Howard Gardner

•Cognitive Psychologist•Born in 1943•Most famous for Theory of Multiple Intelligences 1983

• 7 original intelligences•Later added 2 additional intelligences

• Intelligences Reframed 1999•Also wrote 5 Minds for the Future in 2007

• 5 minds that teachers should help produce and students should refine

Theory of Multiple Intelligences•1983 Frames of Mind & 1999 Intelligence Reframed•Breaks the idea that education is a single entity•Not a learning style

5 Minds for the Future: how to create future leaders

•Intellectual Development:• Disciplinary: master the major schools of thought; these require

practice and work since the subjects aren’t natural to the human mind• Synthesizing: students have to have the ability to sort the information

out by importance• Creative: think outside the box, ask and think about new problems and

solutions•Personal Character

• Respectful: absolute respect, not tolerance• Ethics: metacognition; seeing one self ethically

Abraham Maslow

•Grew up in Brooklyn, New York 1908-1970•Founded humanistic psychology, which was focused on each individual potential and stressed the importance of self-growth and self-actualization. It was the belief that people are born good and that social and mental problems lead to deviations from good behavior. •Hierarchy of needs•Self Actualization and how to read it

Hierarchy of Needs

•Developed in 1943•Original 5 stage model of he believed motivates people to move forward and grow:

Founded the idea of self actualization and came up with 8 ways on how to achieve it and achieve balance in your life:

•Experience things fully, vividly and selflessly•Choose between safety and risk to make you grow as a person•Don’t be influenced by outside sources, think for yourself•Be honest with yourself and take responsibility for choices and actions•Stand up for your opinion even if it’s unpopular•Use your full intelligence•Learn what you are good at and use it to your full advantage•Find your identity, strengths and things you enjoy and use they to your advantage

Lev Vygotsky

•1896-1934•Work was banned from publishing in Russia (where he lived) and therefore was not published until after his death•It was incomplete

Zone of Proximal Development (James, 2004)

•A person has a skill at which they can do at a certain level, can learn how to do that skill at a higher level with assistance, but there is a level at which they cannot reach at that time or without assistance. The level at which they learn with assistance is called the zone or proximal development; the assistance is often referred to as scaffolding.•This is important to education because it applies to how people can advance their knowledge and learn new things.

Thought and Language (Close, 2010)

•Vygotsky theorized that language helps to develop thought; linked to zone of proximal development.•A child asking a question and is answered quickly with a short,to-the-point answer will have the question answered probably to their satisfaction. However, if the child is answered with a question of what they think, and then the answer is based off their knowledge then the answer is based off their scaffolding and the questions (language) leads to knew knowledge and understanding (thought).

Cultural Impact on Learning (Scott & Palincsar, 2013)

•Vygotksy theorized that social lives and environments have more impact on a person’s learning than their genetics.•People learn new things that are relevant or interesting to themselves and their lives. If information is seen as useless or uninteresting, it can be easily forgotten. Certain information is important in different cultures and social circles. Also, education may be more important to some but not others and this is probably an influence of families or peers.

Dig DeeperPsychologistTheories

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The theory that changed the idea of intelligence as a single entity.

The theory that a person has a skill at a certain level and can do better

with assistance or scaffolding.

I am what Maslow says motivates people to grow

in their lives.

This stresses the importance of self-growth

and self actualization.

My work was banned in Russia and was published

after I died.

I created the hierarchy of needs as a way to show

what motivates people in their lives.

I came up with 8 ways to achieve self-actualization

in your life.

I created 7 intelligences in my Frames of Mind in 1983 then later added 2

more in Intelligence Reframed.

These are considered basic human needs.

According to Gardner, prior to working on

personal character, you must first work on this

set of minds.

According to Vygotksy, these 2 things impact a person’s learning more

than their own genetics.

Vygotsky theorized that ______ helped develop

thought.