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SCIENTIFIC METHOD = The common steps that scientists use to gather information and answer questions
The knowledge obtained when scientists answer one question often generates other questions or is useful in solving other problems
Step 1: Identify a Problem (Purpose) * A question or situation that
you want to investigate.“The purpose of this experiment
is to…”
Step 2: Gather Information * Research your problem
Step 3: Make a Hypothesis (If….then statement)
* Proposed solution or educated guess.
If I put gas in the car, then the car will start.
If I get a new battery, then the car will start.
•A Hypothesis is an explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested
• Not a random guess!
•If – Then statement
•If I __________________, then _______________ happens
•If I smile more, then people will be nicer to me.
Step 4: Test your Hypothesis (Experiment) *.Design a repeatable experiment.
(Variables/Controls)
Step 5: Collect & Analyze the Data * Record data from the
experiment in data tables & display in a graph.
Step 6: Form a Conclusion *State whether the data supports
or rejects the hypothesis & why.
Control: a standard that the data/results will be compared to in the experiment.
Variables: part of the experiment that is tested; it does change
Independent Variable
Factor in the experiment
that changes. (Tested)
ConstantsVariables that do notchange in the
experiment.
Dependent VariableFactor in the
experiment that is observed or measured that happens as a result of the independent variable. (Final Results)
QuantitativeData that is in the
formof numbers,
graphs, &Measurements.
QualitativeData that is in the
formof observations.
Theory An explanation or model backed by
results obtained from many tests or experiments.
Most logical explanation for events that occur in nature.
Powerful, time-tested concepts that make useful & dependable predictions about the natural world.
Theory of Relativity
Theory of Evolution
Theory of Plate Tectonics Big Bang Theory
Law Rules that describe the
behavior of something in nature.
Theories that are accepted over time by the scientific community.
Laws support facts. Principles are similar to laws.
Laws of Motion Law of Universal Gravitation
Laws of Planetary Motion
Ethics Study of moral values about
what is good or bad. Science can not answer
whether or not something is ethical.
Honest science should NOT be biased.
The Metric System A global, standard system of
measurement “International System of
Units” or SI Based on decimals (by 10’s) Used by all scientists
Distance from one point to another point.
English Units: Inches, Feet, Yards, Miles
Metric Unit: Meters
Instrument: Meter Stick
The amount of space that a substance occupies.
English Units: Teaspoons, Tablespoons, Cups, Quarts, Pints, Gallons, etc.
Metric Unit: Liters
Instrument: Graduated Cylinder
GraduatedCylinder
* Most Accurate
Florence Flask
Erlenmeyer Flask
Beaker
Height
Length
Width
Volume = length x width x height
Cubic centimeters (cm3 or cc)
Displacement: placing an irregularly shaped object into a known volume of water & measuring the change
in the level of water.
5 mL 10 mL
Volume = 10mL – 5mL
= 5mL
The amount of matter in a substance.
English Units: Slugs
Metric Unit: Grams (Kilograms)
Instrument: Triple Beam Balance
Measurement of how fast atoms are moving.
English Units: Fahrenheit
Metric Unit: oCelsius (oC)Kelvin (K) K = 273 +
temperature in oC
Instrument: Thermometer
Gravity’s effect on a mass.
English Units: Pounds
Metric Unit: Newtons
Instrument: Scale
Amount of mass in a certain amount of volume.
Measured in g/mL
Water’s density is 1 g/mL
Density =mass
volume
Process of changing one unit into another unit by using conversion factors.
Examples: changing km to cm, mL to L, or mg to g
Kilo-Kilo- HectoHecto--
Deka-Deka- Deci-Deci- Centi-Centi- Milli-Milli-
kk hh dada dd cc mm
10001000 100100 1010 11 0.10.1 0.010.01 0.0010.001
Number Looks Number Looks SmallerSmaller
mm
LL
gg
Number Looks Number Looks BiggerBigger
Metric PrefixesMetric Prefixes
TerraTerra--
Giga-Giga- MegaMega--
Micro-Micro- Nano-Nano- Pico-Pico-
TT GG MM nn pp
TrilliTrillionon BillionBillion MillioMillio
nnMillionMillion
ththBillioBillionthnth
TrillionTrillionthth
Other Metric PrefixesOther Metric Prefixes
