Human Anatomy

Major Systems

• Integumentary

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Digestive

• Nervous

• Respiratory

• Circulatory

• Excretory• Endocrine

• Reproductive

• Immune / Lymphatic

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Skin= main organ of system

• Composed of 4 types of tissue:1. epithelial – outer layer,

covers surfaces2. connective - functions as a

“glue” and holds body together

3. muscle - interacts with hair to respond to stimuli (ex: cold, fright)

4. nervous - detects external stimuli (ex: pain, pressure)

2 layers: epidermis & dermis

epidermis

Hair follicle

Fatty tissuenerve

Sweat gland

dermis

Oil gland

Integumentary layers

Epidermis

Helps protect living cell layers from bacteria, heat, chemicals, etc.

Outer layer contains dead cells that contain protein called keratin

Epidermis

Some contain melanin…colors skin

Inner layer contains living cells that divide to replace dead cells

Epidermis

• Every 4 weeks, all epidermal cells are replaced by new cells

• Epidermal ridges are important for gripping…increase friction

Functions of skin

1. Maintain homeostasis… regulates body temp by blood vessels dilating or constricting

2. Sense organ… nerve cells relay info about pain, pressure, temp, etc to the brain

Functions of skin

3. Skin cells produce Vitamin D when exposed to UV light…helps absorb calcium into bloodstream

4. Protective layer

The cost of today’s proverbial fountain of youth… a whopping $12 billion.  This is just the beginning of a long-term trend.  Americans are expected to spend $60 billion on 70 million cosmetic procedures from 2005 to 2010.

Skin… it’s a big business

About $25 billion was spent on facial care products.  The primary buyers, women aged 35 to 65.  This is one of the fastest growing demographics.  Between 1990 and 2006 it grew by 30%.  More importantly, this trend will continue as Baby Boomers get older.

Skin… it’s a big business

1. Skull

2. Maxilla

3. Mandible

4. Cervical vertebra

5. Clavicle

6. Humerus

7. Sternum

8. Ribs

9. Radius

10. Ulna

11. Pelvis

12. Coccyx

13. Carpals

14. Metacarpals

15. Phalanges

16. Femur

17. Patella

18. Fibula

19. Tibia

20. Tarsals

21. Metatarsals

22. Phalanges

1. Skull

2. Cervical Vertebrae (7)

3. Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

4. Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

5. Sacrum

6. Coccyx

•206 bones

•2 main parts

SKELETAL SYSTEM

•206 bones

•2 main parts

Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

SKELETAL SYSTEM

JointsWhere 2 bones meet.Facilitate mvmt of bones.Bone to bone held together by ligaments.In moveable joints, ends of bones covered by cartilage…allows for smooth mvmt.

Some joints (shoulder, knee) have bursae…fluid-filled sacs that decrease friction.Tendons attach muscles to bones.

Compact vs. Spongy bone

• Compact:-running the length = tubular structures called osteon or Haversian systems

-living cells called osteocytes receive oxygen & nutrients from blood vessels w/in osteon system

compact

spongy

Osteon systems

Spongy bone

•Compact bone surrounds less dense bone known as spongy bone…contains holes

Formation of bone• Vertebrate embryo skeleton = cartilage

• By 9th week = bone replaces cartilage

• Blood vessels stimulate cells to become potential bone cells called osteoblasts

• These cells secrete protein called collagen

• Calcium salts & other ions harden new bone cells now called osteocytes

Bone growth

• Growth in length = end of bones in cartilage plates

• Growth in diameter = outer surface of bone

• After growth stops = bone-forming cells are involved in repair & maintenance of bone

Functions of bone

• Provides framework

• Protects internal organs

• Provides attachment points for muscles

• Produce blood cells

Probable Diagnosis???

• What is wrong with the patient? What is the injury?

Fractured tibia, dislocation of the radius…

I’m here to PUMP you

up!

Muscular system

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Cardiac

Three types of muscle

tissue

Smooth

Skeletal

Yea!

Smooth muscle fiber

Cardiac muscle fiber Skeletal muscle fiber

• Function = squeezes the space inside the tube or organ it surrounds in order to move material through it

Smooth muscle

Example – inside of stomach and intestines

Involuntary muscle…not under conscious control

Smooth muscle

This is NOT a muscle!

• Makes up your heart• Function = Generates

& conducts electrical impulses for heart beat.

Cardiac muscle

• Involuntary muscle

Cardiac muscle

• Attached to & moves bones• Most work in opposing pairs (biceps/triceps)

Skeletal muscle

• Made up of muscle fibers…fused muscle cells• Each fiber made up of units called myofibrils

Skeletal muscle

• Voluntary muscle…under conscious control

Skeletal muscle

Muscle strength & exercise

• Muscle strength does NOT depend on the # of fibers in a muscle…but the thickness of the fibers and on how many of them contract at one time

Muscle strength & exercise • Regular exercise stresses

muscle fibers slightly…to compensate the fibers increase in diameter by adding myofibrils

Masseter Zygomaticus Platysma Orbicularis oculi Epicranius frontalis Orbicularis oris Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius– only top part shown Pectoralis major Deltoid Brachioradialis Extensor digitorum Biceps brachii Triceps brachii External oblique Rectus abdominus Sartorius

Quadriceps group Rectus Femoris Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis

Gluteus medius Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got the guts?

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?

Functions = 1. break down food you eat into molecules so it can be used as ENERGY!!!

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?

2. Absorbs the digested food & distributes it to your cells

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?

3. Eliminates undigested materials from the body

Mouth, Teeth, Tongue

Esophagus

Liver

Gallbladder Stomach

PancreasLarge

intestine

Appendix

AnusRectum

Small intestine

Your mouth…• 1st stop in digestion =

mouth• Chewing = mechanical

digestion, breaking down food into smaller pieces

• Salivary glands in your mouth secrete saliva

• Saliva contains digestive enzyme amylase, which breaks down starch into smaller molecules

Swallowing your food

•Food moves down esophagus (muscular tube connecting your mouth to stomach) by way of peristalsis

A flap of cartilage called epiglottis closes over the opening to the respiratory tract as you swallow…

prevents food from entering

Swallowing your food

Your stomach• Physical & chemical digestion• 3 layers of involuntary muscles

located within the wall of stomach (smooth muscles)

• They work to break down swallowed food & mix them with digestive juices

• Inner lining of stomach contains glands that secrete gastric juice…contains pepsin & hydrochloric acid

stomach

esophagus

small intestine

Stomach to small intestine• Food stays in stomach for

about 2-4 hours

• When it leaves the stomach it’s like tomato soup!! Yuck!!

• Peristaltic waves force liquid into small intestine

Small intestine• Muscular tube about 6m long

• Digestion of meal completed here

• Further mechanical breakdown of food

• Carbs & proteins undergo further chemical digestion

• 1st 25cm = duodenum

Pancreas & Liver

• Pancreas = Soft, flattened gland that secretes digestive enzymes & hormones

• Liver = produces bile…breaks down fats

• Bile = made in the liver & stored in the gallbladder & then can pass into the duodenum

Large intestine• Muscular tube a.k.a. the

colon

• Only 1.5m long but 6.5cm in diameter!

• Appendix = extension off of large intestine & serves no function in digestion

Elimination of wastes• 18-24 hours in large

intestine

• Remaining indigestible material…now called feces…reaches the rectum

rectum

anus

Elimination of wastes• Feces eliminated from

rectum through anus…THE END!

Pathway of your food

Mouth Throat EsophagusStomachDuodenumSmall intestineLarge intestineRectumAnus

Pathway of your food

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Neurons conduct impulses throughout the nervous system.

Neurons – basic unit of NERVOUS SYSTEMNeurons – basic unit of NERVOUS SYSTEM

Dendrite

Axon

Myelin sheath

Axon endings

Cell body

Nucleus

• Neuron = long cell that consists of 3 regions:

1) cell body 2)dendrites 3)axon

• Dendrites = receives impulses and carries them toward the cell body

• Axon = carries impulses away from the cell body and toward other neurons, muscles, or glands

Interneuron

Spinal cord

Receptor in skinMotor neuron

Sensory neuron

Direction of impulse

Muscle contracts

Neurons have 3 categories:

1)sensory neurons - carry impulses from the body to the spinal cord and brain

2) interneurons - found w/in the brain & spinal cord

3) motor neurons - carry the response impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland

• The nervous system sorts and interprets incoming information before directing a response.

Relaying an impulse

CerebrumSkull

Medulla oblongataCerebellum

The Central Nervous System

2 systems work together!

• The peripheral nervous system = all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system

• Together, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) respond to stimuli from the external environment

Brain

Spinal cord

Motor area Sensory area

Language area

Vision area

General interpretation

area

Cerebrum

Speech area

Taste area

Intellect, learning, and personality

Hearing area

Brain stemCerebellum

Balance area

Anatomy of the brainAnatomy of the brain

• Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, & midbrain

• Medulla oblongata = controls involuntary activities…breathing & heart rate

• Pons & midbrain = pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other.

MidbrainCerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Pons

Anatomy of the brainAnatomy of the brain

Respiratory System

2 kinds:

external respiration = breathing

internal respiration = cellular resp.

Breathing – uses diaphragm, intercostal muscles, lungs

Air exchange Pathway

Job: exchange O2 & CO2Pathway = nose/mouth

pharynx

larynxtrachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

Air exchange Pathway

alveoli

bronchiole

Terminal bronchiole

Tertiary bronchus

primary bronchus

secondary bronchus

Alveoli enlarged

CapillaryAlveolus

Alveoli and gas exchange

Oxygen moving from alveolus into blood cell

Red blood cells

Oxygen moving from alveolus into blood cell

Oxygen moving from alveolus into

Thin capillary and alveoli walls allow for gas exchange

Carbon dioxide moving from blood cells to alveolus

Air in Alveolus

Air enters

Rib cage moves up & out

Lungs expand

Process called Inhalation

Air leaves

Ribcage moves down & in

Lungs get smaller

The Breathing Process

Diaphragm moves down Process called Exhalation

Diaphragm moves up

Circulatory System

(From Body)(To Body)

(From Body)

cava

(To lungs)(To lungs)

(From lungs)(From lungs)

Blood vesselsArterioles & capillary

Venules & capillary

Pathway of circulation

heart

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

Circulatory System - BloodBlood is tissue made of…

1.plasma (fluid)

2. Red Blood Cells – carry O2 to body cells

- made in red bone marrow

- live 120 days

- hemoglobin - the O2 carrying molecule of blood

Did someone say… Blooood?

Blood

White Blood Cells – protect against infection

platelets (cell fragments)

- aid blood clot after injury

- form sticky web over wound w/ fibrin to stop bleeding

WBC

platelets

Excretory system

Kidneys – filter blood and help maintain homeostasis

Excretory system

A healthy kidney preparing for transplant

Aorta

Kidney

Ureters

UrethraUrinary bladder

Renal vein

Renal artery

Vena cava

Excretory system

pathway of urine…

kidney

ureter

urinary bladder

urethra

Nephron – filtering unit of kidney

- millions

- cleans nitrogenous wastes from blood

- urea & ammonia

- leave body as urine

Excretory system

Hormones… I HATE

hormones!!

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Internal control of the body is directed by 2 systems:

1) nervous system

2) endocrine system

• Endocrine system - made up of a series of glands, called endocrine glands, that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

Ovary in female

Testis in male

Important Glands of the Body

• Hypothalamus = portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems.

Interaction of the nervous system and endocrine system

Hypothalamus

Interaction of the nervous system and endocrine system

• When a change in homeostasis is detected, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland

• Pituitary gland - controlled by the hypothalamus, and the two are connected by nerves and blood vessels

• In response to messages received by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases its own chemicals or stimulates other glands to release theirs

• Hormones = chemicals secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream

• Convey information to other cells in your body, giving them instructions regarding your metabolism, growth, development, and behavior.

Endocrine control of the body

• Regulation of the endocrine system is controlled mostly by 1 type of internal feedback mechanism called a negative feedback system

Negative Feedback Control

• Hormones, or their effects, are fed back to inhibit the original signal

• Once homeostasis is reached, the signal is stopped and the hormone is no longer released

Adrenal Hormones and Stress

• The adrenal glands play an important role in preparing your body for stressful situations.

• These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and rate of respiration; increase efficiency of muscle contractions; and increase blood sugar levels.

Adrenal glands

Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones

• Thyroid gland - located in the neck, regulates metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid gland