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Forms

Defines an HTML form for user input STF

Defines an input control STF

Defines a multi-line text input control STF

Defines a push button STF

Defines a select list (drop-down list) STF

Defines a group of related options in a select list STF

Defines an option in a select list STF

Defines a label for an input element STF

Defines a border around elements in a form STF

Defines a caption for a fieldset element STF

Deprecated. Defines a searchable index related to a document TF

Frames

Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset F

Defines a set of frames F Defines an alternate content for users that do not support frames TF

Defines an inline frame TF

Images

Defines an image STF

Defines an image-map STF

Defines an area inside an image-map STF

Links

Defines an anchor STF

Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource STF

Lists Defines an unordered list STF

Defines an ordered list STF

Defines a list item STF

Deprecated. Defines a directory list TF

Defines a definition list STF

Defines a term (an item) in a definition list STF

Defines a description of a term in a definition list STF

Deprecated. Defines a menu list TF

Tables

Defines a table STF

Defines a table caption STF

Defines a header cell in a table STF

Defines a row in a table STF

Defines a cell in a table STF

Groups the header content in a table STF

Groups the body content in a table STF

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Groups the footer content in a table STF

Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table STF

Styles

Defines style information for a document STF

Defines a section in a document STF

Defines a section in a document STF

Meta Info

Defines information about the document STF

Defines the document title STF

Defines metadata about an HTML document STF

Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page STF

Deprecated. Defines a default font, color, or size for the text in a page TF

Programming

Defines a client-side script STF

Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts STF Deprecated. Defines an embedded applet TF

Defines an embedded object STF

Defines a parameter for an object STF

Keyboard Events

Valid in all elements except base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style,and title.

Attribute Value Description

onkeydown script Script to be run when a key is pressed

onkeypress script Script to be run when a key is pressed and released

onkeyup script Script to be run when a key is released

====================================

Defines an HTML document

Defines the document's body

HTML Links

HTML links are defined with the tag.ExampleThis is a link

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HTML Images

HTML Image TagsTag Description Defines an image Defines an image-map Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML images are defined with the tag.Example

Nested HTML Elements

This is my first paragraph.

The element:

This is my first paragraph.

------------------------------------------------

HTML Attributes

Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.HTML Attributes

* HTML elements can have attributes* Attributes provide additional information about an element* Attributes are always specified in the start tag* Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.

HTML links are defined with the tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:Example

This is a link

--------------------------------------------------------

Headings

Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

This is a headingThis is a heading

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This is a headingThis is a headingThis is a headingThis is a heading

--------------------------------------------------------

HTML Comments

Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable. Commentsare ignored by the browser and are not displayed.

Comments are written like this:

Example

---------------------------------------------------------

HTML Paragraphs

HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.HTML Paragraphs

Paragraphs are defined with the

tag.Example

This is a paragraph

This is another paragraph

Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTML Line Breaks

Inserts a single line break

Use the
tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:Example

This is
a para
graph with line breaks

The
element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

or

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTML Text Formatting

This text is bold

This text is big

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This text is italic

This is computer output

This is subscript andsuperscript

Often renders as , and renders as .

However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:

or defines bold or italic text only.

or means that you want the text to be rendered in a way thatthe user understands as "important".

Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser one day wants tomake a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not bold!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTML Text Formatting Tags

Tag Description Defines bold text Defines big text Defines emphasized text Defines italic text Defines small text Defines strong text Defines subscripted text Defines superscripted text Defines inserted text Defines deleted text

HTML "Computer Output" Tags

Tag Description

Defines computer code text Defines keyboard text Defines sample computer code Defines teletype text Defines a variable Defines preformatted text

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTML Styles

Look! Styles and colors

This text is in Verdana and red

This text is in Times and blue

This text is 30 pixels high

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Tags Description Defines centered content and Defines HTML fonts and Defines strikethrough text Defines underlined text Attributes Description align Defines thealignment of text bgcolor Defines the background color color Defines the text color

HTML Style Example - Background Color

The background-color property defines the background color for an element:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size

The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in an element:

A heading

A paragraph.

HTML Style Example - Text Alignment

The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:

This is a heading

The heading above is aligned to the center of this page.

HTML Images

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A paragraph with an image. The align attribute of the image is set to "right". The image will float to theright of this text.

Make a Hyperlink of an Image

Create a link of an image:

No border around the image, but still a link:

Create an Image Map

Click on the sun or on one of the planets to watch it closer:

HTML Tables

Apples 44%

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Bananas 23%

Oranges 13%

Other 10%

HTML Table Tags

Tag Description

Defines a table

Defines a table header

Defines a table row

Defines a table cell

Defines a table caption

Defines a group of columns in a table, for formatting

Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table

Groups the header content in a table Groups the body content in a table

Groups the footer content in a table

Table Example

row 1, cell 1row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1row 2, cell 2

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes this can beuseful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show.

To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:

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Row 1, cell 1Row 1, cell 2

HTML Table Headers

Header information in a table are defined with the tag.

The text in a th element will be bold and centered.

Header 1Header 2

row 1, cell 1row 1, cell 2row 2, cell 1row 2, cell 2

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Header 1 Header 2

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

Table Without Border:

html>

This table has no borders:

100200300

400500600

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And this table has no borders:

100200300

400500600

Table Header:

Table headers:

NameTelephoneTelephone

Bill Gates555 77 854555 77 855

Vertical headers:

First Name:Bill Gates

Telephone:555 77 854


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Table headers:Name Telephone Telephone

Bill Gates 555 77 854 555 77 855

Vertical headers:

First Name: Bill Gates

Telephone: 555 77 854

Telephone: 555 77 855

Table with a Caption:

Monthly savings

MonthSavings

January$100

February$50

Cell Spanning:

Cell that spans two columns:

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NameTelephone

Bill Gates555 77 854555 77 855

Cell that spans two rows:

First Name:Bill Gates

Telephone:

555 77 854

555 77 855

Cell that spans two columns:

Name Telephone

Bill Gates 555 77 854 555 77 855

Cell that spans two rows:

First Name: Bill Gates


555 77 855

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tag inside Table:

This is a paragraph

This is another paragraph

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FirstRow

SecondRow

With cellpadding:

FirstRow

Second

Row

Without cellpadding:

First Row

Second Row

With cellpadding:

First Row

Second Row

Cell Spacing:

Without cellspacing:

FirstRow

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SecondRow

With cellspacing:

FirstRow

SecondRow

Without cellspacing:

First Row

Second Row

With cellspacing:

First Row

Second Row

The Frame Attribute:

Note:If you see no frames/borders around the tables below, your browser does not supportthe "frame" attribute.

With frame="border":

FirstRow

SecondRow

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With frame="box":

FirstRow

SecondRow

With frame="void":

FirstRow

SecondRow

With frame="above":

FirstRow

SecondRow

With frame="below":

FirstRow

SecondRow

With frame="hsides":

FirstRow

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SecondRow

With frame="vsides":

FirstRow

SecondRow

With frame="lhs":

FirstRow

SecondRow

With frame="rhs":

FirstRow

SecondRow

Note: If you see no frames/borders around the tables below, your browser does not support the "frame"attribute.

With frame="border":

First Row

Second Row

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With frame="box":

First Row

Second Row

With frame="void":

First RowSecond Row

With frame="above":

First Row

Second Row

With frame="below":

First Row

Second Row

With frame="hsides":

First Row

Second Row

With frame="vsides":

First Row

Second Row

With frame="lhs":

First Row

Second Row

With frame="rhs":

First Row

Second Row

HTML Tag

Example

Two colgroup elements that specify different alignment and style for the three columns in the table (noticethat the first colgroup element spans two columns):

ISBNTitlePrice

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3476896My first HTML$53

Definition and Usage

The tag is used to group columns in a table for formatting.

The tag is useful for applying styles to entire columns, instead of repeating the styles for eachcell, for each row.

The tag can only be used inside a table element.

Define Column value in Center or right or left in table:

ISBNTitlePrice

3476896My first HTML$53

HTML Tag

Example

An HTML table with a thead, tfoot, and a tbody element:

MonthSavings

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Sum$180

January$100

February$80

HTML Lists

The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:

HTML Lists

An ordered list:

1. The first list item2. The second list item

3. The third list item

An unordered list:

List item

List item

List item

Tag Description

Defines an ordered list

Defines an unordered list

Defines a list item

Defines a definition list

Defines an item in a definition list

Defines a description of an item in a definition list

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list starts with the tag. Each list item starts with the tag.

The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).

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CoffeeMilk


Coffee

Milk

HTML Ordered Lists

An ordered list starts with the tag. Each list item starts with the tag.

The list items are marked with numbers.

CoffeeMilk


1. Coffee2. Milk

HTML Definition Lists

A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item.

The tag defines a definition list.

The tag is used in conjunction with (defines the item in the list) and (describes the item inthe list):

Coffee- black hot drinkMilk

- white cold drink


Coffee- black hot drink

Milk- white cold drink

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d. Oranges

Roman numbers list:

I. ApplesII. Bananas

III. LemonsIV. Oranges

Lowercase Roman numbers list:

i. Applesii. Bananas

iii. Lemonsiv. Oranges

Different Types of Un-ordered Lists

Disc bullets list:ApplesBananasLemonsOranges

Circle bullets list:ApplesBananasLemonsOranges

Square bullets list:ApplesBananasLemons

Oranges

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Disc bullets list:

Apples

Bananas

Lemons

Oranges

Circle bullets list:

o Apples

o Bananas

o Lemons

o Oranges

Square bullets list:

Apples

Bananas Lemons

Oranges

Nested Lists:

A nested List:

Coffee

Tea

Black tea

Green tea

Milk

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A nested List:

Coffee

Teao Black tea

o Green tea

Milk

Definition List:

A Definition List:

Coffee

Black hot drink

Milk

White cold drink

A Definition List:

CoffeeBlack hot drink

MilkWhite cold drink

HTML Forms and Input

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HTML Form Tags

Tag Description

Defines an HTML form for user input

Defines an input control

Defines a multi-line text input control

Defines a label for an input element

Defines a border around elements in a form

Defines a caption for a fieldset element

Defines a select list (drop-down list)

Defines a group of related options in a select list

Defines an option in a select list

Defines a push button

HTML Forms

HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.

A form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons and more. Aform can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.

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HTML Forms and Input

HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.

Text Fields

defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:

First name:
Last name:


First name:

Last name:

Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20 characters.

Password Field

defines a password field:

Password:


Password:

Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Radio Buttons

defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE one of a limited number ofchoices:

Male
Female

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Form Button:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Border around form:

Personal information:Name:
E-mail:
Date of birth:

Personal information: Name:

E-mail:

Date of birth:

Form with Radio Button:

Male
Female

If you click the "Submit" button, the form-data will be sent to a page called"html_form_action.asp".

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Male

Female

Submit

If you click the "Submit" button, the form-data will be sent to a page called "html_form_action.asp".

Send Email from Form:

Send e-mail to [email protected]:

Name:

E-mail:

Comment:

Send e-mail to [email protected]:

Name:

E-mail:

Comment:

Submit

HTML Colors

Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

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Color Values

HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation (HEX) for the combination of Red, Green, andBlue color values (RGB).

The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The highest value is 255(in HEX: FF).

HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

Color Values

Color Color HEX Color RGB

#000000 rgb(0,0,0)

#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

#00FF00 rgb(0,255,0)

#0000FF rgb(0,0,255)

#FFFF00 rgb(255,255,0)

#00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)

#FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)

#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)

#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

16 Million Different Colors

The combination of Red, Green, and Blue values from 0 to 255, gives more than 16 million different colors(256 x 256 x 256).

If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to 255, whilekeeping the green and blue light at zero.

To see the full list of color mixes when RED varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the HEX or RGB valuesbelow.

Red Light Color HEX Color RGB

#000000 rgb(0,0,0)

#080000 rgb(8,0,0)

#100000 rgb(16,0,0)

#180000 rgb(24,0,0)

#200000 rgb(32,0,0)

#280000 rgb(40,0,0)

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#300000 rgb(48,0,0)

#380000 rgb(56,0,0)

#400000 rgb(64,0,0)

#480000 rgb(72,0,0)

#500000 rgb(80,0,0)

#580000 rgb(88,0,0)

#600000 rgb(96,0,0)

#680000 rgb(104,0,0)

#700000 rgb(112,0,0)

#780000 rgb(120,0,0)

#800000 rgb(128,0,0)

#880000 rgb(136,0,0)

#900000 rgb(144,0,0)

#980000 rgb(152,0,0)

#A00000 rgb(160,0,0)#A80000 rgb(168,0,0)

#B00000 rgb(176,0,0)

#B80000 rgb(184,0,0)

#C00000 rgb(192,0,0)

#C80000 rgb(200,0,0)

#D00000 rgb(208,0,0)

#D80000 rgb(216,0,0)

#E00000 rgb(224,0,0)

#E80000 rgb(232,0,0)

#F00000 rgb(240,0,0)#F80000 rgb(248,0,0)

#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

Shades of Gray

Gray colors are created by using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources.

To make it easier for you to select the correct shade, we have created a table of gray shades for you:

Gray Shades Color HEX Color RGB

#000000 rgb(0,0,0)

#080808 rgb(8,8,8)

#101010 rgb(16,16,16)

#181818 rgb(24,24,24)

#202020 rgb(32,32,32)

#282828 rgb(40,40,40)

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#303030 rgb(48,48,48)

#383838 rgb(56,56,56)

#404040 rgb(64,64,64)

#484848 rgb(72,72,72)

#505050 rgb(80,80,80)

#585858 rgb(88,88,88)

#606060 rgb(96,96,96)

#686868 rgb(104,104,104)

#707070 rgb(112,112,112)

#787878 rgb(120,120,120)

#808080 rgb(128,128,128)

#888888 rgb(136,136,136)

#909090 rgb(144,144,144)

#989898 rgb(152,152,152)

#A0A0A0 rgb(160,160,160)#A8A8A8 rgb(168,168,168)

#B0B0B0 rgb(176,176,176)

#B8B8B8 rgb(184,184,184)

#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)

#C8C8C8 rgb(200,200,200)

#D0D0D0 rgb(208,208,208)

#D8D8D8 rgb(216,216,216)

#E0E0E0 rgb(224,224,224)

#E8E8E8 rgb(232,232,232)

#F0F0F0 rgb(240,240,240)#F8F8F8 rgb(248,248,248)

#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

Cross-Browser Color Names

A collection of nearly 150 color names are supported by all major browsers.

View the cross-browser color names

Web Standard Color Names

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has listed 16 valid color names for HTML and CSS:

aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, andyellow.

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Note: Different browsers may display different colors for the same color name. "Green" can be lighter inone browser than another. To achieve the same result in all browsers, always use the HEX notation.

Web Safe Colors?

Some years ago, when computers supported max 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web Safe Colors" wassuggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors.

The 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display the colorscorrectly when running a 256 color palette.

This is not important today, since most computers can display millions of different colors. Anyway, here isthe list:

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF



660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF



990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF


CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF




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CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF




FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

What is so Great About HTML 4.0?

In HTML 4.0 all formatting can be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a style sheet.

Because HTML 4.0 separates the layout from the document structure, we have what we always needed:Total control of layout, without messing up the document content.

What You Should do About it

Do NOT use presentation attributes inside your HTML elements

Start using styles! Please read ourCSS tutorial to learn about style sheets

Do NOT use deprecated tags. Visit ourHTML 4.01 Reference to see which tags and attributes thatare deprecated

Validate your HTML pages

Validate Your HTML Files

To validate an HTML document, a doctype declaration must be added.

The doctype declaration is not an HTML tag; it is an instruction to the web browser about what version ofthe markup language the page is written in.

The doctype declaration refers to a Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD specifies the rules for themarkup language, so that the browsers can render the content correctly.

The doctype declaration should be the very first thing in an HTML document, before the tag.

HTML 4.01 Strict

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, but does NOT INCLUDE presentational ordeprecated elements (like font). Framesets are not allowed:

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HTML 4.01 Transitional

This DTD contains all HTML elements and attributes, INCLUDING presentational and deprecatedelements (like font). Framesets are not allowed:

HTML 4.01 Frameset

This DTD is equal to HTML 4.01 Transitional, but allows the use of frameset content:

Validate Your HTML With W3C's Validator

Type a URL in the input field below (like http://www.w3schools.com/):

Validate the page

HTML DOCTYPE Element

Tag Description

Defines the document type. This declaration goes before the start tag

HTML CSS:

In HTML 4.0, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a style sheet.

How to Use Styles

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

External style sheet

Internal style sheet

Inline styles

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External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, youcan change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet usingthe tag. The tag goes inside the section:

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet can be used if one single document has a unique style. Internal styles are defined inthe section of an HTML page, by using the tag, like this:

body {background-color:yellow}p {color:blue}

Inline Styles

An inline style can be used if a unique style is to be applied to one single occurrence of an element.

To use inline styles, use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS

property. The example below shows how to change the text color and the left margin of a paragraph:


The HTML file below links to an external style sheet with the tag:

This header is 36 ptThis header is blue

This paragraph has a left margin of 50 pixels

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This is the style sheet file (ex1.css):

body{background-color:yellow;}h1{font-size:36pt;}h2{color:blue;}p{margin-left:50px;}

The result is in the frame below:

The HTML file below links to an external style sheet with the tag:

This is a header 1

You can see that the stylesheet formats the text

This is a link

This is the style sheet file (ex2.css):

body {background-color:tan;}h1 {color:maroon;font-size:20pt;}hr {color:navy;}p {font-size:11pt;margin-left:15px;}a:link {color:green;}a:visited {color:yellow;}a:hover {color:black;}a:active {color:blue;}

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CSS Syntax

A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:

The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.

Each declaration consists of a property and a value.

The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.

CSS Example

CSS declarations always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:

p {color:red;text-align:center;}

To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:

Example

p{color:red;text-align:center;}

Try it yourself

CSS Comments

Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date.Comments are ignored by browsers.

A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:

/*This is a comment*/

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p{text-align:center;/*This is another comment*/color:black;font-family:arial;}

CSS Id and Class

The id and class Selectors

In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id"and "class".

The id Selector

The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.

The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".

The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":

Example

#para1{text-align:center;color:red;}

Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

The class Selector

The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selectoris most often used on several elements.

This allows you to set a particular style for any HTML elements with the same class.

The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."

In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

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Example

.center {text-align:center;}

You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.

In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example

p.center {text-align:center;}

Do NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer.

CSS How To...

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.

Three Ways to Insert CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

External style sheet

Internal style sheet

Inline style

External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, youcan change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet usingthe tag. The tag goes inside the head section:

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Yourstyle sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:

hr {color:sienna;}p {margin-left:20px;}body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

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Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internalstyles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the tag, like this:

hr {color:sienna;}p {margin-left:20px;}body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

Inline Styles

An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use thismethod sparingly!

To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSSproperty. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph:


Multiple Style Sheets

If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inheritedfrom the more specific style sheet.

For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3{color:red;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;

}

And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3{text-align:right;font-size:20pt;}

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If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:

color:red;text-align:right;font-size:20pt;

The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced bythe internal style sheet.

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One

Styles can be specified:

inside an HTML element

inside the head section of an HTML page

in an external CSS file

Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

Cascading order

What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?

Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by thefollowing rules, where number four has the highest priority:

1. Browser default2. External style sheet3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override astyle defined inside the tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).

Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML , theexternal style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

CSS Background

CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of anelement.

CSS properties used for background effects:

background-color

background-image

background-repeat

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background-attachment

background-position

Background Color

The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.

The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:

Example

body {background-color:#b0c4de;}

The background color can be specified by:

name - a color name, like "red" RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"

Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"

In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:

Example

h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}p {background-color:#e0ffff;}div {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Background Image

The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.

By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.

The background image for a page can be set like this:

Example

body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}

Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not readable:

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Example

body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.

Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this:

Example

body{background-image:url('gradient2.png');}

If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:

Example

body{background-image:url('gradient2.png');background-repeat:repeat-x;}

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat

When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.

Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:

Examplebody{background-image:url('img_tree.png');background-repeat:no-repeat;}

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In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to change theposition of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.

The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:

Examplebody{background-image:url('img_tree.png');background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right top;}

Background - Shorthand property

As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing withbackgrounds.

To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is called ashorthand property.

The shorthand property for background is simply "background":

Example

body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top;}

When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are:

background-color

background-image

background-repeat

background-attachment

background-position

It does not matter if one of the property values are missing, as long as the ones that are present are in thisorder.

All CSS Background Properties

The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).

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Property Description Values CSS

backgroundSets all the background properties inone declaration

background-color

background-image

background-repeat

background-attachmentbackground-position

inherit

1

background-attachmentSets whether a background image isfixed or scrolls with the rest of thepage

scrollfixedinherit

1

background-colorSets the background color of anelement

color-rgbcolor-hex

color-nametransparentinherit

1

background-imageSets the background image for anelement

url(URL)noneinherit

1

background-positionSets the starting position of abackground image

left topleft centerleft bottomright topright centerright bottomcenter topcenter centercenter bottom

x% y%

xpos yposinherit

1

background-repeat Sets if/how a background image willbe repeated

repeat

repeat-xrepeat-yno-repeatinherit

1

CSS Text

TEXT FORMATTING

T h i s t e x t i s s t y l ed w i t h s o m e o f t h e t e x t f o r m a t t i n g p r o p e r t i e s .

T h e h e a d i n g u s e s t h e t e x t - a l i g n , t e x t - t r a n s f o r m , a n d c o l o r p r o p e r t i e s .T h e p a r a g r a p h i s i n d e n t e d , a l i g n e d , a n d t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n c h a r a c t e r s i ss p e c i f i e d . T h e u n d e r l i n e i s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e " T r y i t y o u r s e l f " l i n k .

Text Color

The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color can be specified by:

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name - a color name, like "red"

RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"

Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"

The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example

body {color:blue;}h1 {color:#00ff00;}h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}

For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the background-colorproperty.

Text Alignment

The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.

Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.

When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left andright margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Example

h1 {text-align:center;}p.date {text-align:right;}p.main {text-align:justify;}

Text Decoration

The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.

The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:

Example

a {text-decoration:none;}

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It can also be used to decorate text:

Example

h1 {text-decoration:overline;}

h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}h3 {text-decoration:underline;}h4 {text-decoration:blink;}

It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.

Text Transformation

The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.

It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of eachword.

Example

p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}

Text Indentation

The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.

Example

p {text-indent:50px;}

CSS Font

CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.

Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts

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On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

CSS Font Families

In CSS, there are two types of font family names:

generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace")

font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")

Generic family Font family Description

SerifTimes New RomanGeorgia

Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on somecharacters

Sans-serifArial

Verdana

"Sans" means without - these fonts do not have thelines at the ends of characters

MonospaceCourier New

Lucida ConsoleAll monospace characters have the same width

Font Family

The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.

The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does notsupport the first font, it tries the next font.

Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in thegeneric family, if no other fonts are available.

Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like font-family:"Times New Roman".

More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:

Example

p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}

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Font Style

The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.

This property has three values:

normal - The text is shown normally

italic - The text is shown in italics

oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example

p.normal {font-style:normal;}p.italic {font-style:italic;}p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}

Font Size

The font-size property sets the size of the text.

Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font sizeadjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.

Always use the proper HTML tags, like - for headings and

for paragraphs.

The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.

Absolute size:

Sets the text to a specified size

Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)

Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known

Relative size:

Sets the size relative to surrounding elements

Allows a user to change the text size in browsers

If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em).

Set Font Size With Pixels

Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:

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Example

h1 {font-size:40px;}h2 {font-size:30px;}p {font-size:14px;}

The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet Explorer.

The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page, not justthe text).

Set Font Size With Em

To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels.

The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.

1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is16px.

The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula:pixels/16=em

Example

h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */

p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */

In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels. However, with theem size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.

Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing the text, it becomes larger than it shouldwhen made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.

Use a Combination of Percent and EmThe solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the body element:

Example

body {font-size:100%;}h1 {font-size:2.5em;}h2 {font-size:1.875em;}

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p {font-size:0.875em;}

All CSS Font Properties



font Sets all the font properties in one declaration

font-style

font-variant

font-weight

font-size/line-height

font-family

captioniconmenumessage-box

small-captionstatus-barinherit

1

font-family Specifies the font family for textfamily-name

generic-familyinherit

1

font-size Specifies the font size of text

xx-smallx-smallsmallmediumlargex-largexx-largesmallerlargerlength

%inherit

1

font-style Specifies the font style for text

normalitalicobliqueinherit

1

font-variantSpecifies whether or not a text should bedisplayed in a small-caps font

normalsmall-capsinherit

1

font-weight Specifies the weight of a font normalboldbolderlighter100200300400500

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600700800900inherit

CSS Links

Links can be styled in different ways.

Styling Links

Links can be styled with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.).

Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in.

The four links states are:

a:link - a normal, unvisited link

a:visited - a link the user has visited

a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it

a:active - a link the moment it is clicked

Example

a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */

When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:

a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited

a:active MUST come after a:hover

Common Link Styles

In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in.

Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links:

Text Decoration

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The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:

Example

a:link {text-decoration:none;}

a:visited {text-decoration:none;}a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}a:active {text-decoration:underline;}

Background Color

The background-color property specifies the background color for links:

Example

a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;}a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;}a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;}a:active {background-color:#FF704D;}

CSS Lists

The CSS list properties allow you to:

Set different list item markers for ordered lists

Set different list item markers for unordered lists

Set an image as the list item marker

List

In HTML, there are two types of lists:

unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets

ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters

With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.

Different List Item Markers

The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:

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Example

ul.a {list-style-type: circle;}ul.b {list-style-type: square;}

ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;}ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;}

Some of the property values are for unordered lists, and some for ordered lists.

Values for Unordered Lists

Value Description

none No marker

disc Default. The marker is a filled circle

circle The marker is a circle

square The marker is a square

Values for Ordered Lists

Value Description

armenian The marker is traditional Armenian numbering

decimal The marker is a number

decimal-leading-zero The marker is a number padded by initial zeros (01, 02, 03, etc.)

georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering (an, ban, gan, etc.)

lower-alpha The marker is lower-alpha (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)lower-greek The marker is lower-greek (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.)

lower-latin The marker is lower-latin (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)

lower-roman The marker is lower-roman (i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.)

upper-alpha The marker is upper-alpha (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)

upper-latin The marker is upper-latin (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)

upper-roman The marker is upper-roman (I, II, III, IV, V, etc.)

Note: No versions of Internet Explorer (including IE8) support the property values "decimal-leading-zero", "lower-greek", "lower-latin", "upper-latin", "armenian", or "georgian" UNLESS a DOCTYPE isspecified!

An Image as The List Item Marker

To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:

Example

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ul{list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');}

The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display the image-marker alittle bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari.

If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser solution is explainedbelow.

Crossbrowser Solution

The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers:

Exampleul{list-style-type: none;padding: 0px;margin: 0px;}li{background-image: url(sqpurple.gif);background-repeat: no-repeat;background-position: 0px 5px;padding-left: 14px;}

Example explained:

For ul:o Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker

o Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility)

For li:o Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat)

o Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px)

o Position the text in the list with padding-left

List - Shorthand property

It is also possible to specify all the list properties in one, single property. This is called a shorthandproperty.

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The shorthand property used for lists, is the list-style property:

Example

ul

{list-style: square url("sqpurple.gif");}

Try it yourself

When using the shorthand property, the order of the values are:

list-style-type

list-style-position (for a description, see the CSS properties table below)

list-style-image

It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, as long as the rest are in the specified order.

all the different list-item markers in CSS.

All CSS List Properties



list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration

list-style-type

list-style-position

list-style-imageinherit

1

list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item markerURLnoneinherit

1

list-style-positionSpecifies if the list-item markers should appearinside or outside the content flow

insideoutsideinherit

1

list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker nonedisccirclesquare

decimaldecimal-leading-zeroarmeniangeorgianlower-alphaupper-alphalower-greeklower-latinupper-latinlower-roman

1

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upper-romaninherit

CSS TablesThe look of an HTML table can be greatly improved with CSS:

Company Contact Country

Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Germany

Berglunds snabbkp Christina Berglund Sweden

Centro comercial Moctezuma Francisco Chang Mexico

Ernst Handel Roland Mendel Austria

Island Trading Helen Bennett UK

Kniglich Essen Philip Cramer Germany

Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Yoshi Tannamuri Canada

Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti Giovanni Rovelli ItalyNorth/South Simon Crowther UK

Paris spcialits Marie Bertrand France

The Big Cheese Liz Nixon USA

Vaffeljernet Palle Ibsen Denmark

Table Borders

To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.

The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:

Example

table, th, td{border: 1px solid black;}

Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table, th, and tdelements have separate borders.

To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.

Collapse Borders

The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or separated:

Example

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table{border-collapse:collapse;}table,th, td{border: 1px solid black;}

Table Width and Height

Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.

The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to 50px:

Example

table{width:100%;}th{height:50px;}

Table Text Alignment

The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.

The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:

Example

td{text-align:right;}

The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:

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Example

td{height:50px;vertical-align:bottom;}

Table Padding

To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td and thelements:

Example

td{padding:15px;}

Table Color

The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th elements:

Example

table, td, th{border:1px solid green;}th{background-color:green;color:white;}

Make a Fancy Table:

body{

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margin-left:200px;background:#5d9ab2 url('img_tree.png') no-repeat top left;}

.container{text-align:center;}

.center_div{border:1px solid gray;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:90%;background-color:#d0f0f6;text-align:left;padding:8px;}

Hello World!

This example contains some advanced CSS methods you may not have learned yet. But, we willexplain these methods in a later chapter in the tutorial.

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