how long garbages degrade

8/11/2019 how long garbages degrade

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What are Ruminants?

Multi-compartment stomach.

Specialized digestive system

capable of digesting

cellulose.


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?


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Cattle


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Sheep


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Goats


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Deer


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Parts and functions of the

ruminant digestive system

Ruminants are

characterized by

having a stomachwith four

compartments


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1. Anus 7. Reticulum

2. Rectum 8. Esophagus3. Cecum 9. Abomasum

4. Colon 10. Omasum

5. Duodenum 11. Small Intestine

6. Rumen


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Parts and functions of the

ruminant digestive systemSmall Intestine

-enzymatic digestion and absorption

-Functions of the small intestine: digestion of

proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of the

end products of digestion.

1.duodenum

2.jejunum3.ileum


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Mouth

-contains dental pad, teeth, tongue and saliva-saliva contains no salivary amylase

Esophagus

-tube from mouth to stomach-tube from stomach to mouth

Large Intestine

-water absorption-waste storage


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um nan

stomachFour compartments or chambers1) Reticulum

2) Rumen

3) Omasum

4) Abomasum


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Compartment

Capacity Reticulum 5% of capacity

Rumen 80% of capacity

Omasum 7% of capacity

Abomasum 8% of capacity


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Reticulum

http://courses.washington.edu

Honeycomb lining

Smallest compartment

Lies close to the heart


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Functions of

Reticulum Holding area for feed after it passes down esophagus. Provides additional area for fermentation. Contains microorganisms, like rumen

Collection compartment for foreign objects.

Helps open and close rumen. Minimal separation with rumen.

Can contract to a fraction of its resting size.


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Omasu

m Third compartment Globe-shaped

Lining called many plies

Butchers Bible

many piles


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unc ons o

Omasum Reduces feed particle size

Absorbs some water, nutrients and dries out

ingeta .

Absorbs volatile fatty acids

http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/goats/mgt/general/rearing


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Abomasum

http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu

Final Compartment

True Stomach

Glandular Stomach

-Monogastric

Tubular Design


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Secretes enzymes & hydrochloric acid

-Chemical digestion

Dissolves minerals

Breaks down proteins

Passes ingesta to small intestine

Reduces pH to 2.5- Dissolves minerals- Kills rumen bacteria- Breaks down proteins

Functions of

Abomasum


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Rumen Largest of the four components.

On the left side of the animal.

Storage site and fermentation vat.

Houses millions of microorganisms.

Lined with millions of finger-like projections (papillae) thatare needed for absorption.

paunch


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Storage and Soaking

Physical mixing

Breaks down fibrous feeds

Fermentation

Synthesizes:

-Some vitamins-Amino Acids & Proteins

Breaks down fibrous feeds into VFAs

Functions of

Rumen

R i ti ( d


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Rumination (cud

chewing) Rumination- the regurgitation,rechewing and reswallowingof

ingested food

Cud- mass of regurgitated

ingesta; bolus

Process of rumination

1. regurgitate bolus from

rumen

2. rechew and reinsalivate

3. reswallow

4. repeat with another bolus


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Functions of Microorganisms

-digest roughages to make Volatile Fatty Acids

-make protein

-make vitamins K and B complex

(Very similar to cecum of rabbit and horse)

The function of the rumen is to house microorganisms.


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Rumen Environment

rumen contents in mature beef cattleranges from 68 litres to 86 litres withincreasing levels of forage in the diet

rumen microorganisms may account for7 to 14% of the total rumen weight

Ruminal fermentation requires strictlyanaerobic

rumen microorganisms produce volatilefatty acids (i.e., acetate, propionate,butyrate)


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Changes in Rumen

Environment

ruminant's diet is the major influence on

the nature of the rumen environment.

Factors such as composition of the feed,

the degree of physical processing andthe presence of feed additives all affect

the numbers, proportions and digestive

activity of rumen microorganisms.


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occurs during the transition from a forage toa grain based diet

the principal substrates for microbialfermentation change from the components ofplant cell walls (ie. cellulose, hemicellulose,pectin) to cereal starch

The development of a stable microbialpopulation upon transition from a forage to agrain diet is not an immediate process

the numbers of bacteria which produce lacticacid (the acid involved in lactic acidosis)increase with the introduction of grain intothe diet


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the transition from a forage to a grain diet istoo abrupt or if the particle size of the grain istoo small, the microbial population may

become unstable pH of the rumen drops below 5.0 and the

ruminant suffers from lactic acidosis.

the rumen contents may become viscouswith the formation of a stable foam in therumen

The inherently stable nature of rumen

populations makes it extremely difficult toalter the rumen environment through the useof feed additives


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some of these additives may cause short

term changes in the rumen environment,

microbial adaptation often results in therumen environment reverting back to

pretreatment conditions


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FermentationSymbiotic relationship between animal and microorganisms

1) Fermentation of structural

carbohydrates into readily

absorbable and utilizable

sources of energy.

2) Conversion of non-protein

nitrogen into utilizable

protein sources.

3) Synthesis of vitamin K

and B vitamins.

V l til f tt id


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Volatile fatty acids

(VFAs) Main end products of

microbial fermentation.

Provides up to 80% ofthe energy needs of

the animal.

Absorbed by rumen.

Proportion of VFAs

greatly influenced by

diet.


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Volatile fatty acids95% of VFAs

Propionic acid Usually 18 to 20%

Provides energy for

conversion to glucose.

Used in lactose

synthesis.

Some metabolized to

lactic acid.

Favored in a high-

concentrate diet.

Increased by adding

ionophores to diet

Propionic acid

Milk production

Acetic acid

Usually 50 to 60%

Most abundant VFA in

general circulation. Prime metabolic substrate

Used in fat synthesis

Predominates in high

forage diet.

Mammary gland is most

important user of acetate.

Acetic acidMilk fat

Butyric acid

Usually 12 to 18%

Metabolized and

oxidized toketones.

Provides energy to

rumen wall.

Increased in high

grain rations.


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Protein Degradable intake

protein (DIP) Broken down by rumen

microbes into ammonia,amino acids, and

peptides. Microbe growth and

reproduction

Absorbed as ammonia

Undegradable intakeprotein (UIP) Not degraded in rumen

ver e w t or a rupt s t


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ver e w t , or a rupt s tto grain

or other readily-fermented carbohydrate

Lactic acid

accumulation in rumen

(and blood).

Ruminal pH drops.

Drastic shift in microbial

population from normal

rumen microbes to moreacid-tolerant lactobacilli.

can be fatal!


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Eructation reflex


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Eructation reflex -

belching- Quiet, almost inaudible,well-developed reflex

mechanism.

Ruminal contractions

Increased intra-esophageal

pressure

Closure of nasopharyneal

sphincter.

Failure to expel gas can

results in bloat and death.


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Bloat

Gas cant escape

Animal dies from suffocation because of distended

rumen


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Humans, swine, rabbits, chickens and horses all

have a simple stomach, which is also known as a

monogastric digestive system.


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Known as a modifiedmonogastric system

Parts and functions of the monogastric avian


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Mouth/Beak- gather and break down feed

Esophagus- tube from mouth to stomach that is open at th

mouth end

Crop- feed storage and moistening

Proventriculus - glandular stomach (HCI and gastri

juices); enzymatic

Gizzard- muscular stomach; mechanical breakdown


digestive system

P t d f ti f th t i i


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digestive system

Small Intestine- enzymatic digestion and absorption

-Functions of the small intestine: digestion of

proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of

the end products of digestion

-Enzymes in the small intestine

Ceca- essentially non functioning in monogastrics

P t d f ti f th t i i


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digestive system

Large Intestine

-bacterial activity

-water absorption-waste storage

Cloaca- common chamber for GI and urinary tracts

Vent- common exit for GI and urinary tracts


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Parts and functions of the monogastric mammal digestive


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system

Stomach-muscular gland lined sac that receives ingesta from the

esophagus and conducts both physical and chemical digestion

-primary secretions:

pepsin- enzyme that digests protein;

hydrochlorides- acids that aid in protein digestion

Small Intestine-enzymatic digestion and absorption



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-Functions of the small intestine: digestion of proteins, carbohydrates,and fats; absorption of the end products of digestion

1. duodenum- most digestion occurs here

2. jejunum- some digestion and some absorption occur

3. ileum- mostly absorption

-Bile - made in liver, stored in gall bladder, active in the small intestine, emulsifiesfat to aid in digestion


system


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Parts and functions of the monogastric mammal

digestive system

Enzymes in the small intestine


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Parts and functions of the monogastric mammal

digestive system

Cecum

essentially non functioning in many monogastrics.

Rabbits and horses have an enlarged cecum that acts like a rumen and is

involved with microbial digestion (fermentation)

Large Intestine

-bacterial activity

-water absorption

-waste storage


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Simple stomach, but very large and

complex large intestine.


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Advantage

Soluble carbohydrates, such as glycogen,are available to the animal before they areavailable to the microbes

Disadvantage

Microbial protein is not available to hindgutfermenters

Microbes in the hindgut dont synthezisevitamins, which are also available to theanimal further on in the digestive tract

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how long garbages degrade