HOÀN CHỈNH

Vn hnh h thng x l nc thi

LI CM NTrong thi gian qua chng em hc tp chng trnh o to c nhn v K Thut Mi Trng, khoa Cng Ngh Sinh Hc & K Thut Mi Trng, Trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm thnh ph H Ch Minh. Chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht n qu Thy C khoa Cng Ngh Sinh Hc & K Thut Mi Trng trng i hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm thnh ph H Ch Minh, nhng ngi du dt chng em tn tnh, truyn t nhng kin thc qu bu trong sut thi gian chng em hc tp ti trng. c s hng dn tn tnh ca c Nguyn Xun Qunh Nh trang b cho chng em kin thc cn thit v nhng k thut vn hnh h thng x l nc thi. C to mi iu kin thun li trong sut qu trnh thc tp gip chng em hon thnh tt bo co thc tp tt nghip ny. Sau , chng em cm n qu cng ty TNHH TM-XD-MT Nam Vit nhit tnh hng dn v gip chng em trong thi gian thc tp ti h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty C Phn Ni Tht Ha Pht Bnh Dng. Cui cng, xin cm n cc bn b nhit tnh cng nhau hc tp, tho lun v hon thnh tt bo co thc tp tt nghip. Mc d c gng hon thnh bo co thc tp tt nghip vi tt c cc n lc nhng chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng sai st nht nh. Knh mong s thng cm v tn tnh ch bo ca Qu Thy C gip chng em hon thin hn.

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. .............................................................................................. ..............................................................................................

Tp.HCM, ngy 01 thng 04 nm 2012

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NHN XT CA N V THC TP ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. .............................................................................................Tp.HCM, ngy 01 thng 04 nm 2012

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MC LCLI CM N ....................................................................................................................... 1 NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN ................................................................ 2 NHN XT CA N V THC TP............................................................................ 3 PH LC BNG ................................................................................................................. 7 MT S THUT NG ...................................................................................................... 8 CHNG 1: GII THIU N V THC TP ........................................................... 8 1.1.TNG QUAN V CNG TY TNHH TM-XD-MT NAM VIT .............................. 8 1.1.1.T chc cng ty ............................................................................................................. 8 1.1.2.Gii thiu lnh vc hot ng ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.MT S D N TIU BIU DO CNG TY THC HIN ................................... 10 CHNG 2: TM HIU H THNG X L NC THI TI TP ON HA PHT .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.GII THIU CHUNG V N V THC TP: CNG TY C PHN NI THT HA PHT BNH DNG ............................................................................... 15 2.2.TM HU CHUNG V NC THI SN TNH IN ......................................... 16 2.2.1.Cng ngh sn tnh in ............................................................................................... 16 2.2.2.Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi sn tnh in ............................................................. 18 2.2.3.Tnh hnh nc thi ngnh sn tnh in ...................................................................... 18 2.2.4.nh hng ca nc thi ngnh xi m n mi trng v con ngi ......................... 19 2.2.5.Cng ngh x l nc thi sn tnh in ang c p dng ti Vit Nam................. 20 2.3.C IM NC THI CA CNG TY C PHN NI THT HA PHTBNH DNG ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1.Ngun pht sinh ............................................................................................................ 23 2.3.2.Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi ............................................................................... 23 2.4.S CNG NGH V THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH ............ 24 2.4.1.S cng ngh xut x l nc thi sn tnh in cng sut 340m3/ngy m .................................................................................................... 24 2.4.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh ................................................................................. 26 2.5.CC CNG TRNH N V ...................................................................................... 27 2.5.1. B tip nhn v iu ha 2.5.1.1. Cu to 2.5.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng

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2.5.2. B cha nc m c 2.5.2.1. Cu to 2.5.2.2. Nguyn tc hot ng 2.5.3. B kim ha 2.5.3.1. Cu to 2.5.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.4. B lng I 2.5.4.1. Cu to 2.5.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.5. B keo t 2.5.5.1. Cu to 2.5.5.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.6. B to bng 2.5.6.1. Cu to 2.5.6.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.7. B lng II 2.5.7.1. Cu to 2.5.7.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.8. B trung gian 2.5.8.1. Cu to 2.5.8.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.9. Thp lc ct 2.5.9.1. Cu to 2.5.9.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.10. B cha bn 2.5.10.1. Cu to 2.5.10.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.11. B thu nc sau x l5


2.5.11.1. Cu to 2.5.11.2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.5.12. My p bn 2.5.12.1. Cu to 2.5.12.2. Nguyn l hot ng CHNG 3: QUI TRNH VN HNH V KHC PHC S C 3.1.CNG TC CHUN B 3.1.1.Kim tra 3.1.2.Pha ha cht 3.2.HOT NG H THNG: 3.3.CC S C THNG GP V CCH KHC PHC 3.4.BO DNG THIT B 3.4.1.My bm 3.4.2.Bm nh lng 3.5.THEO DI V BO DNG NH K 3.6.BO DNG H THNG CHNG 4: AN TON TRONG VN HNH 4.1.AN TON CHO NGI VN HNH 4.2.KHI GP S C 4.3.CC QUY NH AN TON CHUNG 4.4.NHNG BIN PHP AN TON RING DNH CHO NGI VN HNH 4.5.THAO TC VI HO CHT CHNG 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH 5.1. KT LUN 5.2. KIN THC RT RA TRONG QU TRNH THC TP 5.3. KIN NGH PH LC HNH

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PH LC BNGBng 1.1: lit k cc cng trnh thit k v thi cng ca cng ty thc hin. Bng 2.1: Bng cht lng nc thi ngnh sn tnh in. Bng 2.2: Thnh phn tnh cht ca nc thi trc v sau x l ca cng ty Ha Pht. Bng 2.3: So snh TCVN 5945:2005 v QCVN 24:2009. Bng 3.1: Bng lit k ch hot ng ca cc thit b. Bng 3.2: Mt s s c thng gp v bin php khc phc. Bng 3.3: Cc s c do ngi vn hnh nhn bit c trong qu trnh hot ng ca h thng c th c phn loi nh sau. Bng 3.4: Cc s c do ngi vn hnh nhn bit c thng qua cc tn hiu c th c phn loi nh sau. Bng 3.5: Lch vn hnh bo dng h thng.

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MT S THUT NG1. DO: nng oxy ho tan, n v mgO2/l 2. BOD (nhu cu oxy sinh hc): lng oxy cn thit cho vi sinh vt s dng oxy ho cht hu c c trong nc thi. 3. COD (nhu cu oxy ho hc): lng oxy cn thit oxy ho cht hu c c trong nc thi bi cc tc nhn ho hc. 4. SS: hm lng cht rn l lng trong nc. 5. Nito tng : tng hm lng Nito c trong nc thi. 6. Photpho tng: tng hm lng Photpho c trong nc thi.

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CHNG 1: GII THIU N V THC TP 1.1. TNG QUAN V CNG TY TNHH TM-XD-MT NAM VIT Tn n v : Cng ty TNHH TM-XD-MT Nam Vit. a ch lm vic: 334/13 L Trng Tn, phng Ty Thnh, qun Tn Ph, HCM. in thoi: 0822 163 863. Fax: 08 38 162 798. Email: [email protected]. 1.1.1. T chc cng ty - Ban lnh o cng ty: L Xun Linh Bi Vn Nguyn T chc qun l ca cng ty:

C vn: C vn cho Ban gim c v cc phng ban v cng ngh, thit b. Ch tr thit k, kim tra v mt k thut ca d n. Phng d n: Tm kim khch hng, d n. Qun l gi c u vo, u ra. Theo di, n c, gim st cng tc kho st, thit k, thi cng cng trnh. Phng mi trng: Tnh ton, thit k cc h thng x l mi trng. Lp t thit b v chuyn giao cng ngh h thng x l.9


Thc hin dch v t vn mi trng: nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng, gim st mi trng nh k, Phng hnh chnh k ton: Qun l chung v hnh chnh. T chc nhn s. Thc hin cc nghip v k ton, bo co ti chnh. Phng xy dng: Tnh ton, thit k cc cng trnh nh cng nghip, nh dn dng, h tng, cp thot nc, Thit k kt cu cho cc cng trnh x l mi trng. Trin khai thi cng xy dng ti cng trng. 1.1.2. Gii thiu lnh vc hot ng - Thit k, xy dng, lp t thit b cc cng trnh x l nhim mi trng: H thng x l kh thi cng nghip ( Kh thi l hi, hi dung mi, hi kh c, h thng thng gi nh xng, ...) H thng x l nc thi th, nc thi cng nghip. H thng chng n, cch m. H thng x l nc cp th v cng nghip. T vn, thit k, thi cng xy dng: Cng trnh nh cc loi. Cng trnh k thut dn dng (nh kho, nh xng,) Cng trnh ng b. Cc dch v t vn: Lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM), gim st mi trng nh k, cam kt bo v mi trng, T vn k thut v chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng. T vn qun l cht thi nguy hi, cht thi cng nghip ngay ti ngun cho cc doanh nghip. Vn hnh, bo dng v chuyn giao cng ngh: Bo tr, bo dng, di tu cc h thng x l mi trng. Chuyn giao cng ngh v tp hun cc k nng chuyn mn v qun l mi trng.10


Cung cp dch v vn hnh cc cng trnh x l mi trng. Thng mi: Cung cp cc thit b phng th nghim. Cung cp thit b ngnh nc v mi trng. Ha cht cng nghip. 1.2. MT S D N TIU BIU DO CNG TY THC HIN T vn mi trng: Lp bo co TM cho cng ty CCHTOP KCX Tn Thun, TP.HCM. Lp bo co TM Trung Tm ung bu Bnh Vin Ch Ry, TP.HCM. Lp bo co TM cho cng ty Kiu Ninh, tnh Ty Ninh. Lp bo co TM cho cng ty Nanpao, tnh Ty Ninh. Lp bo co TM cho cng ty NTI, tnh Bnh Dng. Lp bo co TM cho cng ty c phn kim loi COMAX Vit Nam. Lp n bo v mi trng Cng ty CP Que hn H Vit, KCN Tn Bnh, TP.HCM. Lp n bo v mi trng Bnh vin Ch Ry. Lp n bo v mi trng Bnh vin Trng Vng. Lp n bo v mi trng cng ty Hn Thy. Lp cam kt bo v mi trng cho c s git m gia sc gia cm tp trung x Trng Bnh, huyn Cn Giuc, tnh Long An. Lp cam kt bo v mi trng, nh gi tc ng mi trng cho cc d n ca cng ty CP Xy lp Thng mi Chnh Phc. Thit k v thi cng: Bng 1.1: lit k cc cng trnh thit k v thi cng ca cng ty thc hin TN CNG TRNH Nh my x l nc thi tp trung Khu cng nghip11

TT 1

CH U T Cng ty CP u t pht trin nh v KCN Sa c

NM 2011

CNG SUT 3000 m3/ngy


2

Nh my x l nc thi khu quy hoch ch bin nc mm

Ban qun l D n Thnh ph Phan Thit

2011

1500 m3/ngy

3

H thng x l nc thi thc phm

Cng ty TNHH Hon V

2011

1000 m3/ngy

4

H thng x l nc thi thy sn

Cng ty CP XNK Thy sn Kin Cng Cng ty TNHH Thy Sn Minh Chu Cng ty TNHH Ch Bin XNK Thy Sn Quc i X nghip Thun An 1

2011

300 m3/ngy

5


2011

200 m3/ngy

6


2011

150 m3/ngy

7


2011

100 m3/ngy

8

H thng x l nc thi dy chuyn sn v xi m

Cng ty CP ni tht Ha Pht

2011

950 m3/ngy

9

H thng x l nc thi nhum

Cng ty Dt Nhum Hng Pht t Cng ty Dt Nhum Hng Pht t Cng ty CP Thy Sn T Thao

2011

800 m3/ngy

10

H thng x l nc cp

2011

1000 m3/ngy

11


2011

630 m3/ngy

12


12

H thng x l nc thi nhum

Cng ty Dng Tm

2010

500 m3/ngy

13

H thng x l nc cp

Cng ty Dng Tm

2010

800 m3/ngy

14

H thng x l nc thi sinh hot

Cng ty TNHH JUKI VIT NAM Cng ty TNHH SEIWADENKI VIET NAM

2010

350 m3/ngy

15

H thng x l nc thi sn xut

2011

200 m3/ngy

16

H thng x l nc thi sn v t,y ra

Cng ty TNHH JUKI VIT NAM Cng ty TNHH Chn nui v ch bin thc n gia sc Kim Long

2010

150 m3/ngy

17

H thng x l nc thi chn nui gia sc

2011

100 m3/ngy

18

H thng x l nc thi sinh hot

Cng ty TNHH Ngc Trm Cng ty Dt Gia Hng

2011

50 m3/ngy

19

H thng x l nc thi dt

2010

200 m3/ngy

20

H thng x l nc thi ch bin m cao su.

Cng ty TNHH TM SX Hong Mui

2010

650 m3/ngy

21

H thng x l nc

Cng ty TNHH Cng

2010

200 m3/ngy13


thi ch bin m cao su. 22 H thng x l nc thi sn xut nh my sn xut sn v xi m 23 H thng x l nc thi sn xut 24 25

nghip HO HI VIT NAM Cng ty C phn Ni Tht Ho Pht 2010 340 m3/ngy

Cng ty TM DV SX Thi Huy

2010

300 m3/ngy

H thng x l nc Cng ty CP XD Cng trnh 2011 thi sinh hot giao thng 710 H thng x l nc thi ch bin m cao su DNTN Hng Lm 2010

250 m3/ngy 200 m3/ngy

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H thng x l nc thi bnh vin

Bnh vin Lao&Phi Long An Bnh vin Tn ThnhLong An C s git m Hunh Cng Khng Cng ty TNHH MTV Da Lng Qui C s git m Hunh Vn Phng

2011

150 m3/ngy

27

H thng x l nc thi bnh vin

2011

100 m3/ngy

28

H thng x l nc thi git m gia cm

2010

100 m3/ngy

29


2011

100 m3/ngy

30

H thng x l nc thi git m gia sc

2010

50 m3/ngy

14


31

H thng x l nc thi sn xut.

Cng ty LD sn xut nt nha VIT THUN Cng ty CP Cng Nghip Ha Cht v Vi Sinh C s thch da Phm Vn Hng C s thch da Phm Vn Hi Cng ty CP may Vit Tin Cng ty dt Gia Hng

2010

40 m3/ngy

32


2010

40 m3/ngy

33

H thng x l nc thi thch da

2010

10 m3/ngy

34

H thng x l nc thi thch da

2010

15 m3/ngy

35

H thng x l kh thi l hi

2010

6500 m3/ngy

36


2010

4500 m3/ngy

37


Cng ty TNHH Nanpao Vit Nam

2011

9500 m3/ngy

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CHNG 2: TM HIU H THNG X L NC THI TI TP ON HA PHT GII THIU CHUNG V N V THC TP: CNG TY C PHN NI THT HA PHT BNH DNG Vi nhng nh gi ng n v tc phc hi kinh t nhanh chng ca khu vc min Nam, ngay t u nm 2010, Tp on Ho Pht va y mnh pht trin th trng va mnh dn u t sn xut cc sn phm ch lc nh ni tht, ng thp, thit b xy dng. Th trng min Nam l th trng ln ca c nc, chnh v vy, Ban lnh o Tp on ch o Chi nhnh cc Cng ty thnh vin tng bc chim lnh th phn, bng cch cng c h thng i l hin c, y mnh tip th hng ha vo cc d n cng nh khu vc dn dng. ng thi, Ha Pht min Nam khng ngng m rng mng li i l nhm tng dn ph cc sn phm ca tp on ti pha Nam. Nm 2010, nhiu Cng ty trong Tp on u t xy dng Nh my sn xut ti TP HCM v tnh Bnh Dng, ng thi trang b thm thit b hin i nhm tng nng lc sn xut ti ch. C th l Nh my sn xut t st v kt st; Nh my G cng nghip ca Cng ty ni tht Ha Pht; Nh my ch to c kh xy dng. Ngoi cc dy chuyn thit b hin c, Cng ty TNHH Ch to c kh Ha Pht Bnh Dng (thnh vin ca Thit b Ph tng Ha Pht) u t thm h thng l ti, t in cao p v nhiu thit b mi khc. Hin ti, Nh my ang tin hnh chy th ton b dy chuyn c, theo di hiu chnh thit b. Bn cnh nhng sn phm truyn thng nh gin gio, cp pha, my trn, Nh my s ch to thm h thng ph tr, ph tng cho my nghin sng , nghin sng ct,. Trong , nhim v trng tm ca Nh my mi l chuyn c cc hm nghin, chi tit my, c bit l pht trin hm nghin c ln vi trng lng ti a ln ti 10 tn. Ti th trng pha Nam, thng 12 v thng 1 hng nm l ma cao im ca cc mt hng c kh, my nghin sng, ct pha, gin gio. Mc d va sn xut va di chuyn tng phn t nh my c sang nh my mi, nhng Cng ty vn m bo tin giao hng cho khch hng, bi cch thc di chuyn theo hng cun chiu, chuyn dt im tng b phn v i vo hot ng sn xut ngay. Hn na trc Nh my cho hot ng ht cng sut c sn phm d tr. Cc loi my nghin sng, cm nghin cn, vn thng, gin gio ctpha ca Ha Pht rt c a chung khu vc pha Nam. D kin sau khi hon thnh cng sut ca nh my vi cc sn phm c kh ch to, sn phm c s nng ln khong 50-70 so vi trc y, p ng kp thi nhu cu ca th trng. Nh my ng thp Ha Pht Bnh Dng (TBD) d mi chnh thc khnh thnh vo thng 6/2010 nhng t 25.000 tn, bng 70% k hoch sn lng sn xut ca nm 2010. Sn lng sn xut ca NM ng gp khong 25% sn lng chung ca ton cng ty. y l kt qu rt quan trng vi ton th cn b cng nhn vin ca Nh my ni ring v Cng ty ng thp Ho Pht ni chung. 2.1.

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2.2. TM HU CHUNG V NC THI SN TNH IN 2.2.1. Cng ngh sn tnh in - Cng ngh x l b mt thng bao gm cc cng on sau: B mt ca vt liu cn sn phi c lm sch lp sn c bm dnh cao v khng c khuyt tt. lm sch b mt trc ht phi ty ra lp m bo qun trn b mt bng cch ty ra vi dung mi hu c hoc vi dung dch kim nng. Dung mi thng s dng l loi hydrocacbon c clo ho nh tricloetylen, percloetylen. Dung dch kim thng l hn hp ca xt, soa, trinatri photphat, popyphotphat, natri silicat v cht hot ng b mt (to nh). Hot ho b mt ca vt liu m bng cch nhng chng vo dung dch axit long (H2SO4, HCl), nu m vi dung dch cha xianua (CN) th chng c nhng vo dung dch natri xianua. Giai on sn c tin hnh sau , dung dch sn ngoi mui kim loi cn cha axit hoc kim i vi trng hp m c cha xianua. Sau tng bc, vt liu sn u c trng ra vi nc. Mt s dung dch m c cc thnh phn ch yu sau: Dung dch ch: axit + mui ch (II) dng borflorua hoc silicoflorua. Dung dch ch - thic: axit, mui ch, thic (II) dng borflorua. Dung dch ng hun: dung dch xianua trong ng nm trong phc xianua v thic trong phc hydroxo. Ngoi ra dung dch cn cha xianua t do (NaCN). Dung dch cadmi: axit + cadmi dng mui sunfat. Thng dng hn l dung dch cadmi dng phc xianua v xianua t do. Dung dch crm: axit crmic v axit sunfuric. Dung dch vng: dung dch xianua, vng nm trong phc NaAu(CN) 2 v xianua t do. C th s dng phc vng-sunfit. Dung dch ng: axit + ng sunfat hoc ng borflorua. Dung dch ng xianua (phc) v xianua t do, dung dch ng dng polyphotphat v mui amoni. Dung dch niken: mui niken sunfat, clorua v axit yu (axit boric) hoc dung dch niken trn nn ca axit amonisulfonic. Dung dch bc: dung dch bc xianua hoc dung dch bc thisunfat. Dung dch km: phc km xianua v xianua t do hoc km sunfat, clorua vi axit boric hoc mui amoni lm cht m.

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-

Dy chuyn cng ngh chung ca cng ngh sn tnh in: Vt cn m Lm sch c hc Bi, g

Dung mi

Mi nhn, nh bngc

Bi kim loi

Lm sch c hcTy du, m Hi dung mi Nc thi

Hi, axit NaOH, HCl, H2SO4Lm sch bng ho hc v in ho

Axit, kim

Zn(CN)2 Cht lm bng M crm NiSO4 Niken M H3BO3 Cr6+ Ni2+, axit ZnCl2

NaCN NaOH

H2SO4 NaCN

CuSO4 Cu(CN)2

Axit Mui Au M vng Ag Mui

ZnO H3BO3 M km

M ng

CN-, Zn2+, axit

Cu2+, axit

CN-, axit

Hnh 1 : S dy chuyn cng ngh sn tnh in

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2.2.2. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi sn tnh in Nc thi t qu trnh sn tnh in c thnh phn a dng v nng v pH bin i rng t 2 - 3 n 10 - 11. c trng chung ca nc thi ngnh sn tnh in l cha hm lng cao cc mui v c v kim loi nng. Tu theo kim loi ca lp m m ngun nhim c th l Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, v cng tu thuc vo loi mui kim loi c s dng m nc thi c cha cc c t nh xianua, sunfat, amoni, crmat, Cc cht hu c t c trong nc thi sn tnh in, phn ch yu l cht to bng, cht hot ng b mt nn BOD, COD thng thp v khng thuc i tng x l. i tng x l chnh l cc ion v c m c bit l cc mui kim loi nng nh Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Bng 2.1: Bng cht lng nc thi ngnh sn tnh in:

2.2.3. Tnh hnh nc thi ngnh sn tnh in Kt qu cc nghin cu gn y v hin trng mi trng nc ta cho thy, hu ht cc nh my, c s sn tnh in kim loi c quy m va v nh, p dng cng ngh c v lc hu, li tp trung ch yu ti cc thnh ph ln, nh H Ni, Hi Phng, TP.HCM, Bin Ho (ng Nai) ... Trong qu trnh sn xut, ti cc c s ny (k c cc nh my quc doanh hoc lin doanh vi nc ngoi), vn x l nhim mi trng cn cha c xem xt y hoc vic x l cn mang tnh hnh thc, chiu l, bi vic u t cho x l nc thi kh tn km v vic thc thi Lut Bo v mi trng cha c nghim minh. Nc thi m thng gy nhim bi cc kim loi nng, nh crm, niken ... v pH thp. Phn ln nc thi t cc nh my, cc c s sn tnh in c trc tip vo cng

19


thot nc chung ca thnh ph m khng qua x l trit , gy nhim cc b trm trng ngun nc. Kt qu kho st ti mt s nh my c kh H Ni cho thy, nng cht c c hm lng cc ion kim loi nng, nh crm, niken, ng ... u cao hn nhiu so vi tiu chun cho php; mt s c s m in tuy c h thng x l nc thi nhng cha ch trng y n cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh x l iu chnh cho ph hp khi c tnh ca nc thi thay i. Ti TP.HCM, Bnh Dng v ng Nai, kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thi ca cc nh my, c s sn tnh in in hnh c 3 a phng ny cho thy, hu ht cc c s u khng t tiu chun nc thi cho php: hm lng cht hu c cao, ch tiu v kim loi nng vt nhiu ln tiu chun cho php, COD dao ng trong khong 320 - 885mg/lt do thnh phn nc thi c cha cn sn, du nht,... Hn 80 nc thi ca cc nh my, c s sn tnh in khng c x l. Chnh ngun thi ny v ang gy nhim nghim trng n mi trng nc mt, nh hng ng k cht lng nc sng Si Gn v sng ng Nai. c tnh, lng cht thi cc loi pht sinh trong ngnh cng nghip sn tnh in trong nhng nm ti s ln n hng ngn tn mi nm. iu ny cho thy cc khu vc nhim v suy thoi mi trng nc ta s cn gia tng nu khng kp thi a ra cc bin php hu hiu. 2.2.4. nh hng ca nc thi ngnh xi m n mi trng v con ngi L c cht i vi c v thc vt nc. Tiu dit cc sinh vt ph du, gy bnh cho c v bin i cc tnh cht l ho ca nc, to ra s tch t sinh hc ng lo ngi theo chiu di chui thc n. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy, vi nng ln, sinh vt c th b cht hoc thoi ha, vi nng nh c th gy ng c mn tnh hoc tch t sinh hc, nh hng n s sng ca sinh vt v lu v di. nh hng n ng ng dn nc, gy n mn, xm thc h thng cng rnh. nh hng n cht lng cy trng, vt nui canh tc nng nghip, lm thoi ho t do s chy trn v thm ca nc thi. nh hng n h thng x l nc thi, cn tch ring nu khng s nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt khi thc hin x l sinh hc. Xi m l ngnh c mt gy nhim mi trng cao bi hi ha cht, nc thi c cha cc ion kim loi nng, kim loi c nh hng ti sc khe con ngi gy nn nhiu cn bnh kh cha, nguy him ti tnh mng. Nc thi t cc qu trnh xi m kim loi, nu khng c x l, qua thi gian tch t v bng con ng trc tip hay gin tip, chng s tn ng trong c th con ngi v gy cc bnh nghim trng, nh vim lot da, vim ng h hp, ung th,...

20


2.2.5. Cng ngh x l nc thi sn tnh in ang c p dng ti Vit Nam

Hnh 2: H thng x l nc thi sn tnh in Vnh Xun Ty Ninh

21


NC THI

SONG CHN R C

HM TI P NHN

CP KH

B I U H A

H A CHT

B PHN NG

H A CHT

KEO T T O BNG

B LNG

B CHA B N

B TRUNG GIAN

X

L NH K

B L C PL C

NGUN TI P NHN Hnh 3: S cng ngh: h thng x l nc thi sn tnh in Vnh Xun Ty Ninh.

22


C IM NC THI CA CNG TY C PHN NI THT HA PHT- BNH DNG 2.3.1. Ngun pht sinh - Nc ma chy trn: 2.3. Nc ma chy trn c thnh phn tnh cht nhim nh c x th ng vo h thng thot nc ma ca cng ty sau chy trn vo h thng thot nc chung ca khu vc. Nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi sinh hot c x l cc b bng b t hoi 3 ngn. Nguyn tc hot ng ca b ny l lng cn v phn hy k kh cn lng. Hiu qu x l theo cht l lng t 65 70 v theo BOD5 l 60 65 %. Nc thi sn xut: lu lng x thi ca nh my l 340 m3/ngy. Nc thi kim: Phn xng m: 150 m3/ngy. Phn xng sn: 50 m3/ngy. Nc thi acid: Ngun thi t b acid: 30 m3/ngy. Ngun thi t b ra acid: 70 m3/ngy. Nc thi Cromic: Phn xng m: 15 m3/ngy. Phn xng sn: 25 m3/ngy. 2.3.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi Bng 2.2: Thnh phn tnh cht ca nc thi trc v sau x l ca cng ty Ha Pht: Ch tiu / n Phng php v thit b o pH COD BOD5 SS Nit tng Pht pho tng th/ Kt qu PV1263 6,8 615 209 5310 111,5 166 PV1264 5,7 109 37 5 75,5 2,9 QCVN 24:2009 5,5-9 100 50 100 30 6

TCVN 6492-99 HACH 8000-98 TCVN 6001-1:2008 APHA 2540-(D)-95 HACH 100-21-98 HACH 8190-98

23


Bng2.3: So snh TCVN 5945:2005 v QCVN 24:2009 Thng s TCVN QCVN24:2009 5945:2005 (ct (ct B) B) 5,5-9 80 50 100 30 6 5,5-9 100 50 100 30 6

pH COD BOD5 SS Nit tng Pht pho tng Nhn xt:

T tnh cht nc thi ca dy chuyn sn tnh in tng t ca Cng ty v tiu chun x thi, cng sut thit k, c s khoa hc v kh nng u t ca Ch u t. V t so snh TCVN 5945:2005 v QCVN 24:2009 nn cn phi cn nhc la chn phng n sao cho ti u v mt cng ngh, tit kim v mt chi ph. T cng ty a ra phng n x l nc thi sn xut sn tnh in bng phng php ha l. 2.4. S CNG NGH V THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH 2.4.1. S cng ngh xut x l nc thi sn tnh in cng sut 340m3/ngy m.

24


NC THI

CP KH

B I U H A

CaCl2

B PHN NG

Nc tch bn

B LNG 1 PAC, H2SO4

B KEO T

M P B N

Polyme

B T O BNG

B LNG 2 Ch thch: ng nc thi: ng cp kh: ng ha cht: ng bn: B TRUNG GIAN BN L C P L C B CHA TRUNG GIAN

B CHA B N

NC SAU X

L

Hnh 4: S cng ngh x l nc thi sn tnh in Ha Pht25


2.4.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh Nc thi t cc hot ng ca nh my s c thu gom v b iu ho. Mc ch chnh ca b ny l iu ha lu lng v n nh nng nc thi gip gim kch thc cc cng trnh pha sau mt cch ng k. Sau khi c iu ha v lu lng v nng , nc thi c bm ln b phn ng. i vi nc thi m c t quy trnh m c thu v cha b ring bit, ti y nc thi c nng ln pH = 7 v chm thm CaCl2 kt ta vi cc hp cht phosphate pht thi t qu trnh x l b mt: CaCl2 + PO43- Ca3(PO4)2 (kt) + 2Cl-. Lng Ca3(PO4)2 kt ta s c loi b b lng 1. Cc cht l lng phn tn trong nc thi s kt dnh to thnh cc bng cn nh PAC. Nc thi khi c trn ha cht PAC ri vo b to bng. Thit b to bng vi vn tc khuy chm gip bng cn hnh thnh to hn nh vo cht kt dnh l Polymer to iu kin qu trnh tch cn c din ra d dng ti b lng 2. Nc thi sau khi lng cha trong b cha s c bm ln lt qua thit b lc p lc tch cc cht rn l lng cn li trong nc thi v c hp ph than hot tnh kh mi cc hp cht hu c kh phn hu sinh hc cn li. Sau khi ra khi thit b lc p lc, nc thi s c cha trong b cha trc khi theo h thng ng dn thot ra mi trng. Sau mt thi gian hot ng, lp lc trong thit b lc p lc b bt tt nn phi tin hnh ra lc. Qu trnh ra lc c thc hin bng bm nc ra ngc. Nc ra lc c ly t b cha nc sau x l . Nc thi sau khi qua h thng lc t tiu chun QCVN 24:2009 (Ct B) v c x ra ngun tip nhn. Bn cn t b lng v ra ngc ca thit b lc p lc c dn v b cha bn. Bn ny dng lng v c p kh bng my p bn. Bn sau khi c p kh s c vn chuyn i chn lp. Lng nc t my p bn s c dn v b iu ho tip tc x l. u im ca cng ngh x l: Cng ngh c p dng thnh cng ti Vit Nam. X l thun bng phng php ha l nn cc qu trnh d tinh chnh theo tnh cht, nng nc thi u vo. Cht lng nc thi u ra n nh cho d nng nc thi c thay i. D dng bo tr h thng: Do cng ngh c thit k phn ln l c gia cng bng c kh v hon ton c lp, nn trong qu trnh bo tr v thay th thit b rt thun tin v nhanh chng.

26


2.5. CC CNG TRNH N V 2.5.1. B tip nhn v iu ha 2.5.1.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp. t m hon ton di mt t thun li qu trnh t chy ca nc thi t khu sn xut. - Kch thc ca b gom: 10 x 3 x 5,5 m. - Th tch ca b gom: 80 m3. - Ti b gom c phao t ng v 2 bm nc thi. Cc my bm s bm nc t ng khi nc thi trong b dng n mt mc c nh. - Thi gian lu: 8h.

Hnh 5: B tip nhn kt hp b iu ha27


2.5.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Nc thi t cc phn xng c tp trung v b gom qua h thng ng cng, Ti y, nc thi s c cho qua song chn rc th tch cc loi rc c kch thc ln. Nc sau khi qua li chn rc th s c bm qua h thng x l tip theo. 2.5.2. B cha nc m c 2.5.2.1. Cu to -B c xy bng b tng ct thp. B cha nc m c c tch ring bit vi b gom bng vch ngn. - Kch thc ca b cha nc m c: 4,5 x 2,4 x 2,65m -Th tch tng VTC = 30 m3. 2.5.2.2. Nguyn tc hot ng - Thu gom v cha nc thi m c pht sinh t qu trnh x bn nh k ca dung dch ra trong qu trnh sn xut nhm gim ti lng nhim, iu ha nng cho cng trnh x l tip theo. Nc m c sau khi lng cn nc s t chy qua b iu ha v a ln cng trnh x l tip theo. 2.5.3. B kim ha 2.5.3.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp, cao trnh b bng 4,3m. Trong b kim ha c b tr h thng phn phi kh nhm mc ch xo trn nc thi vi ha cht. - Kch thc ca b: 1,2 x1 x 2,1m - Th tch tng VTC = 3 m3.

28


Hnh 6: My bm t b iu ha ln b kim ha

Hnh 7: B kim ha

29


2.5.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Nc thi t b iu ha c bm ln b kim ha. Nc thi c chm thm NaOH v CaCl2 nhm nng pH ca nc ln gi tr 10-11 kt ta kim loi nng dng Hydroxide (OH-). 2.5.4. B lng I 2.5.4.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp, cao trnh b bng 3,8m. Trong b c h thng chy trn v mng rng ca nhm mc ch phn phi u nc thi sau khi lng. - ng lng trung tm c ng knh 80 cm. Cht liu bng thp khng g. - Kch thc b lng I: 4 x 4 x 2,5m - Th tch tng VTC = 40m3 2.5.4.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Sau khi nc thi i qua b kim ha, ton b nc thi t chy qua ng trung tm b lng. Bn c lng pha chp y, nc sau khi lng t chy qua mng rng ca xung mng trn v i qua b x l tip theo. 2.5.5. B keo t 2.5.5.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp, cao trnh b keo t bng 3,8m. Trong b kim ha c b tr h thng phn phi kh nhm mc ch xo trn nc thi vi ha cht. - Kch thc b: 1,2 x 1 x 1,7m - Th tch tng VTC = 3m3

30


Hnh 8: B keo t 2.5.5.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Nc t b lng I t chy qua b keo t. B keo t c chm thm acid H2SO4 nhm nng pH ca nc ln khong 5,5 7 ti u cho qu trnh keo t. Sau nc c chm thm FeSO4 qu trnh keo t xy ra. - Sau khi keo t nc thi t chy qua cng trnh x l tip theo. 2.5.6. B to bng 2.5.6.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp, cao trnh b keo t bng 3,8m. Trong b to bng c b tr ng c cnh khuy chnh tc khong 70 vng/ pht. ng c c c nh bi khung st v che chn cn thn bo v ng c. - Kch thc b: 1,2 x 1 x 1,7m - Th tch tng VTC = 3m3

31


Hnh 9: B to bng 2.5.6.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Nc thi sau khi qua qu trnh keo t t chy qua b to bng. B to bng c chm polime 0,01%. ng c hot ng lin tc u n khuy trn polime vi nc thi nhm xo trn A-polymer vo trong nc thi nhm gip qu trnh kt dnh cc cn l lng thnh nhng bng bn ln v nng hn nhm gip qu trnh lng din ra nhanh v hiu qu hn. 2.5.7. B lng II 2.5.7.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp, cao trnh b bng 3,8m. Trong b c h thng chy trn v mng rng ca nhm mc ch phn phi u nc thi sau khi lng. ng c RC iu chnh thanh gt bn c t pha trn b lng v bo v che chn trnh h hng ng c. - ng lng trung tm c ng knh 80 cm. Cht liu bng thp khng g. - Kch thc b lng I: 4 x 4 x 2,5m

32


- Th tch tng VTC = 40m3

Hnh 10: B lng II 2.5.7.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Sau khi qua qu trnh to bng, nc thi t chy qua ng lng trung tm. Cc bng keo c kch c nng lng xung y b. Thanh gt bn gt tt c lng bn xung y b v bn c x ra b cha bn. 2.5.8. B trung gian 2.5.8.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp, cao trnh b bng 3,8m. Trn thnh b c gn phao bm t ng nhm mc ch t ng bm nc trong b qua cng trnh x l tip theo. - Kch thc b: 5 x 1,8 x 3,5m - Th tch tng VTC = 31,5m3

33


Hnh 11: B trung gian 2.5.8.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Nhim v b trung gia l gom lng nc thi sau khi lng chun b cho qu trnh lc. - Nc sau khi lng i qua mng rng ca xung mng trn v t chy qua b trung gian. Ti b c gn phao t ng bm nc t ng. Khi mc nc dng ln mt khong c nh s c bm ln thp lc ct. 2.5.9. Thp lc ct 2.5.9.1. Cu to - Thp carbon qut FRP - ng knh 1400mm. - Th tch tng: 3m3 - Trong b cha mt lp ct sch dy khong 1m. Pha trn thp c gn ng h o p sut nhm mc ch iu chnh p lc cho qu trnh lc. - Cc van c b tr thun li cho qu trnh lc v ra lc.

34


Hnh 13: Thp lc ct 2.5.9.2. Nguyn l hot ng - Nc t b trung gian c bm ln thp lc theo chiu t trn xung v chy qua b cha nc u ra. Sau mt thi gian s dng ta tin hnh ra lc. Nc i theo chiu t di ln v c x ra b iu ha. 2.5.10. B cha bn 2.5.10.1. Cu to - B c xy bng b tng ct thp, nm m di mt t. - Kch thc ca b cha bn: 4,5 x 2,4 x 2,65m -Th tch tng VTC = 30 m3. 2.5.10.2. Nguyn l hot ng Chc nng: Dng cha lng bn pht sinh trong qu trnh x l ti cc b lng 1, b lng II. Lng bn t b lng I v b lng II c van x xung b cha. 2.5.11. B thu nc sau x l 2.5.11.1. Cu to35


- B c xy bng b tng ct thp, cao trnh b bng 3,8m. - Kch thc b: 5 x 1,8 x 3,5m - Th tch tng VTC = 31,5m3

Hnh 14: B cha nc sau x l 2.5.11.2. Nguyn l hot ng Sau khi qua thp lc ct, nc c a vo b cha nc u ra. Mt phn nc c s dng li cho cc mc ch ca nh my, phn cn li x ra cng thot nc chung ca khu cng nghip i ng, Bnh Dng. 2.5.12. My p bn 2.5.12.1. Cu to Bn lc c lm vt liu composite v c kch thc tiu chun 600x600. - Khung c ch to bng thp khung sn epoxy. - m sau p t 65-75%. - dy tiu chun l 35mm. - S lng bn lc: 18 ci. - Cng xut: Kh nng p: 39 m3/h , 1 m ra 110 kg bn. - Ngun in: 380V ( hoc 220 V)/50Hz, 3pha.36


Hnh 15: My p bn dng khung bn 2.5.12.2. Nguyn l hot ng My p bn khung bn c thit k da theo nguyn tc lc p qua mng nh p lc ca hn hp, nc lc thm thu qua mng lc i ra ngoi cn b c gi li trn cc bn lc, thit b lm vic gin on theo m. My c thit k hon chnh, t ng hon ton, t ng x b sau khi m t c cn thit. My gn nh , v sinh d dng.

37


CHNG 3: QUI TRNH VN HNH V KHC PHC S C 3.1. CNG TC CHUN B 3.1.1. Kim tra Trc khi cho h thng i vo hot ng cn kim tra ton b h thng bao gm: Kim tra cc thit b in: Kim tra cng tc ca tt c cc thit b in xem v tr Off hay cha. Bt CB tng trong t in v kim tra 3 n bo pha xem c 3 pha hay khng. Kim tra mc ho cht trong cc bn pha ho cht xem ho cht cn hay ht. Kim tra cc van trn ng ng ng v tr ng/m ph hp vi quy trnh vn hnh hay cha. Kim tra cc bm nh lng xem c b tt nghn hay khng. 3.1.2. Pha ha cht - Cc loi ho cht c s dng cho x l nc thi bao gm: CaCl2 rn PAC rn Polymer dng rn Axit H2SO4 long - Cch pha ho cht nh sau: Pha dd CaCl2: CaCl2 c pha thnh dung dch 25% theo khi lng: M vi cho nc sch vo bn pha dd CaCl2 ti vch mc qui nh (900l) ri kho vi nc. Cn 200kg Acid (2 can 40kg) cho t t vo bn n ht. M van kh trn ha cht. Kha van kh. Pha dung dch PAC: PAC c pha thnh dung dch 25% theo khi lng: M vi cho nc sch vo bn pha dd PAC ti vch mc qui nh (900l) ri kho vi nc. M van kh trn ha cht. Cn 200 kg PAC ( 10 bao ) cho t t vo bn. i cho ti khi PAC tinh th tan ht . Kha van kh. Pha dd Polymer: Polymer c pha thnh dung dch 0.05%: M vi cho nc sch vo bn pha dd Polymer ti vch mc qui nh (900l) ri kho vi nc38


M van kh trn ha cht Cn 400g Polymer cho t t vo bn i cho ti khi Polymer tinh th tan ht Kha van kh Pha dd Acid: Acid c pha thnh dung dch 10% M vi cho nc sch vo bn pha dd Acid ti vch mc qui nh (900l) ri kho vi nc Cn 80kg Acid (2 can 40kg) cho t t vo bn n ht M van kh trn ha cht Kha van kh

Hnh 16: Bn ha cht v bm nh lng ha cht 3.2. HOT NG H THNG: Sau khi kim tra v chun b ho cht, ngi vn hnh bt u thao tc a h thng vo hot ng. Bng 3.1: Bng lit k ch hot ng ca cc thit b:

39


STT

TN MY

CH VN HNH

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Bm nc thi b iu ha Bm nc thi m c Bm lc Bm mng Bm CaCl2 32 . Bm H2SO4 10 . Bm PAC 25 . Bm Polymer 0.05 . Motour, v thanh gt bn Motour gim tc v cnh khuy. Motour, hp gim tc v thanh gt bn, vt vn ni b lng II Khuy trn v khung bn cha PAC My thi kh xo trn(V-101, V113)

T ng T ng T ng T ng T ng T ng T ng T ng Khin tay T ng Khin tay

12

T ng

13

T ng

40


Ngi vn hnh theo trnh t thc hin cc thao tc cho mt qui trnh x l nh sau: Bt bm ni nc thi b iu ha v ch Auto. Bt my thi kh b iu ha v ch Auto. Bt bm nh lng PAC v ch Auto. Bt bm nh lng Polymer v ch Auto. Bt bm nh lng Acid v ch Auto. Bt my khuy trn bn keo t v ch Auto. Bt my khuy trn bn to bng v ch Auto. Bt bm lc v ch Auto. Kim tra xem tt c cc thit b trn c hot ng bnh thng hay khng. Lu : Thng xuyn kim tra lng bn d trong b lng kp thi m van x bn v b cha bn trnh trng hp bn d qu nhiu s trn qua h thng i vo cc bn lc gy tt lc. nh k 2 tun/ln phi tin hnh ra lc v m van x kh cc bn lc. Qui trnh ra lc nh sau: + Dng hot ng ton b h thng. + iu chnh van trn cc bn lc theo qui trnh. + Bt bm lc ra lc trong vng 15 pht. + iu chnh van trn cc bn lc v ch hot ng bnh thng. + Hot ng li h thng. 3.3. CC S C THNG GP V CCH KHC PHC Quan trng nht i vi ngi vn hnh l khi s c xy ra ngi vn hnh phi nhn din c s c v nguyn nhn gy ra s c t mi c bin php khc phc hu hiu. iu ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo kinh nghim ca ngi vn hnh. Cc s c xy ra c th l nhng s c v c, in, l, ha. Cc s c my mc v thit b thng l cc s c v c in; cn cc s c v cng ngh x l thng l cc s c v cc qu trnh l, ha.

41


Bng 3.2: Mt s s c thng gp v bin php khc phc: Hng mc S c Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc

S c v my mc v thit b My bm nc, Pht ra ting n - Bc n ca cc chi - Thay bc n mi nh lng, my v rung bt tit chuyn ng b v khuy trn thng - Kh du cc bc n - Chm thm du m ca cc chi tit chuyn bi trn ng - Tc ng... bm, ng - V sinh

- Chi tit chuyn ng - Cn chnh li chm v - Xit cht bulng - Lng bulng neo - Kim tra v loi b - Vt l lt vo Nng qu mc - Bc n ca cc chi - Thay bc n mi tit chuyn ng b v - Kh du cc bc n - Chm thm du m ca cc chi tit chuyn bi trn. ng - Chi tit chuyn ng - Cn chnh li chm v - Lng cc u cp ni - Kim tra v u li dy in - Qua ti ng c - Gim ti cho ng c - Thng gi/ gii nhit - Kim tra v khc ng c khng tt phc - Do chuyn ng ca kh, cht lng hoc nhit phn ng, va p thy lc. R r - Hng giong (gon) - Thay giong (gon)

42


lm knh

mi

- Cc mi hn khng kn - Kim tra v sa cha - Cc mi ni bulng - Xit cht khng cht - Thay bng vt kiu t - n mn/mi mn b n mn/mi mn Motor nhng chy quay - Motor b k t/hng - Kim tra v sa cha khng - Do phn in h - Kim tra v sa cha hng/hoc khng CB, hng khi ng t/rle nhit, chy cu ch... - Reset li - Rle nhit ny - Tn hiu u vo nh - Kim tra v khc phao, cng tc p lc, phc u d hoc b PLC,... Lu lng qu - p lc thp/cao - H/tng p lc thp/qu cao - Do tt hoc ng m - Kim tra v khc Van khng hp l phc

Hng mc

S c

Nguyn nhn S c v cng ngh

Cch khc phc

Thit b: lc th

Mp bn

- p lc m sinh ra - B phn gim chn/ trong bn (ht p) luppe l xo b ngh t hoc hng Tr lc tng cao Thng xuyn ra Hm lng cht l lng ngc vo thit b lc cao iu chnh cc qu trnh x l trc Do ln nhiu tp cht

Tc (ngh t)

43


iu chnh qu trnh x rng vt liu qu ln l trc Thay vt liu lc c kch thc ht nh hn Hm lng cn bm y cc ng lc, li lc - Thay mi ng lc v li lc tinh tinh

Nc u ra

Nc trong

khng Do hiu qu cc qu Kim tra v iu chnh trnh x l trc khng t Do khng v sinh cc nh k v sinh cc b b cha v ng ng cha v ty cu cn bm trong ng ng

C nhiu cn

Nc khng t Do hiu qu x l ca Kim tra, phn tch, tm tiu chun theo h thng km nguyn nhn v khc yu cu sn xut phc Ngi vn hnh h thng x l thng pht hin cc s c trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng thng qua trc gic, thnh gic hoc t cc tn hiu ca thit b nh: phao bo mc nc, n overload trn t iu khin. Cn cc s c mang tnh k thut ch pht hin da trn cc ch tiu phn tch cht lng nc sau x l . Vic pht hin cc s c do bn thn ngi vn hnh cm nhn c l yu t ht sc quan trng trong vn hnh h thng. Bng 3.3: Cc s c do ngi vn hnh nhn bit c trong qu trnh hot ng ca h thng c th c phn loi nh sau: Cc s c Ting n Nguyn nhn - V bc n cc thit b c chuyn ng quay - Kh du m bc n cc thit b chuyn ng - Ngh t bm - Qu ti rung - V bc n cc thit b c chuyn ng quay

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- Kh du m bc n cc thit b chuyn ng - Ngh t bm - Qu ti Nhit - Nhit pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng - Qu ti ng c - Lng cc u ni cp in - V bc n cc thit b c chuyn ng quay - Kh du m bc n cc thit b chuyn ng R r - Hng giong lm kn cc bch, cc ng ng - Mi mn, n mn lu ngy Bng 3.4: Cc s c do ngi vn hnh nhn bit c thng qua cc tn hiu c th c phn loi nh sau: S c Li khi ng Nguyn nhn B li CB kim sot B li CB tng Rle nhit Qu ti

Mc nc cao hoc Lu lng u vo qu ln hoc lu lng u ra qu nh thp Dng chy Ngh t bm B li cc thit b iu chnh dng chy (van) p lc Ngh t bm B li cc thit b iu chnh dng chy (van) Nhit B li cc thit b truyn nhit

Nhng nguyn nhn ch yu nh hng n ch lm vic bnh thng ca h thng: H thng in b ngt t ngt. H thng ng ng b ngh t hoc v.45


H thng bm hoc van h hng. 3.4. BO DNG THIT B 3.4.1. My bm Khi my bm khng dng trong mt thi gian di, bn nn tho ht nc, tho nt mi v nt x y, ra bng nc sch, tho ht nc v m bo rng nc khng cn bn trong bm. Vic lm ny lun phi lm mi khi c nguy c ng bng, trnh thn bm b v. Kim tra nh k: Bin i bt thng p lc, dng in tiu th, rung bt thng v gy n ln l nhng du hiu ca hng hc bm. Chng ta nn ghi chp li nht k vn hnh, t pht hin ra cc du hiu u tin ca bm hng. 3.4.2. Bm nh lng iu chnh bm nh lng: Nm iu chnh bm nh lng c chia cc kha gch to thnh thang o tng ng t 0 - 100 lu lng ca bm. Khi cn tng hoc gim lu lng ca bm ch cn xoay nm iu chnh theo cng chiu/ngc chiu theo hnh ch dn trn nm iu chnh. Nn iu chnh mc thp trc, sau tng dn ln. Mi bm: i khi bm kh mi, cn tin hnht ho ng y ra khi u y. Sau bt cho bm chy. Dng ngn tay tr nhp/nh trn ming cho n khi mi c. Lu : Mang bo h cn thit trnh ha cht bn vo ngi rt nguy him. 3.5. THEO DI V BO DNG NH K Bm nh lng t phi bo dng. Tuy nhin, bm v cc ph kin cn kim tra thng xuyn. iu ny c bit quan trng khi bm ha cht. Kim tra cc b phn ca bm c du hiu r r, nt v, bin mu hoc n mn. Thay ngay nhng chi tit hng. nh k cng phi lm v sinh bm, c bit Van, Van mt chiu, Van lc. Tn sut ty thuc vo loi bm v iu kin s dng. nh k lm v sinh cc Van do ng cn vi bng dung dch Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). Cc cn vi ny lm tc Van, ng ng tng tr lc lm nh hng n qu trnh hot ng ca Van, bm. nh k v sinh b lc. nh k kim tra l thng kh sau ngn motor, di u bm. V sinh nu cn thit. 3.6. BO DNG H THNG46


Thng xuyn kim tra cc ng ng trong h thng, nu c r r hoc tc nghn cn c bin php x l kp thi. nh k 1 - 3 thng/ln ty cu cn trong ng ng cp nc ty theo cn bm t hay nhiu trong ng ng. Bng 3.5: Lch vn hnh bo dng h thng STT NI DUNG CNG VIC 1 2 3 4 5 Pha ha cht vn hnh Ra thit b lc p lc Lau chi, v sinh thit b V du, m cho cc bm V sinh cc b cha TN SUT 1 ngy/ 1-2 ln 1 ngy/ 2-3 ln 1 tun/ 1 ln 1 thng/ 1 ln 2 thng/ 1 ln

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CHNG 4: AN TON TRONG VN HNH 4.1. AN TON CHO NGI VN HNH

- V l b cha nc thi, vy trong qu trnh v sinh cc b cha nc cn lu : Khng c xung b khi khng tht s cn thit. Nu cn thit phi v sinh b hoc sa cha di y b cn: Bm cn nc trong b; V sinh b; Nn s dng cc trang thit b h tr nh: thit b h tr h hp, dy an ton Khng c php lm vic mt mnh. 4.2. KHI GP S C

- Hng hc thit b c kh: Qu trnh hot ng ca cc thit b c kh u c tim tng s nguy him. V th, khng c php sa cha hoc bo dng thit b khi cha ngng hot ng hoc cha c ngt in. - Hng hc thit b in: Vic lp t cc thit b in cn c thc hin bi ngi c y quyn; Bng in cn c kha v ch m bi ngi c trch nhim. 4.3. CC QUY NH AN TON CHUNG Nghim cm nhng ngi khng c o to v qu trnh x l vn hnh trong nh my x l nc thi. Tt c nhng ngi trong nh my phi lun thc rng nh my x l nc thi nhn c v khng nguy him nhng s nguy him lun tim n nu nh chng ta qun i nhng quy nh an ton c bn, nhng iu quan trng nht l: Lun gi khu vc nh my sch trnh s r r ca nc, ho cht. Gi cho ng i, hnh lang, cu thang lun thng thong v d quan st. Khng c i ra ngoi khu vc dnh cho ngi vn hnh khi khng cn thit. Mc trang b bo h thch hp bao gm c m bo him, giy an ton v trong trng hp cn thit phi s dng gng tay cao su v knh bo him khi lm vic vi ho cht. Khng chy trong nh my x l. Khng vo bt k b, bnh cha, bn cha no m thit k khng dnh cho vic vn hnh thng thng m khng s dng cc bo h chuyn dng. Khng ht th bt k kh thot ra no t cc b kn hoc cc ng kh.48


Bo co ngay lp tc nhng im bt thng hay nhng du hiu ang nghi ng cho ngi ph trch vn hnh nh my hay n nhm phc v an ton. 4.4. NHNG BIN PHP AN TON RING DNH CHO NGI VN HNH Ngi vn hnh phi c trang b cc bin php an ton thng thng m bo vn hnh an ton. Hng dn s dng thit b cu ho ti nhng v tr quan trng trong nh my. Hng dn phng php lm vic vi ng ng hay cc bnh cha ho cht. Hng dn phng php x kh trong ng ng hay trong bnh cha. Hng dn phng php ngn nga tai nn khi lm vic vi cc thit b vn hnh bng tay (v d nh van tay). Hng dn kim sot thng thng cp in v cc thit b in, bo co v sa cha tc th cc hng hc ca cp in, dy in hay cc phn linh kin in. Hng dn phng php thc hin cc cng vic vn hnh bo tr (ca my hay cc thit b o). Hng dn kim sot hu hnh cc ng ng c th thng bo bt k hng hc no trong nc, ho cht, kh ga hay cc ng ng khc. 4.5. THAO TC VI HO CHT thc hin nhng bin php an ton khi thao tc vi ho cht, nn tham kho ti liu ca nhng nh cung cp. Cn phi c c cc thng tin v ho cht trc khi lm vic vi n. V hu ht cc ho cht l n mn nn cn phi s dng cc trang b bo h nh gng tay cao su v knh bo h hoc mt n.

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CHNG 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH 5.1. KT LUN Qua gn hai thng thc tp ti cng ty TNHH TM-XD-MT NAM VIT th chng em c tip xc v i su nm bt v h thng x l nc thi ng thi nm bt cch vn hnh, bo tr h thng. l nhng kin thc v gi m chng em hc hi c qua khong thi gian thc tp ti cng ty. 5.2. KIN THC RT RA TRONG QU TRNH THC TP Hc c cch thc t chc k lut ca cng ty, cch b tr cng vic trong mt ngy mt cch linh hot, khoa hc. Cng C nhng kin thc hc trong trng. Nm bt, hiu v vn hnh tt h thng x l nc thi cng ty c phn ni tht Ha Pht v c s git m Hong Phc. Cc b dng trong h thng x l ca cng ty chng em hiu r chc nng, mc ch, cch sp xp sao cho t hiu qu cao nht. Bit c cch cho ha cht, nh lng ha cht, cch pha ha cht Bit cch phn tch th nghim theo quy trnh hin i m nhanh chng. Bit pht hin s c xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh v x l s c xy ra . 5.3. KIN NGH Cn lp t h thng gii nhit trc khi dn qua cng trnh x l sinh hc tip theo t hiu qu cao. Cc thit b my mc phi c bo tr, bo dng thng xuyn. H thng bm bn thng b ngh t, h thng nn dng bm Airlift thay th cho bm c hc, hoc s dng bm nh cc b lng th s hiu qu hn. H thng cn c thm nhn vin vn hnh khc phc kp thi nhng s c, trnh h thng ngng hot ng.

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PH LC HNH Trong qu trnh thc tp ngoi vn hnh h thng x l nc thi cng ty c phn ni tht Ha Pht. Chng em tham gia thi cng v lp t cc cng trnh khc: Thi cng v lp t h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cc trm y t qun Tn Ph, Bnh Tn:

Hnh: Cng tc khoan ct b tng lp t ng ng v dy in m t

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Hnh: cng tc ni ng v dy in cho h thng x l

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