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HRE 4M1 – GRADE 12M RELIGION

HRE 4M1 –GRADE 12M RELIGION · descriptive ethics involves empirical ... Prescriptive ethics, also known as the normative ethics is a branch of ethics which actually

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Page 1: HRE 4M1 –GRADE 12M RELIGION · descriptive ethics involves empirical ... Prescriptive ethics, also known as the normative ethics is a branch of ethics which actually

HRE 4M1 – GRADE 12M RELIGION

Page 2: HRE 4M1 –GRADE 12M RELIGION · descriptive ethics involves empirical ... Prescriptive ethics, also known as the normative ethics is a branch of ethics which actually

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHICSAND MORALITY

Ethics comes from the Greek word “ta ethicka”  –means having to do with good character

Ethics is more interested in the good that humans strive for.  Examples of “the good” include happiness and freedom and dignity.

Ethics is also interested in that search for the good.

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THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHICS AND MORALITY Morality comes from the Latin word ‘moralitas’  ‐means having to do with the customs, manners, and habits shaping human life

Morality is interested more in the ways that humans can attain the good.  Some examples of “ways” include:  rules, laws or commandments which we experience as a duty or obligation to follow.

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LETS IMPROVE YOUR UNDERSTANDING...Ethics is like... Morality is like...

understanding musical theory, reading music, understanding technique

playing music, hitting the right notes, performing

People can still play music without musical theory but.....you may/may not make good decisions in a musical arrangement or performance

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LETS IMPROVE YOUR UNDERSTANDING...Ethics is like... Morality is like...

understanding the basic principles of how our cars work. (Ex. You get good traction because of the friction your tires have with the road and that in a snowstorm this friction is reduced)

good driving – knowing and applying the rules of the road in bad weather such as slowing down and allowing greater distance to stop the car.

You can operate a car without understanding the laws of physics however you would have difficulty in making good decisions should dramatic changes arise

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So do Ethics trump Morality? Ethics has a certain priority because our focus on “the 

good” will steer us to choose the human thing to do in any given situation. 

Ethics guides morality – it gives us the vision of our action (we can’t paint if we don’t know what to paint)

Ethics gives us an understanding of the essential principles underlying our activity

Ethics point towards the application of morality   The purpose of ethics is to find the highest possible good 

in various circumstances and under certain conditions (i.e. self defence vs. Thou shall not kill)

Rules, norms, commandments and duties are not the final word......the GOOD is!

If the rules or laws don’t contribute to that highest good ‐the rules or laws need to be reconsidered.

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Ethical Theories

To be able to deal with responsibilities in an ethical way, we need to know more about ethics. Ethics is not a manual with answers on how to act.  It is only a search for the right kind of morality.

We can distinguish four kinds of ethics. 

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Descriptive ethics/ Comparative ethics Descriptive ethics also known as comparative ethics is involved with the description of existing morality. It is about facts. It is the study of people's beliefs about morality. Because descriptive ethics involves empirical investigation into the attitudes of individuals or groups of people, it is a field that is usually investigated by those working in the fields of evolutionary biology, psychology, sociology or anthropology.  

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Prescriptive ethics/ Normative ethics Prescriptive ethics, also known as the normative ethics is a branch of ethics which actually judges morality. Normative judgments indicate whether something is good or bad. We will mainly consider ourselves with normative ethics.

Example:  Descriptive ethicists inform us that the Inuit used to abandon their elderly on the ice and allow them to die of starvation and exposure.  A prescriptive ethicist would try to decide whether it is RIGHT for the Inuit to engage in such a practice.

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Applied Ethics Applied Ethics attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. Bioethics, for example, is concerned with identifying the correct approach to matters such as euthanasia, or the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research. 

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Environmental ethics is concerned with questions such as the duties of humans towards landscapes or species. 

http://contemporaryissuesinworldgeo-1.wikispaces.com/Fracking

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Business ethics concerns questions such as the limits on managers in the pursuit of profit, or the duty of 'whistleblowers' to the general public as opposed to their employers. As such, it is a study which is supposed to involve practitioners as much as professional philosophers.

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Meta‐Ethics

Meta‐Ethics, otherwise known as Analytical Ethics is the discipline concerned with explaining the meaning of ethical terms or the discipline concerned with the comparison of ethical theories.

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Summary

Descriptive ethics: What do people think is right?

Normative ethics: How should people act? Applied ethics: How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?

Meta‐ethics: What does 'right' or ‘good’ even mean?

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Ethical Absolutism One and only one correct morality exists. One morality applies to everyone, everywhere, and always although not everyone follows it or believes in it.  What is a moral duty for an American must also be a moral duty for an Asian, European or African.

The perception of society does not affect the rightness or wrongness of an action.  That a society may see nothing wrong with pedophilia, lying or cannibalism in no way affects the fact that it is wrong.

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Ethical absolutists do not claim that their own morality is the true and valid one, but   they claim that there IS a right and wrong that applies to all people of all ages for all   times and that we must strive to discover it through reason.

Is a prescriptive ethic.  The above position is difficult to defend especially when it is a well known fact that morality is different from society to society.  For example:

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In India, Nepal and Pakistan, millions of men, women and children are used as forced and bonded labour in these countries. Most are         dalit or from a  low caste, or are from indigenous or minority groups. Laws against the caste system and against bonded labour exist but are not enforced.

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In Islam, polygyny (one man many wives) is allowed, with the specific limitation that a man can have up to four wives at any one time. The Qur'an clearly states that men who choose this route must deal with their wives justly. If the husband fears that he cannot deal with his wives justly, then he should only marry one.

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On July 20, 2005, Canada became the fourth country (Netherlands was the first in 2001) in the world and the first country in the Americas to legalize same‐sex marriagenationwide however countries such as Australia have yet to do so.

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Active Euthanasia is illegal in New Zealand, Australia and the United States but not in Switzerland.

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Euthanasia in Canada

Conserving a human life is important, yet so is protecting free will, and on Friday February 6, 2015 Canada ruled that the latter outweighed the former. In a unanimous vote, the Supreme Court of Canada, the country’s highest court, struck down a ban for doctor‐assisted suicide, making the practice fully available to all mentally competent Canadian patients with terminal illnesses.

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What The Ruling Means Although the new ruling states that all patients in 

Canada are entitled to a physician‐assisted suicide, their condition must meet certain criteria for them to eligible. For example, the law states that 

patients must be of adult age and must be assessed by 2 independent doctors to be mentally competent and capable of giving consent.

They must also be suffering from a condition which is considered to be either physically or psychologically intolerable.

Also, if a physician does not want to assist in the suicide, they will not be forced to comply but they must refer the patient to a doctor who will.

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As a result of the Supreme Court of Canada decision, by June 6, 2016, voluntary euthanasia will be legal at the very least for “a competent adult person who (1) clearly consents to the termination of life and (2) has a grievous and irremediable medical condition (including an illness, disease or disability) that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition” (irremediable means that the condition cannot be alleviated by means acceptable to the person –also includes diseases that encompass severe mental illnesses).

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http://globalnews.ca/news/1652956/mcgill‐professor‐says‐assisted‐suicide‐a‐slippery‐slope/

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Cultural Relativism holds that different cultures have different moralities and that what one culture believes is wrong, another culture may believe that it is right.

Because Morality develops differently within different cultures it is a social product.

Is a descriptive ethic.

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Ethical Relativism

denies the existence of a single, universally applicable moral standard.

morality is relative to (depends on) one’s society and its standards therefore each society has its own moral standards.

an action is morally right for a person if one’s society approves of the action

since there is no morality that all societies follow, one must follow the morality of one’s particular society (conformity)

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Difference between Cultural Relativism and Ethical Relativism:

Ethical relativism and cultural relativism are not the same thing.  Cultural relativism deals more with descriptive ethics in that it is a recognized fact that different societies exhibit different moralities.  Cultural relativists are merely saying that while female circumcision is considered right in Egypt, people in Canada think that it is wrong.

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Ethical relativists on the other hand assert that female circumcision is actually right in Egypt but actually wrong in Canada.  In other words whatever the members of a society think is right for them to do is in factwhat is right for them to do.  Therefore something is morally right if and only if their society thinks it is morally right.

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So what position are Catholics called to take?

An ethical relativist is somebody who believes that a moral judgment is the expression of the subjective opinion of a particular person, and that it cannot be evaluated from any other position than his own.

So every judgment is relative to the interests and position of the person who makes it, so that in the end, there is no position outside the individual from which he can be judged.

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Existential Philosophers like Sartre argued that there is no position from which I can be judged except my own, so that the only thing that can authenticate my moral judgment is my choice that those are my judgments.

So the difference between a moral and an immoral person on Sartre's view is simply that the moral person is somebody who wills his own desires as commitments, whereas the immoral person is someone who just has those desires.  On that view, the authentic existentialist rapist is the one whom you should praise, not the person who simply is tempted by his sexual appetites.

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So what position are Catholics called to take? Catholics believe there is a position outside the individual's interest from which he/she is judged.  That is the position occupied by God, who as it were provides that overview, a systematic overview of all our desires and all our aims and is in a position to judge us.  We can then by, as it were, discovering what His position is, come to an objective view of our own situation.