How the Primary Curriculum Can Be Culturally InclusiveUsing examples of topics frequently studied in Primary Schools

This is work in progress and will be added to, your suggestions are also welcome.

PagesRoman Britain 2 - 3Tudors 4 – 8The Environment/Environmental Issues 9 - 14Ancient Greece 15 - 16Vikings 17 –19Bristol 20 - 26Dragons 27 - 31Saxons 31 - 36Victorians 37 –41Castles 42 - 43

These suggestions will allow you to begin to reflect the diverse backgrounds of your pupils, the diversity of the local area (SG and Bristol) and national diversity. For historical topics you can situate British History in the context of world history, you can reflect the cultural backgrounds of pupils by referring to events in their families’ country of origin and their place in Britain, or the presence of diversity since at least Roman times. For other topics start by reflecting the diversity in the school, then the local area, next nationally and finally internationally.

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Roman occupation of BritainDiversity in Roman BritonDiversity is not a new phenomenon. There was a presence of people from across the Roman Empire here in Britain. Auxiliary troops recruited throughout the empire were stationed in the UK, settled for very long periods, often the whole time of their service. Many marries local women, some chose to stay on after completing their service in the army. Syrian, Iraqi and North African troops patrolled Hadrian’s wall:http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/charlottehigginsblog/2009/oct/13/hadrians-wall

Skeletal remains of legionnaires of Black African origin have been fond, there is written evidence of African troops being stationed in Britain. The Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus, born in North Africa, died in Britain after having led a campaign against the Caledonian tribes and then reconstructed Hadrian’s wall. ‘The Ivory Bangle Lady’ is an example that it was not just troops from across the empire that steeled in Britain but there was a

presence of wealthier people from the Empire: http://www.yorkshiremuseum.org.uk/Page/ViewCollection.aspx?CollectionId=26 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1254187/Revealed-The-African-queen-called-York-home-4th-century.htmlEnsure the representation of the diversity of Roman troops in the UK in displays, ensure pupils are aware of this diversity not just among troops but across the society. Britons were recruited as auxiliaries to serve across the empire.

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East AfricaKingdom of Kush – Nubia A state south of Egypt at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile, it reached a peak in 1700 BC, Kushites invaded Egypt and ruled as Pharaohs for almost 100 years. Their civilisation resembled that of the Ancient Egyptians. Children’s website: http://africa.mrdonn.org/kush.html

http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryk/g/def-Kush.htm

Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum) In Abyssinian, south of Egypt, its strength grew in this era as trade between India and the Roman Empire passed through the kingdom. The Queen of Sheba was said to be from Axum. http://archaeology.about.com/cs/africa/a/aksum.htm

West Africa Trans Saharan trade leads to growth of Sub-Saharan statesGrowth of the Kingdom of Ghana (4th – 13 century) http://library.thinkquest.org/C002739/AfricaSite/LMwestghana.htm Article for pupils http://africa.mrdonn.org/ghana.htmlCentral America Growth of Maya culture and civilisation, eventually evolving into the Mayan Empire Growth of the city of Teotihuacan in the plain of Mexico – the largest city in this part of the world with a population of 125,000 or more http://archaeology.asu.edu/teo/ http://jqjacobs.net/mesoamerica/teotihuacan.html

China Han Dynasty (202BC- AD 220) Trade between China and North Africa, the Middle East and Europe and developed along the Silk Road. Romans sent ambassadors to China in this period. Confucianism was adopted as a state ideology and there were many advances in the arts and science. Paper was invented in China in this period. Schools for boys were established and the first university in China was established.

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http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-han.cfmChildren’s website: http://china.mrdonn.org/han.html

Tudor Britain John Blanke - the Black Tudor court trumpeter http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/early_times/blanke.htm Video – historical reconstruction John talking about his life.http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/john-blanke-the-black-trumpeter/3642.html

http://chevalierdesaintgeorges.homestead.com/blanke.html

Part of scholarly article on the presence of Black people in England in Elizabethan times. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-147059961/too-many-blackamoors-deportation.html

Elizabeth I ‘s proclamation 1596 on expelling ‘blackamoors’http://suite101.com/article/elizabeth-i-motives-for-expulsion-of-blackamoors-from-london-a248507Very useful article on Black people in Englandhttp://www.historytoday.com/marika-sherwood/blacks-tudor-england

Punishment for breaking the law was particularly brutal and cruel in Tudor times. Attitudes towards Gypsies were very negative. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=25990

Important dates in Gypsy and Roma history including very harsh laws against Gypsies in Tudor times http://www.grtleeds.co.uk/History/gypsiesEngland.html

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Portugal/Africa 1419Portuguese sailors begin to explore the north an then the west coast of Africa using ships with Lanteen sails.

Spain 1492 -The end of the re-conquest of Spain by Christians ending Moorish Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula. A very significant date when Spain starts to look outside of itself – the start of Columbus’s voyages of exploration.

http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/christopher-columbus-ships.htmhttp://www.indepthinfo.com/columbus-christopher/nina-pinta-santa-maria.htm

Spain The Spanish Inquisition 1492, 1501 The Spanish crown ordered all Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave Spain. The Spanish Inquisition already established. Jews, Muslims were alienated, discriminated against and tortured. Many of those who had forcibly converted were viewed with suspicion and were oppressed, accused of heresy, subjected to violence, tortured and often killed. Protestants and those not following orthodox Catholicism were similarly subjected to brutal treatment. Spain and Portugal 1494 –agree to split the world outside of Europe between themselves. Could have some fruitful discussion of what it was that allowed them to think they had the right to divide the rest of the world between them regardless of the wishes of the populations of those countries.Portugal 1506 Jews in Europe had long suffered persecution. When the Christians re-conquered Spain and Portugal Jews were faced with expulsion or forcible conversion to Christianity. In 1506 some 4,000 Portuguese Jews who had been forcibly converted were massacred in Lisbon. Priests incited violence against Jews, people who resembled Jews or anyone who had dealings with Jews were killed. The rioters and those who incited them were punished by death.

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Germany Printing Gutenberg invents the metal moveable type printing press, a significant advance on existing forms of printing. This made books more widely accessible in Europe and had a very significant impact, spreading literacy and knowledge to greater numbers of people. It is worth noting that paper, which made this form of printing possible was invented by the Chinese in the Han dynasty in about 100 AD, paper was introduced into Europe via the Muslim world. China had also earlier invented block printing in about 200 AD. http://www.gutenberg.de/english/erfindu2.htm

http://www.gutenberg.de/english/erfindun.htm

India Kushana Empire – based in an area around present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India An empire established by peoples from Southern China. Their strength and wealth depended in part on trade along the Silk Road. They absorbed Greek influences from the areas they occupied, adopted the Greek alphabet, later they adopted Buddhism– they had diplomatic and trade contacts with the Romans, with China and the Persian Empire. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kush/hd_kush.htmhttp://www.kushan.org/

Gupta Empire (320-550 AD) Seen as a golden era of peace and prosperity, a high point in the development of the sciences, learning, literature and the arts. Indian scholars developed the concept of zero and suggested the earth revolves around the sun. http://www.iloveindia.com/history/ancient-india/gupta-dynasty.html http://www.jatland.com/ home/Gupta_Empirehttp://www.bazpedia.com/en/g/u/p/Gupta_Empire_ef36.html

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The Ottoman Empire Muslim Empire based in Turkey – Muslim territories were previously ruled from Arabic countries, Turkish Ottomans took control at the end of the 13th century and remained in power till the 1920s.The Empire was vast multi-racial and multi-lingual, it incorporated a wide range of cultures and

was at its height in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under Suleiman the Magnificent it was one of the most powerful states in the world. Under his rule the arts and architecture flourished and were supported by the sultan. Hürrem Sultan, a woman born in the Kingdom of Poland, daughter of an Orthodox priest who was enslaved and part of the Emperor’s harem rose to become his favourite, then his wife and was the mother of the next Sultan. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/

o ttomanempire_1.shtmlhttp://www.allaboutturkey.com/suleyman.htm

http://www.allaboutturkey.com/ottoman.htmChinaMing Dynasty (1368-1644)China sees the growth of the population and of large cities Beijing and Nanjing, private industry grew with small business making paper, porcelain and silk traded with Japan, across the Indian Ocean and along the Silk Road. Books were printed using moveable type. Private slavery was forbidden China built a navy with large ships and had an army of at least one million soldiers. The Great wall was rebuilt and completed. Chinese Exploration Zheng He – Chinese admiral and a Muslim leads Chinese naval exploration in SE Asia, and the Indian Ocean – reaching East Africa.http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=218

http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22644.htm

http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=10387

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Environmental issuesConsider exploring grass roots movements addressing environmental issues, in UK and world (some examples below). Explore living or green roofs, use of grey water in new buildings and alternative forms of house building like straw bale houses. http://www.strawbalehouse.co.uk/http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/jul/26/straw-council-houses-fuel-efficiency

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KenyaWangari Maathai The first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize for campaigning for sustainable development, environmental issues and women’s rights. She founded the Green Belt Movement an environmental campaigning organisation. She was later elected to parliament and became a minister in the Kenyan Government. http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai

Inspirational video of Wangari speaking accompanied by some animations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGMW6YWjMxw

Mongolia Tsetsegee Munkhbayar Mongolian environmental activist As a herdsman and villager he saw the river the village and animals depended on drying up because of overuse of water by mining companies. He stated a movement that led to mining operations being reduced and made more environmentally friendly; restoring the flow of the river his village depended on. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/tsetsegee-munkhbayar/SomaliaFatima Jama Jibrell Somali environmentalist, she has founded human rights and women’s rights organisations. She has introduced solar powered forms of cooking to Somali, setting up the first village where cooking is entirely solar powered. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/explorers/fatima-jibrell/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Jibrell There is a biography and suggested teaching activities on the EMTAS pages on Merlin:http://public.merlin.swgfl.org.uk/establishments/803/QandS/EMTAS/AllDocuments/Fatima%20Jibrell.pdf

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Tibet/ChinaKarma Samdrup Tibetan philanthropist and environmentalist. He is a businessman and an art collector who has used his personal wealth to support work that protects the environment. He set up the Three Rivers Environmental Project to protect the area around the sources of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and the Mekong. The Chinese government has praised his work and he has received international prizes for his activism. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/china-must-halt-persecution-award-winning-tibetan-environmentalist-family-2010-07-0

India Chipko Movement Tree plating activists in India http://www.iisd.org/50comm/commdb/desc/d07.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipko_movement

Deforestation

Explore deforestation in Haiti, the impact of poverty and lack of access to sources of fuel for cooking, other than trees in their local area – explore alternative approaches to problem of poverty and no access to fuel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haitihttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100114-haiti-earthquake-landslides/

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Image of border between Haiti and Dominican Republic

The cardboard box oven One possible contribution to solving problem cheap and sustainable form of cooking:http://articles.cnn.com/2009-04-09/tech/solar.oven.global.warming_1_cardboard-solar-box-cookers-international-simple?_s=PM:TECH

http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-a-Simple-Cardboard-Solar-Oven/

http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Minimum_Solar_Box_Cooker

http://www.icestuff.com/~energy21/cooker.htm

Pupils could make and test ovens made in this way. Solar Cookers another possible solution. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cooker#Box_cookers

Indonesia and Germany

ASHOKA INNOVATORS FOR THE PUBLIC

Video Clips of award winning environmentalists’ work. Germany, Ursula Sladek who set up a cooperatively owned renewable energy power company and Indonesia, Prigi Arisandi who campaigned to stop the

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pollution of a river running through one of Indonesia’s largest cities. http://www.ashoka.org/story/sneak-peek-emmy-award-winning-film-%E2%80%9C-new-environmentalists%E2%80%9D

The Goldman Prize

Described as the environmental Nobel Prize, a highly prestigious international prize awarded to outstanding environmentalists and movements - gives details of past winners from around the world.http://www.goldmanprize.org/ Rooftop Gardens In response climate change, food security issues and poverty in some large cities where people have limited or no access to land people have taken to growing vegetables on roof tops. It is a form of urban sustainable agriculture using vegetable waste from the home to make compost for the plants.Rooftop gardens in Haiti and Cubahttp://www.alternatives.ca/en/project-campaign/cuba-et-haiti-rooftop-gardens

Rooftop gardens Egypthttp://www.cityfarmer.info/2011/07/04/vertical-and-rooftop-agriculture-gain-momentum-in-cairo-egypt/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_Garden_Project

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Composting Toilets Composting toilets safely collect and compost human waste saving precious water, compost toilets do not use flushing water (costs a lot to clean the water and pipe it to homes), they also provide rich compost for improving soil for vegetable gardens. These toilets are popular in Scandinavia and are used in the USA and Latin America. http://www.compostingtoilet.org/

http://www.lowimpact.org/factsheet_compost_toilets.htm

Water resources Shortage of water, competition over water resources remain a serious problem in many parts of the developing world. Some countries have very limited rainfall and come up with innovative resources Fog Collection, Fog harvesting The Cape Verde Islands have very low rainfall and have sought methods of providing drinking water. A method developed from ancient practices involves the collection of water from fog. This is a form of appropriate technology used in several parts of the world. Pupils can be set a problem e.g. You are on a mountainous island in the tropics, there is very little rainfall. You notice that on the mountaintops where it is foggy there are more small birds and mammals than lower down the mountain. You spend time observing the animals to find out how they survive, you notice they are finding water on the leaves of plants; water vapour seems to condense on plant leaves. How could this observation help you to get a reliable source of drinking water? This is a technique said to have been used in ancient Europe, South America, and Africa. Students could research historical origins and where it is currently used. http://www.fogquest.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_collectionhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/photogalleries/fog-catchers-harvest-air-water-missions/photo6.html

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Ancient GreeceHerodotus the Greek historian attributed a lot of the learning of the Greeks to knowledge gained from the Ancient Egyptians – more recent historians have explored this further – still a contested notion but worth referring to. Black Athena – Martin Bernal http://alford.fastmail.us/athena.html

Middle East The Persian Empire 550 – 330 BC The world’s largest empire in that era, the Persians and Greek city states were frequently at war. Persian culture influenced the Greeks and Romans. Their Empire stretched into Egypt, Afghanistan, Greece, and present day Saudi Arabia.

Zoroastrianism was the state religion, they built large cities with massive stone buildings, They had a highly organised military and navy and a highly sophisticated culture. http://www.parstimes.com/library/brief_history_of_persian_empire.html

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acha/hd_acha.htm

South America Chavín culture 900-200 BC The earliest know urban culture in south America, located in the area of present day Peru. They built temples adapted to withstand flooding in the rainy season; they worked with gold producing intricate objects and they domesticated the Llama. These were used for trade to carry goods. They developed irrigation to grow crops like potatoes and maize.

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http://misstarvin.wetpaint.com/page/The+Chavin+Civilizationhttp://www.7wonders.org/wonders/america/peru/huaraz/chavin- de-huantar.aspx

Central America Olmec Civilisation 1500 – 400 BC Central American civilisation located in southern part of present day Mexico. The Olmecs did not have the technology to make iron tools but were able to produce massive stone sculptures and other smaller finer pottery and figurines. They built massive pyramids and had a complex society. They invented their own form of writing and developed a complex calendar.

http://www.aztec-history.com/olmec-civilization.html

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/olmecs.htm

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Vikings

In their voyages of pillaging, conquest, settlement and trade Vikings came into contact with other cultures and through trade

gained knowledge of cultures further afield.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/

Extent of Scandinavian settlement The Normans – Viking Settlers, The Normans who later invaded Britain, were Norsemen (Danish and Norwegian Vikings) who settle in France and adopted the French language over time.

Viking settlements Sicily, GreeceViking settlements were established as far south as Sicily and Greece. Vikings travelled east into Russia along coast lines and rivers.

Viking/Norse Trade and Exploration A range of artefacts from across the world, including a statue of a Buddha were found in a Viking grave in Sweden

http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/District/1008751

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/vikings/trade_and_exploration/

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Viking/Norse contact with Arab TravellersAhmad Ibn Fadlan, an Arab diplomat came into contact with Nordic peoples and wrote a description of his encounter. http://www.nordicway.com/search/Vikings%20in%20the%20East.htm

http://www.bookrags.com/research/ibn-fadlan-an-arab-among-the-viking-scit-021/

http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/ibn_fdln.shtml#Risala

http://www.alrahalah.com/2010/09/ahmad-ibn-fadlan/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan

Islamic Spain

When Viking raids on Britain started Spain was a Muslim country. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their religions. Córdoba, the capital of Muslim Spain was the largest and richest city in Europe. Spain was at the time a very important centre of learning, it had Muslim, Jewish and Christian intellectuals studying in universities. Literature, poetry and architecture flourished. Islamic architecture is still evident today in many parts of Spain. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml

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Japan The Heian Period 794 to 1185

A period in Japanese history when its culture and religion were heavily influenced by China. It is considered as the as the high point of Japanese culture with a flowering of the arts, especially poetry and literature.

It is also the period of the rise of the Samurai class. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259482/Heian-period

IndiaPala Empire 750–1174

India was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from the present day Bengal area of India.

There were great universities in India this period, one of the first universities in the world, Nalanda was at its height in this period.

It was a period of peace and great economic activity. Art, literature and architecture flourished. http://www.indianetzone.com/23/the_pala_rulers.htm

http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/P_0037.HTM

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BristolExplore/refer to the growth of Bristol when it became Britain’s second most economically active city, the huge economic benefits gained from the Transatlantic slave trade and the profits from plantations in the Caribbean owned by Bristol families. Consider a visit to the Georgian House, owned by a family with plantations in the Caribbean. http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/

M Shed BristolVisit the M Shed in Bristol to see the positive influences of ethnic minority communities on Bristol life. http://mshed.org/

Black BristoliansUse the Black Bristolian biographies on the EMTAS website: http://public.merlin.swgfl.org.uk/establishments/803/QandS/EMTAS/pages/Biographies.aspx

Port Cities - Early presence of Black people in Bristol

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Henry Parker, born into slavery in the US, he escaped and settled in Bristol in the 1850s

There has been a presence of Black people in Bristol for over 400 years, some were enslaved people, some were free men and women. It is estimated there were several hundred Black people living in Bristol in the 1700s. http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/after-slavery/bristol-in-black-and-white/african-caribbean-bristol/black-presence/http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/after-slavery/bristol-in-black-and-white/black-white-bristol/Black people in Bristol 19th century to present day http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/after-slavery/bristol-in-black-and-white/african-caribbean-bristol/19th-century-to-date/

Raja Ram Mohun Roy – Arnos Vale Cemetery Bristol Statue on College Green between library and council houseRaja Ram Mohun Roy is considered as one of the fathers of modern India. He was a social reformer campaigning against the caste system, religious or cultural practices justifying the inferior treatment of women. He sought to reduce tensions and conflict between religions. The Mughal emperor Akbar Shah sent him as an ambassador to England in 1831, in 1833 he visited Bristol he became ill and died in Bristol.http://www.ceeby.com/people/rajarammohanroy.cfmhttp://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/raja-ram-mohan-roy.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

One of Britain’s greatest engineers, his influence remains visible throughout Bristol. His father was French and Jewish, he came to England as a refugee fleeing revolutionary France. Isambard’s mother was English. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/feb/23/artspolicy.regenerationhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/brunel_kingdom_isambard.shtml

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Ira Aldridge the widely acclaimed African America actor of the Victorian era, who became a British Citizen, visited Bristol in 1830 to perform the leading role in a melodrama Obi, or Three Fingered Jack performed at the Theatre Royal. Ira travelled widely in Europe performing in leading roles in Shakespeare’s plays, including Richard III and King Lear, he attracted positive reviews and was introduced to royalty, intellectuals and artists including Leo Tolstoy. He was awarded numerous honours on his tours in Europe. Ira Aldridge died in Poland and is buried there. http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/ira_aldridge.html

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SLAaldridge.htmhttp://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1059770.ece

Paul Robeson - African America actor, singer and Civil Rights activist visited Bristol in March 1939, he performed in the Colston Hall. The Colston Hall has a record of this event a Mrs Joan Wallis from St George recalls paying 2/ 6d to see Paul Robeson. Robeson was widely travelled; he spoke fifteen languages and performed all over the world. He campaigned for workers rights and civil rights for Black people, he was heavily criticised by the American government for his campaigning. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/paul-robeson/about-the-actor/66/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson

Bristol Bus BoycottAn opportunity to equip young people to tackle racism. The Bristol Bus Boycott took place in the same period as the civil Rights movement in the States. It was a campaign to change the local bus company’s policy of not employing Black men on

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the buses. Exploring the bus company’s rational for the ban on employing Black people, the press coverage and the campaign will give opportunities to explore the issue of racism and help develop the confidence of young people to challenge racism themselves. http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Local-History-Heritage/bristol-legacy-commission.en

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Stephenson_(civil_rights_campaigner)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Bus_Boycott,_1963

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oitqcFdWTP4 There are several videos of Paul Stephenson on Youtube

Paul Stephenson OBE - Memoirs of a Black EnglishmanOne of the organisers and the figurehead of the Bristol Bus Boycott was Paul Stephenson. He recently published a memoir and the publishing company have produced some very useful free resources for use in schools. These include photocopies of press articles form the time, good primary sources, reflecting the attitudes of the press and some of the public of the time. Publishers: http://www.tangentbooks.co.uk/products/Memoirs-of-a-Black-Englishman-(Paul-Stephenson-OBE).htmlThe free teaching resource is available on the site but you have to sign in to get it, alternatively you can email Dominique.Moore@southglos.gov.uk for a copy. The resource can be used with upper KS2.

Bristol Music SceneBristol has long had a vibrant music scene with bands like Massive Attack (formerly know as The Wild Bunch) the Blue Aeroplanes, Portishead,, Black Roots, Gary Clail, Earthling, Pigbag, Rip Rig + Panick, Andy Sheppard, Smith and Mighty, Up Bustle and Out, Tricky, many of these are Black musicians or musicians who recognise they have been heavily influenced by Black music.

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St Paul’s Festival/Carnival An annual event organised by the African Caribbean community in Bristol. It is one of the first street carnivals set up in Britain by people from the Caribbean; it pre-dates London’s Notting Hill Carnival. The first event took place in 1968. Bristol schools have taken part in the carnival since its inception. There are numerous pictures of the carnival online. St Pauls Carnival Committee produced an attractive book in 2000 which may be available in libraries ‘Carnival, St Pauls Carnival, Your Memories’.

St Paul’s Carnival website: http://www.stpaulscarnival.co.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pauls_Carnival

St Marks Road, Easton, BristolSt Mark’s Road in Easton, an attractive and vibrant shopping street with African, Caribbean, Asian and other world products on sale. On a visit to the street pupils can buy fruits, vegetables, snacks and drinks not usually available in most shops. http://bristolindependents.co.uk/2011/08/30/the-tobacco-factory/

SupermarketsA visit to one of the large branches of the most popular supermarkets will demonstrate the increasing diversity of the area and Britain. You can but Polish, Asian, Caribbean products. Taking a sample back to school and asking parents of white pupils and also asking their grandparents if these were available 20, 50 years ago could lead to interesting discussions. Food DisplaysA display could be made of the products, packaging or photos of some of the goods purchased in St Marks Road

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and/or a supermarket. Products could be labelled in English and other languages, some of their uses described, annotations of comments by parents and grandparents. Parents from the communities represented by the products could contribute recipes and further information.BME Parents Many parents of BME pupils will be very willing to come and speak to classes about themselves, their faiths, languages and cultures. Some parents will come and teach and sing children’s songs to younger children, others will be willing to provide art or cooking activities. Ensure British BME parents are included, emphasise the place of British BME communities as an integral part of Britishness. Places of worshipThere are churches with largely or predominantly Black congregations, there are mosques, gurdwaras and synagogues that will welcome visits by school children.

European, Eastern European and Commonwealth MigrationLook at the arrival of communities from Europe then from former colonies and more recently from Eastern Europe.

Bristol - City of sanctuary Welcoming refugees and Asylum Seekers http://www.cityofsanctuary.org/bristol

Colston Hall The Colston Hall, a concert hall with a controversial name. Colston was a Bristol merchant who benefited hugely from the Transatlantic Slave Trade and plantations on the Caribbean. The hall has seen artists from around the world performing there. Paul

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Robeson sang there in the late 1930s. The Beatles (who acknowledged the importance of Afican American music on the development of their music) made their debut there, Jimi Hendrix, Bob Marley, Ella Fitzgerald among others played there. http://www.colstonhall.org/

Dragons A topic on dragons presents a great opportunity to explore diversity. You can explore dragons for different parts of the world, compare Eastern and Western dragons. You can look at real animals with the name dragon and explore the possible origin of dragon myths coming from people discovering large dinosaur fossils. There are different types of dragon like creatures described in the folk tales of Britain including the winged, two footed wyvern. Dragons are sometimes named worms, winged serpents or sea monsters.Heraldic Dragons, Wyverns, Knuckers, Wyrms and other dragon like monstershttp://www.batcow.co.uk/strangelands/dragons.htmSt George and the dragon Woodlands school in Kent have information about St George and the slaying of the dragon. http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/stgeorge2.htmlSt George himself (he may be a legendary figure) was born in what is present day Turkey, in an area that was a Roman province, so he was not English. http://www.draconika.com/history/saint-george.phpEnglish Dragons

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The Gurt Wurm of Shervage Wood in Somersethttp://myths.e2bn.org/mythsandlegends/story1852-the-gurt-wurm-of-shervage-wood.htmlFrom West Sussex the Dunna Knucker of Lyminsterhttp://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/england/west-sussex/legends/knucker-of-lyminster.htmlhttp://www.uncannyuk.com/938/knucker-of-lyminster/http://www.sussexarch.org.uk/saaf/dragon.htmlIn the North East the Lambton Wormhttp://www.lambton-worm.com/Welsh Dragons http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Story-of-the-Welsh-Dragon&id=3128436 “Ddraig Goch” the red dragon national symbol of Wales Vortigen and the two dragons at Dinas Emrys, is like the story of King Krakushttp://www.pitt.edu/~dash/merlin.html a version of the story, in this one it is Merlin who helps the King

Scottish DragonsScottish dragons or dragon like creatures include the Linton Worm, Morag of Loch Morar, Maeshowe Dragon, Dundee Dragon and the Mester Stoor Worm.http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/maeshowe/maeshdragon.htmhttp://www.wyrm.org.uk/ukdracs/strathmartin.htmlhttp://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/stoor.htm

http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandsstories/assipattle/index.aspIrish Dragons Lig-na-BasteDragon Tales from the British Isleshttp://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/legends/dragons.html

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Farmer Giles of Ham One of Tolkien’s shorter stories about dragons. It is a parody of dragon slaying tales. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham

You could compare dragons with other mythical creature like the Loch Ness monster. There are many other similar type creatures which people have claimed to have seen in the UK and in other parts of the world for example Morgawr the Cornish sea monster.

Chinese Dragons

Chinese dragons are positive symbols of power and good luck they signify control over water (rain, floods and hurricanes). The dragon is also a sign of imperial power. Chinese dragons can have between five and three claws; they are depicted as long snake like creatures with scales and four legs. In ancient China dinosaur bones were described as dragon bones. Chinese dragons can fly but are not usually depicted with wings, their ability to fly was not dependent on wings. There are very precise descriptions of the physical attributes of dragons (e.g. number of scales). Chinese dragons have a range of powers including glowing in the dark, ability to camouflage themselves, create clouds. The number nine is associated with the dragon and dragons were said to share attributes of the other eleven creatures of the zodiac. In folk stories the dragon was a source of wisdom and good counsel.http://www.draconian.com/dragons/chinese-dragon.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon

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Polish Dragons

King Krakus and the DragonHow the city of Krakow was established. Resembles the Welsh story of Vortigern and the two dragons at Dinas Emrys

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakushttp://www.anglik.net/polish_legends_dragon.htmhttp://www.draconika.com/legends/krakus-smok.php

Book: King Krakus and the Dragon by Janina Domanska

Norse Dragons The Firdrake that killed Beowulfhttp://alliteration.net/poetry/firedrak.html Níðhöggr or Nidhogg is a dragon like monster who gnaws away at the root of the world http://www.pantheon.org/articles/n/nidhogg.htmlMidgard Serpenthttp://www.unicorngarden.com/midgard.htmFafnir, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Bhutanese dragons

You could explore other Eastern dragons.

The Vietnamese people are said to be descended from the union of a fairy and a dragon. http://www.haivenu-vietnam.com/vietnam-culture-myths.htm

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Compare and contrast Western and Eastern Dragons Eastern and Western Dragons

Eastern dragons look different to Western dragons and are portrayed in a different way. Eastern dragons are mostly wise, peaceful, heroic and are symbols of happiness and wealth. They appear in beautiful forms on religious buildings and are represented in ceremonies. Western dragons are monstrous and destructive, they hoard treasure and kill. They eat young women, they represent evil.

In the myth of Troy the walls are torn down by soldiers who had entered the city inside a wooden horse. Scholars have suggested there was a city at the location of the mythical Troy and its wall were brought down but by an earthquake. In at least two European stories cities are destroyed by dragons lying in the mountain below the city, could the dragons sometimes be a way of representing the destructive power of earthquakes?

Real Dragons Komodo Dragon Bearded Dragon

Explore animals with dragon in their names. This could bring some Science into the topic, looking at reptiles, their habitats, food, their cold bloodedness. What similarities do these have with the dragons of the tales?

Dinosaurs and Dragons

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It has been suggested that stories of dragons may have developed from people in ancient times finding dinosaur bones and imagining the creatures they came from. Explore some similarities between dinosaurs and dragons.AssemblyFollowing a unit of work on dragons you may want to hold an assembly, or a class event inviting parents, where pupils present the work on their choice of dragon. A sort of www.Comparethedragon.com show where the participants and audience vote on the type of dragon they like best (Western, Asian, real reptiles, dinosaurs as dragons).

Saxon Invasion and Settlement5th and 6th Centuries

Traditionally seen as a period of invasion and settlement by Angles, Saxons and Jutes. More recent research has shown the invaders and settlers came from a wider area including Sweden, Lower Saxony and Frisia. The Anglo-Saxons pushed out Celtic culture and society – their languages developed into Old English.

Eastern Europe Attila the Hun and the Hunic empireThe Huns were a nomadic people who invaded parts of Eastern Europe establishing a huge empire. Under the rule of Attila the Hunic empire threatened the edges of the declining Roman empire. The Huns invaded Gaul and Italy. Invasions into Germanic

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territories created huge disruptions that contributed to the movements of Angles, Saxons, Jutes and other Germanic people leading to invasions and settlement by some of these peoples of the former Roman colony of Britain. The Hunic empire also had an influence on India in this period.

Ireland St Patrick With the end of Roman rule in Britain the west coast of Britain was subjected to raids by the Irish. St Patrick is said to have been kidnapped in one of these raids, he eventually managed to escape and return to Britain. He returned to Ireland much later to spread Christianity. Christian Ireland became a centre of Greek and Latin scholarship. The Irish produced beautiful sculptures, jewelry and illuminated manuscripts.

North AfricaSt Augustine of HippoNorth Africa had many Christians in the period. St Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD) was the bishop of a town in present day Algeria. St Augustine is considered as one of the most important Christian philosophers and theologists, his writing have had a huge impact on Western Christianity.

HypatiaShe is the first woman recorded as having made a significant contribution to the development of mathematics. She lived in Alexandria in Roman Egypt. She led a school of philosophy. She was recognised as a woman of great learning with knowledge of science and mathematics. Christians studied under her guidance but other Christians considered her learning as pagan and she was killed by a group of Christians who felt threatened by her learning and influence. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html

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France

Clovis is king of the Franks, he united the Frankish tribes under one leader, he was the first king of Gaul (present day France).

Central America The Mayan civilisation was at its highest state of development in this period. The Maya were skilled farmers, traders and architects, they had numerous large cities and kingdoms with magnificent palaces and monuments which included stepped pyramids. They had a hieroglyphic form of writing and had developed a high level of mathematical knowledge.

Chichen ItzaThe city of Mayan city of Chichen Itza traces its origins to this period. It later became one of the largest Mayan cities; its ruins are spread over a large area in the Yucatan province of Mexico.

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Ilopango – In the 5th century the massive volcanic eruption of Ilapango destroyed several Mayan cities. In 2012 archaeologists entered an unopened tomb of one of the Mayan rulers K'uk Bahlam I the founder of a Mayan dynasty. They also discovered the tomb of K’abel a Mayan warrior queen of the same era.http://phys.org/news/2012-10-tomb-maya-queen-kabel-guatemala.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1gRjJv9-LAhttp://www.delange.org/PalenqueRuins/PalenqueRuins.htm

Eastern Europe and the middle EastSt Jerome St Jerome was born in the early part of this period in present day Slovenia; he travelled widely in the Christian world. He visited Rome, present day Syria and North Africa, he died in Bethlehem. St Jerome translated the Old Testament and wrote extensively on Christianity and Christian history. There is a legend about St Jerome removing a thorn from a lion’s paw. ChinaIn the early part of this period China was under frequent attack by nomadic peoples. China was divided into two parts at the start of this era but in the mid 6th century it was reunited under Emperor Wen Sui, this became a period of prosperity and military strength.

Fa Xian (also written as Fa-Hien, Fa-hsien) was a Chinese Buddhist monk travelled to India on foot to visit Buddhist holy places and to collect Buddhist scriptures, he visited the birthplace of the Buddha in Nepal, and he also travelled to present day Pakistan and Sri Lanka. On his return journey to China also visited Indonesia. In China he translated the scriptures and wrote about his travels.

Shaolin Monastery The first Shaolin monastery was established in China in the 5th century by an Indian

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Buddhist monk, Batuo, who had travelled to China to spread Buddhism. The Shaolin monastery is famous for its martial arts, Shaolin Kung Fu.

Zu Chongzhi (or Tsu Ch'ung Chi) was a Chinese mathematician, astronomer, engineer and author of literature. One of his major contributions was a new very accurate calendar based on meticulous observation of the movement planets and relative positions of stars. He also calculated the value of π (Pi) to a level of accuracy not matched in Europe till some nine hundred years later.

http://people.chinese.cn/en/article/2009-11/02/content_80380.htmhttp://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Zu_Chongzhi.html

India Gupta Empire (320 AD–550 AD)The Gupta empire covered central and northern India and is considered as a golden era for India with discoveries and advances in science, astronomy, mathematics, literature, philosophy arts and technology. The concept of the zero was first recorded in this period, the notion that the world revolves around the sun was advanced. Solar and lunar eclipses

were observed, described and explained. Gravity was identified as a force. Chess is said to have originated in India in this period.

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VictoriansDiversity in Victorian BritainBritain was already a diverse society in Victorian times. There are many references to Black and Asian Victorians.

Sara Forbes BonettaA Yoruba princess in the court of Queen Victoria. She was ‘given’ to Queen Victoria by the King of Dahomey after she had been enslaved; both of her parents had been killed in the raid to capture slaves. Victoria grew very fond of Sara; Sara’s daughter became one of the queen’s godchildren. http://www.black-history.org.uk/bonetta.asp

Samuel Coleridge-TaylorSamuel Coleridge-Taylor was an English musician and composer who gained fame and success in the Victorian era. His composition Hiawatha's Wedding Feast was hugely popular in his lifetime. In the 1920s and 30s a ballet of this work was still being performed in the Royal Albert Hall. 2012 commemorates the centenary of his death and much of his work has been performed in Britain and the US.

http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/samuel_coleridge-taylor.htmlhttp://sctf.org.uk/

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Mary SeacoleThe story of Mary Seacole, a Jamaican mixed race nurse is fascinating. She learned to nurse British sailors and troops in a military hospital in Jamaica and then travelled to other British colonies in the Caribbean. Mary Seacole also lived in Panama when there was an outbreak of cholera. When the war in the Crimea broke out she travelled to England with letters of recommendation from doctors, her offers were repeatedly refused because she was black. She then made her own way to the Crimea where she again volunteered but was turned down. She then set up her own hospital where she successfully nursed many soldiers. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/mary_seacole/

Frederick Douglas American author, social activist and abolitionist. He had been born into slavery but escaped, he spoke out about slavery and his friends encouraged him to leave the US for fear his ‘owner’ would try to reclaim him. He travelled to Ireland and lived in Ireland and Britain for two years. He campaigned against slavery when in Britain.

African American performers touring BritainAfrican American performers toured Britain in the Victorian era.

These included the dancer William Henry Lane known as Master Juba (pictured), Billy Kersands the acrobat, dancer and comedian and the Bohee Brothers, Canadian musicians. Queen Victoria was reported as having seen and enjoyed Billy Kersands’ performance.

It is important to remember that this was an era where racism was commonplace and extreme. Black people in entertainment were usually portrayed and expected to present themselves in a caricatured way now recognised as highly offensive. This does not mean schools should shy away from

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the topic, pupils can be prepared by exploring the issue of racism, misrepresentation of people, racist stereotypes and with agreed ground rules about respect, they can then view images critically.

The Fisk Jubilee Singers toured Europe in 1872 and performed for Queen Victoria

Ira Frederick AldridgeIra Aldridge’s was born in America and developed a love of acting early in his life and recognised that as a

Black actor his opportunities in America were very limited. He came to Britain where he faced racism; much of it well documented, but also was appreciated by many for his talent as an actor. He played in theatres throughout Britain and was considered one of the greatest Shakespearean actors. He became a British citizen and travelled widely in Europe where his skills as an actor were his acting received huge acclaim including honours awarded by some of the royalty of Europe. In Russia he became one of the world’s highest paid actors. He died while touring in Poland; he was given a state funeral and is buried there. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SLAaldridge.htmhttp://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/ira_aldridge.html

Roma and Gypsies in Victorian timeshttp://www.culture24.org.uk/history+%26+heritage/time/georgian+and+victorian/art38559George Borrow http://georgeborrow.org/home.htmlRomano Lavo Lil http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/rmlav10h.htm

William Abdullah Quilliam

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The first British person in the Victorian era to convert from Christianity to Islam. He also founded the first mosque and Islamic study centre in Britain. He travelled widely in the Muslim world. In 2008 the British government funded the Quilliam Foundation, named in his honour, to combat extremism in Islam.

http://abdullahquilliam.com/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-17827016

Max Arthur Macauliffe Max Arthur Macauliffe was a senior administrator in the colonial government of India. He was also a scholar, author and translator. He translated the Sikh scriptures the Guru Granth Sahib and wrote about Sikh history. He converted to Sikhism in 1860.

http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Max_Arthur_Macauliffe

John Archer a mixed race Victorian who became the fist black mayor in Britain in 1913. He was born in Liverpool in 1863 to

an Irish mother and a father from Barbados. He was a photographer and won prizes for his work. He was active in local politics and was elected mayor in a Campaign where his ability to be a mayor was questioned on the basis of the colour of his skin. In his acceptance speech he addressed the racism he

experienced from some people and contrasted it with the good sense of most electors.

http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/john_archer.htmlhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SLAarcherJ.htm

Victorian games and toys Tangrams

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Tangrams were a very popular Victorian game or puzzle. They originated in China they were introduced into America and Europe in the early 19th century and they soon spread worldwide as a puzzle craze. Lewis Carroll was an enthusiast of the tangram, he owned a copy of one of the books that helped popularise the puzzle The fashionable Chinese puzzle published in Britain in 1817 The history of the tangram can be studied by pupils, they can explore it as a mathematical exercise or investigation, pupils could create puzzles and boxes in DT. Oldest example of non-Chinese tangram and history of the puzzlehttp://puzzlemuseum.com/month/picm09/2009-03-early-tangram.htmhttp://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/resources/puzzles/tangrams/tangint.htmhttp://www.techitoutuk.com/projects/tangrams/history.html

An example of a Victorian tangram – a wooden box with mother of pearl tangramhttp://www.donaygames.com/product_details.php?id=10684

Online Tangram game http://pbskids.org/cyberchase/math-games/tanagram-game/http://www.archimedes-lab.org/tangramagicus/pagetang1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangram

Ludo Ludo became a very popular game in Britain in the Victorian era. Ludo is a simplified version of the ancient Indian game of Pachisi. The earliest evidence of this game in India is from the 6th century. It came from India through Britain’s

colonial adventures. The game spread throughout the then British Empire. In parts of the Caribbean it is known as Ludi. It became very popular in mainland Europe and America.Pupils can make a board, explore changing the rules, explore similarities and differences between Ludo and Pachisi.

http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Pachisi.htm

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also played in S America Korea.http://pachisi.vegard2.no/patolli.htmlcasts doubt on the similarity between Pachisi and Mayan game Patolli

CastlesFollowing a visit to a local castle (Caldicot Castle, Chepstow) pupils can look at images of castles from around the world from a similar period and compare and contrast with castles in Britain.Islamic world in the Norman eraThe 11th century was a high point in the history of the Islamic world.Science, technology, philosophy and literature florished. In the 12th century the Egyptian ruler Saladin built the Citadel of Cairo, a fortified buiding to defend against the curusaders. The fortified gates of Cairo, Bab al Nasr and Badr al-Jamali, were built in the 11th century.

Polish Castles Castles existed in Poland in the Norman era, many castles were built throughout the medieval period. Grodziec Castle in southwestern Poland dates back to 1155 Chojnik Castle also in southwestern Poland was built in the 13th century. Niedzica Castle also known as Dunajec Castle was built in the southern most part of Poland in the 14th century, it is one of the most picturesque castles in Poland.

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Japanese Castles Japanese castles built of wood and stone. They evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries, and came into their best-known form in the 16th century.

Castles in Japan were built to guard important or strategic sites, such as ports, river crossings, or crossroads, and almost always incorporated the landscape into their defences. Many of the castles were destryed in wars but about a hundred remain.

Early English visitors to Japan were very impressed by the size of the castles and by the massive stones used in their contruction. Japanese castles had beautiful gardens created to give the impresion of being in remote countryside away from the city, a pace of quiet.

Inca Fortresses

The Inca Empire (13th century till the Spanish invasion) was the largest Empire in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans. They built cities with fortresses in the mountains, the fortresses walls were made of huge stones cut to fit tightly together with no use of mortar. Sacsayhuaman, above the city of Cuzco is an example of one of these fortresses with massive walls.

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Britain since 1930

Post-War immigration to the UKPut into context immigration from former colonies to the UK after WW II. Previous sources of surplus labour (e.g. Ireland, Greece, Italy) were undergoing post-was reconstruction and could no longer supply labour, Britain needed additional skilled and unskilled labour and turned to colonies (and later former colonies). People from the Caribbean had been in the armed forces and working in munitions factories in Britain in WW II, after the war the government and local authorities actively recruited people form the Caribbean to come and work in the UK (e.g. as nurses, bus drivers, factory workers). People from the Indian subcontinent also arrived in response to a need for workers in the UK.

Development of Youth Culture Explore the impact of Black music on British pop culture. Beatles, Rolling Stones

Look at the changes in education, political discourse and the struggles for equal rights – making links with the Civil Rights movement in the US and with Feminism and women’s rights worldwide. Look at the changing face of politics and presence of ethnic minority business leaders.

Explore immigration form East Africa (Uganda and Idi Amin, long standing links with Somalia and Somali migrations).

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