to reproduceintercourse to reproduce

Asexual reproduction is when an organism Asexual reproduction is when an organism has both male and female parts that has both male and female parts that interact with each other to make an interact with each other to make an organism.organism.

Examples of asexual reproducing organisms: Examples of asexual reproducing organisms: hydras, sponges, starfish hydras, sponges, starfish

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

Spermatogenesis: The process when Spermatogenesis: The process when sperm cells divide by meiosis in a malesperm cells divide by meiosis in a male

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

Oogenesis: creation of an egg cell in a Oogenesis: creation of an egg cell in a femalefemale

The cell divides unevenly into a large The cell divides unevenly into a large cell and three smaller polar bodies cell and three smaller polar bodies because the large cell needs as much because the large cell needs as much nutrients as possible to survive which nutrients as possible to survive which the polar bodies providethe polar bodies provide

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

Estrous CycleEstrous CycleOccurs in most female placental mammalsOccurs in most female placental mammalsIf no fertilization occurs, endometrium is If no fertilization occurs, endometrium is reabsorbedreabsorbedSexually active during ovulationSexually active during ovulation

Menstrual cycleMenstrual cycleOccurs in apes and humansOccurs in apes and humansDivided into 3 phases: follicular, ovulation, Divided into 3 phases: follicular, ovulation, and luteal phasesand luteal phasesIf no fertilization occurs, endometrium is shedIf no fertilization occurs, endometrium is shedCan be sexually active anytimeCan be sexually active anytime

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

CleavageCleavage – division of cells in embryonic – division of cells in embryonic developmentdevelopment

GastrulationGastrulation – phase in embryonic – phase in embryonic development that in which the blastula development that in which the blastula transforms into a gastrulatransforms into a gastrula

OrganogenesisOrganogenesis – three layers – three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) of the organism in development begin of the organism in development begin to develop internal organsto develop internal organs

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

MorulaMorula – first stage of embryonic – first stage of embryonic development. Structure begins to development. Structure begins to hollow outhollow out

BlastulaBlastula – hole in middle becomes – hole in middle becomes bigger and walls become thinner bigger and walls become thinner

GastrulaGastrula – a single layered blastula – a single layered blastula forms a three layered structureforms a three layered structure

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

EctodermEctodermOuter most layer of gastrulaOuter most layer of gastrulaForms nervous system and all external features Forms nervous system and all external features such as epidermis, mouth, anus, nostrils and such as epidermis, mouth, anus, nostrils and othersothers

MesodermMesodermMiddle layer of gastrulaMiddle layer of gastrulaForms muscular system and gonadsForms muscular system and gonads

EndodermEndodermInner most layer of gastrulaInner most layer of gastrulaForms gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, Forms gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, endocrine system, auditory and urinary systemsendocrine system, auditory and urinary systems

Reproductive Reproductive SystemSystem

GonorrheaGonorrheaCaused by bacteria that grow easily in warm, moist Caused by bacteria that grow easily in warm, moist areasareasBurning when urinating, discharges from genitalia Burning when urinating, discharges from genitalia are symptomsare symptoms700,000 cases in U.S.700,000 cases in U.S.Antibiotics can successfully cure gonorrheaAntibiotics can successfully cure gonorrhea

SyphilisSyphilisSexually transmitted disease that is caused by Sexually transmitted disease that is caused by infectious bacteriainfectious bacteriaSymptoms include sores on infected area, lesions, Symptoms include sores on infected area, lesions, rashesrashes36,000 cases a year36,000 cases a yearTreatment can include shots of penicillin or Treatment can include shots of penicillin or antibioticsantibiotics

Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemSystem of glands and organs that secretes System of glands and organs that secretes hormones into blood to help body functionhormones into blood to help body function

HomeostasisHomeostasis – condition in which a system – condition in which a system keeps a stable environmentkeeps a stable environment

The many hormones that the endocrine system The many hormones that the endocrine system secretes help the body maintain homeostasis secretes help the body maintain homeostasis

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback – reduce the output of a – reduce the output of a hormone back to normal levelshormone back to normal levels

Blood Pressure – as the blood pressure Blood Pressure – as the blood pressure increases the brain would send messages to increases the brain would send messages to the heart to slow down and the blood vessels the heart to slow down and the blood vessels to increase in size lowering the blood pressure to increase in size lowering the blood pressure back to normalback to normal

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemAdrenal Gland – secretes epinephrine Adrenal Gland – secretes epinephrine which increases heart rate, constricts which increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and dilates air passages blood vessels, and dilates air passages in response to fight or flight in response to fight or flight

Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemType I DiabetesType I Diabetes

Autoimmune disease in which white blood cells destroy Autoimmune disease in which white blood cells destroy insulin producing cells in pancreasinsulin producing cells in pancreasFrequent urination, weight loss, hunger, thirst are all Frequent urination, weight loss, hunger, thirst are all symptomssymptomsAbout 50,000 cases in AmericaAbout 50,000 cases in AmericaInsulin therapy and pancreas transplant are treatment Insulin therapy and pancreas transplant are treatment optionsoptions

Type II DiabetesType II DiabetesCaused by high blood glucose levels and insulin isn’t as Caused by high blood glucose levels and insulin isn’t as effective of removing glucose from blood. Can be caused effective of removing glucose from blood. Can be caused by obesityby obesityFrequent urination, thirst, and hunger are signsFrequent urination, thirst, and hunger are signs285 million cases285 million casesNo hope for cure but can manage it by increases exercise No hope for cure but can manage it by increases exercise and healthy dietand healthy diet

SourcesSourcesdigestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0

www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/digestive/

http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/patient-education-materials/atlas-of-human-body/digestive-system.page

hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/circulatorysys.htmlhes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/circulatorysys.html

biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/circulat.htmbiology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/circulat.htm

http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/circulation.html

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pulmonary.html

biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/respirat.htmbiology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/respirat.htm

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hlw/

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/immune-system.htmbiology/immune-system.htm

SourcesSourceshttp://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immunesystem/Pages/default.aspx

www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/

www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookexcret.html

biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/kidney.htmbiology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/kidney.htm

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/excretory%20system/excretor.htm

biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/reproduc.htmbiology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/reproduc.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/2935/Natures_Best/Nat_Best_Low_Level/Reproductive_page.L.html

www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobooknerv.htmlwww.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobooknerv.html

hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/nervoussys.htmlhes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/nervoussys.html

http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/nervous_system/about/Pages/index.aspxnervous_system/about/Pages/index.aspx

homes.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/nerv/nervous.htmhomes.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/nerv/nervous.htm

SourcesSourceswww.ornithology.com/Lectures/Senses.htmlwww.ornithology.com/Lectures/Senses.html

www.human-body-facts.com/muscular-system.htmlwww.human-body-facts.com/muscular-system.html

www.imcpl.org/kids/guides/health/muscularsystem.htmlwww.imcpl.org/kids/guides/health/muscularsystem.html

http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/muscular/muscular.htmhistoweb/muscular/muscular.htm

www.biology4kids.com/files/systems_muscular.htmlwww.biology4kids.com/files/systems_muscular.html

hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.htmlhes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html

www.skeletalsystem.net/www.skeletalsystem.net/

warriors.warren.k12.il.us/dburke/skeletalsystem.htmwarriors.warren.k12.il.us/dburke/skeletalsystem.htm

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htmanatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm

www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.htmlwww.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html

www.hormone.org/endo101/www.hormone.org/endo101/